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Television in India

The television industry in India is very diverse and produces thousands of programs in many of the Indian languages. More than half of all Indian households own a television. As of 2016, the country had over 857 channels of which 184 were pay channels. National channels operate in Hindi and English, in addition to channels in several other languages including Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Assamese, Gujarati, Urdu, Bhojpuri, Kashmiri, Konkani and Haryanvi, among others. The Hindi, Telugu and Tamil language television industries are by far the largest television industries in India.

The national television broadcaster is Doordarshan, owned by Prasar Bharati. There are several commercial television broadcasters such as Disney Star, Zee Entertainment Enterprises, Culver Max Entertainment (Sony Pictures Networks) and Viacom18 (owned by Reliance Industries through Network18 Group) at the national level, and Sun TV Network and ETV Network at the regional level.

Currently the major Hindi national general entertainment channels (GECs) that dominate pay television are StarPlus, Sony Entertainment Television, Zee TV, Colors TV and Sony SAB. Since 2019, free-to-air Hindi channels like Dangal and Goldmines have drastically increased in popularity due to their availability on DD Free Dish. Regional-language channels like Sun TV and Star Vijay (Tamil), Star Maa and Zee Telugu (Telugu), Asianet (Malayalam) and Star Pravah (Marathi) are also among the most popular television channels by viewership.[1]

Unlike most other countries, major Indian entertainment channels do not air news, with some exceptions in South India like Sun TV and ETV. This is partly due to Indian media regulations prohibiting Foreign Direct Investment of more than 26% in print and broadcast news, and foreign-owned broadcasters like Star have exited news broadcast. Some broadcasters (such as ABP Group, India Today Group, TV9 and ITV Network) operate only news channels, while others (like NDTV and The Times Group) have both news and non-news channels, while Zee Media Corporation and Network18 Group operate independently of the Zee and Viacom18 entertainment channels, which have foreign shareholdings.

History Edit

In January 1950, The Indian Express reported that a television was put up for demonstration at an exhibition in the Teynampet locality of Chennai (formerly Madras) by B. Sivakumaran, a student of electrical engineering. A letter was scanned and its image displayed on a Cathode-ray tube screen. The report said that "It may be this is not the whole of television but it is certainly the most significant link in the system" and added that the demonstration of the sort could be the "first in India".[2]

The first TV transmitter of India was installed in the Electronics and Telecommunications engineering department of the Jabalpur Engineering College, on 24 October 1951.[3]

In Srinagar, television was first used in the house of the Jan family, which was a huge milestone for industrialization. Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio.[4] Daily transmission began in 1965 as a part of Akashvani (formerly All India Radio AIR). Television service was later extended to Mumbai (formerly Bombay) and Amritsar in 1972. Up until 1975, only seven Indian cities had television services.[5] Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) was an important step taken by India to use television for development.[6] The programmes were mainly produced by Doordarshan (DD) which was then a part of the AIR. The telecast happened twice a day, in the mornings and evenings. Other than information related to agriculture, health and family planning were the other important topics dealt with in these programmes. Entertainment was also included in the form of dance, music, drama, folk and rural art forms. Television services were separated from radio in 1976. National telecast was introduced in 1982. In the same year, color television was introduced in the Indian market.

Indian small screen programming began in the early 1980s.[7] During this time, there was only one national channel, the government-owned Doordarshan. The Ramayana and Mahabharata, both based on the Indian epics of the same names, were the first major television series produced. They notched up world record in viewership numbers. By the late 1980s, more people began to own television. Though there was a single channel, television programming had reached saturation. Hence the government opened up another channel which had part national programming and part regional. This channel was known as DD Metro (formerly DD 2). Both channels were broadcast terrestrially. In 1997, Prasar Bharati, a statutory autonomous body was established. Doordarshan along with the AIR were converted into government corporations under Prasar Bharati.[8] The Prasar Bharati Corporation was established to serve as the public service broadcaster of the country which would achieve its objectives through AIR and Doordashan. This was a step towards greater autonomy for Doordarshan and AIR. However, Prasar Bharati has not succeeded in shielding Doordarshan from government control.

The transponders of the American satellites PAS-1 and PAS-4 helped in the transmission and telecast of DD.[9] An international channel called DD International was started in 1995 and it telecasts programs for 19 hours a day to foreign countries-via PAS-4 to Europe, Asia and Africa, and via PAS-1 to North America.[10]

The 1980s was the era of DD with shows like Hum Log (1984-1985), Wagle Ki Duniya (1988), Buniyaad (1986–1987) and comedy shows like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi (1984), other than the widely popular dramas like Ramayan (1987–1988) and Mahabharat (1989–1990) glued millions to Doordarshan and later on Chandrakanta(1994–1996). Hindi film songs based programs like Chitrahaar, Rangoli, Superhit Muqabla and crime thrillers like Karamchand, Byomkesh Bakshi. Shows targeted at children included Divyanshu ki Kahaniyan, Vikram Betal, Malgudi Days, Tenali Rama. It is also noted that Bengali filmmaker Prabir Roy had the distinction of introducing colour television coverage in India in February–March 1982 during the Nehru Cup, a football tournament which was held at Eden Gardens, Kolkata, with five on-line camera operation, before Doordarshan started the same during the Delhi Asian Games in November that year.[11]

The central government (Congress Govt) launched a series of economic and social reforms in 1991 under Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao. Under the new policies the government allowed private and foreign broadcasters to engage in limited operations in India.[12] This process has been pursued consistently by all subsequent federal administrations. Foreign channels like CNN, STAR TV and private domestic channels such as Zee TV, ETV, Sun TV and Asianet started satellite broadcasts. Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1995, television in India had covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels.[13]

Broadcast media Edit

There are at least five basic types of television in India: broadcast or "over-the-air" television, unencrypted satellite or "free-to-air", Direct-to-Home (DTH), cable television, IPTV and OTT. Over-the-air terrestrial and free-to-air TV (such as DD Free Dish) is free with no monthly payments while Cable, DTH, and IPTV requires a subscription that varies depending on how many channels a subscriber chooses to pay for and how much the provider is charging for the packages. Channels are usually sold in groups or a la carte. All television service providers are required by law to provide a la carte selection of channels. India is the second largest pay-TV market in the world in terms of subscribers after China and has more than doubled from 32% in 2001 to 66% in 2018.

