Ramayan (1987 TV series)
Ramayan (also known as Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan) is an Indian Hindi-language epic television series based on ancient Indian Sanskrit Epic Ramayana. The show was created, written, and directed by Ramanand Sagar.[1] It originally aired between 1987 and 1988 on DD National and it was narrated by Ashok Kumar and the director Ramanand Sagar. The music was composed by Ravindra Jain. During its run, the show became most watched television series in the world,[2] it had a viewership of 82 percent.[3] The repeat telecast was aired on 20 different channels in 17 countries on all the five continents at different times.The success of the series was documented well by the media. According to BBC, the serial has been viewed by over 650 million viewers.[4] Each episode of the series reportedly earned DD National ₹40 Lakh.[5]
| Ramayan | |
|---|---|
Ramayan promotional poster | |
| Genre | Epic |
| Created by | Ramanand Sagar |
| Based on | Ramayana and Ramcharit Manas |
| Written by | Ramanand Sagar |
| Directed by | Ramanand Sagar |
| Starring | |
| Narrated by | Ashok Kumar Ramanand Sagar |
| Composer | Ravindra Jain |
| Country of origin | India |
| Original language | Hindi |
| No. of seasons | 1 |
| No. of episodes | 78 |
| Production | |
| Executive producer | Subhash Sagar |
| Producers | Ramanand Sagar Anand Sagar Moti Sagar |
| Production locations | Umbergaon, Valsad, Gujarat |
| Cinematography | Ajit Naik |
| Editor | Subhash Sehgal |
| Camera setup | Multi-Camera |
| Running time | 35 minutes |
| Production company | Sagar Arts |
| Release | |
| Original network | DD National |
| Picture format | PAL |
| Original release | 25 January 1987 – 31 July 1988 |
The show is primarily based on Valmiki's Ramayan (Critical Edition) and Tulsidas' Ramcharitmanas.[6] Other sources used were: Tamil Kamb Ramayan, Marathi Bhavarath Ramayan, Bengali Krutivas Ramayan, Telugu Shri Rangnath Ramayan, Kannada Ramchandra Charit Puranam, Malayalam Adhyatma Ramayan, Urdu Ramayan by Chakbast. Ramayan was the most expensive TV show produced during at the time with a budget ₹9 Lakhs per episode.[7]
BBC recalled that when the series was telecast every Sunday morning, "streets would be deserted, shops would be closed and people would bathe and garland their TV sets before the serial began."[8] The series was reaired during the 2020 Coronavirus Lockdown with the broadcaster saying the show had 77 million viewers on 16 April 2020.[9][10][11][12][13]
Plot
Adapted and based on the ancient Hindu epic Ramayana, the series follows the journey of Ram who goes to an exile of 14 years along with Sita and Lakshman.
Shri Vishnu decides to incarnate on earth as Ram, the son of King Dashrath and Queen Kaushalya of Ayodhya to kill Ravan, the evil king of Lanka and establish dharma whereas Goddess Lakshmi would incarnate as his wife Sita. In Ayodhya, a childless Dashrath conducts a yagna for children and as a result, his three wives gives birth to 4 sons. Kaushalya to Ram, Kaikeyi to Bharat and Sumitra to Lakshman and Shatrughan. The 4 boys grow up to be excellent warriors under Guru Vashista's training. Ram is an ideal and perfect son and brother and is a role model to his three younger brothers and always respects his parents and their affection towards him.
After the brothers return after completing their education, Rishi Vishvamitra arrives at Ayodhya for help as his yagna is disturbed by some demons and asks Dashrath to send Ram to him to kill those demons. Dashrath reluctantly agrees and Lakshman also accompanies Ram. Shri Ram succeeds in killing Taraka and her son Subahu and also protects the yagnas. Rishi Vishvamitra later teaches him about many things required for future.
Later, he takes the two brothers to Mithila to seek the blessings of Lord Shiva's bow at the swayamvar of Princess Sita. Rishi Vishvamitra tells them about the birth of Sita from earth. On their way Ram frees Ahalya of her curse by her husband Rishi Gautama.
