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Eastern religions

March 04, 2023

The Eastern religions are the religions which originated in East, South and Southeast Asia and thus have dissimilarities with Western, African and Iranian religions.[1] This includes the East Asian religions such as Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese folk religion, Shinto, and Korean Shamanism; South Asian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism; and Southeast Asian religions such as Vietnamese folk religion as well as animistic indigenous religions.[2][3]

Distribution of Eastern religions today (yellow), as opposed to Abrahamic religions (purple).

This East-West religious distinction, just as with the East-West culture distinction, and the implications that arise from it, is broad and not precise. Furthermore, the geographical distinction has less meaning in the current context of global transculturation.

While many Western observers attempt to distinguish between Eastern philosophies and religions, this is a distinction that does not exist in some Eastern traditions.[4]

Indic religions

 
A Hindu temple in Sri Lanka.
Further information: Indian religions

Also known as Dharmic religions, these are the religious sects originating in the Indian subcontinent, which includes Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, etc.[5] The theologies and philosophies of these religions have several concepts in common, such as dharma, karma, maya and samsara.

Hinduism

Main article: Hinduism
 
OM, a sacred syllable and a quintessential symbol of Hinduism
 
A 13th-century Cambodian statue of Vishnu.

Hinduism originated on the Indian subcontinent and was related to many other religious traditions outside the subcontinent, in places like ancient Central Asia and ancient Iran. It is considered by some to be the world's oldest extant major religion. Some consider Hinduism to originate from the Indus Valley civilization along with animism of the pre-Harappan migrants as well as the Indo-Aryan migrants. Hinduism contains a vast body of scripture, divided as revealed and remembered, expounding on dharma, or religious living. Hindus consider the Vedas and the Upanishads as being among the foremost in authority, importance and antiquity. The Bhagavad Gītā, a treatise excerpted from the Mahābhārata, is sometimes called a summary of the spiritual teachings of the Vedas. It is difficult to identify any universal belief or practice in Hinduism, although prominent themes include: Dharma, Samsara, Karma, and Moksha. Hinduism is sometimes called a polytheistic religion, but this is an oversimplification. Hinduism includes a diverse collection of schools whose beliefs span monotheism, polytheism, pantheism, monism and even atheism. For instance, the Advaita Vedanta school holds that there is only one causal entity (Brahman), which manifests itself into all the various living and non-living forms that we observe, whereas traditions such as Vaishnavism and Shaivism worship Vishnu and Shiva in a relatively more monotheistic sense (caused by a differentiation between the parabrahman and atman). A number of scholars even consider the Samkhya school of thought to have atheistic leanings.[6]

Buddhism

 
The Tian Tan Buddha statue in Hong Kong.
Main article: Buddhism

Buddhism is a nontheistic Indian religion and philosophy.[7] Buddhism was founded around the 5th century BCE in Nepal by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, with the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as its central principles. According to the scriptures, the Four Noble Truths were revealed by the Buddha in his first sermon after attaining enlightenment. The schools of Buddhism are typically divided into Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana.[8] In academic circles, Mahayana is further divided into East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism. Buddhism teaches that someone who becomes enlightened without instruction is a buddha. The primary goal of Buddhism is the liberation of the practitioner from samsara. Buddhists hold this to be the solution to the problem of suffering.[9]

Jainism

Main article: Jainism

Jainism is the religion of the followers of the Jinas or Tirthankars (torch bearers and spiritual teachers of dharma).[10] Parshvanatha and Mahavira, the 23rd and 24th Tirthankars, respectively, revived the Jain religion and re-organized the shraman sangha. Jains highlight the practice of austerity. Jain philosophy states that the jiva, or soul, can escape the cycle of rebirth and death by freeing itself from karmic bondages. When nothing remains but the purity of the jiva, that person is called a jina, or winner, which is the origin of the term Jain. Karma is viewed as an accumulation that burdens the soul, causing attachment and suffering.[11] Ahimsa, or non-violence, is central to Jain faith, philosophy and practice. It is interpreted very strictly as prohibiting all forms of harm to other living beings. Due to this, Jainism requires a strict vegetarian lifestyle. Ahimsa also applies to speaking, as one's words can cause harm and suffering.[12]

