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Ingush language

January 16, 2023

Ingush (/ˈɪŋɡʊʃ/; ГӀалгӀай мотт, Ghalghaj mott, pronounced [ʁəlʁɑj mot]) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 500,000 people, known as the Ingush, across a region covering the Russian republics of Ingushetia and Chechnya.

Ingush
гӀалгӀай мотт (ghalghaj mott)
Pronunciation[ʁəlʁɑj mot]
Native toNorth Caucasus
RegionIngushetia, Chechnya
EthnicityIngush
Native speakers
±500 000
Northeast Caucasian
Cyrillic (current)
Arabic, Latin (historical)
Official status
Official language in
 Russia
Language codes
ISO 639-2inh
ISO 639-3inh
Glottologingu1240
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Classification

Ingush and Chechen, together with Bats, constitute the Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family. There is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen.[1]

Geographic distribution

Ingush is spoken by about 413,000 people (2002),[2] primarily across a region in the Caucasus covering parts of Russia, primarily Ingushetia and Chechnya. Speakers can also be found in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Belgium, Norway, Turkey and Jordan.

Official status

Ingush is, alongside Russian, an official language of Ingushetia, a federal subject of Russia.

Writing system

Ingush became a written language with an Arabic-based writing system at the beginning of the 20th century. After the October Revolution it first used a Latin alphabet, which was later replaced by Cyrillic.

А а Аь аь Б б В в Г г ГӀ гӏ Д д Е е
Ё ё Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Кх кх Къ къ
КӀ кӏ Л л М м Н н О о П п ПӀ пӏ Р р
С с Т т ТӀ тӏ У у Ф ф Х х Хь хь ХӀ хӏ
Ц ц ЦӀ цӏ Ч ч ЧӀ чӏ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы
Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я Яь яь Ӏ ӏ

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
High и [i] у [u]
Mid э [e] ? [ə] о [o]
Low аь [æ] а [ɑː, ɑ]

The diphthongs are иэ /ie/, уо /uo/, оа /oɑ/, ий /ij/, эи /ei/, ои /oi/, уи /ui/, ов /ow/, ув /uw/.

Consonants

The consonants of Ingush are as follows,[3] including the Latin orthography developed by Johanna Nichols:

Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Epiglottal Glottal
central lateral palatalized plain
Nasal м m [m] н n [n]
Plosive voiceless п p [p] т t [t] к kj [kʲ] к k [k] кх q [q] Ӏ w [ʡ] ъ ʼ [ʔ]
voiced б b [b] д d [d] г gj [ɡʲ] г g [ɡ]
ejective пӀ pʼ [pʼ] тӀ tʼ [tʼ] кӀ kjʼ [kʲʼ] кӀ kʼ [kʼ] къ qʼ [qʼ]
Affricate voiceless ц c [t͡s] ч ch [t͡ʃ]
ejective цӀ cʼ [t͡sʼ] чӀ chʼ [t͡ʃʼ]
Fricative voiceless ф f [f] с s [s] ш sh [ʃ] х x[χ] хь hw [ʜ] хӀ h [h]
voiced в v [ʋ][4] з z [z] ж zh [ʒ] гӀ gh [ʁ]
Approximant л l [l] й j [j]
Trill voiceless рхӀ rh [r̥]
voiced р r [r]

Dialects

Ingush is not divided into dialects with the exception of Galain-Ch'azh (native name: Галайн-ЧӀаж), which is considered to be transitional between Chechen and Ingush.

Grammar

Ingush is a nominative–accusative language in its syntax, though it has ergative morphology.[5]

Case

The most recent and in-depth analysis of the language[6] shows eight cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, dative, allative, instrumental, lative and comparative.

Cases Singular Plural
Absolutive -⌀ -azh / -ii, -i3
Ergative -uo / -z, -aa1 -asha / –azh
Genitive -a, -n2 -ii, -i
Dative -na, aa2 -azh-ta
Allative -ga -azh-ka
Instrumental -ca -azh-ca
Lative -gh -egh
Comparative -l -el
  1. -uo is the only productive form. -z appears with personal names, kin terms, and other nouns referring to humans. -aa occurs with some declensions and is increasingly productive in colloquial use.
  2. Allomorph after vowels
  3. The choice of -azh vs. -ii is lexically determined for the nominative, but other cases are predictable.