Terrestrial television Edit

In India, the broadcast of free-to-air television is governed through state-owned Prasar Bharati corporation, with the Doordarshan group of channels being the only broadcaster. As such, cable television is the primary source of TV programming in India.

Broadcast cable and satellite television Edit

As per the TAM Annual Universe Update – 2015,[14] India had over 167 million households (out of 234 million) with televisions, of which over 161 million have access to Cable TV or Satellite TV, including 84 million households which are DTH subscribers. Digital TV households have grown by 32% since 2013 due to migration from terrestrial and analog broadcasts. TV owning households have been growing at between 8–10%. Digital TV penetration is at 64% as of September 2014. India now has over 850 TV channels (2018) covering all the main languages spoken in the nation and whereby 197 million households own televisions.[15]

The growth in digital broadcast has been due to the introduction of a multi-phase digitization policy by the Government of India. An ordinance was introduced by the Govt. of India regarding the mandatory digitization of the Cable Services. According to this amendment made in the section 9 of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 1995, the I&B ministry is in the process of making Digital Addressable System mandatory. As per the policy, viewers would be able to access digital services only through a set top box (STB).[16]

Starting in December 1991, Star introduced five major television channels into the Indian broadcasting space that had so far been monopolized by the Indian government-owned Doordarshan: MTV, STAR Plus, Star Movies, BBC, Prime Sports and STAR Chinese Channel. In October 1992, India saw the launch of Zee TV, the first privately owned Indian channel to broadcast over cable followed by Asia Television Network (ATN). A few years later CNN, Discovery Channel and National Geographic Channel made their foray into India. Later, Star TV Network expanded its bouquet with the introduction of STAR World, Star Sports, ESPN, Channel V and STAR Gold.

With the launch of the Tamil Sun TV in 1993, South India saw the birth of its first private television channel. With a network comprising more than 20 channels in various South Indian languages, Sun TV network recently launched a DTH service and its channels are now available in several countries outside India. Following Sun TV, several television channels sprung up in the south. Among these are the Tamil channel Raj TV (1993) and the Malayalam channel Asianet launched in 1993 from Asianet Communications. Asianet was later acquired by Star India, now Disney Star. Asianet cable network and Asianet broadband is from Asianet Communication Ltd. These three networks and their channels today take up most of the broadcasting space in South India. In 1994, industrialist N. P. V. Ramasamy Udayar launched a Tamil channel called GEC (Golden Eagle Communication), which was later acquired by Vijay Mallya and renamed as Vijay TV. In Telugu, Telugu daily newspaper Eenadu started its own channel called ETV in 1995 later diversified into other Indian languages. The same year, another Telugu channel called Gemini TV was launched which was later acquired by the Sun Group in 1998.

Throughout the 1990s, along with a multitude of Hindi-language channels, several regional and English language channels flourished all over India. By 2001, international channels HBO and History Channel started providing service. In 1999–2003, other international channels such as Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, VH1, Disney and Toon Disney entered the market. Starting in 2003, there has been an explosion of news channels in various languages; the most notable among them are NDTV, CNN-News18, Times Now and Aaj Tak.

Conditional Access System Edit

CAS or conditional access system is a digital mode of transmitting TV channels through a set-top box (STB). The transmission signals are encrypted and viewers need to buy a set-top box to receive and decrypt the signal. The STB is required to watch only pay channels.

The idea of CAS was mooted in 2001, due to a furore over charge hikes by channels and subsequently by cable operators. Poor reception of certain channels; arbitrary pricing and increase in prices; bundling of channels; poor service delivery by Cable Television Operators (CTOs); monopolies in each area; lack of regulatory framework and redress avenues were some of the issues that were to be addressed by implementation of CAS

It was decided by the government that CAS would be first introduced in the four metros. It has been in place in Chennai since September 2003, where until very recently it had managed to attract very few subscribers. It has been rolled out recently in the other three metros of Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.

As of April 2008 only 25 per cent of the people have subscribed the new technology. The rest watch only free-to-air channels. As mentioned above, the inhibiting factor from the viewer's perspective is the cost of the STB.

Analog switchover Edit

The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting issued a notification on 11 November 2011, setting 31 March 2015 as the deadline for complete shift from analogue to digital systems. In December 2011, Parliament passed The Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Act to digitize the cable television sector by 2014.[17][18] Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai had to switch by 31 October 2012.[19] The second phase of 38 cities, including Bangalore, Chandigarh, Nagpur, Patna, and Pune, was to switch by 31 March 2013. The remaining urban areas were to digitize by 30 November 2014 and the rest of the country by 31 March 2015.[20]

Phase
(planned date)
City/Region Date of switchover
Phase I
(31 October 2012)
Delhi 31 October 2012
Mumbai 31 October 2012
Kolkata 15 January 2013
Chennai Not completed
Phase II
(31 March 2013)
38 cities in 15 states 31 March 2013
Phase III
(30 September 2014)
All remaining urban areas 31 March 2017
Phase IV
(31 December 2014)
Rest of India 31 December 2022

Indicates the date when analogue signals were switched off and not necessarily the date when 100% digitisation was achieved.

Phase I Edit

From midnight on 31 October 2012, analogue signals were switched off in Delhi and Mumbai. Pirated signals were available in parts of Delhi even after the date.[21] In Kolkata, on 30 October 2012, the state government refused to switch off analogue signals citing low penetration of set-top boxes (STBs) required for receiving digital signals. The I&B Ministry did not push for switching off of analogue signals in Kolkata. After approximately the Centre estimated that 75% of Kolkata households had installed STBs, the ministry issued a directive to stop airing analogue channels in some parts of the city beginning 16 December and completely switch off analogue signals after 27 December.[22] On 17 December 2012, the West Bengal government openly defied the directive and stated that it would not implement it.[23] The state government then announced that it would extend the deadline to 15 January 2013.[24][25][26] The I&B ministry had initially threatened to cancel the license of multi system operators (MSOs) in Kolkata if they did not switch off all analogue channels. However, the ministries softened their stand following a letter from MSOs, explaining how it they were sandwiched between divergent orders from the Central and State Governments.