Sikhism

Main article: Sikhism
 

Sikhism is a religion which began in Punjab of Northern India.[13] It is founded on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev and the nine human gurus that followed. He received a vision to preach the way to enlightenment and God in Sultanpur. His views rejected the traditional worships and caste of the Hindu faith.[14] Freedom from reincarnation is tied to remembrance and repetition on one universal God. In Sikhism, God is Nirankar, a formless and shapeless one.[15] Sikhs believe that there is one universal God who is the ultimate creator, sustainer, and destroyer. The Gurū Granth Sāhib are the central scriptures intended to preserve hymns and the teachings of the Sikh Gurus and other saints from Hindu and Sufi traditions. Rituals, religious ceremonies or empty worship are considered of little use and Sikhs are discouraged from fasting or going on pilgrimages. The tenets of Sikhism include (1) honest living/earning (2) tithing and giving alms (3) chanting on God.[11] Sikhism also has a strong warrior tradition which arose in defense of religious freedom and human rights from a tyrannical Moghul occupation of India.[16]

East Asian religions

Main article: East Asian religions
See also: Three teachings

The group of East Asian religions or philosophies, also known as Taoic religions, may be considered as forming a group within world religions[17] comparable to the Abrahamic or Dharmic groups. The Taoic faiths claim at least 500 million members worldwide.[18]

Taoism

Main article: Taoism

Taoism, also known as Daoism, comprises a variety of related religious and philosophical traditions.[19] Categorization of Taoist sects and movements is very controversial. Taoist propriety and ethics places an emphasis on the Three Jewels of the Tao; love, moderation, humility. Taoist theology focuses on doctrines of wu wei ("non-action"), spontaneity, humanism, relativism and emptiness.[20]

Most traditional Chinese Taoists are polytheistic. Taoism or Daoism is a type of belief, or a way of thinking about life. It is at least 2,500 years old and it comes from China. Taoism is now said to be a philosophy. Tao (or Dao, 道) is the name of the force or the "Way" that Taoists believe makes everything in the world. There are disagreements regarding the proper composition of this pantheon. Popular Taoism typically presents the Jade Emperor as the head deity. Intellectual, or "elite", Taoism usually presents Laozi and the Three Pure Ones at the top of the pantheon. Nature and ancestor spirits are common in popular Taoism. But this sort of shamanism is eschewed for an emphasis on internal alchemy among the "elite" Taoists. Tao itself is rarely an object of worship, being treated more like the South Asian concept of atman.[21]

Shinto

 
A Shinto priest kneeling before a shrine.
Main article: Shinto

Shinto is an animistic folk religion practiced in Japan.[22] Shinto literally means "the way of the gods". Many Japanese Shintoists also identify themselves as Buddhists. Japanese Pure Land Buddhism is deeply intertwined with the Shinto faith. Shinto practitioners commonly affirm tradition, family, nature, cleanliness and ritual observation as core values. Taoic influence is significant in their beliefs about nature and self-mastery.[23]

Ritual cleanliness is a central part of Shinto life. Shrines have a significant place in Shinto, reflecting the animistic veneration of the kami. "Folk", or "popular", Shinto places an emphasis on shamanism, particularly divination, spirit possession and faith healing. "Sect" Shinto is a diverse group including mountain-worshippers and Confucian Shintoists.[24]

Confucianism

 
Statue of Confucius on Chongming Island in Shanghai
Main article: Confucianism

Confucianism is a complex system of moral, social and political thought, influential in the history of East Asia.[25] It is highly debated amongst scholars whether Confucianism is a religion or simply an ethical system. The Chinese Communist Party does not recognize it as a religion.[26] It is commonly associated with legalism but it rejects legalism for ritualism. It also endorses meritocracy as the ideal of nobility. Confucianism has a complicated system governing duties and etiquette in relationships. Confucian ethics focus on familial duty, loyalty and humaneness.[27]

There are organizations that specifically promote Confucianism as a religion in Indonesia (Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia) and Hong Kong (Confucian Academy).