Tenses[7]

Stem Suffix Tense Example
Infinitive Stem {-a} Infinitive (INF) laaca
(INFS) {-a} Imperative (IMP) laaca
Present Stem --- Generic Present (PRES) loac
(unmarked) {-az&} Simultaneous Converb (SCV) loacaz&
{-ar} Imperfect (IMPF) loacar
{-agDa} FUTURE (FUT) loacadda
Past Stem {-ar} Witnessed Past (WIT) leacar
(PAST) {-aa}/{-na} Anterior Converb (ACV) leacaa
{-aa} + {-D} / {-na} + {-D} Perfect (PERF) leacaad
{-aa} + {-Dar} / {-na} + {-Dar} Pluperfect (PLUP) leacaadar

Numerals

Like many Northeast Caucasian languages, Ingush uses a vigesimal system, where numbers lower than twenty are counted as in a base-ten system, but higher decads are base-twenty.

Orthography Phonetic Value Composition
cwa [t͡sʕʌ] 1
shi [ʃɪ] 2
qo [qo] 3
d.i'1 [dɪʔ] 4
pxi [pxɪ] 5
jaalx [jalx] 6
vorh [vʷor̥] 7
baarh [bar̥] 8
iis [is] 9
itt [itː] 10
cwaitt [t͡sʕɛtː] 11 1+10
shiitt [ʃitː] 12 2+10
qoitt [qoitː] 13 3+10
d.iitt1 [ditː] 14 4+10
pxiitt [pxitː] 15 5+10
jalxett [jʌlxɛtː] 16 6+10
vuriit [vʷʊritː] 17 7+10
bareitt [bʌreitː] 18 8+10
tq'iesta [tqʼiːestə̆] 19
tq'o [tqʼo] 20
tq'ea itt [tqʼɛ̯æjitː] 30 20+10
shouztq'a [ʃouztqʼə̆] 40 2×20
shouztq'aj itt [ʃouztqʼetː] 50 2×20+10
bwea [bʕɛ̯æ] 100
shi bwea [ʃɪ bʕɛ̯æ] 200 2×100
ezar [ɛzər] 1000 loan from Persian
  1. Note that "four" and its derivatives begin with noun-class marker. d- is merely the default value.

Pronouns

1sg 1plexcl 1plincl 2sg 2pl 3sg 3pl
Nom. so txo vai hwo sho/shu yz yzh
Gen. sy txy vai hwa shyn cyn/cun caar
Dat. suona txuona vaina hwuona shoana cynna caana
Erg. aaz oaxa vai wa oasha cuo caar
All. suoga txuoga vaiga hwuoga shuoga cynga caarga
Abl. suogara txuogara vaigara hwuogara shuogara cyngara caargara
Instr. suoca(a) txuoca(a) vaica(a) hwuoca shuoca(a) cynca caarca(a)
Lat. sogh txogh vaigh hwogh shogh cogh caaregh
Csn. sol txol vail hwol shol cul/cyl caarel

Word order

In Ingush, "for main clauses, other than episode-initial and other all-new ones, verb-second order is most common. The verb, or the finite part of a compound verb or analytic tense form (i.e. the light verb or the auxiliary), follows the first word or phrase in the clause".[8]

muusaa

Musa

vy

V.PROG

hwuona

2sg.DAT

telefon

telephone

jettazh

striking

muusaa vy hwuona telefon jettazh

Musa V.PROG 2sg.DAT telephone striking

'Musa is telephoning you.'

References

  1. ^ Johanna Nichols, Ronald L. Sprouse, Ingush-English and English-Ingush dictionary. p 1
  2. ^ Ethnologue report for Ingush
  3. ^ Johanna Nichols, Ingush Grammar (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011) ISBN 978-0-520-09877-0.
  4. ^ "Voiced labiodental approximant", Wikipedia, 2022-01-27, retrieved 2022-05-03
  5. ^ Johanna Nichols, Case in Ingush Syntax and Johanna Nichols, Ingush Grammar (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010). ISBN 0-520-09877-3.
  6. ^ Johanna Nichols, Ingush Grammar.
  7. ^ Zev Handel, Ingush inflectional verb morphology: a synchronic classification and historical analysis with comparison to Chechen http://faculty.washington.edu/zhandel/Handel_Ingush.pdf.
  8. ^ Nichols, Johanna. (2011). Ingush Grammar. Berkeley: The University of California Press. Pp. 678ff.

