fbpx
Wikipedia

China–Israel relations

April 07, 2024

The People's Republic of China (PRC) and the State of Israel formally established diplomatic relations in 1992.[1][2] While the Republic of China had de jure recognized Israeli sovereignty in 1949, it eventually lost the Chinese Civil War, bringing the PRC's Communist Party to power across mainland China. In 1950, Israel became the first country in the Middle East to recognize the PRC as the sole government of China,[3] but the Communist Party did not reciprocate by establishing diplomatic ties due to Israel's alignment with the Western Bloc during the Cold War. This discontent persisted until the Cold War came to a close with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Chinese–Israeli relations

China
Israel
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of China, Tel AvivEmbassy of Israel, Beijing
Envoy
Ambassador Cai RunAmbassador Irit Ben-Abba

Since 1992, China and Israel have developed increasingly close economic, military and technological links with each other.[4][5][6] China is Israel's third largest trading partner globally and largest trading partner in East Asia.[7][8] Bilateral trade volume increased from $50 million in 1992 to over $10 billion in 2013.[9] Some commentators note similarities between the cultures and values of the two nations,[10] and their convergence of interests has made them natural partners.[11][8] China is one of the few countries in the world to concurrently maintain warm relations with Israel, the State of Palestine, and the Muslim world at large.[12]

China's status as a potential world power has prompted Israel to maintain close ties with the country and integrate China's global influence with Israel's economic management.[13][14][15] Israel maintains an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Guangzhou, Chengdu, Hong Kong, and Shanghai, while China maintains an embassy in Tel Aviv.

History edit

 
Embassy of China in Tel Aviv
 
Embassy of Israel in Beijing

In the 1930s, David Ben-Gurion, then leader of the Yishuv in Palestine, proclaimed that China would be one of the great world powers of the future.[16] For some time after the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was diplomatically isolated, because the United States and its allies, including Israel, recognized the Republic of China (ROC, commonly known as Taiwan after 1949) as the sole legitimate government of China. The Nationalist government of the ROC had been historically sympathetic to the Zionist cause, while ROC founder Sun Yat-sen affirmed his support for the creation of a Jewish state.[17][18]

In 1947, however, the ROC abstained from voting in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. During the 1955 Bandung Conference, China (under the PRC) expressed support for the Palestinian right of return, but refrained from denying Israel's right to exist and secretly pursued trade ties with the Israelis.[19] Until the 1980s, China refused to grant visas to Israelis unless they held dual citizenship and carried a passport of a country other than Israel.[20] However, following the Sino-Soviet split and China's 1979 establishment of diplomatic relations with the United States, China began to develop a series of secret, non-official ties with Israel.[21]

Establishment of relations edit

China and Israel secretly began building military ties in the 1980s during the Soviet–Afghan War, which both Israel and China opposed. They both supplied weapons to the Afghan mujahideen (Israel sending captured Palestine Liberation Organization weapons via the United States and Pakistan), and military cooperation between the two began in order to assist the Islamic resistance against the Soviets. China and Israel subsequently started exchanging visits of delegations of academics, experts, businessmen and industrialists.[20] Reportedly, a large number of the heavy tanks used in China's 1984 National Day parades were retrofitted by Israel from captured Six-Day War equipment.[21]

China eased travel restrictions, while Israel reopened its consulate in Hong Kong (then under British administration), which would serve as the main point for diplomatic and economic contact between the two nations. In 1987 Israel's Prime Minister, Shimon Peres, appointed Amos Yudan to set up the first official Government owned company (Copeco Ltd[22]) to establish and foster commercial activities between companies in China and Israel. The company was active until 1992, when official diplomatic relationships were announced between Israel and China.[20] In the early 1990s, China joined a number of nations who established ties with Israel after the initiation of a peace process between Israel and the PLO in the early 1990s; it also desired to play a role in the peace process.

In November 1991, the Israeli defense minister Moshe Arens was reported to have paid a secret visit to China and believed to have negotiated the establishment of ties and expansion of military cooperation. On January 23, 1992, the Israeli foreign minister David Levy paid a four-day visit to Beijing, preceding the formal establishment of ties.[citation needed]

Prior to the establishment of full diplomatic relations in 1992, Israel and China established representative offices in Beijing and Tel Aviv, which functioned as de facto embassies. The Israeli office was formally known as the Liaison Office of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.[23] This was opened in June 1990.[24] China was similarly represented by a branch of the China International Travel Service, which also opened in 1990.[25]

Zev Sufott, who had served in the liaison office of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Beijing beginning in 1991, was appointed as Israel's first Ambassador to China upon the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992.[26][27]

Relations in the 21st century edit

In 2009, China Radio International (CRI) began broadcasting in Hebrew.[28] In addition, the Chinese established Chinese institutes in Israel, to public and media activities of Israel-based Chinese diplomats.[29]

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu visited China in May 2013 and five agreements were signed during his visit. A government-to-government mechanism was established and five task forces were set up in high tech, environmental protection, energy, agriculture and financing.[9] Netanyahu visited China again in 2017 amid celebrations taking place to commemorate 25 years of ties between the two countries.[30]

During the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, it was reported that Israel was winning the public opinion battle in China with most Chinese social media users siding with Israel.[31][32]

In May 2020, the Chinese ambassador to Israel, Du Wei, was found dead at his home in Herzliya. While the exact cause of his death is unknown, it is believed he died of natural causes.[33][34]

In November 2021, Israeli President Isaac Herzog and Chinese leader, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping held the first-ever phone call between heads of state of Israel and China. According to the read-out from the Israeli President's Office, Herzog and Xi discussed opportunities to enhance Israeli-Chinese bilateral ties ahead of the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations, in honor of which Herzog and Xi invited each other to visit their respective countries.[35]

Military relations edit

 
Haifa base commander Brig. Gen. Eli Sharvit welcomes RADM Yang Junfei to Israel
 
Chinese navy docks in Israel

Israel and China began military-to-military relations as early as the 1980s, even though no formal diplomatic relations existed.[36][20][37] Before diplomatic relations were established in 1992 Israel had been selling arms to China. The use of military sales as a means of achieving foreign-policy goals was neither new nor unprecedented in Israeli foreign policy to promote its interests. Israel sold technology to upgrade Chinese tanks and planes in the 1980s. IAI Lavi and unmanned aerial vehicle technology seems to have been sold to China. Expertise in fitting western equipment in Soviet made hardware helped in modernization of Chinese army and air force, this way Chinese defense modernization complemented Israel's need of cash to fund its domestic made high-tech weapons programs.[38]

The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre offered an additional incentive for military relations. Sanctions imposed by Western countries almost froze Chinese access to advanced military and dual-use technologies. Israel then sought to benefit from the situation and became China's backdoor for acquiring Western technology.[39]

Israel was ready to sell China the EL/M-2075 Phalcon, an Israeli airborne early-warning radar system (AWACS), until the United States forced it to cancel the deal.[40] Some estimate that Israel sold arms worth US$4 billion to China in this period.[36][20]

China had looked to Israel for the arms and military technology it could not acquire from the United States, Europe and Russia.[41] Israel is now China's second-largest foreign supplier of arms after Russia with China having purchased a wide array of military equipment and technology, including communications satellites.[36] China is a vital market for Israel's aerospace and defense industry.[36]

The U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency compiled evidence that Israel had transferred missile, laser and aircraft technology to China in the 1990s. On 19 October 1999, the Defense Minister of China, Chi Haotian, flew to Israel and met with Ehud Barak, then-Prime Minister and Defense Minister of Israel. They reached several high-level agreements, including a $1 billion Israeli-Russian sale of military aircraft to China.[42] On 25 May 2011, the Commander of the People's Liberation Army Navy, Admiral Wu Shengli, made an official visit to Israel, meeting with Barak and Rear Admiral Eliezer Marom.[43]

On 14 August 2011, General Chen Bingde, Chief of the People's Liberation Army General Staff Department, made an official visit to Israel,[44] scheduled for three days.[45] He came a guest of the Israeli Chief of Staff Benny Gantz, who received him with an honor guard at the Kirya military headquarters in Tel Aviv.[46] The visit came after Defense Minister Ehud Barak's visit to China in June,[44] the first visit of a defense minister to the country in a decade. Bingde's visit was part of a tour that included stops in Russia and Ukraine.[46]

On 13 August 2012, vessels from the People's Liberation Army Navy's 11th escort fleet, led by Rear Admiral Yang Jun-fei, anchored at Israel's Haifa naval base for a four-day goodwill visit to mark 20 years of cooperation between the Israel Defense Forces and the PLA.[47][48] The vessels and crewmen were welcomed by the Haifa base commander, Brigadier General Eli Sharvit,[48] and Chinese embassy officials.[47] In July 2018, 180 acres of the Northern port in Haifa were transferred to Shanghai International Port Group (SIPG) for a 25-year period of management. This sparked a heated discussion in the Israeli press and the academy, as well as a special discussion by the Israeli cabinet. It also came up in discussions between US National Security Advisor John Bolton and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu when they met on January 7, 2019. However, economically insignificant it may be for both China and the US, the Haifa port could become a critical battleground in a new Cold War between the two superpowers.[49]

Economic ties edit

China is Israel's largest East Asian trading partner and has sought Israel's expertise in solar energy, manufacturing robotics, irrigation, construction, agricultural and water management and desalination technologies to combat drought and water shortages.[50][20][51]