Confucianism tolerates the Chinese folk recognition of the existence of animistic spirits, ghosts and deities. It approves paying them proper respect, but at a more fundamental level encourages avoiding them. Confucian thought is notable as the framework upon which the syncretic Neo-Confucianism was built.[28]

Shamanism and Animism

Shamanism and Animism have historically been practised in Asia, and is still practiced in most of Asia.[29][30][31][32][33][34][excessive citations]

Northeast Asia

China

Southeast Asia

Others

Chinese

Main articles: Chinese folk religion and Religion in China

Dravidian

Japanese

Main article: Religion in Japan

Korean

Main article: Religion in Korea

Meivazhi

Main article: Meivazhi

Nāstik (Heterodox Indian)

Nepalese religions

Main article: Religion in Nepal

Tai and Miao

Main articles: Tai folk religion and Miao folk religion

Tibeto-Burmese

Sarnaism

Main article: Sarnaism

Vietnam

Main article: Religion in Vietnam
 
Altar inside Liễu Hạnh Công Chúa Shrine in Hanoi.

Vietnamese folk religion (Vietnamese: tín ngưỡng dân gian Việt Nam) is the largest religion in Vietnam with about 45.3% of the Vietnamese population[1] that are associated with this religion.

Secularization

Further information: Secularism, Freedom of religion, Religious pluralism, and History of atheism

Historical

Charvaka (Historical)

Main article: Charvaka

Din-I Ilahi (Historical)

Main article: Din-i Ilahi

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Coogan, Michael David; Narayanan, Vasudha (2005). Eastern Religions: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred Places. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195221907.
  2. ^ Coward, Harold G.; Neumaier-Dargyay, Eva K.; Neufeldt, Ronald, eds. (1988). Readings in Eastern Religions. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0889209553.
  3. ^ Gurdon Oxtoby, Willard (1996). World Religions: Eastern Traditions, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195407504.
  4. ^ Morgan (2001). Pp 9-11.
  5. ^ York (2005). Pg 166.
  6. ^ Bhaskarananda (1994).
    Weightman (1997). Pg 263.
  7. ^ "Buddhism". (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 November 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition.
  8. ^ James, Jonathan D. (2017). Transnational Religious Movements. SAGE Publications. p. 96. ISBN 9789386446565.
  9. ^ Emmanuel, Steven M. (2015). A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. Wiley. p. 96. ISBN 9781119144663.
  10. ^ , Oxford Dictionaries, archived from the original on July 25, 2012
  11. ^ a b Marques, Joan (2020). The Routledge Companion to Happiness at Work. Taylor & Francis. p. 240. ISBN 9781000180213.
  12. ^ Flood (1996). Pg 76.
    Fisher (1997). Pp 116-117.
    Rausch & Key (1993).
  13. ^ Nesbitt, Eleanor M. (2005). Sikhism: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-0-19-280601-7.
  14. ^ [1] Religions of the World Sikhism
  15. ^ Cole, W. Owen (2005). A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism. Taylor & Francis. p. 62. ISBN 9781135797607.
  16. ^ Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1 February 2008). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. pp. 676–677. ISBN 978-81-269-0857-8.
  17. ^ Sharot (2001). Pp 71-72, 75-76.
  18. ^ . These statistics are limited and do not reflect the full population of Taoic adherents due to complexities in definition and polling.
  19. ^ Elizabeth Pollard; Clifford Rosenberg; Robert Tignor (16 December 2014). Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A History of the World - From the Beginnings of Humankind to the Present. W.W. Norton. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-393-91847-2.
  20. ^ Leaman (1999). Pg 111.
    Slingerland (2003).
    Sharot (2001). Pg 78.
  21. ^ Segal (2006). Pg 50. Maspero (1981). Pg 41. LaFargue (1994). Pg 283.
  22. ^ Hardacre 2017, p. 4.
  23. ^ Pilgrim (1999). Pg 1.
    Sharot (2001). Pp. 161-162.
    Ono (2004). Pp 97-99, 103-104.
  24. ^ Ono (2004). Pp 12, 51-52, 108.
    Markham (2001). Pp 304-306.
  25. ^ Lin, Justin Yifu (2012). Demystifying the Chinese Economy. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-521-19180-7.
  26. ^ Council on Foreign Relations https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/religion-china
  27. ^ Smart (2000). Pp 66.
    Yao (2000). pp 191-192
    De Bary & Tu (1998). Pg 149.
  28. ^ Sharot (2001). Pp 46, 85.
    Huang (1999). Pg 5.
  29. ^ "Animism". OMF. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
  30. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
  31. ^ "shamanism - religion". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  32. ^ "South Korea Shamanism - Pop Culture - GlobalPost". GlobalPost. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  33. ^ "KYRGYZ GOVERNMENT UNABLE TO PRODUCE NEW NATIONAL IDEOLOGY". Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  34. ^ Compare: Winkelman, Michael (2010). Shamanism: A Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing. ABC-CLIO. p. 60. ISBN 9780313381812. Retrieved 2015-10-04. Part of Bahn's and others' arguments are based in an arbitrary approach to conceptualizing shamanism. For instance, Bahn characterizes Siberia as 'the heartland of true shamanism' (59), resorting to the idea that the word must be restricted to the cultural region of its origin.