External links

 
Ingush edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  • Appendix:Cyrillic script
  • Ingush Language Project at UC Berkeley
  • University of Graz report
  • Ingush 100-word Swadesh list at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

January 16, 2023
ingush, language, ingush, ГӀалгӀай, мотт, ghalghaj, mott, pronounced, ʁəlʁɑj, northeast, caucasian, language, spoken, about, people, known, ingush, across, region, covering, russian, republics, ingushetia, chechnya, ingushгӀалгӀай, мотт, ghalghaj, mott, pronun. Ingush ˈ ɪ ŋ ɡ ʊ ʃ GӀalgӀaj mott Ghalghaj mott pronounced ʁelʁɑj mot is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 500 000 people known as the Ingush across a region covering the Russian republics of Ingushetia and Chechnya IngushgӀalgӀaj mott ghalghaj mott Pronunciation ʁelʁɑj mot Native toNorth CaucasusRegionIngushetia ChechnyaEthnicityIngushNative speakers 500 000Language familyNortheast Caucasian NakhVainakh Chechen Ingush IngushWriting systemCyrillic current Arabic Latin historical Official statusOfficial language in Russia IngushetiaLanguage codesISO 639 2 span class plainlinks inh span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code inh class extiw title iso639 3 inh inh a Glottologingu1240This article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Contents 1 Classification 2 Geographic distribution 2 1 Official status 3 Writing system 4 Phonology 4 1 Vowels 4 2 Consonants 5 Dialects 6 Grammar 6 1 Case 6 2 Tenses 7 6 3 Numerals 6 4 Pronouns 6 5 Word order 7 References 8 External linksClassification EditIngush and Chechen together with Bats constitute the Nakh branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family There is pervasive passive bilingualism between Ingush and Chechen 1 Geographic distribution EditIngush is spoken by about 413 000 people 2002 2 primarily across a region in the Caucasus covering parts of Russia primarily Ingushetia and Chechnya Speakers can also be found in Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Belgium Norway Turkey and Jordan Official status Edit Ingush is alongside Russian an official language of Ingushetia a federal subject of Russia Writing system EditIngush became a written language with an Arabic based writing system at the beginning of the 20th century After the October Revolution it first used a Latin alphabet which was later replaced by Cyrillic A a A a B b V v G g GӀ gӏ D d E eYo yo Zh zh Z z I i J j K k Kh kh K kKӀ kӏ L l M m N n O o P p PӀ pӏ R rS s T t TӀ tӏ U u F f H h H h HӀ hӏC c CӀ cӏ Ch ch ChӀ chӏ Sh sh Sh sh Y y E e Yu yu Ya ya Ya ya Ӏ ӏPhonology EditVowels Edit Front Central BackHigh i i u u Mid e e e o o Low a ae a ɑː ɑ The diphthongs are ie ie uo uo oa oɑ ij ij ei ei oi oi ui ui ov ow uv uw Consonants Edit The consonants of Ingush are as follows 3 including the Latin orthography developed by Johanna Nichols Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Epiglottal Glottalcentral lateral palatalized plainNasal m m m n n n Plosive voiceless p p p t t t k kj kʲ k k k kh q q Ӏ w ʡ ʼ ʔ voiced b b b d d d g gj ɡʲ g g ɡ ejective pӀ pʼ pʼ tӀ tʼ tʼ kӀ kjʼ kʲʼ kӀ kʼ kʼ k qʼ qʼ Affricate voiceless c c t s ch ch t ʃ ejective cӀ cʼ t sʼ chӀ chʼ t ʃʼ Fricative voiceless f f f s s s sh sh ʃ h x x h hw ʜ hӀ h h voiced v v ʋ 4 z z z zh zh ʒ gӀ gh ʁ Approximant l l l j j j Trill voiceless rhӀ rh r voiced r r r Dialects EditIngush is not divided into dialects with the exception of Galain Ch azh native name Galajn ChӀazh which is considered to be transitional between Chechen and Ingush Grammar EditIngush is a nominative accusative language in its syntax though it has ergative morphology 5 Case Edit The most recent and in depth analysis of the language 6 shows eight cases absolutive ergative genitive dative allative instrumental lative and comparative