Cast
Main
- Arun Govil as Ram,[14] Lord Vishnu's 7th incarnation of the Dashavatar; Dasharatha and Kaushalya's son; Sita's husband; Bharat, Lakshman And Shatrughan's elder brother.
- Deepika Chikhalia as Sita/Lakshmi, Goddess Lakshmi's incarnation; Janak and Sunaina's elder adoptive daughter; Bhumi Devi's daughter; Urmila's elder adoptive sister; Ram's wife
- Sunil Lahri as Lakshman, Sheshnaag's incarnation; Dasharatha And Sumitra's elder twin son; Urmila's husband; Ram And Bharat's younger brother And Shatrughan's elder twin
- Arvind Trivedi as Ravana / Vishrava, Vishrava And Kaikesi's eldest son; Kumbhakarna, Vibhishan and Surpanakha's elder brother, Indrajit's father, Mandodari's husband.
- Dara Singh as Hanuman,[15] Lord Shiva's incarnation; Lord Ram's devotee, Anjani and Kesari's son, Vayu's son.
Recurring
- Sanjay Jog as Bharat, the incarnation of Panchajanya, the conch held by Lord Vishnu'; Dasharatha and Kaikeyi's son; Mandavi's husband; Ram's younger brother, and Lakshman and Shatrughan's elder brother
- Sameer Rajda as Shatrughna, the incarnation of Lord Vishnu's Sudarshana; Dasharatha and Sumitra's younger twin son; Shrutakirti's husband, and Ram, and Bharat's younger brother, Lakshman's younger twin
- Bal Dhuri as Dasharatha, King Aja and Queen Indumati's son; Kausalya, Kaikeyi, and Sumitra's husband; Ram, Bharat, Laxman and Shatrughan's father, King of Kosala
- Jayshree Gadkar as Kausalya, Dasharatha's first wife; Ram's mother
- Padma Khanna as Kaikeyi,[16] Dasharatha's second wife; Bharat's mother, Ram's foster Mother.
- Rajnibala as Sumitra, Dasharatha's third wife; Lakshman and Shatrughan's mother
- Lalita Pawar as Manthara,[16] Kaikeyi's evil maid
- Vijay Arora as Indrajit,[16] Ravan and Mandodari's first son; Sulochana's husband; slayen by Lakshman.
- Nalin Dave as Kumbhakarna, Vishrava and Kaikesi's second son; Ravana, Vibhishan and Surpanakha brother; slayen by Ram.
- Mukesh Rawal as Vibhishana,[17] Vishrava and Kaikesi's third son; Ravana, Kumbhakaran and Surpanakha's brother; King of Lanka.
- Aparajita Bhushan as Mandodari,[18] Ravan's first wife; Mayasura and Apsara Hema's daughter; Mayavi and Dundubhi's sister; Meghanaad, and Akshayakumara's mother.
- Shyam Sundar Kalani as Sugriva Sugriva-Vali's brother; Ruma's husband. Also Vali, Sugriva's brother and also played role of Yamraj God of death.
- Sudhir Dalvi as Vasishtha, Raghukul brothers' teacher
- Chandrashekhar as Sumantra, Dasrath's minister
- Renu Dhariwal as Shurpanakha, Vishrava and Kaikesi's daughter; Ravana, Kumbhakaran and Vibhishan's sister. Her Nose was Cut by Lakshman.
- Radha Yadav as Tara, Vali's wife and Angad's mother
- Mulraj Rajda as Janaka, Kushadhwaja's brother; Sunaina's husband; Sita and Urmila's father King of Mithila
- Urmila Bhatt as Sunaina, Janak's wife; Sita and Urmila's mother, Queen of Mithila
- Rajshekar Upadhyay as Jambhava,[19]
- Bashir Khan as Angad,[19] Tara and Vali's son / Vajramushti (Lankan General)
- Anjali Vyas as Urmila,[19] Goddess Naga Lakshmi's incarnation; Janak and Sunaina's younger daughter; Sita's sister; Lakshmana's wife
- Sulakshana Khatri as Mandavi, Goddess Lakshmi's flower avatar; Kushadhwaja and Chandrabhaga's elder daughter; Shrutakirti's elder sister; Bharat's wife; Sita's cousin
- Poonam Shetty as Shrutakirti, Goddess Lakshmi's flower; Kushadhwaja and Chandrabhaga's younger daughter; Mandavi's younger sister; Sita's cousin; Shatrughan's wife
- Vijay Kavish as Shiva, Parvati's husband/ Mayasura Mandodari's father, Ravan's father in law/Maharshi Valmiki, author of Ramayan[20]
- Pushpa Verma as Sulochana, Meghanaad's wife.