Since the 2010s, China and Israel enhanced bilateral economic ties with China connecting both Chinese and Israeli businessmen and investors to invest in each other's economies respectively. Chinese economic cooperation with Israel has seen substantial Chinese investment of more than US$15 billion in the Israeli economy, spawning seed capital in Israeli startup companies, as well as the acquisition of Israeli companies by major Chinese corporations that incorporate Israel's know how to help the invigorate the development of the modern Chinese economy more efficiently. China now ranks second after the United States in collaboration with Israeli high-tech firms that are backed by Israel's Office of the Chief Scientist.[52] Major Chinese firms such as Fosun, ChemChina, Brightfood, Horizons Ventures and China Everbright have invested significant amounts of financial capital and resources across numerous Israeli industries.[53]

Investment from China in Israeli technology reached an aggregate of $15 billion from 2011 to 2017 with the surplus of Chinese investment capital finding its way through Israel's high technology sector, including agriculture, pharmaceutical, medical devices, artificial intelligence and autonomous driving.[54] With the increasing economic cooperation between the two countries, China is spearheading an increasing number of partnerships with Israeli universities such as the Tel Aviv University and Tsinghua University's $300 million joint research center, a $130 million donation to the Technion, and a program devoted entirely to teaching the Israeli business culture at Peking University.[55]

On 3 July 2011, Israel and the People's Republic of China signed an economic cooperation agreement to boost trade between the two countries. According to Eliran Elimelech, Israel's commercial attaché in Beijing, the agreement was expected to deepen ties between Israeli and Chinese businessmen in the short term, and in the medium to long term to improve trade conditions between the countries. In January 2011, the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics stated that Israeli exports to China had grown by an annual 95 percent in 2010 to $2 billion.[56] In September 2011, the Israeli Minister of Transport, Israel Katz, stated that China and Israel were discussing the construction of a high-speed rail link joining the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea. This joint project would permit the mass overland transport of Chinese goods to Israel and Eastern Europe, and would involve both Chinese and Israeli railway developers.[57] The following month, the Chinese and Israeli governments signed a memorandum of understanding regarding the joint construction of a 180-km (112-mile) railway linking the Israeli city of Eilat with the Negev Desert's Zin Valley, Beersheba, and Tel Aviv.[58]

In August 2012, with Chinese-Israeli trade growing, the Beijing University of International Business and Economics in Beijing set up a department dedicated to studying Israeli economics and Judaism, while some Chinese universities began offering Hebrew courses.[59] The group SIGNAL has established an exchange network of Chinese and Israeli scholars and academics to help them collaborate with each other on various academic projects.[60]

Bilateral trade between the two nations increased from $50 million to $10 billion in 2013.[8] Since 2013, Chinese investors have begun to show a growing interest in Israeli firms.[61] Recent high end deals include a Chinese donation of $130 million to Technion for a research center, Beijing winning a $2 billion tender to build the "Med-Red" railway linking Ashdod port with Eilat as well as a $1 billion Israeli port tender, a $300 million joint research center between Tel Aviv University and Tsinghua University, and Chinese acquisition of a controlling stake in Israel's Tnuva dairy company for more than US$1 billion.[12] The acquisition of Tnuva was the biggest Chinese buyout of an Israeli company since 2011 when state-owned ChemChina bought Adama, the pesticides and crop protection company then known as Makhteshim Agan, for US$2.4 billion.[62] In 2014, Chinese-Israeli tech deals totaled $300 million, up from $50 million in 2013, according to Israel's National Economic Council.[63]

Bilateral between the two countries reached in excess of $10 billion in trade since the start of 2015.[55] In January 2015, a number of Chinese information technology companies began to make investments in Israel, Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba invested an undisclosed sum in Visualead, an Israeli company specializing in QR code technology. Alibaba has also invested in Israel-based venture fund Jerusalem Venture Partners, becoming a limited partner joining Qihoo 360, another Chinese web company to have invested in the Jerusalem-based fund.[63] Baidu, China's largest search engine, has put US$3 million into Pixellot, an Israeli video capture start-up and provided funds to Carmel Ventures, an Israeli venture capital firm as well as lead a $5 million investment round in the Israeli music education firm Tonara.[62] In addition, leading Chinese technology firms such as Huawei, Legend and Xiaomi have set up R&D centers in Israel.[64]

In March 2015, Israel joined China's newly constituted Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), becoming a founding member of the institution postulating that Israel may become a major economic ally of China.[55][65]

In 2013, China and Israel began to boost the economic relations with respect to agriculture.[13] The two countries decided to set up an agriculture technology incubator in Anhui Province, China enabling joint development of agriculture technologies and solutions in keeping with requirements on the ground. Israeli agriculture trade fairs such as Agrivest and AgriTech have witnessed large Chinese delegations and greater participation from Chinese state-owned enterprises and private companies as Chinese's growing middle class and increasing consumer demand as well as increased pressure on agricultural land has prompted the East Asian giant to increasingly look at Israeli agriculture technology to boost crop yields and dairy production.[13][66] Horizons Ventures, a venture capital firm established by Hong Kong business magnate Li Ka-shing, led a US$10.8 million strategic investment in Windward, an Israeli maritime data and analytics company. MarInt, Windward's satellite maritime analytics system, is widely used by many security, intelligence and law enforcement agencies across the world.[67] In 2013, Li donated US$130 million to Technion. A large part of the money came from the profits he made from the IPO of Waze, an Israeli GPS-based map software company, in which he held an 11 percent stake that eventually acquired by Google.[68] His was the largest donation ever made to Technion and one of the biggest to any Israeli academic institution. Li has been the pioneer of Chinese investment in Israel and with his investments in Israeli high-tech, Li set the stage for Hong Kong's business elite stressing that it is financially sound and even necessary for the future of Chinese economic prosperity to invest in emerging Israeli technology companies.[55][67]

On June 22, 2015, The Israeli conglomerate Delek Group agreed to sell a 52 percent controlling stake of its company to the Chinese civilian-run conglomerate Fosun International.[69] On September 2 2015, Fosun International made another investment in Israel where it agreed to purchase the Ahava cosmetics firm for NIS 300 million (US$77 million).[70]

Due to the lack of red tape and the wide array of start-up businesses offered by Israel's Silicon Wadi, Chinese investment in Israel jumped more than tenfold in 2016 to a record US$16.5 billion, with money flowing into the country's booming internet, cyber-security and medical device start-ups.[71][72]

Bilateral issues and disputes edit

Israel's increasing defense cooperation with China has caused concern in Western nations, particularly the United States, which is the largest foreign supplier of military equipment to Israel. Owing to strategic Chinese rivalry with Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, India and Vietnam, as well as concerns over the security of Taiwan, the United States has pressured Israel against selling sophisticated equipment and technology to China.[37] In 1992, The Washington Times alleged that exported American Patriot missiles and Israel's indigenous Lavi jet aircraft technology had been shared with China, although official U.S. investigations did not substantiate these charges.[73] In 2000, Israel cancelled the sale to China of the Israeli-built Phalcon Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) in the wake of pressure from the U.S., which threatened to cut off US$2.8 billion in yearly aid if the deal went through.[74] Israel's decision drew condemnation from China, which stated that the cancellation would hurt bilateral ties.[74] China's record of proliferating arms and weapons systems has also concerned U.S. planners, as the U.S. worries that China may repackage advanced Israeli defense technologies for resale to America's rivals and nations hostile to it throughout the world.[75]

Chinese involvement in the Israeli technology sector has also generated security concerns. The former head of Mossad, Efraim Halevy, is one of the major critics in Israel who believes that the country should examine the geopolitical considerations with China and has consistently warned the Israeli government against involving the Chinese in the Red-Med project, arguing that it could lead to a crisis in strategic relations with the United States.[76] Other critics argue that growing Chinese involvement will endanger Israeli security and lead to theft of Israeli technology to be utilized in Chinese espionage further arguing that Israel should balance its burgeoning relations with China with maintaining a balance of relations with the United States at the same time.[77][78]

In 2010, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1929, imposing a fourth round of sanctions against Iran for its nuclear enrichment program. China ultimately supported this resolution, although initially, due to the strong bilateral relations and nuclear cooperation between the China and Iran, China opposed the sanctions. According to The New York Times, Israel lobbied for the sanctions by explaining to China the impact of any pre-emptive strike on Iran would have on the world oil supply, and hence on the Chinese economy.[79]

In August 2022, Liu Jianchao warned the Israeli ambassador to China, Irit Ben-Abba, against taking the U.S. position on the persecution of Uyghurs in China.[80]

Israel–Palestine conflict edit

Though relations are close and generally good with no particular bilateral problems between the two nations, China and Israel continue to remain divided on the issue of Palestine, Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, economic blockade of Gaza, and the Israeli West Bank barrier wall. China has criticized Israel's construction of settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. China's then Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing called the Israeli West Bank barrier wall an obstacle to peace in a September 2006 statement during a UN Security Council meeting on the Middle East. In November 2008, then China Ambassador to the United States Yesui Zhang stated that the "continued construction of settlements on the West Bank is not only in violation of Israel's obligations under international law, but is also detrimental to guaranteeing Israel's own security." According to analysis from the Jamestown Foundation, China's policy on Israel and Palestine is based on soft power diplomacy, and maintain a balancing act between its Israeli and Arab world ties.[75] On June 8, 2015, China demanded Israel to refrain from utilizing Chinese migrant construction workers in Israeli settlements in the West Bank. China sought this ban out of concern for the Chinese workers' safety in areas beyond the Green Line, which marks Israel's pre-1967 borders. The government of Israel has been eager to negotiate a deal with China completed in the hope that an influx of foreign workers will increase the rate of housing construction in Israel and reduce the costs of new homes.[81]