In Chennai, the deadline was extended twice to 5 November by the Madras High Court.[27] The extension was in response to a petition filed by the Chennai Metro Cable TV Operators Association (CMCOA), who argued at the beginning of November that only 164,000 homes in Chennai had the proper equipment, and three million households would be left without service.[28] When a week later only a quarter of households had their set-top boxes, the Madras High Court further extended the deadline to 9 November. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting stated that it would allow an additional extension to 31 December.[29][30] As of March 2013, out of 3 million subscribers, 2.4 million continued to be without set-top boxes.[31]

A similar petition, filed by a local cable operator (LCO), to extend the deadline in Mumbai was rejected by the Bombay High Court on 31 October 2012.[32]

Phase II Edit

In the second phase, 38 cities in 15 states had to digitise by 31 March 2013. Of the 38, Maharashtra has 9 cities, Uttar Pradesh has 7 and Gujarat has 5.[33][34][35]

About 25% of the 16 million households covered did not have their equipment installed before the deadline. Secretary Uday Kumar Varma extended a 15-day grace period.[18] The I&B ministry estimated that as of 3 April 2013, 25% of households did not have set-top boxes.[36] Enforcement of the switchover varied from city to city.[37] Vishakhapatnam had the lowest rate of conversion to the new system at 12.18 per cent. Other cities that had low figures included Srinagar (20 per cent), Coimbatore (28.89 per cent), Jabalpur (34.87 per cent) and Kalyan Dombivli (38.59 per cent).[38]

Satellite television Edit

As of 2016, over 1600 TV satellite television channels are broadcast in India. This includes channels from the state-owned Doordarshan, Disney India owned Star, Sony owned Sony Entertainment Television, Zee TV, Sun TV Network and Asianet. Direct To Home service is provided by Airtel Digital TV, DD Free Dish, DishTV, Sun Direct, Tata Play and Videocon D2H. Dish TV was the first one to come up in Indian Market, others came only years later.

 
Tata Sky Dish India

These services are provided by locally built satellites from ISRO such as[39] INSAT 4CR, INSAT 4A, INSAT-2E, INSAT-3C and INSAT-3E as well as private satellites such as the Dutch-based SES, Global-owned NSS-6, Thaicom-2 and Telstar 10.

DTH is defined as the reception of satellite programs with a personal dish in an individual home. As of December 2012, India had roughly 54 million DTH subscribers.

DTH does not compete with CAS.[citation needed] Cable TV and DTH are two methods of delivery of television content. CAS is integral to both the systems in delivering pay channels.

Cable TV is through cable networks and DTH is wireless, reaching direct to the consumer through a small dish and a set-top box. Although the government has ensured that free-to-air channels on cable are delivered to the consumer without a set-top box, DTH signals cannot be received without the set-top box.

India currently has 6 major DTH service providers and a total of over 54 million subscriber households in as of December 2012. DishTV (a ZEE TV subsidiary), Tata Play, d2h, Sun Network owned ' Sun Direct DTH', Bharti Airtel's DTH Service 'Airtel Digital TV' and the public sector DD Free Dish. As of 2012, India has the most competitive Direct-broadcast satellite market with 7 operators vying for more than 135 million TV homes. India overtook the US as the world's largest Direct-broadcast satellite market in 2012.[40]

The rapid growth of DTH in India has propelled an exodus from cabled homes, the need to measure viewership in this space is more than ever; aMap, the overnight ratings agency, has mounted a peoplemeter panel to measure viewership and interactive engagement in DTH homes in India.[41]

Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) Edit

There are IPTV Platforms available for Subscription in India in the main cities as Broadband in many parts of the country, they are

  • A joint venture between MTNL and BSNL also in association with Aksh Optifiber a company that also provides FTTH and VoIP services available in some of the main cities in India such as Mumbai which has about 200 Television Channels on offer with Time Shift TV in a number of Basic and Premium Packages including Movies on Demand offered at various Basic, Premium and Pay Per View Rates and other services such as an Interactive Karaoke channel, The IPTV Operator uses the UTStarcom RollingStream IPTV Solution as its end-to-end Delivery Platform.
  • Airtel IPT available in some of the main cities in India such as New Delhi and Bangalore which has about 175 Television Channels on offer with Time Shift TV in a number of TV Packages and a small number of Television Channels offered on Premium Subscription Rates including Movies on Demand offered at Premium and Pay Per View Rates SVOD and other services such as Digital Radio and Games, The IPTV Operator uses the UTStarcom RollingStream IPTV Solution as its end-to-end Delivery Platform.
  • Smart TV Group also Operates an Internet Protocol television (IPTV) Platform based on the Sea-Change International IPTV and Cisco IPTV Standards in many parts of India with the following services:
  • 185 TV channels on various basic and premium packages
  • 40 TV channel Video on demand (VOD) service
  • 250 Hour Digital video recorder (DVR)
  • A 5000+ Hour Movie Library
  • Digital Radio and Karaoke Service

The service is available to MTNL and BSNL Broadband Internet customers.

  • APSFL is a provider of IPTV service. This service was launched in 2016 and it offers over 250 channels out of which 49 are in HD. It is currently only available in Andhra pradesh.

Programming Edit

Indian television drama is by far the most common genre on Indian television. Fiction shows (including thriller dramas and sitcoms) are extremely popular among Indian audiences. There are thousands of television programs in India, all ranging in length, air time, genre and language.

Major sports networks include Star Sports, Sony Sports Network, Eurosport, 1Sports and DD Sports.

Advertising Edit

India has a huge advertising industry. In 2021, India's advertising sector generated revenue worth of 74,600 crore rupees, it included all type of advertising. Traditionally organisations, manufacturing industries use to advertise through Television due to its vast reach. Indian TV, print media frequently run advertisings are often type of Surrogate advertisings, False advertisings etc. Alcohol advertising is illegal in India but brands frequently run surrogate advertising campaigns. The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA), the consumer rights protection body of the consumer affairs ministry issued guidelines against surrogate advertising. [42][43]

Audience metrics Edit

Television metrics in India have gone through several phases in which it fragmented, consolidated and then fragmented again. One key difference in Indian culture is that families traditionally limit themselves to owning only one screen.[citation needed]

DART Edit

During the days of the single channel Doordarshan monopoly, DART (Doordarshan Audience Research Team) was the only metric available. This used the notebook method of recordkeeping across 33 cities across India.[44] DART continues to provide this information independent of the Private agencies. DART is one of the rating system that measures audience metrics in Rural India.[45]

TAM & INTAM Edit

In 1994, claiming a heterogeneous and fragmenting television market ORG-MARG (Operations Research Group - Multiple Action Research Group) introduced INTAM (Indian National Television Audience Measurement). Ex-officials of Doordarshan (DD) claimed that INTAM was introduced by vested commercial interests who only sought to break the monopoly of DD and that INTAM was significantly weaker in both sample size, rigour and the range of cities and regions covered.[46]

In 1997, a joint industry body appointed TAM (backed by Nielsen Corporation[47]) as the official recordkeeper of audience metrics.[48] Due to the differences in methodology and samples of TAM and INTAM, both provided differing results for the same programs.