- Ramesh Chapaneri as Malyavan and Agastya[21]
- Chandrakant Pandey as Nishad
- Girish Seth as Nal,[19] Neel's brother / Gandharva
- Giriraj Shukla as Neel, Nal's brother/Prahasta
- Vibhuti Dave as Trijata, Sita's caretaker
- Sarita Devi as Shabari, Ram's devotee
- Aslam Khan as Samudra Dev and various roles
- Bandini Mishra as Parvati, Shiva's wife
- Murari Lal Gupta as Akampana.
- Mahesh Bhatt as Shatanand, Ahilya Devi & Gauatam Rishi's son, priest of Janak
- Shrikant Soni as Vishwamitra
- Kaustubh Trivedi as Kewat
- Bhushan Lakandari as Vishnu
- Sunil Verma as Garuda/Indra/Jatayu/Narantak
- Ramesh Goyal as Maarich
- Kapil Kumar as Akshayakumara, Ravan and Mandodari's Second son; Meghnath's brother
- Madhu Priya as Apsara Avtar of Shurpanakha
- Rajendra Jain as Kalanemi
- Mayuresh Kshetramhade as Luv, Ram and Sita's younger son; Kush's twin
- Swapnil Joshi as Kush, Ram and Sita's elder son; Luv's twin
- Randhir Singh as Viradh/Rakshas/Sursa/Atikaye
Production
Ramayan was regarded as the most expensive TV show produced during the time with a budget ₹9 Lakhs per episode.[7]
Development
Writing for the Indian Express upon completion of the airing of the series' final episode, former bureaucrat S. S. Gill wrote that it was during his tenure as the secretary with the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in September 1985 that he contacted Ramanand Sagar in association with the project.
Gill added that in a letter to Sagar, he had written about the Ramayana as a subject for the television series was ideal in that it was "a repository of moral and social values" and that its message was "secular and universal".
He added that he had noted in the letter that Sagar's "real challenge would lie in seeing the epic "with the eyes of a modern man and relating its message to the spiritual and emotional needs of our age".
Gill added that he also wrote a similar letter to B. R. Chopra over the production of the series Mahabharat based on another epic of the same name, and mentioned that both he and Sagar accepted to his suggestions and constituted panels of experts and scholars to conceptualize the production.[22]
The series was initially conceptualized to run for 52 episodes of 45 minutes each. But, owing to popular demand it had to be extended thrice, eventually ending after 78 episodes.[23]
Initially, Both Ramayan and Mahabharat was planned to air together, but later it was decided to air Ramayan first which was followed by Mahabharat after its end.[24]
Casting
I remember I had given an audition for Ram and I failed initially. I don’t know what happened. The photoshoot happened with the look and make-up but I wasn’t looking like Lord Ram... Then we thought of adding a smile and then everything got sorted,
Govil expressed his desire to play Rama and appeared for a screen test. Initially, he was considered to be inappropriate for the role. He then appeared for the screen test again wearing a smile on his face and got finalized for the role.[14] Since Govil's collaboration with Debashree Roy in Kanak Mishra's Jiyo To Aise Jiyo (1981) was adulated, the actress was approached to play Sita but due to her hectic schedule in Bengali cinema, she failed to appear for the screen test.[26]
Several other famous actresses were approached as well but all of them backed off due to the prevalent premonition that playing the role of Lady Sita would blemish their romantic appeal resulting doom to their on-screen career. Deepika Chikhalia was then summoned to appear for the screen test. She had to undergo rigorous screen tests and was finalized then.[27]
Sanjay Jog was originally approached for the role of Lakshmana but he refused since he was unable to give bulk dates. Sagar then urged him to play Bharata since the role would not require bulk dates. The role of Lakshmana then went to Sunil Lahiri.[28]
Arvind Trivedi went to audition for the role of a boatman where Ramanand Sagar chose him as Ravan.[29] However, when Trivedi rejected the offer, Paresh Rawal convinced him for playing the role.[30] Vijay Kavish played three roles in the series which were Shiva, Valmiki and Mayasura.[20]
Broadcast
In India, the series was originally broadcast on DD National from 25th January, 1987 to 31st July, 1988 with widespread acclaim. [31] BBC recorded that it had a viewership of 82 percent, highest viewership in the world.[32]