After the victory of Hamas in the 2006 elections in Gaza, China acknowledged Hamas as the legitimately elected political entity in the Gaza Strip despite Israeli and U.S. opposition. The Chinese government met with senior Hamas representative Mahmoud al-Zahar, who previously served as Palestinian foreign minister, during the June 2006 China-Arab Cooperation Forum in Beijing which held direct bilateral talks despite protests from Israel and the United States. A spokesperson for the Chinese Foreign Ministry stated that "the Palestinian government is legally elected by the people there and it should be respected."[75] Besides the Chinese recognition of Hamas, China also does not designate Hezbollah as a terrorist organization.[77]

After the May 31, 2010 Gaza flotilla raid the Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Ma Zhaoxu condemned Israel.[82] On April 28, 2011, after the rival Palestinian factions Fatah and Hamas formed a national unity government, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei said that China welcomed the internal reconciliation.[83] During the November 2012 Operation Pillar of Defense in the Gaza Strip, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China urged all sides to display restraint.[84]

In 2012, the families of eight Israeli terror victims of the 2008 Mercaz HaRav massacre in Jerusalem filed a $1 billion lawsuit against the Bank of China. The suit asserted that in 2003 the bank's New York branch wired millions of dollars to Hamas from its leadership in Syria and Iran. The Bank of China subsequently denied providing banking services to terrorist groups: "The Bank of China has always strictly followed the UN's anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing requirements and regulations in China and other judicial areas where we operate."[85][86] The case was dismissed in 2015.[87]

On July 23, 2014, China was among the 29 nations who voted in favor of the investigation by the United Nations Human Rights Council of war crimes committed by Israel during Operation Protective Edge, with the United States being the only nation in dissent.[88] In addition, Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei earlier on 9 July 2014 issued a statement in response to the violence during the military operation, stating: "We believe that to resort to force and to counter violence with violence will not help resolve problems other than pile up more hatred. We urge relevant parties to bear in mind the broader picture of peace and the lives of the people, immediately realize a ceasefire, stick to the strategic choice of peace talks and strive for an early resumption of talks."[89] In July 2017, Chinese leader Xi Jinping delivered a formalization of China's positions in his "Four Points" on the "issue of Israel-Palestine conflict", the first of which was that China supported the establishment of an independent, sovereign Palestine within the framework of the two-state solution based on the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital.[90]

In May 2021, Israel's embassy in Beijing accused Chinese state media outlet China Global Television Network of "blatant antisemitism" when host Zheng Junfeng broadcast a segment accusing US policy on Israel of being influenced by wealthy Jews, during the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis.[91][92]