In 2001, a confidential list of households in Mumbai that were participating in the monitoring survey was released, calling into question the reliability of the data.[46][49][50] This subsequently led to the merger of the two measurement systems into TAM.[51] For several years after this, in spite of misgivings about the process, sample and other parameters, TAM was the de facto standard and monopoly in the audience metrics game.[52]

AMAP Edit

In 2004, a rival ratings service funded by American NRI investors, called Audience Measurement Analytics Limited (AMAP) was launched.[53][54][55] Although initially, it faced a cautious uptake from clients, the TAM monopoly was broken.

What differentiates aMap is that its ratings are available within one day as compared to TAM's timeline of one week.[54]

BARC India Edit

Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC) India is an industry body set up to design, commission, supervise and own an accurate, reliable and timely television audience measurement system for India. It currently measures TV Viewing habits of 183 million TV households in the country, using 30,000 sample panel homes. This will go up to 50,000 in the next couple of years, as mandated by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting (MIB).

As per BARC India's Broadcast India (BI) 2018 Survey released in July 2018, based on a sample of 3 lakh homes in the country, TV homes in the country have seen a 7.5% jump,[56] outpacing the growth of homes in India which grew at 4.5%. India currently boasts of 298 million homes, of which 197 million have a TV set, having an opportunity of almost 100mn more TV homes in the country.[57]

Guided by the recommendations of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) and Ministry of Information and Broadcasting India (MIB) notifications of January 2014, BARC India brings together the three key stakeholders in television audience measurement – broadcasters, advertisers, and advertising and media agencies, via their apex bodies.

BARC India is committed towards establishing a robust, transparent and accountable governance framework for providing data points that are required to plan media spends more effectively.[55][58]

The role of television media was especially crucial in 2020 as citizens were asked to stay home to fight the pandemic in India. Talking about how media was used as a tool to instill fear and discipline among the public in India during lockdown, an article in Doing Sociology blog discusses how television has so become part and parcel of life, the audio-visual platform was used for image-building and influence by the ruling dispensation on one hand, and utilized by popular brands for keeping the consumer culture up on the other.[59]

Effect of OTT on Indian Television Industry Edit

Online video streaming, also known as Over-the-top (OTT) services like Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Disney+ Hotstar, ZEE5 and others, gained popularity in India after 2015. It created a threat to the Indian television industry. TV viewers has to follow the schedule of TV channels to watch their favorite programs. On the other hand, OTT service providers allows its users to watch their favorite content whenever they want. Moreover, penetration of Internet access in India helps OTT users to access the content from anywhere. This convenience of OTT has helped it to gain popularity among the young internet users in India. The usage of OTT was significantly increased during the national lockdown period (From March 2020 onwards) after the COVID-19 pandemic in India. More people began to watch OTT platforms for foreign content and their spent on TV was significantly reduced.[60]

See also Edit

References Edit

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  60. ^ Puthiyakath, Hashim Hamza; Goswami, Manash Pratim (6 May 2021). "Is Over the Top Video Platform the Game Changer over Traditional TV Channels in India? A Niche Analysis". Asia Pacific Media Educator. 31: 133–150. doi:10.1177/1326365X211009639. ISSN 1326-365X. S2CID 235405617.

