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High-definition video

High-definition video (HD video) is video of higher resolution and quality than standard-definition. While there is no standardized meaning for high-definition, generally any video image with considerably more than 480 vertical scan lines (North America) or 576 vertical lines (Europe) is considered high-definition. 480 scan lines is generally the minimum even though the majority of systems greatly exceed that. Images of standard resolution captured at rates faster than normal (60 frames/second North America, 50 fps Europe), by a high-speed camera may be considered high-definition in some contexts. Some television series shot on high-definition video are made to look as if they have been shot on film, a technique which is often known as filmizing.

History

The first electronic scanning format, 405 lines, was the first high definition television system, since the mechanical systems it replaced had far fewer. From 1939, Europe and the US tried 605 and 441 lines until, in 1941, the FCC mandated 525 for the US. In wartime France, René Barthélemy tested higher resolutions, up to 1,042. In late 1949, official French transmissions finally began with 819. In 1984, however, this standard was abandoned for 625-line color on the TF1 network.

Analog

Modern HD specifications date to the early 1980s, when Japanese engineers developed the HighVision 1,125-line interlaced TV standard (also called MUSE) that ran at 60 frames per second. The Sony HDVS system was presented at an international meeting of television engineers in Algiers, April 1981 and Japan's NHK presented its analog high-definition television (HDTV) system at a Swiss conference in 1983.

The NHK system was standardized in the United States as Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) standard #240M in the early 1990s, but abandoned later on when it was replaced by a DVB analog standard. HighVision video is still usable for HDTV video interchange, but there is almost no modern equipment available to perform this function. Attempts at implementing HighVision as a 6 MHz broadcast channel were mostly unsuccessful. All attempts at using this format for terrestrial TV transmission were abandoned by the mid-1990s.[citation needed]

Europe developed HD-MAC (1,250 lines, 50 Hz), a member of the MAC family of hybrid analogue/digital video standards; however, it never took off as a terrestrial video transmission format. HD-MAC was never designated for video interchange except by the European Broadcasting Union.

Digital

High-definition digital video was not possible with uncompressed video due to impractically high memory and bandwidth requirements, with a bit rate exceeding 1 Gbit/s for full HD video.[1] Digital HDTV was enabled by the development of discrete cosine transform (DCT) video compression.[2] The DCT is a lossy compression technique that was first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972,[3] and was later adapted into a motion-compensated DCT algorithm for video coding standards such as the H.26x formats from 1988 onwards and the MPEG formats from 1993 onwards.[4][5] Motion-compensated DCT compression significantly reduced the amount of memory and bandwidth required for digital video, capable of achieving a data compression ratio of around 100:1 compared to uncompressed video.[6] By the early 1990s, DCT video compression had been widely adopted as the video coding standard for HDTV.[2]

The current high-definition video standards in North America were developed during the course of the advanced television process initiated by the Federal Communications Commission in 1987 at the request of American broadcasters. In essence, the end of the 1980s was a death knell for most analog high definition technologies that had developed up to that time.

The FCC process, led by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) adopted a range of standards from interlaced 1,080-line video (a technical descendant of the original analog NHK 1125/30 Hz system) with a maximum frame rate of 30 Hz, (60 fields per second) and 720-line video, progressively scanned, with a maximum frame rate of 60 Hz. In the end, however, the DVB standard of resolutions (1080, 720, 480) and respective frame rates (24, 25, 30) were adopted in conjunction with the Europeans that were also involved in the same standardization process. The FCC officially adopted the ATSC transmission standard in 1996 (which included both HD and SD video standards).

In the early 2000s, it looked as if DVB would be the video standard far into the future. However, both Brazil and China have adopted alternative standards for high-definition video[citation needed] that preclude the interoperability that was hoped for after decades of largely non-interoperable analog TV broadcasting.

Technical details

 
This chart shows the most common display resolutions, with the color of each resolution type indicating the display ratio (e.g., red indicates a 4:3 ratio)

High definition video (prerecorded and broadcast) is defined threefold, by:

  • The number of lines in the vertical display resolution. High-definition television (HDTV) resolution is 1,080 or 720 lines. In contrast, regular digital television (DTV) is 480 lines (upon which NTSC is based, 480 visible scanlines out of 525) or 576 lines (upon which PAL/SECAM are based, 576 visible scanlines out of 625). However, since HD is broadcast digitally, its introduction sometimes coincides with the introduction of DTV. Additionally, current DVD quality is not high-definition, although the high-definition disc systems Blu-ray Disc and the HD DVD are.
  • The scanning system: progressive scanning (p) or interlaced scanning (i). Progressive scanning (p) redraws an image frame (all of its lines) when refreshing each image, for example 720p/1080p. Interlaced scanning (i) draws the image field every other line or odd-numbered lines during the first image refresh operation, and then draws the remaining even numbered lines during a second refreshing, for example 1080i. Interlaced scanning yields image resolution if subject is not moving, but loses up to half of the resolution and suffers combing artifacts when subject is moving.
  • The number of frames or fields per second (Hz). In Europe more common (50 Hz) television broadcasting system and in USA (60 Hz). The 720p60 format is 1,280 × 720 pixels, progressive encoding with 60 frames per second (60 Hz). The 1080i50/1080i60 format is 1920 × 1080 pixels, interlaced encoding with 50/60 fields, (50/60 Hz) per second. Two interlaced fields formulate a single frame, because the two fields of one frame are temporally shifted. Frame pulldown and segmented frames are special techniques that allow transmitting full frames by means of interlaced video stream.

Often, the rate is inferred from the context, usually assumed to be either 50 Hz (Europe) or 60 Hz (USA), except for 1080p, which denotes 1080p24, 1080p25, and 1080p30, but also 1080p50 and 1080p60.

A frame or field rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second and 50i means 25 progressive frames per second, consisting of 50 interlaced fields per second. Most HDTV systems support some standard resolutions and frame or field rates. The most common are noted below. High-definition signals require a high-definition television or computer monitor in order to be viewed. High-definition video has an aspect ratio of 16:9 (1.78:1). The aspect ratio of regular widescreen film shot today is typically 1.85:1 or 2.39:1 (sometimes traditionally quoted at 2.35:1). Standard-definition television (SDTV) has a 4:3 (1.33:1) aspect ratio, although in recent years many broadcasters have transmitted programs squeezed horizontally in 16:9 anamorphic format, in hopes that the viewer has a 16:9 set which stretches the image out to normal-looking proportions, or a set which squishes the image vertically to present a letterbox view of the image, again with correct proportions.

Common high-definition video modes

Video mode Frame size in pixels (W×H) Pixels per image1 Scanning type Frame rate (Hz)
720p (also known as HD Ready) 1,280×720 921,600 Progressive 23.976, 24, 25, 29.97, 30, 50, 59.94, 60, 72
1080i (also known as Full HD) 1,920×1,080 2,073,600 Interlaced 25 (50 fields/s), 29.97 (59.94 fields/s), 30 (60 fields/s)
1080p (also known as Full HD) 1,920×1,080 2,073,600 Progressive 24 (23.976), 25, 30 (29.97), 50, 60 (59.94)
1440p (also known as Quad HD) 2,560×1,440 3,686,400 Progressive 24 (23.976), 25, 30 (29.97), 50, 60 (59.94)

Ultra high-definition video modes

Video mode Frame size in pixels (W×H) Pixels per image1 Scanning type Frame rate (Hz)
2000 2,048×1,536 3,145,728 Progressive 24, 30, 60
2160p (also known as 4K UHD) 3,840×2,160 8,294,400 Progressive 60, 120
2540p 4,520×2,540 11,480,800 Progressive 24, 30, 60
4000p 4,096×3,072 12,582,912 Progressive 24, 30, 60
4320p (also known as 8K UHD) 7,680×4,320 33,177,600 Progressive 60, 120

Note: 1 Image is either a frame or, in case of interlaced scanning, two fields (EVEN and ODD).

Also, there are less common but still popular UltraWide resolutions, such as 2560×1080p (1080p UltraWide). There is also a WQHD+ option for some of these.

HD content

High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, high definition disc (BD), digital cameras, Internet downloads, and video game consoles.

  • Most computers are capable of HD or higher resolutions over VGA, DVI, HDMI and/or DisplayPort.
  • The optical disc standard Blu-ray Disc can provide enough digital storage to store hours of HD video content. Digital Versatile Discs or DVDs (that hold 4.7 GB for a Single layer or 8.5 GB for a double layer), are not always up to the challenge of today's high-definition (HD) sets. Storing and playing HD movies requires a disc that holds more information, like a Blu-ray Disc (which hold 25 GB in single layer form and 50 GB for double layer) or the now-defunct High Definition Digital Versatile Discs (HD DVDs) which held 15 GB or 30 GB in, respectively, single and double layer variations.