At the start of 2023 Israel–Hamas war on October 8, an Israeli embassy official said Israel expected to see a "stronger condemnation" of Hamas and that it was "not the time to call for a two-state solution" when people were "being murdered, slaughtered in the streets."[93][94] The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs later expressed "deep disappointment" over China not condemning Hamas.[95] Commentary in Chinese state media blamed the U.S. for the conflict and spread antisemitic tropes against Israel.[96][97][98] Some netizens equated Israel's actions to Nazism by accusing them of committing genocide on Palestinians, prompting a rebuke from the German embassy in Beijing.[99] Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi stated that in Gaza, "Israel’s actions have gone beyond self-defense."[100] In January 2024, Israel reported that it discovered a "massive" stockpile of Chinese weaponry used by Hamas.[101]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "China marks 17 years with Israel" 2009-10-12 at the Wayback Machine. Haaretz. 27 September 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  2. ^ Kessler, Oren (March 13, 2012). "Shalom, Beijing". Foreign Policy. from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  3. ^ Han, Xiaoxing (1993). "Sino-Israeli Relations". Journal of Palestine Studies. 22 (2): 62–77. doi:10.2307/2537269. ISSN 0377-919X. JSTOR 2537269.
  4. ^ "Israel, China in Talks to Become Major Financial Allies". Israel National News. July 7, 2015. from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  5. ^ Chester, Sam (June 28, 2013). "As Chinese-Israeli Relations Enjoy a Second Honeymoon, America Frets". Tablet. from the original on December 16, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  6. ^ Tepper, Aryeh (September 2015). "China's Deepening Interest in Israel". The Tower Magazine. from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2017-07-30.
  7. ^ Benmeleh, Yaacov (May 19, 2014). "Israel's Tech Industry Is Becoming All About 'China, China, China". Bloomberg News. from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
  8. ^ a b c Gregory Noddin Poulin, The Diplomat (1 December 2014). "Sino-Israeli Economic Ties Blossoming". The Diplomat. from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  9. ^ a b "China-Israel relations are bound to blossom H.E. GAO YANPING". The Jerusalem Post. 3 April 2014. from the original on 2022-04-22. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  10. ^ Walgrove, Amanda (March 25, 2011). "Jewish History in China Boosting Sino-Israeli Relations". Moment. from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  11. ^ Katz, Yaakov (May 15, 2017). "How Israel Used Weapons and Technology to Become an Ally of China". Newsweek. from the original on August 27, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  12. ^ a b Lin, Christina (July 26, 2014). "Will the Middle Kingdom Join the Middle East Peace Quartet?". The Times of Israel. from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  13. ^ a b c "China learns Israeli agri-tech". Consulate of Israel in Hong Kong and Macau. May 3, 2012. from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  14. ^ Keeley, Sean (January 24, 2017). "The Eight Great Powers of 2017". The American Interest. from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  15. ^ Evron, Yoram (18 April 2015). "Opinion – US alienation leading to Israeli-Chinese renaissance". Ynetnews. from the original on 2022-04-25. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  16. ^ Smith, Daniel S. (January 10, 2018). "China and Israel". The Jerusalem Post. from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  17. ^ Karsh, Efraim, ed. (2004-03-25), "The Republic of China and Israel, 1911– 2003", Israel: The First Hundred Years (0 ed.), Routledge, pp. 223–255, doi:10.4324/9780203504093-11, ISBN 978-0-203-50409-3
  18. ^ Steinberg, Jessica (10 February 2021). "China's century-old support for Zionism surfaces in letter". The Times of Israel. from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  19. ^ Cooley, John (Winter 1972). "China and the Palestinians". Journal of Palestine Studies. 1 (2): 19–34. doi:10.1525/jps.1972.1.2.00p00037.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Friedman, Thomas L. (1985-07-22). "Israel and China quietly form trade bonds". The New York Times. from the original on 2014-07-15. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  21. ^ a b Berton, Peter (January 2010). "The Evolution of Sino-Israeli Relations". Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 4 (3): 69–80. doi:10.1080/23739770.2010.11446615. ISSN 2373-9770. S2CID 142431538.
  22. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2013-10-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. ^ A China Diary: Towards the Establishment of China-Israel Diplomatic Relations 2023-04-11 at the Wayback Machine, E. Zev Sufott, Frank Cass, 1997, page ix
  24. ^ Israel Strengthening Representation in China 2021-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, January 9, 1991
  25. ^ IDSA News Review on East Asia 2023-04-11 at the Wayback Machine, Volume 5, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 1991, page 375
  26. ^ Twersky, Mordechai I. (2014-04-21). "Zev Sufott, Israel's first ambassador to China, dies aged 86". Haaretz. from the original on 2014-04-27. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
  27. ^ "Israel's first-ever ambassador to China dies at 86". The Jerusalem Post. 2014-04-22. from the original on 2014-05-14. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
  28. ^ Yellinek, Roie (2020-02-21). "The Chinese Penetration of Israeli Media". Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. from the original on 2020-04-05. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
  29. ^ Yellinek, Roie (2022-02-16). "China's media strategy towards Israel". Israel Affairs. 28 (2): 184–198. doi:10.1080/13537121.2022.2041308. ISSN 1353-7121. S2CID 246938342.
  30. ^ Lazaroff, Tovah (March 20, 2017). "Netanyahu: Israel and China must cooperate on security and trade". Jerusalem Post. from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
  31. ^ Chunshan, Mu (July 19, 2014). "Why China Must Pay Attention to the Israel-Palestine Conflict". The Diplomat. from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  32. ^ "How Israel is winning the social media war in China". The Australian. September 2, 2014.
  33. ^ "Chinese ambassador to Israel found dead at home". BBC News. 2020-05-17. from the original on 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2020-05-17.
  34. ^ Liebermann, Oren (17 May 2020). "Chinese ambassador to Israel is found dead in his home". CNN. from the original on 2020-05-17. Retrieved 2020-05-17.
  35. ^ "Israeli, Chinese Presidents Call for Increased Cooperation Despite U.S. Warnings". Haaretz. from the original on 2022-08-17. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
  36. ^ a b c d . Asia Times. 2004-12-21. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  37. ^ a b "China's weapon chase". BBC News. 2000-07-12. from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  38. ^ "Israel-China Relations And The Phalcon Controversy". Middle East Policy Council. March 21, 1990. from the original on January 1, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  39. ^ Gordon, Michael R. (1993-10-12). "Israel Selling China Military Technology, C.I.A. Chief Asserts". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  40. ^ Isenberg, David (4 December 2002). . Asia Times. Archived from the original on 3 December 2002.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  41. ^ "The Evolving Relationship Between China and Israel". Innovated in China. 24 May 2017. from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  42. ^ "China defense minister visits Israel". 2012-05-30 at the Wayback Machine World Tribune. 21 October 1999. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  43. ^ Barbara Opall-Rome (25 May 2011). "PLA Navy Commander Meets Israeli Defense Leaders". DefenseNews. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  44. ^ a b Williams, Dan (14 August 2011). "Chinese military chief makes first visit to Israel". Reuters. from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  45. ^ "China, Israel vow to improve ties". China Daily. Xinhua. 15 August 2011. from the original on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  46. ^ a b Katz, Yaakov (15 August 2011). "Chinese army chief here to talk defense cooperation". The Jerusalem Post. from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  47. ^ a b "Chinese navy ships visit Israel's Haifa Port". People's Daily. Xinhua. 14 August 2012. from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  48. ^ a b "Cooperation strengthens: Chinese fleet vessels arrive in Israel". IDF website. 13 August 2012. from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  49. ^ Yellinek, Roie (2019-01-23). "US-Chinese Competition over the Haifa Port". Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
  50. ^ "China No 1 in Israeli Asian Trade". China Daily. 2000-11-09. from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  51. ^ "Israel-China "water-trade" to rise significantly". The Jerusalem Post. 2000-11-01. Retrieved 2008-06-11.[permanent dead link]
  52. ^ Miller, Yvette (May 9, 2015). "Jewish-Chinese Connections". from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  53. ^ Cukierman, Edouard (2016-10-11). "China and Israel's tale of love and high-tech". Asia Times. from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  54. ^ Fang, Li (February 2, 2018). . Xinhua. Archived from the original on February 2, 2018.
  55. ^ a b c d Maya Yarowsky (May 3, 2015). "With Strong Tech Ties, Is Israel China's New Best Friend?". No Camels. from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  56. ^ Ackerman, Gwen (3 July 2011). "Israel Signs Cooperation Agreement With China". Bloomberg News. from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2011. Israel and China today signed a cooperation agreement that aims to boost trade between the two countries.
  57. ^ . Cri.cn. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
  58. ^ Petersburg, Ofer (23 October 2011). "Chinese to build railway to Eilat". YnetNews. from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  59. ^ Eichner, Itamar (8 August 2012). "Chinese 'very impressed' with Israeli economy". YnetNews. from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  60. ^ Horovitz, David (11 December 2012). "Israel's China challenge". The Times of Israel. from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  61. ^ Orpaz, Inbal (26 February 2014). "Could China supplant U.S. as top source of Israeli tech capital?". Haaretz. from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  62. ^ a b "It's kosher: Israel embraces Chinese investment". Ejisight. May 15, 2015. from the original on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  63. ^ a b Hirschauge, Orr (23 March 2015). "Alibaba Invests in Israeli Cyber-Focused Venture Fund". The Wall Street Journal. from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  64. ^ Bo, Xiang (September 8, 2017). . Xinhua. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017.
  65. ^ Khan, Mehreen (1 April 2015). "Israel applies to become founding member of China development bank". The Telegraph. from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  66. ^ Uniyal, Vijeta (18 May 2015). "China-Israel Ties On The Rise". Jewish Business News. from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  67. ^ a b "Li Ka-shing fund leads US$10.8 mln Israel investment". EJ Insight. from the original on 2015-05-03. Retrieved 2015-05-15.
  68. ^ O'Neill, Mark (February 1, 2018). "China to overtake US as biggest investor in Israel". Ejinsight. from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
  69. ^ Solomon, Shoshanna (22 June 2015). "China's Fosun International to Acquire Phoenix Holdings From Israel's Delek". Insurance Journal. from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  70. ^ Goldberg, Niva (2 September 2015). "China's Fosun to Buy Israeli Co Ahava for $77 Million". Jewish Business News. from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  71. ^ Biedermann, Ferry (July 18, 2017). "China is increasingly becoming key for Israel's high-tech industry". CNBC. from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  72. ^ Zhu, Julie (May 10, 2017). "China's tech money heads for Israel as US welcome wanes". CNBC. from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  73. ^ "Return of the Red Card: Israel-China-U.S. Triangle". Power and Interest News Report. 2005-05-23. from the original on 2012-01-03. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  74. ^ a b "Israel scraps China radar deal". BBC News. 2000-07-12. from the original on 2004-06-08. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
  75. ^ a b c "China's Palestine Policy". The Jamestown Foundation. from the original on 2016-03-29. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
  76. ^ . Middleeastnewsservice.com. 2015-01-07. Archived from the original on 2017-07-28. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
  77. ^ a b . Al Arabiya. 4 April 2014. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  78. ^ Vick, Karl (7 May 2013). "China Can Posture, but It Can't Bring Peace to the Middle East". Time. from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  79. ^ Jacobs, Andrew (2010-06-08). "Israel Makes Case to China for Iran Sanctions". The New York Times. from the original on 2015-12-06. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
  80. ^ Ravid, Barak (2022-08-17). "China warns Israel not to let U.S. pressure hurt relations". Axios. from the original on 2022-08-18. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  81. ^ Stuart Winer (June 7, 2015). "China seeks ban on its citizens working in West Bank". Times of Israel. from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  82. ^ . cri.cn. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012.
  83. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China". mfa.gov.cn. from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
  84. ^ "外交部:中方严重关切以色列对加沙发动军事行动". China Daily (in Chinese). China. 16 November 2012. from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  85. ^ Zhu, Grace (25 October 2012). "Bank of China Says It Hasn't Helped Hamas". The Wall Street Journal. from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
  86. ^ Davidovich, Joshua (December 18, 2013). "The China bank is not the issue here, dude". The Times of Israel. Times of Israel. from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  87. ^ Jeremy Bob, Yonah (November 8, 2015). "Historic case against Bank of China for millions in terror financing dismissed". The Jerusalem Post. from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  88. ^ Alex Kane (July 24, 2014). "U.S. casts lonely vote against establishing war crimes inquiry in Gaza". Mondoweiss. from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  89. ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on July 9, 2014". fmprc.gov.cn. from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  90. ^ "China pushes four-point Israeli-Palestinian peace plan". The Times of Israel. 1 August 2017. from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  91. ^ "Israel accuses Chinese state TV of 'blatant antisemitism'". Associated Press. May 19, 2021. from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  92. ^ "Israel accuses China state TV of 'blatant anti-Semitism'". France 24. Agence France-Presse. May 19, 2021. from the original on May 23, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  93. ^ "Israel expected 'stronger condemnation' of Hamas from China, Beijing embassy official says". Reuters. 2023-10-08. from the original on 2023-10-08. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
  94. ^ Kaufman, Arthur (2023-10-12). "China Sidesteps Israel-Hamas Conflict". China Digital Times. from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  95. ^ "Israel says 'deeply disappointed' over lack of China condemnation of Hamas attack". Reuters. 2023-10-13. from the original on 2023-10-14. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
  96. ^ Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (October 11, 2023). "Chinese media blames U.S. for Israel-Hamas war". Axios. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
  97. ^ Lee, Christy (2023-10-13). "China Exploits Israel-Hamas Conflict to Diminish US Global Influence, Analysts Say". Voice of America. from the original on 2023-10-15. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
  98. ^ McCartney, Micah (2023-10-11). "China's state media accused of spreading anti-Israel disinformation". Newsweek. from the original on 2023-10-11. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  99. ^ Tessa Wong (2023-11-01). "What China wants from Israel-Hamas war". BBC. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  100. ^ Tan, Clement (2023-10-16). "China says Israel's actions in Gaza are 'beyond self defense' as U.S. races to avert wider conflict". CNBC. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  101. ^ Swan, Melanie (2024-01-05). "Hamas 'using massive stockpile of Chinese weaponry' in Gaza". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2024-01-12.