Reruns of the series aired on Star Plus and Star Utsav in 2000s.[33][34] It was re-telecast again between March and April 2020 during the 2020 coronavirus lockdown in India on DD National and broke all records for viewership globally for any TV show.[35][36][dubious ] Hundreds of millions of viewers have watched the series during the 2020 coronavirus lockdown in India.[37]
DD National said on 16 April 2020 the show created world record, 77 million people watched the show in 1 day. It was again telecasted on StarPlus from 4 May 2020.[38] The show is dubbed in Kannada, Marathi, Bengali, Telugu and Tamil which aired on Star Suvarna, Star Pravah, Star Jalsha, Star Maa and Star Vijay respectively.[39][40][41][42]
Reception and legacy
After just few episodes had been released, the show received widespread critical acclaim for Ramanand Sagar's writing and direction as well as its casting and Ravindra Jain's music.
D. K. Bose, the media director of Hindustan Thompson Associates, remarked, "The unique thing about the Ramayana was its consistency. Other programs like Buniyaad and even Hum Log did achieve viewership of around 80 percent and more, on occasion. In the case of Ramayana, that figure had been maintained almost from the beginning."
He added, “Starting at around 50 percent the 80 percent figure was reached within a few months and never went down. The viewership was more than 50 percent even in the predominantly non-Hindi speaking southern Indian States of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. The show's popularity spanned across religions and people of the Islam faith watched in high numbers as well. It was common among people threatening to burn down the local electricity board headquarters during a power outage.[5]"
The success of the series was documented well by the media. Soutik Biswas of BBC recalled that when the series was telecast every Sunday morning, "streets would be deserted, shops would be closed and people would bathe and garland their TV sets before the serial began."[8]
Writing for the Telegraph, William Dalrymple noted, "In villages across south Asia, hundreds of people would gather around a single set to watch the gods and demons play out their destinies. In the noisiest and most bustling cities, trains, buses and cars came to a sudden halt, and a strange hush fell over the bazaars. In Delhi, government meetings had to be rescheduled after the entire cabinet failed to turn up for an urgent briefing."[43]
Impact
The telecast of Ramayan was seen as a precursor to the Ayodhya dispute.
Arvind Rajagopal in his book Politics After Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India (2000) wrote that with the series, the government "violated a decades-old taboo on religious partisanship, and Hindu nationalists made the most of the opportunity." It confirmed to the idea of Hindu awakening and the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party capitalizing on this.[44]"
Manik Sharma of Hindustan Times voiced similar views in that the series "played in the backdrop of a Hindutva shift in Indian politics, under the aegis of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and its political outfit, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). While the media and cultural commentators struggled to consider Sagar's epic one way or the other, there were some who saw it as a catalyst, even if unintended, to the turmoil that the movement resulted in."[45]
Regarding initial apprehensions about the series being aired by a government-owned broadcaster, it's hitherto producer Sharad Dutt said that "a lot of people within the channel's office weren't supportive of the idea, to begin with. But it had no motivation with what was going on politically. The Congress was in power and it had no agenda of the sort." He however felt the execution was poor and remembered questioning Sagar upon watching "the tape" if he had "made Ramayana or Ram-Leela".[45] Sharma noted that the political clout the series held could be adjudged by the fact that Sagar and Arun Govil (who played Rama) "were repeatedly courted by both the Congress and the BJP to campaign for them", and that Deepika Chikhalia (Sita) and Arvind Trivedi (Ravana) went on to become members of parliament.[45]