Blu-ray Discs were jointly developed by 9 initial partners including Sony and Phillips (which jointly developed CDs for audio), and Pioneer (which developed its own Laser-disc previously with some success) among others. HD-DVD discs were primarily developed by Toshiba and NEC with some backing from Microsoft, Warner Bros., Hewlett Packard, and others. On February 19, 2008, Toshiba announced it was abandoning the format and would discontinue development, marketing and manufacturing of HD-DVD players and drives.

Types of recorded media

The high resolution photographic film used for cinema projection is exposed at the rate of 24 frames per second but usually projected at 48, each frame getting projected twice helping to minimise flicker. One exception to this was the 1986 National Film Board of Canada short film Momentum, which briefly experimented with both filming and projecting at 48 frame/s, in a process known as IMAX HD.

Depending upon available bandwidth and the amount of detail and movement in the image, the optimum format for video transfer is either 720p24 or 1080p24. When shown on television in PAL system countries, film must be projected at the rate of 25 frames per second by accelerating it by 4.1 percent. In NTSC standard countries, the projection rate is 30 frames per second, using a technique called 3:2 pull-down. One film frame is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second), and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second) and then the process is repeated, thus achieving the correct film projection rate with two film frames shown in one twelfth of a second.

Older (pre-HDTV) recordings on video tape such as Betacam SP are often either in the form 480i60 or 576i50. These may be upconverted to a higher resolution format, but removing the interlace to match the common 720p format may distort the picture or require filtering which actually reduces the resolution of the final output.

Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings are recorded in either the 720p or the 1080i format. The format used is set by the broadcaster (if for television broadcast). In general, 720p is more accurate with fast action, because it progressively scans frames, instead of the 1080i, which uses interlaced fields and thus might degrade the resolution of fast images.

720p is used more for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because computer monitors progressively scan; 720p video has lower storage-decoding requirements than either the 1080i or the 1080p. This is also the medium for high-definition broadcasts around the world and 1080p is used for Blu-ray movies.

HD in filmmaking

Film as a medium has inherent limitations, such as difficulty of viewing footage while recording, and suffers other problems, caused by poor film development/processing, or poor monitoring systems. Given that there is increasing use of computer-generated or computer-altered imagery in movies, and that editing picture sequences is often done digitally, some directors have shot their movies using the HD format via high-end digital video cameras. While the quality of HD video is very high compared to SD video, and offers improved signal/noise ratios against comparable sensitivity film, film remains able to resolve more image detail than current HD video formats. In addition some films have a wider dynamic range (ability to resolve extremes of dark and light areas in a scene) than even the best HD cameras. Thus the most persuasive arguments for the use of HD are currently cost savings on film stock and the ease of transfer to editing systems for special effects.

Depending on the year and format in which a movie was filmed, the exposed image can vary greatly in size. Sizes range from as big as 24 mm × 36 mm for VistaVision/Technirama 8 perforation cameras (same as 35 mm still photo film) going down through 18 mm × 24 mm for Silent Films or Full Frame 4 perforations cameras to as small as 9 mm × 21 mm in Academy Sound Aperture cameras modified for the Techniscope 2 perforation format. Movies are also produced using other film gauges, including 70 mm films (22 mm × 48 mm) or the rarely used 55 mm and CINERAMA.

The four major film formats provide pixel resolutions (calculated from pixels per millimeter) roughly as follows:

  • Academy Sound (Sound movies before 1955): 15 mm × 21 mm (1.375) = 2,160 × 2,970
  • Academy camera US Widescreen: 11 mm × 21 mm (1.85) = 1,605 × 2,970
  • Current Anamorphic Panavision ("Scope"): 17.5 mm × 21 mm (2.39) = 2,485 × 2,970
  • Super-35 for Anamorphic prints: 10 mm × 24 mm (2.39) = 1,420 × 3,390

In the process of making prints for exhibition, this negative is copied onto other film (negative → interpositive → internegative → print) causing the resolution to be reduced with each emulsion copying step and when the image passes through a lens (for example, on a projector). In many cases, the resolution can be reduced down to 1/6 of the original negative's resolution (or worse).[citation needed] Note that resolution values for 70 mm film are higher than those listed above.