Sources edit

April 07, 2024
china, israel, relations, people, republic, china, state, israel, formally, established, diplomatic, relations, 1992, while, republic, china, jure, recognized, israeli, sovereignty, 1949, eventually, lost, chinese, civil, bringing, communist, party, power, acr. The People s Republic of China PRC and the State of Israel formally established diplomatic relations in 1992 1 2 While the Republic of China had de jure recognized Israeli sovereignty in 1949 it eventually lost the Chinese Civil War bringing the PRC s Communist Party to power across mainland China In 1950 Israel became the first country in the Middle East to recognize the PRC as the sole government of China 3 but the Communist Party did not reciprocate by establishing diplomatic ties due to Israel s alignment with the Western Bloc during the Cold War This discontent persisted until the Cold War came to a close with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 Chinese Israeli relationsChina IsraelDiplomatic missionEmbassy of China Tel AvivEmbassy of Israel BeijingEnvoyAmbassador Cai RunAmbassador Irit Ben AbbaSince 1992 China and Israel have developed increasingly close economic military and technological links with each other 4 5 6 China is Israel s third largest trading partner globally and largest trading partner in East Asia 7 8 Bilateral trade volume increased from 50 million in 1992 to over 10 billion in 2013 9 Some commentators note similarities between the cultures and values of the two nations 10 and their convergence of interests has made them natural partners 11 8 China is one of the few countries in the world to concurrently maintain warm relations with Israel the State of Palestine and the Muslim world at large 12 China s status as a potential world power has prompted Israel to maintain close ties with the country and integrate China s global influence with Israel s economic management 13 14 15 Israel maintains an embassy in Beijing and consulates general in Guangzhou Chengdu Hong Kong and Shanghai while China maintains an embassy in Tel Aviv Contents 1 History 1 1 Establishment of relations 1 2 Relations in the 21st century 2 Military relations 3 Economic ties 4 Bilateral issues and disputes 4 1 Israel Palestine conflict 5 See also 6 References 7 SourcesHistory edit nbsp Embassy of China in Tel Aviv nbsp Embassy of Israel in BeijingIn the 1930s David Ben Gurion then leader of the Yishuv in Palestine proclaimed that China would be one of the great world powers of the future 16 For some time after the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949 the People s Republic of China PRC was diplomatically isolated because the United States and its allies including Israel recognized the Republic of China ROC commonly known as Taiwan after 1949 as the sole legitimate government of China The Nationalist government of the ROC had been historically sympathetic to the Zionist cause while ROC founder Sun Yat sen affirmed his support for the creation of a Jewish state 17 18 In 1947 however the ROC abstained from voting in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine During the 1955 Bandung Conference China under the PRC expressed support for the Palestinian right of return but refrained from denying Israel s right to exist and secretly pursued trade ties with the Israelis 19 Until the 1980s China refused to grant visas to Israelis unless they held dual citizenship and carried a passport of a country other than Israel 20 However following the Sino Soviet split and China s 1979 establishment of diplomatic relations with the United States China began to develop a series of secret non official ties with Israel 21 Establishment of relations edit China and Israel secretly began building military ties in the 1980s during the Soviet Afghan War which both Israel and China opposed They both supplied weapons to the Afghan mujahideen Israel sending captured Palestine Liberation Organization weapons via the United States and Pakistan and military cooperation between the two began in order to assist the Islamic resistance against the Soviets China and Israel subsequently started exchanging visits of delegations of academics experts businessmen and industrialists 20 Reportedly a large number of the heavy tanks used in China s 1984 National Day parades were retrofitted by Israel from captured Six Day War equipment 21 China eased travel restrictions while Israel reopened its consulate in Hong Kong then under British administration which would serve as the main point for diplomatic and economic contact between the two nations In 1987 Israel s Prime Minister Shimon Peres appointed Amos Yudan to set up the first official Government owned company Copeco Ltd 22 to establish and foster commercial activities between companies in China and Israel The company was active until 1992 when official diplomatic relationships were announced between Israel and China 20 In the early 1990s China joined a number of nations who established ties with Israel after the initiation of a peace process between Israel and the PLO in the early 1990s it also desired to play a role in the peace process In November 1991 the Israeli defense minister Moshe Arens was reported to have paid a secret visit to China and believed to have negotiated the establishment of ties and expansion of military cooperation On January 23 1992 the Israeli foreign minister David Levy paid a four day visit to Beijing preceding the formal establishment of ties citation needed Prior to the establishment of full diplomatic relations in 1992 Israel and China established representative offices in Beijing and Tel Aviv which functioned as de facto embassies The Israeli office was formally known as the Liaison Office of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities 23 This was opened in June 1990 24 China was similarly represented by a branch of the China International Travel Service which also opened in 1990 25 Zev Sufott who had served in the liaison office of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Beijing beginning in 1991 was appointed as Israel s first Ambassador to China upon the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992 26 27 Relations in the 21st century edit In 2009 China Radio International CRI began broadcasting in Hebrew 28 In addition the Chinese established Chinese institutes in Israel to public and media activities of Israel based Chinese diplomats 29 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu visited China in May 2013 and five agreements were signed during his visit A government to government mechanism was established and five task forces were set up in high tech environmental protection energy agriculture and financing 9 Netanyahu visited China again in 2017 amid celebrations taking place to commemorate 25 years of ties between the two countries 30 During the 2014 Israel Gaza conflict it was reported that Israel was winning the public opinion battle in China with most Chinese social media users siding with Israel 31 32 In May 2020 the Chinese ambassador to Israel Du Wei was found dead at his home in Herzliya While the exact cause of his death is unknown it is believed he died of natural causes 33 34 In November 2021 Israeli President Isaac Herzog and Chinese leader CCP general secretary Xi Jinping held the first ever phone call between heads of state of Israel and China According to the read out from the Israeli President s Office Herzog and Xi discussed opportunities to enhance Israeli Chinese bilateral ties ahead of the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations in honor of which Herzog and Xi invited each other to visit their respective countries 35 Military relations edit nbsp Haifa base commander Brig Gen Eli Sharvit welcomes RADM Yang Junfei to Israel nbsp Chinese navy docks in IsraelIsrael and China began military to military relations as early as the 1980s even though no formal diplomatic relations existed 36 20 37 Before diplomatic relations were established in 1992 Israel had been selling arms to China The use of military sales as a means of achieving foreign policy goals was neither new nor unprecedented in Israeli foreign policy to promote its interests Israel sold technology to upgrade Chinese tanks and planes in the 1980s IAI Lavi and unmanned aerial vehicle technology seems to have been sold to China Expertise in fitting western equipment in Soviet made hardware helped in modernization of Chinese army and air force this way Chinese defense modernization complemented Israel s need of cash to fund its domestic made high tech weapons programs 38 The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre offered an additional incentive for military relations Sanctions imposed by Western countries almost froze Chinese access to advanced military and dual use technologies Israel then sought to benefit from the situation and became China s backdoor for acquiring Western technology 39 Israel was ready to sell China the EL M 2075 Phalcon an Israeli airborne early warning radar system AWACS until the United States forced it to cancel the deal 40 Some estimate that Israel sold arms worth US 4 billion to China in this period 36 20 China had looked to Israel for the arms and military technology it could not acquire from the United States Europe and Russia 41 Israel is now China s second largest foreign supplier of arms after Russia with China having purchased a wide array of military equipment and technology including communications satellites 36 China is a vital market for Israel s aerospace and defense industry 36 The U S Defense Intelligence Agency compiled evidence that Israel had transferred missile laser and aircraft technology to China in the 1990s On 19 October 1999 the Defense Minister of China Chi Haotian flew to Israel and met with Ehud Barak then Prime Minister and Defense Minister of Israel They reached several high level agreements including a 1 billion Israeli Russian sale of military aircraft to China 42 On 25 May 2011 the Commander of the People s Liberation Army Navy Admiral Wu Shengli made an official visit to Israel meeting with Barak and Rear Admiral Eliezer Marom 43 On 14 August 2011 General Chen Bingde Chief of the People s Liberation Army General Staff Department made an official visit to Israel 44 scheduled for three days 45 He came a guest of the Israeli Chief of Staff Benny Gantz who received him with an honor guard at the Kirya military headquarters in Tel Aviv 46 The visit came after Defense Minister Ehud Barak s visit to China in June 44 the first visit of a defense minister to the country in a decade Bingde s visit was part of a tour that included stops in Russia and Ukraine 46 On 13 August 2012 vessels from the People s Liberation Army Navy s 11th escort fleet led by Rear Admiral Yang Jun fei anchored at Israel s Haifa naval base for a four day goodwill visit to mark 20 years of cooperation between the Israel Defense Forces and the PLA 47 48 The vessels and crewmen were welcomed by the Haifa base commander Brigadier General Eli Sharvit 48 and Chinese embassy officials 47 In July 2018 180 acres of the Northern port in Haifa were transferred to Shanghai International Port Group SIPG for a 25 year period of