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The television industry in India is very diverse and produces thousands of programs in many of the Indian languages More than half of all Indian households own a television As of 2016 the country had over 857 channels of which 184 were pay channels National channels operate in Hindi and English in addition to channels in several other languages including Telugu Tamil Kannada Malayalam Bengali Marathi Odia Punjabi Assamese Gujarati Urdu Bhojpuri Kashmiri Konkani and Haryanvi among others The Hindi Telugu and Tamil language television industries are by far the largest television industries in India The national television broadcaster is Doordarshan owned by Prasar Bharati There are several commercial television broadcasters such as Disney Star Zee Entertainment Enterprises Culver Max Entertainment Sony Pictures Networks and Viacom18 owned by Reliance Industries through Network18 Group at the national level and Sun TV Network and ETV Network at the regional level Currently the major Hindi national general entertainment channels GECs that dominate pay television are StarPlus Sony Entertainment Television Zee TV Colors TV and Sony SAB Since 2019 free to air Hindi channels like Dangal and Goldmines have drastically increased in popularity due to their availability on DD Free Dish Regional language channels like Sun TV and Star Vijay Tamil Star Maa and Zee Telugu Telugu Asianet Malayalam and Star Pravah Marathi are also among the most popular television channels by viewership 1 Unlike most other countries major Indian entertainment channels do not air news with some exceptions in South India like Sun TV and ETV This is partly due to Indian media regulations prohibiting Foreign Direct Investment of more than 26 in print and broadcast news and foreign owned broadcasters like Star have exited news broadcast Some broadcasters such as ABP Group India Today Group TV9 and ITV Network operate only news channels while others like NDTV and The Times Group have both news and non news channels while Zee Media Corporation and Network18 Group operate independently of the Zee and Viacom18 entertainment channels which have foreign shareholdings Contents 1 History 2 Broadcast media 2 1 Terrestrial television 2 2 Broadcast cable and satellite television 2 2 1 Conditional Access System 2 3 Analog switchover 2 3 1 Phase I 2 3 2 Phase II 2 4 Satellite television 2 5 Internet Protocol Television IPTV 3 Programming 4 Advertising 5 Audience metrics 5 1 DART 5 2 TAM amp INTAM 5 3 AMAP 5 4 BARC India 6 Effect of OTT on Indian Television Industry 7 See also 8 ReferencesHistory EditIn January 1950 The Indian Express reported that a television was put up for demonstration at an exhibition in the Teynampet locality of Chennai formerly Madras by B Sivakumaran a student of electrical engineering A letter was scanned and its image displayed on a Cathode ray tube screen The report said that It may be this is not the whole of television but it is certainly the most significant link in the system and added that the demonstration of the sort could be the first in India 2 The first TV transmitter of India was installed in the Electronics and Telecommunications engineering department of the Jabalpur Engineering College on 24 October 1951 3 In Srinagar television was first used in the house of the Jan family which was a huge milestone for industrialization Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio 4 Daily transmission began in 1965 as a part of Akashvani formerly All India Radio AIR Television service was later extended to Mumbai formerly Bombay and Amritsar in 1972 Up until 1975 only seven Indian cities had television services 5 Satellite Instructional Television Experiment SITE was an important step taken by India to use television for development 6 The programmes were mainly produced by Doordarshan DD which was then a part of the AIR The telecast happened twice a day in the mornings and evenings Other than information related to agriculture health and family planning were the other important topics dealt with in these programmes Entertainment was also included in the form of dance music drama folk and rural art forms Television services were separated from radio in 1976 National telecast was introduced in 1982 In the same year color television was introduced in the Indian market Indian small screen programming began in the early 1980s 7 During this time there was only one national channel the government owned Doordarshan The Ramayana and Mahabharata both based on the Indian epics of the same names were the first major television series produced They notched up world record in viewership numbers By the late 1980s more people began to own television Though there was a single channel television programming had reached saturation Hence the government opened up another channel which had part national programming and part regional This channel was known as DD Metro formerly DD 2 Both channels were broadcast terrestrially In 1997 Prasar Bharati a statutory autonomous body was established Doordarshan along with the AIR were converted into government corporations under Prasar Bharati 8 The Prasar Bharati Corporation was established to serve as the public service broadcaster of the country which would achieve its objectives through AIR and Doordashan This was a step towards greater autonomy for Doordarshan and AIR However Prasar Bharati has not succeeded in shielding Doordarshan from government control The transponders of the American satellites PAS 1 and PAS 4 helped in the transmission and telecast of DD 9 An international channel called DD International was started in 1995 and it telecasts programs for 19 hours a day to foreign countries via PAS 4 to Europe Asia and Africa and via PAS 1 to North America 10 The 1980s was the era of DD with shows like Hum Log 1984 1985 Wagle Ki Duniya 1988 Buniyaad 1986 1987 and comedy shows like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi 1984 other than the widely popular dramas like Ramayan 1987 1988 and Mahabharat 1989 1990 glued millions to Doordarshan and later on Chandrakanta 1994 1996 Hindi film songs based programs like Chitrahaar Rangoli Superhit Muqabla and crime thrillers like Karamchand Byomkesh Bakshi Shows targeted at children included Divyanshu ki Kahaniyan Vikram Betal Malgudi Days Tenali Rama It is also noted that Bengali filmmaker Prabir Roy had the distinction of introducing colour television coverage in India in February March 1982 during the Nehru Cup a football tournament which was held at Eden Gardens Kolkata with five on line camera operation before Doordarshan started the same during the Delhi Asian Games in November that year 11 The central government Congress Govt launched a series of economic and social reforms in 1991 under Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao Under the new policies the government allowed private and foreign broadcasters to engage in limited operations in India 12 This process has been pursued consistently by all subsequent federal administrations Foreign channels like CNN STAR TV and private domestic channels such as Zee TV ETV Sun TV and Asianet started satellite broadcasts Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel by 1995 television in India had covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels 13 Broadcast media EditThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information March 2016 There are at least five basic types of television in India broadcast or over the air television unencrypted satellite or free to air Direct to Home DTH cable television IPTV and OTT Over the air terrestrial and free to air TV such as DD Free Dish is free with no monthly payments while Cable DTH and IPTV requires a subscription that varies depending on how many channels a subscriber chooses to pay for and how much the provider is charging for the packages Channels are usually sold in groups or a la carte All television service providers are required by law to provide a la carte selection of channels India is the second largest pay TV market in the world in terms of subscribers after China and has more than doubled from 32 in 2001 to 66 in 2018 Terrestrial television Edit In India the broadcast of free to air television is governed through state owned Prasar Bharati corporation with the Doordarshan group of channels being the only broadcaster As such cable television is the primary source of TV