References

  • De Bary, William Theodore & Tu, Weiming. Confucianism and Human Rights. Columbia University Press (1998). ISBN 0-231-10936-9.
  • Fisher, Mary Pat. Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths. I.B. Tauris (1997). ISBN 1-86064-148-2.
  • Flood, Gavin D. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press (1996). ISBN 0-521-43304-5.
  • Hardacre, Helen (2017). Shinto: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-062171-1.
  • Huang, Siu-chi. Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Greenwood Press (1999). ISBN 0-313-26449-X.
  • Leaman, Oliver. Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy. Routledge (1999). ISBN 0-415-17362-0.
  • LaFargue, Michael. Tao and Method: A Reasoned Approach to the Tao Te Ching. SUNY Press (1994). ISBN 0-7914-1601-1.
  • Markham, Ian S. & Ruparell, Tinu. Encountering Religion: an introduction to the religions of the world. Blackwell Publishing (2001). ISBN 0-631-20674-4.
  • Maspero, Henri. Translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. Taoism and Chinese Religion. University of Massachusetts (1981).
  • Morgan, Diane. The Best Guide to Eastern Philosophy and Religion. St. Martin's Griffin (2001). ISBN 1-58063-197-5.
  • Ono, Sakyo. Shinto: The Kami Way. Tuttle Publishing (2004). ISBN 0-8048-3557-8.
  • Pilgrim, Richard B. Buddhism and the Arts of Japan. Columbia University Press (1999). ISBN 0-231-11347-1.
  • Rausch, Thomas P. & Chapple, Christopher Key. The College Student's Introduction to Theology. Liturgical Press (1993). ISBN 0-8146-5841-5.
  • Segal, Robert Alan. The Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion. Blackwell Publishing (2006). ISBN 0-631-23216-8.
  • Sharot, Stephen. A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: virtuosos, priests, and popular religion. NYU Press (2001). ISBN 0-8147-9805-5.
  • Slingerland, Edward Gilman. Effortless Action: Wu-Wei as Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China. Oxford University Press (2003). ISBN 0-19-513899-6.
  • Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. Routledge UK (2000). ISBN 0-415-22852-2.
  • Swami Bhaskarananda. The Essentials of Hinduism. Viveka Press (1994). ISBN 1-884852-02-5.
  • Weightman, Simon. Hinnells, John (ed). Handbook of Living Religions. Penguin Books (1997). ISBN 0-14-051480-5.
  • Yao, Xinzhong. An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge University Press (2000). ISBN 0-521-64430-5.
  • York, Michael. Pagan Theology: Paganism as a World Religion. NYU Press (2005). ISBN 0-8147-9708-3.