management This sparked a heated discussion in the Israeli press and the academy as well as a special discussion by the Israeli cabinet It also came up in discussions between US National Security Advisor John Bolton and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu when they met on January 7 2019 However economically insignificant it may be for both China and the US the Haifa port could become a critical battleground in a new Cold War between the two superpowers 49 Economic ties editThis section has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This section reads like a press release or a news article May 2021 This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably Consider condensing it or adding subheadings Please discuss this issue on the article s talk page January 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message China is Israel s largest East Asian trading partner and has sought Israel s expertise in solar energy manufacturing robotics irrigation construction agricultural and water management and desalination technologies to combat drought and water shortages 50 20 51 Since the 2010s China and Israel enhanced bilateral economic ties with China connecting both Chinese and Israeli businessmen and investors to invest in each other s economies respectively Chinese economic cooperation with Israel has seen substantial Chinese investment of more than US 15 billion in the Israeli economy spawning seed capital in Israeli startup companies as well as the acquisition of Israeli companies by major Chinese corporations that incorporate Israel s know how to help the invigorate the development of the modern Chinese economy more efficiently China now ranks second after the United States in collaboration with Israeli high tech firms that are backed by Israel s Office of the Chief Scientist 52 Major Chinese firms such as Fosun ChemChina Brightfood Horizons Ventures and China Everbright have invested significant amounts of financial capital and resources across numerous Israeli industries 53 Investment from China in Israeli technology reached an aggregate of 15 billion from 2011 to 2017 with the surplus of Chinese investment capital finding its way through Israel s high technology sector including agriculture pharmaceutical medical devices artificial intelligence and autonomous driving 54 With the increasing economic cooperation between the two countries China is spearheading an increasing number of partnerships with Israeli universities such as the Tel Aviv University and Tsinghua University s 300 million joint research center a 130 million donation to the Technion and a program devoted entirely to teaching the Israeli business culture at Peking University 55 On 3 July 2011 Israel and the People s Republic of China signed an economic cooperation agreement to boost trade between the two countries According to Eliran Elimelech Israel s commercial attache in Beijing the agreement was expected to deepen ties between Israeli and Chinese businessmen in the short term and in the medium to long term to improve trade conditions between the countries In January 2011 the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics stated that Israeli exports to China had grown by an annual 95 percent in 2010 to 2 billion 56 In September 2011 the Israeli Minister of Transport Israel Katz stated that China and Israel were discussing the construction of a high speed rail link joining the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea This joint project would permit the mass overland transport of Chinese goods to Israel and Eastern Europe and would involve both Chinese and Israeli railway developers 57 The following month the Chinese and Israeli governments signed a memorandum of understanding regarding the joint construction of a 180 km 112 mile railway linking the Israeli city of Eilat with the Negev Desert s Zin Valley Beersheba and Tel Aviv 58 In August 2012 with Chinese Israeli trade growing the Beijing University of International Business and Economics in Beijing set up a department dedicated to studying Israeli economics and Judaism while some Chinese universities began offering Hebrew courses 59 The group SIGNAL has established an exchange network of Chinese and Israeli scholars and academics to help them collaborate with each other on various academic projects 60 Bilateral trade between the two nations increased from 50 million to 10 billion in 2013 8 Since 2013 Chinese investors have begun to show a growing interest in Israeli firms 61 Recent high end deals include a Chinese donation of 130 million to Technion for a research center Beijing winning a 2 billion tender to build the Med Red railway linking Ashdod port with Eilat as well as a 1 billion Israeli port tender a 300 million joint research center between Tel Aviv University and Tsinghua University and Chinese acquisition of a controlling stake in Israel s Tnuva dairy company for more than US 1 billion 12 The acquisition of Tnuva was the biggest Chinese buyout of an Israeli company since 2011 when state owned ChemChina bought Adama the pesticides and crop protection company then known as Makhteshim Agan for US 2 4 billion 62 In 2014 Chinese Israeli tech deals totaled 300 million up from 50 million in 2013 according to Israel s National Economic Council 63 Bilateral between the two countries reached in excess of 10 billion in trade since the start of 2015 55 In January 2015 a number of Chinese information technology companies began to make investments in Israel Chinese e commerce giant Alibaba invested an undisclosed sum in Visualead an Israeli company specializing in QR code technology Alibaba has also invested in Israel based venture fund Jerusalem Venture Partners becoming a limited partner joining Qihoo 360 another Chinese web company to have invested in the Jerusalem based fund 63 Baidu China s largest search engine has put US 3 million into Pixellot an Israeli video capture start up and provided funds to Carmel Ventures an Israeli venture capital firm as well as lead a 5 million investment round in the Israeli music education firm Tonara 62 In addition leading Chinese technology firms such as Huawei Legend and Xiaomi have set up R amp D centers in Israel 64 In March 2015 Israel joined China s newly constituted Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank AIIB becoming a founding member of the institution postulating that Israel may become a major economic ally of China 55 65 In 2013 China and Israel began to boost the economic relations with respect to agriculture 13 The two countries decided to set up an agriculture technology incubator in Anhui Province China enabling joint development of agriculture technologies and solutions in keeping with requirements on the ground Israeli agriculture trade fairs such as Agrivest and AgriTech have witnessed large Chinese delegations and greater participation from Chinese state owned enterprises and private companies as Chinese s growing middle class and increasing consumer demand as well as increased pressure on agricultural land has prompted the East Asian giant to increasingly look at Israeli agriculture technology to boost crop yields and dairy production 13 66 Horizons Ventures a venture capital firm established by Hong Kong business magnate Li Ka shing led a US 10 8 million strategic investment in Windward an Israeli maritime data and analytics company MarInt Windward s satellite maritime analytics system is widely used by many security intelligence and law enforcement agencies across the world 67 In 2013 Li donated US 130 million to Technion A large part of the money came from the profits he made from the IPO of Waze an Israeli GPS based map software company in which he held an 11 percent stake that eventually acquired by Google 68 His was the largest donation ever made to Technion and one of the biggest to any Israeli academic institution Li has been the pioneer of Chinese investment in Israel and with his investments in Israeli high tech Li set the stage for Hong Kong s business elite stressing that it is financially sound and even necessary for the future of Chinese economic prosperity to invest in emerging Israeli technology companies 55 67 On June 22 2015 The Israeli conglomerate Delek Group agreed to sell a 52 percent controlling stake of its company to the Chinese civilian run conglomerate Fosun International 69 On September 2 2015 Fosun International made another investment in Israel where it agreed to purchase the Ahava cosmetics firm for NIS 300 million US 77 million 70 Due to the lack of red tape and the wide array of start up businesses offered by Israel s Silicon Wadi Chinese investment in Israel jumped more than tenfold in 2016 to a record US 16 5 billion with money flowing into the country s booming internet cyber security and medical device start ups 71 72 Bilateral issues and disputes editIsrael s increasing defense cooperation with China has caused concern in Western nations particularly the United States which is the largest foreign supplier of military equipment to Israel Owing to strategic Chinese rivalry with Japan South Korea the Philippines India and Vietnam as well as concerns over the security of Taiwan the United States has pressured Israel against selling sophisticated equipment and technology to China 37 In 1992 The Washington Times alleged that exported American Patriot missiles and Israel s indigenous Lavi jet aircraft technology had been shared with China although official U S investigations did not substantiate these charges 73 In 2000 Israel cancelled the sale to China of the Israeli built Phalcon Airborne Warning and Control System AWACS in the wake of pressure from the U S which threatened to cut off US 2 8 billion in yearly aid if the deal went through 74 Israel s decision drew condemnation from China which stated that the cancellation would hurt bilateral ties 74 China s record of proliferating arms and weapons systems has also concerned U S planners as the U S worries that China may repackage advanced Israeli defense technologies for resale to America s rivals and nations hostile to it throughout the world 75 Chinese involvement in the Israeli technology sector has also generated security concerns The former head of Mossad Efraim Halevy is one of the major critics in Israel who believes that the country should examine the geopolitical considerations with China and has consistently warned the Israeli government against involving the Chinese in the Red Med project arguing that it could lead to a crisis in strategic relations with the United States 76 Other critics argue that growing Chinese involvement will endanger Israeli security and lead to theft of Israeli technology to be utilized in Chinese espionage further arguing that Israel should balance its burgeoning relations with China with maintaining a balance of relations with the United States at the same time 77 78 In 2010 the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1929 imposing a fourth round of sanctions against Iran for its nuclear enrichment program China ultimately supported this resolution although initially due to the strong bilateral relations and nuclear cooperation between the China and Iran China opposed the