programming in India Broadcast cable and satellite television Edit Main article Lists of television stations in India As per the TAM Annual Universe Update 2015 14 India had over 167 million households out of 234 million with televisions of which over 161 million have access to Cable TV or Satellite TV including 84 million households which are DTH subscribers Digital TV households have grown by 32 since 2013 due to migration from terrestrial and analog broadcasts TV owning households have been growing at between 8 10 Digital TV penetration is at 64 as of September 2014 India now has over 850 TV channels 2018 covering all the main languages spoken in the nation and whereby 197 million households own televisions 15 The growth in digital broadcast has been due to the introduction of a multi phase digitization policy by the Government of India An ordinance was introduced by the Govt of India regarding the mandatory digitization of the Cable Services According to this amendment made in the section 9 of the Cable Television Networks Regulation Amendment Ordinance 1995 the I amp B ministry is in the process of making Digital Addressable System mandatory As per the policy viewers would be able to access digital services only through a set top box STB 16 Starting in December 1991 Star introduced five major television channels into the Indian broadcasting space that had so far been monopolized by the Indian government owned Doordarshan MTV STAR Plus Star Movies BBC Prime Sports and STAR Chinese Channel In October 1992 India saw the launch of Zee TV the first privately owned Indian channel to broadcast over cable followed by Asia Television Network ATN A few years later CNN Discovery Channel and National Geographic Channel made their foray into India Later Star TV Network expanded its bouquet with the introduction of STAR World Star Sports ESPN Channel V and STAR Gold With the launch of the Tamil Sun TV in 1993 South India saw the birth of its first private television channel With a network comprising more than 20 channels in various South Indian languages Sun TV network recently launched a DTH service and its channels are now available in several countries outside India Following Sun TV several television channels sprung up in the south Among these are the Tamil channel Raj TV 1993 and the Malayalam channel Asianet launched in 1993 from Asianet Communications Asianet was later acquired by Star India now Disney Star Asianet cable network and Asianet broadband is from Asianet Communication Ltd These three networks and their channels today take up most of the broadcasting space in South India In 1994 industrialist N P V Ramasamy Udayar launched a Tamil channel called GEC Golden Eagle Communication which was later acquired by Vijay Mallya and renamed as Vijay TV In Telugu Telugu daily newspaper Eenadu started its own channel called ETV in 1995 later diversified into other Indian languages The same year another Telugu channel called Gemini TV was launched which was later acquired by the Sun Group in 1998 Throughout the 1990s along with a multitude of Hindi language channels several regional and English language channels flourished all over India By 2001 international channels HBO and History Channel started providing service In 1999 2003 other international channels such as Nickelodeon Cartoon Network VH1 Disney and Toon Disney entered the market Starting in 2003 there has been an explosion of news channels in various languages the most notable among them are NDTV CNN News18 Times Now and Aaj Tak Conditional Access System Edit CAS or conditional access system is a digital mode of transmitting TV channels through a set top box STB The transmission signals are encrypted and viewers need to buy a set top box to receive and decrypt the signal The STB is required to watch only pay channels The idea of CAS was mooted in 2001 due to a furore over charge hikes by channels and subsequently by cable operators Poor reception of certain channels arbitrary pricing and increase in prices bundling of channels poor service delivery by Cable Television Operators CTOs monopolies in each area lack of regulatory framework and redress avenues were some of the issues that were to be addressed by implementation of CASIt was decided by the government that CAS would be first introduced in the four metros It has been in place in Chennai since September 2003 where until very recently it had managed to attract very few subscribers It has been rolled out recently in the other three metros of Delhi Mumbai and Kolkata As of April 2008 update only 25 per cent of the people have subscribed the new technology The rest watch only free to air channels As mentioned above the inhibiting factor from the viewer s perspective is the cost of the STB Analog switchover Edit The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting issued a notification on 11 November 2011 setting 31 March 2015 as the deadline for complete shift from analogue to digital systems In December 2011 Parliament passed The Cable Television Networks Regulation Amendment Act to digitize the cable television sector by 2014 17 18 Chennai Delhi Kolkata and Mumbai had to switch by 31 October 2012 19 The second phase of 38 cities including Bangalore Chandigarh Nagpur Patna and Pune was to switch by 31 March 2013 The remaining urban areas were to digitize by 30 November 2014 and the rest of the country by 31 March 2015 20 Phase planned date City Region Date of switchover Phase I 31 October 2012 Delhi 31 October 2012Mumbai 31 October 2012Kolkata 15 January 2013Chennai Not completedPhase II 31 March 2013 38 cities in 15 states 31 March 2013Phase III 30 September 2014 All remaining urban areas 31 March 2017Phase IV 31 December 2014 Rest of India 31 December 2022 Indicates the date when analogue signals were switched off and not necessarily the date when 100 digitisation was achieved Phase I Edit From midnight on 31 October 2012 analogue signals were switched off in Delhi and Mumbai Pirated signals were available in parts of Delhi even after the date 21 In Kolkata on 30 October 2012 the state government refused to switch off analogue signals citing low penetration of set top boxes STBs required for receiving digital signals The I amp B Ministry did not push for switching off of analogue signals in Kolkata After approximately the Centre estimated that 75 of Kolkata households had installed STBs the ministry issued a directive to stop airing analogue channels in some parts of the city beginning 16 December and completely switch off analogue signals after 27 December 22 On 17 December 2012 the West Bengal government openly defied the directive and stated that it would not implement it 23 The state government then announced that it would extend the deadline to 15 January 2013 24 25 26 The I amp B ministry had initially threatened to cancel the license of multi system operators MSOs in Kolkata if they did not switch off all analogue channels However the ministries softened their stand following a letter from MSOs explaining how it they were sandwiched between divergent orders from the Central and State Governments In Chennai the deadline was extended twice to 5 November by the Madras High Court 27 The extension was in response to a petition filed by the Chennai Metro Cable TV Operators Association CMCOA who argued at the beginning of November that only 164 000 homes in Chennai had the proper equipment and three million households would be left without service 28 When a week later only a quarter of households had their set top boxes the Madras High Court further extended the deadline to 9 November The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting stated that it would allow an additional extension to 31 December 29 30 As of March 2013 out of 3 million subscribers 2 4 million continued to be without set top boxes 31 A similar petition filed by a local cable operator LCO to extend the deadline in Mumbai was rejected by the Bombay High Court on 31 October 2012 32 Phase II Edit In the second phase 38 cities in 15 states had to digitise by 31 March 2013 Of the 38 Maharashtra has 9 cities Uttar Pradesh has 7 and Gujarat has 5 33 34 35 About 25 of the 16 million households covered did not have their equipment installed before the deadline Secretary Uday Kumar Varma extended a 15 day grace period 18 The I amp B ministry estimated that as of 3 April 2013 25 of households did not have set top boxes 36 Enforcement of the switchover