March 04, 2023
eastern, religions, religions, which, originated, east, south, southeast, asia, thus, have, dissimilarities, with, western, african, iranian, religions, this, includes, east, asian, religions, such, confucianism, taoism, chinese, folk, religion, shinto, korean. The Eastern religions are the religions which originated in East South and Southeast Asia and thus have dissimilarities with Western African and Iranian religions 1 This includes the East Asian religions such as Confucianism Taoism Chinese folk religion Shinto and Korean Shamanism South Asian religions such as Hinduism Buddhism Jainism and Sikhism and Southeast Asian religions such as Vietnamese folk religion as well as animistic indigenous religions 2 3 Distribution of Eastern religions today yellow as opposed to Abrahamic religions purple This East West religious distinction just as with the East West culture distinction and the implications that arise from it is broad and not precise Furthermore the geographical distinction has less meaning in the current context of global transculturation While many Western observers attempt to distinguish between Eastern philosophies and religions this is a distinction that does not exist in some Eastern traditions 4 Contents 1 Indic religions 1 1 Hinduism 1 2 Buddhism 1 3 Jainism 1 4 Sikhism 2 East Asian religions 2 1 Taoism 2 2 Shinto 2 3 Confucianism 3 Shamanism and Animism 3 1 Northeast Asia 3 1 1 China 3 2 Southeast Asia 4 Others 4 1 Chinese 4 2 Dravidian 4 3 Japanese 4 4 Korean 4 5 Meivazhi 4 6 Nastik Heterodox Indian 4 7 Nepalese religions 4 8 Tai and Miao 4 9 Tibeto Burmese 4 10 Sarnaism 4 11 Vietnam 5 Secularization 6 Historical 6 1 Charvaka Historical 6 2 Din I Ilahi Historical 7 See also 8 Notes 9 ReferencesIndic religions Edit A Hindu temple in Sri Lanka Further information Indian religions Also known as Dharmic religions these are the religious sects originating in the Indian subcontinent which includes Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism etc 5 The theologies and philosophies of these religions have several concepts in common such as dharma karma maya and samsara Hinduism Edit Main article Hinduism OM a sacred syllable and a quintessential symbol of Hinduism A 13th century Cambodian statue of Vishnu Hinduism originated on the Indian subcontinent and was related to many other religious traditions outside the subcontinent in places like ancient Central Asia and ancient Iran It is considered by some to be the world s oldest extant major religion Some consider Hinduism to originate from the Indus Valley civilization along with animism of the pre Harappan migrants as well as the Indo Aryan migrants Hinduism contains a vast body of scripture divided as revealed and remembered expounding on dharma or religious living Hindus consider the Vedas and the Upanishads as being among the foremost in authority importance and antiquity The Bhagavad Gita a treatise excerpted from the Mahabharata is sometimes called a summary of the spiritual teachings of the Vedas It is difficult to identify any universal belief or practice in Hinduism although prominent themes include Dharma Samsara Karma and Moksha Hinduism is sometimes called a polytheistic religion but this is an oversimplification Hinduism includes a diverse collection of schools whose beliefs span monotheism polytheism pantheism monism and even atheism For instance the Advaita Vedanta school holds that there is only one causal entity Brahman which manifests itself into all the various living and non living forms that we observe whereas traditions such as Vaishnavism and Shaivism worship Vishnu and Shiva in a relatively more monotheistic sense caused by a differentiation between the parabrahman and atman A number of scholars even consider the Samkhya school of thought to have atheistic leanings 6 Buddhism Edit The Tian Tan Buddha statue in Hong Kong Main article Buddhism Buddhism is a nontheistic Indian religion and philosophy 7 Buddhism was founded around the 5th century BCE in Nepal by Siddhartha Gautama the Buddha with the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as its central principles According to the scriptures the Four Noble Truths were revealed by the Buddha in his first sermon after attaining enlightenment The schools of Buddhism are typically divided into Theravada Mahayana and Vajrayana 8 In academic circles Mahayana is further divided into East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism Buddhism teaches that someone who becomes enlightened without instruction is a buddha The primary