The series was re-telecast from 28 March 2020 with one hour episode during the morning and one hour episode during the night during the lockdown of 21 days due to coronavirus on DD National.[46][47]
Ratings
| Week and Year | BARC viewership (Hindi GEC overall) | BARC viewership (Hindi GEC free) | BARC viewership (Hindi GEC pay) | BARC viewership (Hindi GEC rural) | BARC viewership (Hindi GEC urban) | Ref. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Impressions (millions) | Ranking | Impressions (millions) | Ranking | Impressions (millions) | Ranking | Impressions (millions) | Ranking | Impressions (millions) | Ranking | ||
| Week 14 of 2020 | 61397 | 1 | — | 27169 | 1 | 34228 | 1 | [48] | |||
| Week 15 of 2020 | 67473 | 1 | 30619 | 1 | 36854 | 1 | [49] | ||||
| Week 16 of 2020 | 68687 | 1 | 17693 | 1 | 50994 | 1 | 30887 | 1 | 37800 | 1 | [50] |
Ramayan notably broke viewership for any Indian television series during that time. It was telecast in 55 countries and at a total viewership of 650 million and re-telecast (24 March - 18 April 2020) nearly 2500 million viewership alone in 25 days, it became the highest watched Indian television series by a distance, and one of top watched television series in world.[45] It entered in the Limca Book of Records as the most watched historical series.[6] On its first telecast (1987), it had 40 million viewership in India. That brought ₹23 crore revenue for the channel.[7]
The viewership during lockdown garnered record highest ratings for a Hindi GEC (general entertainment channel) show since 2015 making DD National as the most watched Indian channel since its premiere.[51]
Ramayan garnered a total of 170 million viewers in first 4 shows during which DD National became the most watched Indian television channel after many years.[52][53][54] The following week it garnered 580 million impressions in morning slot and 835 million impressions in night slot.[55]
In week 14 2020, it garnered 61.397 million impressions and the following week it got 67.4 million impressions.[56][57]
Even the Wall Street Journal acknowledged the huge popularity of Ramayan's re-telecast during 2020[58]
Sequel and remake
A follow-up series Luv Kush based on the last chapter of Ramayana Uttara Kanda, aired in October 1988 on DD National.[59][60] A remake series Ramayan produced by Sagar Arts aired on NDTV Imagine in 2008.[61][62]
References
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- ^ https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/july/july154.html
- ^ a b Bajpai, Shailaja (7 August 1988). "Is There Life After Ramayana?". The Indian Express. p. 17. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- ^ a b "Siya Ke Ram or Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan? Here's a test by fire". Hindustan Times.
- ^ a b c "Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan is the most expensive mythological show of its time". India Today.
- ^ a b Biswas, Soutik (19 October 2011). "Ramayana: An 'epic' controversy". BBC. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ "'Ramayana' beats 'Game of Thrones' to become the world's most watched show". WION.
- ^ "Blockbuster! Ramayana scripts history with highest viewership on single day - 7.7 crore". businesstoday.in.
- ^ "Ramayan becomes most viewed program globally, beats GoT by a record margin". Livemint. 2 May 2020.
- ^ "'Ramayan' sets world record, becomes most viewed entertainment programme globally". The Hindu. 2 May 2020.
- ^ "Aired Again After 33 Years, Ramayan Sets World Record. See Doordarshan's Tweet". NDTV.com.
- ^ a b "People don't call me Arun Govil, they call me Ram, says 'Ramayan' star". The Financial Express. 29 March 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "33 years on, what became of the cast of Ramayana?". Hindustan Times. 27 March 2020.
- ^ a b c "Ramayana: From Arun Govil to Deepika Chikhalia, what actors of hit mythological serial are doing now". Hindustan Times. 5 April 2020.
- ^ "Ramayan actor Mukesh Rawal found dead on Railway tracks - Times of India". The Times of India.
- ^ Ramanand Sagar Ramayan Mandodari Aparajita Bhushan on Ramayan Re Telecast_Covid 19_Corona Lockdown., archived from the original on 19 December 2021, retrieved 11 April 2020
- ^ a b c d "Ramayana cast and characters: A full list". Times Now.