varied from city to city 37 Vishakhapatnam had the lowest rate of conversion to the new system at 12 18 per cent Other cities that had low figures included Srinagar 20 per cent Coimbatore 28 89 per cent Jabalpur 34 87 per cent and Kalyan Dombivli 38 59 per cent 38 Satellite television Edit Main article Direct to home television in India As of 2016 over 1600 TV satellite television channels are broadcast in India This includes channels from the state owned Doordarshan Disney India owned Star Sony owned Sony Entertainment Television Zee TV Sun TV Network and Asianet Direct To Home service is provided by Airtel Digital TV DD Free Dish DishTV Sun Direct Tata Play and Videocon D2H Dish TV was the first one to come up in Indian Market others came only years later nbsp Tata Sky Dish IndiaThese services are provided by locally built satellites from ISRO such as 39 INSAT 4CR INSAT 4A INSAT 2E INSAT 3C and INSAT 3E as well as private satellites such as the Dutch based SES Global owned NSS 6 Thaicom 2 and Telstar 10 DTH is defined as the reception of satellite programs with a personal dish in an individual home As of December 2012 India had roughly 54 million DTH subscribers DTH does not compete with CAS citation needed Cable TV and DTH are two methods of delivery of television content CAS is integral to both the systems in delivering pay channels Cable TV is through cable networks and DTH is wireless reaching direct to the consumer through a small dish and a set top box Although the government has ensured that free to air channels on cable are delivered to the consumer without a set top box DTH signals cannot be received without the set top box India currently has 6 major DTH service providers and a total of over 54 million subscriber households in as of December 2012 DishTV a ZEE TV subsidiary Tata Play d2h Sun Network owned Sun Direct DTH Bharti Airtel s DTH Service Airtel Digital TV and the public sector DD Free Dish As of 2012 India has the most competitive Direct broadcast satellite market with 7 operators vying for more than 135 million TV homes India overtook the US as the world s largest Direct broadcast satellite market in 2012 40 The rapid growth of DTH in India has propelled an exodus from cabled homes the need to measure viewership in this space is more than ever aMap the overnight ratings agency has mounted a peoplemeter panel to measure viewership and interactive engagement in DTH homes in India 41 Internet Protocol Television IPTV Edit There are IPTV Platforms available for Subscription in India in the main cities as Broadband in many parts of the country they are iControl IPTV A joint venture between MTNL and BSNL also in association with Aksh Optifiber a company that also provides FTTH and VoIP services available in some of the main cities in India such as Mumbai which has about 200 Television Channels on offer with Time Shift TV in a number of Basic and Premium Packages including Movies on Demand offered at various Basic Premium and Pay Per View Rates and other services such as an Interactive Karaoke channel The IPTV Operator uses the UTStarcom RollingStream IPTV Solution as its end to end Delivery Platform Airtel IPT available in some of the main cities in India such as New Delhi and Bangalore which has about 175 Television Channels on offer with Time Shift TV in a number of TV Packages and a small number of Television Channels offered on Premium Subscription Rates including Movies on Demand offered at Premium and Pay Per View Rates SVOD and other services such as Digital Radio and Games The IPTV Operator uses the UTStarcom RollingStream IPTV Solution as its end to end Delivery Platform Smart TV Group also Operates an Internet Protocol television IPTV Platform based on the Sea Change International IPTV and Cisco IPTV Standards in many parts of India with the following services 185 TV channels on various basic and premium packages 40 TV channel Video on demand VOD service 250 Hour Digital video recorder DVR A 5000 Hour Movie Library Digital Radio and Karaoke ServiceThe service is available to MTNL and BSNL Broadband Internet customers APSFL is a provider of IPTV service This service was launched in 2016 and it offers over 250 channels out of which 49 are in HD It is currently only available in Andhra pradesh Programming EditIndian television drama is by far the most common genre on Indian television Fiction shows including thriller dramas and sitcoms are extremely popular among Indian audiences There are thousands of television programs in India all ranging in length air time genre and language Major sports networks include Star Sports Sony Sports Network Eurosport 1Sports and DD Sports Advertising EditIndia has a huge advertising industry In 2021 India s advertising sector generated revenue worth of 74 600 crore rupees it included all type of advertising Traditionally organisations manufacturing industries use to advertise through Television due to its vast reach Indian TV print media frequently run advertisings are often type of Surrogate advertisings False advertisings etc Alcohol advertising is illegal in India but brands frequently run surrogate advertising campaigns The Central Consumer Protection Authority CCPA the consumer rights protection body of the consumer affairs ministry issued guidelines against surrogate advertising 42 43 Audience metrics EditTelevision metrics in India have gone through several phases in which it fragmented consolidated and then fragmented again One key difference in Indian culture is that families traditionally limit themselves to owning only one screen citation needed DART Edit During the days of the single channel Doordarshan monopoly DART Doordarshan Audience Research Team was the only metric available This used the notebook method of recordkeeping across 33 cities across India 44 DART continues to provide this information independent of the Private agencies DART is one of the rating system that measures audience metrics in Rural India 45 TAM amp INTAM Edit In 1994 claiming a heterogeneous and fragmenting television market ORG MARG Operations Research Group Multiple Action Research Group introduced INTAM Indian National Television Audience Measurement Ex officials of Doordarshan DD claimed that INTAM was introduced by vested commercial interests who only sought to break the monopoly of DD and that INTAM was significantly weaker in both sample size rigour and the range of cities and regions covered 46 In 1997 a joint industry body appointed TAM backed by Nielsen Corporation 47 as the official recordkeeper of audience metrics 48 Due to the differences in methodology and samples of TAM and INTAM both provided differing results for the same programs In 2001 a confidential list of households in Mumbai that were participating in the monitoring survey was released calling into question the reliability of the data 46 49 50 This subsequently led to the merger of the two measurement systems into TAM 51 For several years after this in spite of misgivings about the process sample and other parameters TAM was the de facto standard and monopoly in the audience metrics game 52 AMAP Edit In 2004 a rival ratings service funded by American NRI investors called Audience Measurement Analytics Limited AMAP was launched 53 54 55 Although initially it faced a cautious uptake from clients the TAM monopoly was broken What differentiates aMap is that its ratings are available within one day as compared to TAM s timeline of one week 54 BARC India Edit Broadcast Audience Research Council BARC India is an industry body set up to design commission supervise and own an accurate reliable and timely television audience measurement system for India It currently measures TV Viewing habits of 183 million TV households in the country using 30 000 sample panel homes This will go up to 50 000 in the next couple of years as mandated by the Ministry of Information amp Broadcasting MIB As per BARC India s Broadcast India BI 2018 Survey released in July 2018 based on a sample of 3 lakh homes in the country TV homes in the country have seen a 7 5 jump 56 outpacing the growth of homes in India which grew at 4 5 India currently boasts of 298 million homes of which 197 million have a TV set having an opportunity of almost 100mn more TV homes in the country 57 Guided by the recommendations of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India TRAI and Ministry of Information and Broadcasting India MIB notifications of