sanctions According to The New York Times Israel lobbied for the sanctions by explaining to China the impact of any pre emptive strike on Iran would have on the world oil supply and hence on the Chinese economy 79 In August 2022 Liu Jianchao warned the Israeli ambassador to China Irit Ben Abba against taking the U S position on the persecution of Uyghurs in China 80 Israel Palestine conflict edit Though relations are close and generally good with no particular bilateral problems between the two nations China and Israel continue to remain divided on the issue of Palestine Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem economic blockade of Gaza and the Israeli West Bank barrier wall China has criticized Israel s construction of settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem China s then Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing called the Israeli West Bank barrier wall an obstacle to peace in a September 2006 statement during a UN Security Council meeting on the Middle East In November 2008 then China Ambassador to the United States Yesui Zhang stated that the continued construction of settlements on the West Bank is not only in violation of Israel s obligations under international law but is also detrimental to guaranteeing Israel s own security According to analysis from the Jamestown Foundation China s policy on Israel and Palestine is based on soft power diplomacy and maintain a balancing act between its Israeli and Arab world ties 75 On June 8 2015 China demanded Israel to refrain from utilizing Chinese migrant construction workers in Israeli settlements in the West Bank China sought this ban out of concern for the Chinese workers safety in areas beyond the Green Line which marks Israel s pre 1967 borders The government of Israel has been eager to negotiate a deal with China completed in the hope that an influx of foreign workers will increase the rate of housing construction in Israel and reduce the costs of new homes 81 After the victory of Hamas in the 2006 elections in Gaza China acknowledged Hamas as the legitimately elected political entity in the Gaza Strip despite Israeli and U S opposition The Chinese government met with senior Hamas representative Mahmoud al Zahar who previously served as Palestinian foreign minister during the June 2006 China Arab Cooperation Forum in Beijing which held direct bilateral talks despite protests from Israel and the United States A spokesperson for the Chinese Foreign Ministry stated that the Palestinian government is legally elected by the people there and it should be respected 75 Besides the Chinese recognition of Hamas China also does not designate Hezbollah as a terrorist organization 77 After the May 31 2010 Gaza flotilla raid the Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Ma Zhaoxu condemned Israel 82 On April 28 2011 after the rival Palestinian factions Fatah and Hamas formed a national unity government Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei said that China welcomed the internal reconciliation 83 During the November 2012 Operation Pillar of Defense in the Gaza Strip the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People s Republic of China urged all sides to display restraint 84 In 2012 the families of eight Israeli terror victims of the 2008 Mercaz HaRav massacre in Jerusalem filed a 1 billion lawsuit against the Bank of China The suit asserted that in 2003 the bank s New York branch wired millions of dollars to Hamas from its leadership in Syria and Iran The Bank of China subsequently denied providing banking services to terrorist groups The Bank of China has always strictly followed the UN s anti money laundering and anti terrorist financing requirements and regulations in China and other judicial areas where we operate 85 86 The case was dismissed in 2015 87 On July 23 2014 China was among the 29 nations who voted in favor of the investigation by the United Nations Human Rights Council of war crimes committed by Israel during Operation Protective Edge with the United States being the only nation in dissent 88 In addition Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei earlier on 9 July 2014 issued a statement in response to the violence during the military operation stating We believe that to resort to force and to counter violence with violence will not help resolve problems other than pile up more hatred We urge relevant parties to bear in mind the broader picture of peace and the lives of the people immediately realize a ceasefire stick to the strategic choice of peace talks and strive for an early resumption of talks 89 In July 2017 Chinese leader Xi Jinping delivered a formalization of China s positions in his Four Points on the issue of Israel Palestine conflict the first of which was that China supported the establishment of an independent sovereign Palestine within the framework of the two state solution based on the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital 90 In May 2021 Israel s embassy in Beijing accused Chinese state media outlet China Global Television Network of blatant antisemitism when host Zheng Junfeng broadcast a segment accusing US policy on Israel of being influenced by wealthy Jews during the 2021 Israel Palestine crisis 91 92 At the start of 2023 Israel Hamas war on October 8 an Israeli embassy official said Israel expected to see a stronger condemnation of Hamas and that it was not the time to call for a two state solution when people were being murdered slaughtered in the streets 93 94 The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs later expressed deep disappointment over China not condemning Hamas 95 Commentary in Chinese state media blamed the U S for the conflict and spread antisemitic tropes against Israel 96 97 98 Some netizens equated Israel s actions to Nazism by accusing them of committing genocide on Palestinians prompting a rebuke from the German embassy in Beijing 99 Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi stated that in Gaza Israel s actions have gone beyond self defense 100 In January 2024 Israel reported that it discovered a massive stockpile of Chinese weaponry used by Hamas 101 See also edit nbsp China portal nbsp Israel portal nbsp Politics portalAntisemitism in China A Jewish Girl in Shanghai a 2010 Chinese animated film China Palestine relations Chinese people in Israel Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People s Republic of China History of the Jews in China Hong Kong Israel relations International recognition of Israel Israelis in China Kaifeng JewsReferences edit China marks 17 years with Israel Archived 2009 10 12 at the Wayback Machine Haaretz 27 September 2009 Retrieved 11 March 2013 Kessler Oren March 13 2012 Shalom Beijing Foreign Policy Archived from the original on January 13 2022 Retrieved January 14 2022 Han Xiaoxing 1993 Sino Israeli Relations Journal of Palestine Studies 22 2 62 77 doi 10 2307 2537269 ISSN 0377 919X JSTOR 2537269 Israel China in Talks to Become Major Financial Allies Israel National News July 7 2015 Archived from the original on October 24 2021 Retrieved August 11 2017 Chester Sam June 28 2013 As Chinese Israeli Relations Enjoy a Second Honeymoon America Frets Tablet Archived from the original on December 16 2021 Retrieved August 11 2017 Tepper Aryeh September 2015 China s Deepening Interest in Israel The Tower Magazine Archived from the original on 2022 09 01 Retrieved 2017 07 30 Benmeleh Yaacov May 19 2014 Israel s Tech Industry Is Becoming All About China China China Bloomberg News Archived from the original on 2021 03 08 Retrieved 2017 08 23 a b c Gregory Noddin Poulin The Diplomat 1 December 2014 Sino Israeli Economic Ties Blossoming The Diplomat Archived from the original on 6 May 2021 Retrieved 12 February 2021 a b China Israel relations are bound to blossom H E GAO YANPING The Jerusalem Post 3 April 2014 Archived from the original on 2022 04 22 Retrieved 2014 06 10 Walgrove Amanda March 25 2011 Jewish History in China Boosting Sino Israeli Relations Moment Archived from the original on August 9 2020 Retrieved August 23 2017 Katz Yaakov May 15 2017 How Israel Used Weapons and Technology to Become an Ally of China Newsweek Archived from the original on August 27 2022 Retrieved July 30 2017 a b Lin Christina July 26 2014 Will the Middle Kingdom Join the Middle East Peace Quartet The Times of Israel Archived from the original on 27 July 2014 Retrieved 29 July 2014 a b c China learns Israeli agri tech Consulate of Israel in Hong Kong and Macau May 3 2012 Archived from the original on April 11 2022 Retrieved August 23 2017 Keeley Sean January 24 2017 The Eight Great Powers of 2017 The American Interest Archived from the original on April 7 2020 Retrieved July 18 2017 Evron Yoram 18 April 2015 Opinion US alienation leading to Israeli Chinese renaissance Ynetnews Archived from the original on 2022 04 25 Retrieved 2017 07 18 Smith Daniel S January 10 2018 China and Israel The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on March 18 2018 Retrieved March 17 2018 Karsh Efraim ed 2004 03 25 The Republic of China and Israel 1911 2003 Israel The First Hundred Years 0 ed Routledge pp 223 255 doi 10 4324 9780203504093 11 ISBN 978 0 203 50409 3 Steinberg Jessica 10 February 2021 China s century old support for Zionism surfaces in letter The Times of Israel Archived from the original on 22 January 2022 Retrieved 22 January 2022 Cooley John Winter 1972 China and the Palestinians Journal of Palestine Studies 1 2 19 34 doi 10 1525 jps 1972 1 2 00p00037 a b c d e f Friedman Thomas L 1985 07 22 Israel and China quietly form trade bonds The New York Times Archived from the original on 2014 07 15 Retrieved 2008 06 11 a b Berton Peter January 2010 The Evolution of Sino Israeli Relations Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 4 3 69 80 doi 10 1080 23739770 2010 11446615 ISSN 2373 9770 S2CID 142431538 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2013 07 01 Retrieved 2013 10 26 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link A China Diary Towards the Establishment of China Israel Diplomatic Relations Archived 2023 04 11 at the Wayback Machine E Zev Sufott Frank Cass 1997 page ix Israel Strengthening Representation in China Archived 2021 09 17 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press January 9 1991 IDSA News Review on East Asia Archived 2023 04 11 at the Wayback Machine Volume 5 Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses 1991 page 375 Twersky Mordechai I 2014 04 21 Zev Sufott Israel s first ambassador to China dies aged 86 Haaretz Archived from the original on 2014 04 27 Retrieved 2014 05 16 Israel s first ever ambassador to China dies at 86 The Jerusalem Post 2014 04 22 Archived from the original on 2014 05 14 Retrieved 2014 05 16 Yellinek Roie 2020 02 21 The Chinese Penetration of Israeli Media Begin Sadat Center for Strategic Studies Archived from the original on 2020 04 05 Retrieved 2020 05 09 Yellinek Roie 2022 02 16 China s media strategy towards Israel Israel Affairs 28 2 184 198 doi 10 1080 13537121 2022 2041308 ISSN 1353 7121 S2CID 246938342 Lazaroff Tovah March 20 2017 Netanyahu Israel and China must cooperate on security and