Cases Singular PluralAbsolutive azh ii i3Ergative uo z aa1 asha azhGenitive a n2 ii iDative na aa2 azh taAllative ga azh kaInstrumental ca azh caLative gh eghComparative l el uo is the only productive form z appears with personal names kin terms and other nouns referring to humans aa occurs with some declensions and is increasingly productive in colloquial use Allomorph after vowels The choice of azh vs ii is lexically determined for the nominative but other cases are predictable Tenses 7 Edit Stem Suffix Tense ExampleInfinitive Stem a Infinitive INF laaca INFS a Imperative IMP laacaPresent Stem Generic Present PRES loac unmarked az amp Simultaneous Converb SCV loacaz amp ar Imperfect IMPF loacar agDa FUTURE FUT loacaddaPast Stem ar Witnessed Past WIT leacar PAST aa na Anterior Converb ACV leacaa aa D na D Perfect PERF leacaad aa Dar na Dar Pluperfect PLUP leacaadarNumerals Edit Like many Northeast Caucasian languages Ingush uses a vigesimal system where numbers lower than twenty are counted as in a base ten system but higher decads are base twenty Orthography Phonetic Value Compositioncwa t sʕʌ 1shi ʃɪ 2qo qo 3d i 1 dɪʔ 4pxi pxɪ 5jaalx jalx 6vorh vʷor 7baarh bar 8iis is 9itt itː 10cwaitt t sʕɛtː 11 1 10shiitt ʃitː 12 2 10qoitt qoitː 13 3 10d iitt1 ditː 14 4 10pxiitt pxitː 15 5 10jalxett jʌlxɛtː 16 6 10vuriit vʷʊritː 17 7 10bareitt bʌreitː 18 8 10tq iesta tqʼiːeste 19tq o tqʼo 20tq ea itt tqʼɛ aejitː 30 20 10shouztq a ʃouztqʼe 40 2 20shouztq aj itt ʃouztqʼetː 50 2 20 10bwea bʕɛ ae 100shi bwea ʃɪ bʕɛ ae 200 2 100ezar ɛzer 1000 loan from PersianNote that four and its derivatives begin with noun class marker d is merely the default value Pronouns Edit 1sg 1plexcl 1plincl 2sg 2pl 3sg 3plNom so txo vai hwo sho shu yz yzhGen sy txy vai hwa shyn cyn cun caarDat suona txuona vaina hwuona shoana cynna caanaErg aaz oaxa vai wa oasha cuo caarAll suoga txuoga vaiga hwuoga shuoga cynga caargaAbl suogara txuogara vaigara hwuogara shuogara cyngara caargaraInstr suoca a txuoca a vaica a hwuoca shuoca a cynca caarca a Lat sogh txogh vaigh hwogh shogh cogh caareghCsn sol txol vail hwol shol cul cyl caarelWord order Edit In Ingush for main clauses other than episode initial and other all new ones verb second order is most common The verb or the finite part of a compound verb or analytic tense form i e the light verb or the auxiliary follows the first word or phrase in the clause 8 muusaaMusavyV PROGhwuona2sg DATtelefontelephonejettazhstrikingmuusaa vy hwuona telefon jettazhMusa V PROG 2sg DAT telephone striking Musa is telephoning you References Edit Johanna Nichols Ronald L Sprouse Ingush English and English Ingush dictionary p 1 Ethnologue report for Ingush Johanna Nichols Ingush Grammar Berkeley University of California Press 2011 ISBN 978 0 520 09877 0 Voiced labiodental approximant Wikipedia 2022 01 27 retrieved 2022 05 03 Johanna Nichols Case in Ingush Syntax and Johanna Nichols Ingush Grammar Berkeley University of California Press 2010 ISBN 0 520 09877 3 Johanna Nichols Ingush Grammar Zev Handel Ingush inflectional verb morphology a synchronic classification and historical analysis with comparison to Chechen http faculty washington edu zhandel Handel Ingush pdf Nichols Johanna 2011 Ingush Grammar Berkeley The University of California Press Pp 678ff External links Edit Ingush edition of Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Russia portal Languages portalAppendix Cyrillic script Indigenous Language of the Caucasus Ingush Ingush Language Project at UC Berkeley University of Graz report Russian Ghalghaj Ingush vocabulary Ingush 100 word Swadesh list at the Global Lexicostatistical Database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ingush language amp oldid 1124057073, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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