January 2014 BARC India brings together the three key stakeholders in television audience measurement broadcasters advertisers and advertising and media agencies via their apex bodies BARC India is committed towards establishing a robust transparent and accountable governance framework for providing data points that are required to plan media spends more effectively 55 58 The role of television media was especially crucial in 2020 as citizens were asked to stay home to fight the pandemic in India Talking about how media was used as a tool to instill fear and discipline among the public in India during lockdown an article in Doing Sociology blog discusses how television has so become part and parcel of life the audio visual platform was used for image building and influence by the ruling dispensation on one hand and utilized by popular brands for keeping the consumer culture up on the other 59 Effect of OTT on Indian Television Industry EditOnline video streaming also known as Over the top OTT services like Netflix Amazon Prime Video Disney Hotstar ZEE5 and others gained popularity in India after 2015 It created a threat to the Indian television industry TV viewers has to follow the schedule of TV channels to watch their favorite programs On the other hand OTT service providers allows its users to watch their favorite content whenever they want Moreover penetration of Internet access in India helps OTT users to access the content from anywhere This convenience of OTT has helped it to gain popularity among the young internet users in India The usage of OTT was significantly increased during the national lockdown period From March 2020 onwards after the COVID 19 pandemic in India More people began to watch OTT platforms for foreign content and their spent on TV was significantly reduced 60 See also Edit nbsp India portal nbsp Television portalSurrogate advertising Deceptive advertising tactic by ill legal Gambling companies mobile apps in India List of television stations in India List of HD channels in India Entertainment industry in India Digital television transition in IndiaReferences Edit BARC Rating 9th Week Sun TV maintains lead position in all genres Indian Broadcasting World Retrieved 11 March 2023 Seshadri T N 6 January 1950 Television Apparatus in Swadeshi Exhibition The Indian Express Retrieved 3 May 2017 https www jecjabalpur ac in advertisement jec 20annual 20report 202018 19020720021126 pdf bare URL PDF Online Journal of Space Communication spacejournal ohio edu Retrieved 28 August 2019 Prasar Bharati looks at a turnaround The Financial Express 19 July 2011 Retrieved 28 August 2019 Indian TV mit edu Retrieved 28 August 2019 Nkl SdWni 29 October 2014 Growth and reach of television in india a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help India s Public Regulatory Panwar J S 15 June 2004 Beyond Consumer Marketing Sectoral Marketing and Emerging Trends SAGE Publications p 41 ISBN 9780761932581 Retrieved 9 February 2018 Vilanilam J 2005 Mass Communication In India A Sociological Perspective SAGE Publishing India p 153 Chandran Kannan 8 October 1982 Indian TV goes colour for Games The Straits Times p 13 Retrieved 26 April 2018 Roy Barun 2012 Beginner s Guide to Journalism amp Mass Communication p 33 Unknown 28 March 2016 Ranjan Velari s assignments Development of Television in India and Television as a Medium of Education Ranjan Velari s assignments Retrieved 28 August 2019 TAM Television Audience Measurement TAM Annual Universe Update PDF TAM India Archived from the original PDF on 2 July 2015 Retrieved 26 March 2016 A Billion Screens of opportunity PDF Digitization of Cable TV Way ahead for Indian Television Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir earlytimes in Retrieved 23 July 2015 Cable TV Digitization Everything you need to know LCD TVs Plasma TV amp Televisions ThinkDigit Features Thinkdigit com a b 15 day grace period to get TV set top box Archived 7 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine Hindustan Times 4 April 2013 Questions raised over I amp B ministry s digitisation numbers Business Standard 29 October 2012 TV signals to go digital by 2015 The Times of India 4 February 2011 Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 Kolkata fails to meet the digitisation deadline for the 3rd time Mediamughals com Kolkata will finally enter the digitisation grid from 28th December Mediamughals com Minister attacks Centre on cable digitization The Times of India 18 December 2012 Archived from the original on 8 May 2013 Mamata government defers cable TV digitization date yet again The Times of India 8 January 2013 Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 Cable TV digitisation deadline for Kolkata extended to January 15 LCD TVs Plasma TV amp Televisions ThinkDigit News Thinkdigit com 2 January 2013 Bengal Ignores Dec 27 Deadline for Digitization Indiawest com 8 January 2013 Archived from the original on 18 January 2013 TV digitization deadline ends Chennai gets relief The Times of India 1 November 2012 Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 Madras high court extends TV digitization date in Chennai by 5 days The Times of India 1 November 2012 Archived from the original on 8 May 2013 S Bridget Leena 6 November 2012 Madras HC extends Chennai digitization deadline Livemint Madras HC to hear digitisation case on Friday CNBC TV18 Moneycontrol com 6 November 2012 1 THE TIMES OF INDIA Bombay High Court rejects plea on shifting digitisation deadline Business Standard 31 October 2012 I amp B sets March 31 deadline for 38 more cities to go digital The Times of India 7 November 2012 Archived from the original on 26 May 2013 Digitisation Countdown begins for Phase II Business Standard 6 November 2012 I amp B ministry plans for phase II of cable TV digitisation The Hindu Press Trust of India 6 November 2012 As of 2019 almost 90 of the population have started using STB for Pay Channels as has been mandated by the Ministry of Broadcast in India No extension of deadline in 2nd phase of digitization Tewari Zeenews india com Cable digitisation Govt allows grace period of 15 days Zeenews india com TV Digitisation Consumers can utilise transition period of 10 to 15 CNN IBN in com 3 April 2013 Indiantelevision dot com s Satellites over India Indiantelevision com Retrieved 6 September 2008 Thinking blue sky Business Today Business News India Today 8 August 2010 aMap secures Tata Sky DTH audience measurement biz And Recently Videocon has launched D2H Indiantelevision com https www outlookindia com national advertising sector to touch rs 1 lakh crore revenue by 2024 says ey ficci eport news 187937 Anand Shambhavi Malviya Sagar 7 October 2022 Liquor brands get notices over surrogate advertising The Economic Times Identity and Consumerism on Television in India AEJMC Archives 2 Indiantelevision com a b Why is TRP a contentious issue permanent dead link Screen India Company Profile Archived 3 February 2013 at archive today tamindia com Why is TRP a contentious issue permanent dead link Screen India How real is Tam Intam rating The Times of India TRP rating The slip is showing Business Standard via Rediff com Security Check TAM INTAM Try To Ensure Data Sanctity Archived 21 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Express cricket Quibbles apart TAM is only currency industry can use Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine indiantelevision com New TV rating system to challenge TAM monopoly The Times of India a b 3 aMapbrings TV ratings online Business Line a b Ratings cos fight for market share Business Standard Laghate Gaurav 26 July 2018 Indians are watching TV for 3 hour 44 minutes every day BARC India The Economic Times Retrieved 5 August 2018 TV viewership on a rise in India Survey The Times of India Retrieved 5 August 2018 rival to stare TAM in eyeball Archived 21 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Financial Express MEDIA IN PANDEMIC TIMES FEAR DISCIPLINE AND COMMERCIAL BREAKS Doing Sociology Retrieved 8 January 2020 Puthiyakath Hashim Hamza Goswami Manash Pratim 6 May 2021 Is Over the Top Video Platform the Game Changer over Traditional TV Channels in India A Niche Analysis Asia Pacific Media Educator 31 133 150 doi 10 1177 1326365X211009639 ISSN 1326 365X S2CID 235405617 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Television in India amp oldid 1169506435, wikipedia, 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