HD on the World Wide Web/HD streaming

A number of online video streaming/on demand and digital download services offer HD video, among them YouTube, Vimeo, dailymotion, Amazon Video On Demand, Netflix Watch Instantly, Hulu, HBO Max, and others. Due to heavy compression, the image detail produced by these formats is far below that of broadcast HD, and often even inferior to DVD-Video (3-9 Mbit/s MP2) upscaled to the same image size.[7] The following is a chart of numerous online services and their HD offering:

World Wide Web HD resolutions

Source Codec Highest resolution (W×H) Total bit rate/bandwidth Video bit rate Audio bit rate
Amazon Video[note 1] VC-1[8] 1280×720[9] 2.5-6 Mbit/s
BBC iPlayer H.264[10] 1280×720[11][note 2] 3.2 Mbit/s[10] 3 Mbit/s[10] 192 kbit/s[10]
blinkbox 1280×720 2.25 Mbit/s (SD) and 4.5 Mbit/s (HD) 2.25 - 4.5 Mbit/s 192 kbit/s
Blockbuster Online 1280×720
CBS.com/TV.com 1920×1080[12] 3.5 Mbit/s and 2.5 Mbits (720p)[12]
Dacast VP6, H.264[13] Unknown 5 Mbit/s[14]
DynTube Mp4, H.264[15] 3840x2160 11 mbits/s
Hulu On2 Flash VP6[16] 1280×720[17] 2.5 Mbit/s[18]
iPlayerHD FLV, QuickTime H.264, MP4 H.264[19] 1920×1080[20] 2 Mbit/s and 5 Mbit/s[21]
iTunes/Apple TV QuickTime H.264[22] 1920×1080[22]
MetaCDN MPEG-4, FLV, OGG, WebM, 3GP[23] No Limit[24]
Netflix VC-1[25] 3840×2160[26] 25 Mbit/s[27] 2.6 Mbit/s and 3.8 Mbit/s (1080p)[28]
PlayStation Video H.264/MPEG-4 AVC[29] 1920×1080[29] 8 Mbit/s[29] 256 kbit/s[29]
StreamShark H.264, FLV, OGV, WebM, VP8, VP9[30] 1920×1080[31]
Vimeo H.264[32] 1920×1080[33] 4 Mbit/s[34] 320 kbit/s[35]
Vudu H.264[36] 1920×1080[37] 4.5 Mbit/s[38]
Xbox Video[note 3] 1920×1080[39]
YouTube H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, VP9, AV1 7680×4320
StreamHash Mp4[40] 1920×1080[41]
uTube - AiOC Mp4[42] 1920×1080[43]
  1. ^ Formerly "Amazon Unbox", which now refers to a video player software, and later "Amazon Video on Demand".
  2. ^ During live events "BBC iPlayer" streams have a resolution of 1024×576.
  3. ^ Formerly "Xbox Live Marketplace Video Store", but replaced by "Xbox Video" in 2012.

HD in video surveillance

Since the late 2000s a considerably large number of security camera manufacturers have started to produce HD cameras. The need for high resolution, color fidelity, and frame rate is acute for surveillance purposes to ensure that the quality of the video output is of an acceptable standard that can be used both for preventative surveillance as well as for evidence purposes.[44]

Although, HD cameras can be highly effective indoor, special industries with outdoor environments called for a need to produce much higher resolutions for effective coverage. The ever-evolving image sensor technologies allowed manufacturers to develop cameras with 10-20 MP resolutions, which therefore have become efficient instruments to monitor larger areas.

In order to further increase the resolution of security cameras, some manufacturers developed multi-sensor cameras. Within these devices several sensor-lens combinations produce the images, which are later merged during image processing.[45] These security cameras are able to deliver even hundreds of megapixels with motion picture frame rate.

Such high resolutions, however, requires special recording, storage and also video stream display technologies.

HD in video gaming

Both the PlayStation 3 game console and Xbox 360 can output native 1080p through HDMI or component cables, but the systems have few games which appear in 1080p; most games only run natively at 720p or less, but can be upscaled to 1080p. The Wii can output up to 480p (enhanced-definition) over component, which while not HD, is very useful for HDTVs as it avoids de-interlacing artifacts. The Wii can also output 576i and 576p in PAL regions.

Visually, native 1080p produces a sharper and clearer picture compared to upscaled 1080p. Though only a handful of games available have the native resolution of 1080p, all games on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 can be upscaled up to this resolution. Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 games are labeled with the output resolution on the back of their packaging, although on Xbox 360 this indicates the resolution it will upscale to, not the native resolution of the game.

Generally, PC games are only limited by the display's resolution size. Drivers are capable of supporting very high resolutions, depending on the chipset of the video card. Many game engines support resolutions of 5760×1080 or 5760×1200 (typically achieved with three 1080p displays in a multi-monitor setup) and nearly all will display 1080p at minimum. 1440p and 4K are typically supported resolutions for PC gaming as well.