goal of Buddhism is the liberation of the practitioner from samsara Buddhists hold this to be the solution to the problem of suffering 9 Jainism Edit Jain emblem Main article Jainism Jainism is the religion of the followers of the Jinas or Tirthankars torch bearers and spiritual teachers of dharma 10 Parshvanatha and Mahavira the 23rd and 24th Tirthankars respectively revived the Jain religion and re organized the shraman sangha Jains highlight the practice of austerity Jain philosophy states that the jiva or soul can escape the cycle of rebirth and death by freeing itself from karmic bondages When nothing remains but the purity of the jiva that person is called a jina or winner which is the origin of the term Jain Karma is viewed as an accumulation that burdens the soul causing attachment and suffering 11 Ahimsa or non violence is central to Jain faith philosophy and practice It is interpreted very strictly as prohibiting all forms of harm to other living beings Due to this Jainism requires a strict vegetarian lifestyle Ahimsa also applies to speaking as one s words can cause harm and suffering 12 Sikhism Edit Main article Sikhism Sikhism is a religion which began in Punjab of Northern India 13 It is founded on the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev and the nine human gurus that followed He received a vision to preach the way to enlightenment and God in Sultanpur His views rejected the traditional worships and caste of the Hindu faith 14 Freedom from reincarnation is tied to remembrance and repetition on one universal God In Sikhism God is Nirankar a formless and shapeless one 15 Sikhs believe that there is one universal God who is the ultimate creator sustainer and destroyer The Guru Granth Sahib are the central scriptures intended to preserve hymns and the teachings of the Sikh Gurus and other saints from Hindu and Sufi traditions Rituals religious ceremonies or empty worship are considered of little use and Sikhs are discouraged from fasting or going on pilgrimages The tenets of Sikhism include 1 honest living earning 2 tithing and giving alms 3 chanting on God 11 Sikhism also has a strong warrior tradition which arose in defense of religious freedom and human rights from a tyrannical Moghul occupation of India 16 East Asian religions EditMain article East Asian religions See also Three teachings The group of East Asian religions or philosophies also known as Taoic religions may be considered as forming a group within world religions 17 comparable to the Abrahamic or Dharmic groups The Taoic faiths claim at least 500 million members worldwide 18 Taoism Edit Main article Taoism Taoism also known as Daoism comprises a variety of related religious and philosophical traditions 19 Categorization of Taoist sects and movements is very controversial Taoist propriety and ethics places an emphasis on the Three Jewels of the Tao love moderation humility Taoist theology focuses on doctrines of wu wei non action spontaneity humanism relativism and emptiness 20 Most traditional Chinese Taoists are polytheistic Taoism or Daoism is a type of belief or a way of thinking about life It is at least 2 500 years old and it comes from China Taoism is now said to be a philosophy Tao or Dao 道 is the name of the force or the Way that Taoists believe makes everything in the world There are disagreements regarding the proper composition of this pantheon Popular Taoism typically presents the Jade Emperor as the head deity Intellectual or elite Taoism usually presents Laozi and the Three Pure Ones at the top of the pantheon Nature and ancestor spirits are common in popular Taoism But this sort of shamanism is eschewed for an emphasis on internal alchemy among the elite Taoists Tao itself is rarely an object of worship being treated more like the South Asian concept of atman 21 Shinto Edit A Shinto priest kneeling before a shrine Main article Shinto Shinto is an animistic folk religion practiced in Japan 22 Shinto literally means the way of the gods Many Japanese Shintoists also identify themselves as Buddhists Japanese Pure Land Buddhism is deeply intertwined with the Shinto faith Shinto practitioners commonly affirm tradition family nature cleanliness and ritual observation as core values Taoic influence is significant in their beliefs about nature and self mastery 23 Ritual cleanliness is a central part of Shinto life Shrines have a significant place in Shinto reflecting the animistic veneration of the kami Folk or popular Shinto places an emphasis on shamanism particularly divination spirit possession