- ^ a b "Actor Vijay Kavish played three roles in Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan. Can you identify?". India TV News.
- ^ "રામાયણ ધારાવાહિકમાં ઋષિ અગત્સ્ય અને માલ્યવાન જેવી ભૂમિકાઓ ભજવનાર રમેશભાઈ ચાંપાનેરીના અનુભવો". Aksharnaad.
- ^ Gill, S. S. (8 August 1988). "Why Ramayan on Doordarshan". The Indian Express. p. 8. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- ^ Lutgendorf, Philip (1998). "All in the (Raghu) Family: A Video Epic in Cultural Context". In Babb, Lawrence A.; Wadley, Susan S. (eds.). Media and the Transformation of Religion in South Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 217. ISBN 9788120814530. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
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- ^ "Arun Govil: After Ramayan, my film career was almost over". India Today. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ "কলকাতায় সফল বাংলাদেশি শিল্পী ও নির্মাতারা". Jugantor. 26 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
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- ^ "Ramayan: Raavan actor Arvind Trivedi originally turned down role, but Paresh Rawal convinced him to change his mind". Hindustan Times.
- ^ "'Ramayan' sets world record, becomes most viewed entertainment programme globally". The Hindu. 2 May 2020.
- ^ "The Ramayan: Why Indians are turning to nostalgic TV".
- ^ . 21 March 2008. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008.
- ^ . 3 April 2004. Archived from the original on 3 April 2004.
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- ^ "Coronavirus Lockdown Creates Captive Audience for '80s Show". 28 April 2020 – via www.wsj.com.
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- ^ Dalrymple, William (23 August 2008). . The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ . Frontline. Vol. 17, no. 16. 5–18 August 2000. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d Sharma, Manik (13 January 2018). . Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
- ^ "Prasar Bharati To Re-Telecast 'Ramayan' From 28 March On 'Public Demand' During Lockdown". outlookindia.com. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ "Good News! Iconic show 'Ramayana' to re-telecast starting tomorrow". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ "Doordarshan's Ramayan Tops All Categories In BARC Ratings For March 2020".
- ^ "Iconic TV shows Ramayan, Mahabharat rule the TRP charts". The Times of India.
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- ^ "Popularity of 'Ramayan', 'Mahabharat' serials prompts review of DD programme selection process". The Hindu.
- ^ "Ramayana: 170 million viewers in 4 shows since re-launch on Saturday". Pune Mirror. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ "God Makes An Epic Comeback on Television". Forbes India. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus Lockdown: रामायण ने तोड़े टीआरपी के सारे रिकॉर्ड, 2015 तक का कोई शो नहीं दे सका टक्कर". Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^ "Reruns of 1980-90s classics Ramayan, Shaktimaan, Byomkesh make DD most-watched channel". ThePrint.
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- ^ "Coronavirus Lockdown Creates Captive Audience for '80s Show,'Ramayan,' a 78-part telling of an epic Hindu tale airing on Indian public television, is all the rage again". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- ^ "Looking back at Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan". The Indian Express. 28 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Ramayan director Ramanand Sagar had to make Luv Kush episode after receiving a call from PMO". India TV News.
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Footnotes
- Karp, Jonathan and Williams, Michael. "Reigning Hindu TV Gods of India Have Viewers Glued to Their Sets." The Wall Street Journal, 22 April 1998
- Lutgendorf, Philip (1991). The Life of a Text: Performing the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06690-1.
- Lutgendorf, Philip (1990). "Ramayan: The Video". TDR/The Drama Review. The MIT Press. 34 (2): 127–176. doi:10.2307/1146030. ISSN 1054-2043. JSTOR 1146030.
- Lutgendorf, Philip (2006). "All in the (Raghu) Family: A Video Epic in Cultural Context". In Hawley, John Stratton; Narayanan, Vasudha (eds.). The Life of Hinduism. The Life of Religion. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 140–157. ISBN 978-0-520-24913-4.
- National Endowment for the Humanities. "Lessons of the Epics: The Ramayana". EdSITEment Lesson Plans. Available online from (18 January 2006).
- Rajagopal, Arvind (2001). Politics After Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521648394.
External links
- Ramayan at IMDb