trade Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on July 16 2021 Retrieved March 26 2017 Chunshan Mu July 19 2014 Why China Must Pay Attention to the Israel Palestine Conflict The Diplomat Archived from the original on April 2 2018 Retrieved April 2 2018 How Israel is winning the social media war in China The Australian September 2 2014 Chinese ambassador to Israel found dead at home BBC News 2020 05 17 Archived from the original on 2021 01 11 Retrieved 2020 05 17 Liebermann Oren 17 May 2020 Chinese ambassador to Israel is found dead in his home CNN Archived from the original on 2020 05 17 Retrieved 2020 05 17 Israeli Chinese Presidents Call for Increased Cooperation Despite U S Warnings Haaretz Archived from the original on 2022 08 17 Retrieved 2022 08 17 a b c d U S up in arms over Sino Israeli ties Asia Times 2004 12 21 Archived from the original on 2008 05 16 Retrieved 2008 06 11 a b China s weapon chase BBC News 2000 07 12 Archived from the original on 2014 07 14 Retrieved 2008 06 11 Israel China Relations And The Phalcon Controversy Middle East Policy Council March 21 1990 Archived from the original on January 1 2018 Retrieved April 2 2018 Gordon Michael R 1993 10 12 Israel Selling China Military Technology C I A Chief Asserts The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2023 10 16 Isenberg David 4 December 2002 Israel s role in China s new warplane Asia Times Archived from the original on 3 December 2002 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint unfit URL link The Evolving Relationship Between China and Israel Innovated in China 24 May 2017 Archived from the original on 24 August 2022 Retrieved 24 August 2022 China defense minister visits Israel Archived 2012 05 30 at the Wayback Machine World Tribune 21 October 1999 Retrieved 11 March 2013 Barbara Opall Rome 25 May 2011 PLA Navy Commander Meets Israeli Defense Leaders DefenseNews Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 Retrieved 10 June 2011 a b Williams Dan 14 August 2011 Chinese military chief makes first visit to Israel Reuters Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 Retrieved 15 August 2011 China Israel vow to improve ties China Daily Xinhua 15 August 2011 Archived from the original on 17 August 2011 Retrieved 15 August 2011 a b Katz Yaakov 15 August 2011 Chinese army chief here to talk defense cooperation The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on 15 August 2011 Retrieved 15 August 2011 a b Chinese navy ships visit Israel s Haifa Port People s Daily Xinhua 14 August 2012 Archived from the original on 24 May 2013 Retrieved 15 August 2012 a b Cooperation strengthens Chinese fleet vessels arrive in Israel IDF website 13 August 2012 Archived from the original on 21 March 2016 Retrieved 15 August 2012 Yellinek Roie 2019 01 23 US Chinese Competition over the Haifa Port Begin Sadat Center for Strategic Studies Archived from the original on 2021 03 08 Retrieved 2020 05 09 China No 1 in Israeli Asian Trade China Daily 2000 11 09 Archived from the original on 2008 06 26 Retrieved 2008 06 11 Israel China water trade to rise significantly The Jerusalem Post 2000 11 01 Retrieved 2008 06 11 permanent dead link Miller Yvette May 9 2015 Jewish Chinese Connections Archived from the original on August 19 2017 Retrieved August 19 2017 Cukierman Edouard 2016 10 11 China and Israel s tale of love and high tech Asia Times Archived from the original on 2023 10 13 Retrieved 2017 07 18 Fang Li February 2 2018 Feature Israeli startups look east for vast funding market potential Xinhua Archived from the original on February 2 2018 a b c d Maya Yarowsky May 3 2015 With Strong Tech Ties Is Israel China s New Best Friend No Camels Archived from the original on 22 May 2015 Retrieved 21 May 2015 Ackerman Gwen 3 July 2011 Israel Signs Cooperation Agreement With China Bloomberg News Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 Retrieved 4 July 2011 Israel and China today signed a cooperation agreement that aims to boost trade between the two countries Israel to Co op with China in Railway Project Cri cn 20 September 2011 Retrieved 2011 09 21 Petersburg Ofer 23 October 2011 Chinese to build railway to Eilat YnetNews Archived from the original on 24 March 2023 Retrieved 31 July 2023 Eichner Itamar 8 August 2012 Chinese very impressed with Israeli economy YnetNews Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 Retrieved 22 April 2013 Horovitz David 11 December 2012 Israel s China challenge The Times of Israel Archived from the original on 8 July 2023 Retrieved 31 July 2023 Orpaz Inbal 26 February 2014 Could China supplant U S as top source of Israeli tech capital Haaretz Archived from the original on 6 October 2015 Retrieved 1 August 2023 a b It s kosher Israel embraces Chinese investment Ejisight May 15 2015 Archived from the original on 20 July 2015 Retrieved 14 May 2015 a b Hirschauge Orr 23 March 2015 Alibaba Invests in Israeli Cyber Focused Venture Fund The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on 22 May 2015 Retrieved 21 May 2015 Bo Xiang September 8 2017 China Israel economic tech cooperation to enter new stage Israeli minister Xinhua Archived from the original on September 8 2017 Khan Mehreen 1 April 2015 Israel applies to become founding member of China development bank The Telegraph Archived from the original on 18 June 2015 Retrieved 18 June 2015 Uniyal Vijeta 18 May 2015 China Israel Ties On The Rise Jewish Business News Archived from the original on 22 May 2015 Retrieved 21 May 2015 a b Li Ka shing fund leads US 10 8 mln Israel investment EJ Insight Archived from the original on 2015 05 03 Retrieved 2015 05 15 O Neill Mark February 1 2018 China to overtake US as biggest investor in Israel Ejinsight Archived from the original on February 4 2018 Retrieved February 4 2018 Solomon Shoshanna 22 June 2015 China s Fosun International to Acquire Phoenix Holdings From Israel s Delek Insurance Journal Archived from the original on 23 June 2015 Retrieved 24 June 2015 Goldberg Niva 2 September 2015 China s Fosun to Buy Israeli Co Ahava for 77 Million Jewish Business News Archived from the original on 15 September 2015 Retrieved 10 September 2015 Biedermann Ferry July 18 2017 China is increasingly becoming key for Israel s high tech industry CNBC Archived from the original on August 24 2017 Retrieved August 23 2017 Zhu Julie May 10 2017 China s tech money heads for Israel as US welcome wanes CNBC Archived from the original on August 24 2017 Retrieved August 23 2017 Return of the Red Card Israel China U S Triangle Power and Interest News Report 2005 05 23 Archived from the original on 2012 01 03 Retrieved 2008 06 11 a b Israel scraps China radar deal BBC News 2000 07 12 Archived from the original on 2004 06 08 Retrieved 2008 06 11 a b c China s Palestine Policy The Jamestown Foundation Archived from the original on 2016 03 29 Retrieved 2014 03 31 China Israel Why China is interested fostering economic relationships with Israel Eyes on Europe amp Middle East Middleeastnewsservice com 2015 01 07 Archived from the original on 2017 07 28 Retrieved 2017 07 18 a b The uncertain future of China Israel relations Al Arabiya 4 April 2014 Archived from the original on 23 May 2014 Retrieved 22 May 2014 Vick Karl 7 May 2013 China Can Posture but It Can t Bring Peace to the Middle East Time Archived from the original on 13 May 2014 Retrieved 23 May 2014 Jacobs Andrew 2010 06 08 Israel Makes Case to China for Iran Sanctions The New York Times Archived from the original on 2015 12 06 Retrieved 2017 02 06 Ravid Barak 2022 08 17 China warns Israel not to let U S pressure hurt relations Axios Archived from the original on 2022 08 18 Retrieved 2022 08 18 Stuart Winer June 7 2015 China seeks ban on its citizens working in West Bank Times of Israel Archived from the original on 18 June 2015 Retrieved 18 June 2015 China Condemns Israel s Attack on Gaza Aid Flotilla cri cn Archived from the original on March 16 2012 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People s Republic of China mfa gov cn Archived from the original on 2012 03 23 Retrieved 2014 03 31 外交部 中方严重关切以色列对加沙发动军事行动 China Daily in Chinese China 16 November 2012 Archived from the original on 13 December 2019 Retrieved 16 November 2012 Zhu Grace 25 October 2012 Bank of China Says It Hasn t Helped Hamas The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved February 23 2013 Davidovich Joshua December 18 2013 The China bank is not the issue here dude The Times of Israel Times of Israel Archived from the original on 13 July 2018 Retrieved 30 March 2014 Jeremy Bob Yonah November 8 2015 Historic case against Bank of China for millions in terror financing dismissed The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on July 18 2023 Retrieved July 18 2023 Alex Kane July 24 2014 U S casts lonely vote against establishing war crimes inquiry in Gaza Mondoweiss Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 Retrieved 29 July 2014 Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei s Regular Press Conference on July 9 2014 fmprc gov cn Archived from the original on July 19 2014 Retrieved July 30 2014 China pushes four point Israeli Palestinian peace plan The Times of Israel 1 August 2017 Archived from the original on 29 May 2023 Retrieved 31 July 2023 Israel accuses Chinese state TV of blatant antisemitism Associated Press May 19 2021 Archived from the original on May 22 2021 Retrieved May 22 2021 Israel accuses China state TV of blatant anti Semitism France 24 Agence France Presse May 19 2021 Archived from the original on May 23 2021 Retrieved May 22 2021 Israel expected stronger condemnation of Hamas from China Beijing embassy official says Reuters 2023 10 08 Archived from the original on 2023 10 08 Retrieved 2023 10 08 Kaufman Arthur 2023 10 12 China Sidesteps Israel Hamas Conflict China Digital Times Archived from the original on 2023 10 13 Retrieved 2023 10 13 Israel says deeply disappointed over lack of China condemnation of Hamas attack Reuters 2023 10 13 Archived from the original on 2023 10 14 Retrieved 2023 10 15 Allen Ebrahimian Bethany October 11 2023 Chinese media blames U S for Israel Hamas war Axios Retrieved October 11 2023 Lee Christy 2023 10 13 China Exploits Israel Hamas Conflict to Diminish US Global Influence Analysts Say Voice of America Archived from the original on 2023 10 15 Retrieved 2023 10 15 McCartney Micah 2023 10 11 China s state media accused of spreading anti Israel disinformation Newsweek Archived from the original on 2023 10 11 Retrieved 2023 10 11 Tessa Wong 2023 11 01 What China wants from Israel Hamas war BBC Retrieved 2023 12 08 Tan Clement 2023 10 16 China says Israel s actions in Gaza are beyond self defense as U S races to avert wider conflict CNBC Retrieved 2023 10 16 Swan Melanie 2024 01 05 Hamas using massive stockpile of Chinese weaponry in Gaza The Daily Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Retrieved 2024 01 12 Sources editWald Shalom Salomon 2004 China and the Jewish People Jerusalem The Jewish People Planning Policy Institute Gefen Publishing House ISBN 965 229 347 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title China Israel relations amp oldid 1213333798, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.