and faith healing Sect Shinto is a diverse group including mountain worshippers and Confucian Shintoists 24 Confucianism Edit Statue of Confucius on Chongming Island in Shanghai Main article Confucianism Confucianism is a complex system of moral social and political thought influential in the history of East Asia 25 It is highly debated amongst scholars whether Confucianism is a religion or simply an ethical system The Chinese Communist Party does not recognize it as a religion 26 It is commonly associated with legalism but it rejects legalism for ritualism It also endorses meritocracy as the ideal of nobility Confucianism has a complicated system governing duties and etiquette in relationships Confucian ethics focus on familial duty loyalty and humaneness 27 There are organizations that specifically promote Confucianism as a religion in Indonesia Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia and Hong Kong Confucian Academy Confucianism tolerates the Chinese folk recognition of the existence of animistic spirits ghosts and deities It approves paying them proper respect but at a more fundamental level encourages avoiding them Confucian thought is notable as the framework upon which the syncretic Neo Confucianism was built 28 Shamanism and Animism EditShamanism and Animism have historically been practised in Asia and is still practiced in most of Asia 29 30 31 32 33 34 excessive citations Northeast Asia Edit Mongolian shamanism Korean shamanism Ainu religion Ko Shintō Turkic ShamanismChina Edit Chinese shamanism Manchu shamanism Northeast China folk religion Nuo folk religion BonSoutheast Asia Edit Đạo Mẫu Burmese Folk ReligionOthers EditChinese Edit Main articles Chinese folk religion and Religion in China Chan Buddhism Chinese salvationist religions Xiantiandao Yiguandao Falun Gong Luoism Wang Hao te Yao folk religionDravidian Edit Dravidian folk religionJapanese Edit Main article Religion in Japan Japanese Buddhism Ryukyuan religion Shinto Shugendō TenrikyoKorean Edit Main article Religion in Korea Cheondoism Daejongism Daesun Jinrihoe Gasin faith Jeung San Do Seon Buddhism Suwunism Won BuddhismMeivazhi Edit Main article Meivazhi Nastik Heterodox Indian Edit Ajivika Ajnana Buddhism Charvaka JainismNepalese religions Edit Main article Religion in Nepal Bon Tibet Nepal Kirat Mundhum Newar BuddhismTai and Miao Edit Main articles Tai folk religion and Miao folk religion Ahom religion Mo religion Zhuang Shigongism Tai folk religionTibeto Burmese Edit Bon Burmese folk religion Benzhuism Bimoism Bathouism Bongthingism Donyi Polo Heraka Kiratism Qiang folk religion SanamahismSarnaism Edit Main article Sarnaism Vietnam Edit Main article Religion in Vietnam Altar inside Liễu Hạnh Cong Chua Shrine in Hanoi Vietnamese folk religion Vietnamese tin ngưỡng dan gian Việt Nam is the largest religion in Vietnam with about 45 3 of the Vietnamese population 1 that are associated with this religion Caodaism Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương Đạo Dừa Đạo Mẫu Hoa HảoSecularization EditFurther information Secularism Freedom of religion Religious pluralism and History of atheismHistorical EditCharvaka Historical Edit Main article Charvaka Din I Ilahi Historical Edit Main article Din i IlahiSee also EditComparative religion Eastern culture Folk religion Tengrism Historical Vedic religion ZoroastrianismNotes Edit Coogan Michael David Narayanan Vasudha 2005 Eastern Religions Origins Beliefs Practices Holy Texts Sacred Places Oxford University Press ISBN 0195221907 Coward Harold G Neumaier Dargyay Eva K Neufeldt Ronald eds 1988 Readings in Eastern Religions Wilfrid Laurier University Press p 1 ISBN 0889209553 Gurdon Oxtoby Willard 1996 World Religions Eastern Traditions Volume 2 Oxford University Press ISBN 0195407504 Morgan 2001 Pp 9 11 York 2005 Pg 166 Bhaskarananda 1994 Weightman 1997 Pg 263 Buddhism 2009 In Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 26 November 2009 from Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Library Edition James Jonathan D 2017 Transnational Religious Movements SAGE Publications p 96 ISBN 9789386446565 Emmanuel Steven M 2015 A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy Wiley p 96 ISBN 9781119144663 Jainism ODE Oxford Dictionaries archived from the original on July 25 2012 a b Marques Joan 2020 The Routledge Companion to Happiness at Work Taylor amp Francis p 240 ISBN 9781000180213 Flood 1996 Pg 76 Fisher 1997 Pp 116 117 Rausch amp Key 1993 Nesbitt Eleanor M 2005 Sikhism a very short introduction Oxford University Press pp 21 23 ISBN 978 0 19 280601 7 1 Religions of the World Sikhism Cole W Owen 2005 A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism Taylor amp Francis p 62 ISBN 9781135797607 Gandhi Surjit Singh 1 February 2008 History of Sikh Gurus Retold 1606 1708 New Delhi Atlantic Publishers pp 676 677 ISBN 978 81 269 0857 8 Sharot 2001 Pp 71 72 75 76 Religious population statistics These statistics are limited and do not reflect the full population of Taoic adherents due to complexities in definition and polling Elizabeth Pollard Clifford Rosenberg Robert Tignor 16 December 2014 Worlds Together Worlds Apart A History of the World From the Beginnings of Humankind to the Present W W Norton p 164 ISBN 978 0 393 91847 2 Leaman 1999 Pg 111 Slingerland 2003 Sharot 2001 Pg 78 Segal 2006 Pg 50 Maspero 1981 Pg 41 LaFargue 1994 Pg 283 Hardacre 2017 p 4 Pilgrim 1999 Pg 1 Sharot 2001 Pp 161 162 Ono 2004 Pp 97 99 103 104 Ono 2004 Pp 12 51 52 108 Markham 2001 Pp 304 306 Lin Justin Yifu 2012 Demystifying the Chinese Economy Cambridge University Press p 107 ISBN 978 0 521 19180 7 Council on Foreign Relations https www cfr org backgrounder religion china Smart 2000 Pp 66 Yao 2000 pp 191 192De Bary amp Tu 1998 Pg 149 Sharot 2001 Pp 46 85 Huang 1999 Pg 5 Animism OMF Retrieved 2013 07 28 FOLK RELIGION SHAMANISM TEMPLES AND LOCAL DIETIES IN CHINA China Facts and Details Archived from the original on 2012 07 23 Retrieved 2011 10 17 shamanism religion Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 13 March 2015 South Korea Shamanism Pop Culture GlobalPost GlobalPost Retrieved 13 March 2015 KYRGYZ GOVERNMENT UNABLE TO PRODUCE NEW NATIONAL IDEOLOGY Retrieved 13 March 2015 Compare Winkelman Michael 2010 Shamanism A Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing ABC CLIO p 60 ISBN 9780313381812 Retrieved 2015 10 04 Part of Bahn s and others arguments are based in an arbitrary approach to conceptualizing shamanism For instance Bahn characterizes Siberia as the heartland of true shamanism 59 resorting to the idea that the word must be restricted to the cultural region of its origin References EditDe Bary William Theodore amp Tu Weiming Confucianism and Human Rights Columbia University Press 1998 ISBN 0 231 10936 9 Fisher Mary Pat Living Religions An Encyclopaedia of the World s Faiths I B Tauris 1997 ISBN 1 86064 148 2 Flood Gavin D An Introduction to Hinduism Cambridge University Press 1996 ISBN 0 521 43304 5 Hardacre Helen 2017 Shinto A History Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 062171 1 Huang Siu chi Essentials of Neo Confucianism Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods Greenwood Press 1999 ISBN 0 313 26449 X Leaman Oliver Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy Routledge 1999 ISBN 0 415 17362 0 LaFargue Michael Tao and Method A Reasoned Approach to the Tao Te Ching SUNY Press 1994 ISBN 0 7914 1601 1 Markham Ian S amp Ruparell Tinu Encountering Religion an introduction to the religions of the world Blackwell Publishing 2001 ISBN 0 631 20674 4 Maspero Henri Translated by Frank A Kierman Jr Taoism and Chinese Religion University of Massachusetts 1981 Morgan Diane The Best Guide to Eastern Philosophy and Religion St Martin s Griffin 2001 ISBN 1 58063 197 5 Ono Sakyo Shinto The Kami Way Tuttle Publishing 2004 ISBN 0 8048 3557 8 Pilgrim Richard B Buddhism and the Arts of Japan Columbia University Press 1999 ISBN 0 231 11347 1 Rausch Thomas P amp Chapple Christopher Key The College Student s Introduction to Theology Liturgical Press 1993 ISBN 0 8146 5841 5 Segal Robert Alan The Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion Blackwell Publishing 2006 ISBN 0 631 23216 8 Sharot Stephen A Comparative Sociology of World Religions virtuosos priests and popular religion NYU Press 2001 ISBN 0 8147 9805 5 Slingerland Edward Gilman Effortless Action Wu Wei as Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China Oxford University Press 2003 ISBN 0 19 513899 6 Smart Ninian World Philosophies Routledge UK 2000 ISBN 0 415 22852 2 Swami Bhaskarananda The Essentials of Hinduism Viveka Press 1994 ISBN 1 884852 02 5 Weightman Simon Hinnells John ed Handbook of Living Religions Penguin Books 1997 ISBN 0 14 051480 5 Yao Xinzhong An Introduction to Confucianism Cambridge University Press 2000 ISBN 0 521 64430 5 York Michael Pagan Theology Paganism as a World Religion NYU Press 2005 ISBN 0 8147 9708 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eastern religions amp oldid 1139305650, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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