Currently all consoles, Nintendo's Wii U and Nintendo Switch, Microsoft's Xbox One, and Sony's PlayStation 4 display games 1080p natively. The Nintendo Switch is an unusual case, due to its hybrid nature as both a home console and a handheld: the built-in screen displays games at 720p maximum, but the console can natively display imagery at 1080p when docked. PlayStation 4 is able to display in 4K, though strictly only for displaying pictures.

See also

References

  1. ^ Lee, Jack (2005). Scalable Continuous Media Streaming Systems: Architecture, Design, Analysis and Implementation. John Wiley & Sons. p. 25. ISBN 9780470857649.
  2. ^ a b Shishikui, Yoshiaki; Nakanishi, Hiroshi; Imaizumi, Hiroyuki (October 26–28, 1993). "An HDTV Coding Scheme using Adaptive-Dimension DCT". Signal Processing of HDTV: Proceedings of the International Workshop on HDTV '93, Ottawa, Canada. Elsevier: 611–618. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-81844-7.50072-3. ISBN 9781483298511.
  3. ^ Ahmed, Nasir (January 1991). "How I Came Up With the Discrete Cosine Transform". Digital Signal Processing. 1 (1): 4–5. doi:10.1016/1051-2004(91)90086-Z.
  4. ^ Ghanbari, Mohammed (2003). Standard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding. Institution of Engineering and Technology. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9780852967102.
  5. ^ Li, Jian Ping (2006). Proceedings of the International Computer Conference 2006 on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing: Chongqing, China, 29-31 August 2006. World Scientific. p. 847. ISBN 9789812709998.
  6. ^ Lea, William (1994). . House of Commons Library. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  7. ^ "Why HD movie downloads are a big lie". Ziff-Davis. 2007-05-31. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  8. ^ "Amazon.com -- News Release". 2006-09-07. Retrieved 2009-10-16. ...using the ultra-efficient VC-1 Advanced Profile codec.
  9. ^ "Amazon.com: Help > Digital Products > Amazon Video On Demand". Amazon. Retrieved 2009-10-16. Our 2.5 Mbps HD files are streamed in high-quality 720p resolution.
  10. ^ a b c d . BBC. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-11. We use h.264 with a bitrate of 3.2Mbps and 192kbps audio
  11. ^ . BBC. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-11. In order to be classed as "true" high definition, we encode in at least 1280x720 resolution, or 720p.
  12. ^ a b "CBS.com - HD Video - System Requirements". CBS.com. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  13. ^ "Streaming Protocols for Flash, RTMP, H.264 & VP6". Dacast. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
  14. ^ "Live Streaming Solution". Dacast. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
  15. ^ "Video Player Features | DynTube". www.dyntube.com. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  16. ^ . Hulu. Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. Retrieved 2009-10-16. Hulu videos are streamed as Flash video files (FLV files). These files are encoded using the On2 Flash VP6 codec...
  17. ^ . Hulu. Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. Retrieved 2009-10-16. HD videos on Hulu are streamed at 1280 x 720 resolution.
  18. ^ . Hulu. Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. Retrieved 2009-10-16. Hulu currently supports four different streams including 480kbps, 700kbps, 1,000kbps (an H.264 encode that is not on On2 VP6) and 2.5Mbps.
  19. ^ "Learn More About iPlayerHD". iPlayerHD.com. Retrieved 2009-12-16. We support FLV and H264 as MOV and MP4.
  20. ^ "Learn More About iPlayerHD". iPlayerHD.com. Retrieved 2009-12-16. iPlayerHD will deliver video at any resolution including SD 720 x 480, and HD 480, 720 and 1080.
  21. ^ "Learn More About iPlayerHD". iPlayerHD.com. Retrieved 2009-12-16. Your video will be delivered at bit rates up to 5,000 kbps or 5 mbps.
  22. ^ a b "Video quality reference table from best to worst".
  23. ^ . MetaCDN. Archived from the original on 2014-08-20. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
  24. ^ "Live Streaming Service". MetaCDN. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
  25. ^ Hunt, Neil (2008-11-06). "The Official Netflix Blog: Encoding for streaming". Netflix. Retrieved 2009-10-16. ...but settled on second-generation HD encodes with VC1AP
  26. ^ "You Can Now Stream 4K Netflix on Windows 10". MakeUseOf. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  27. ^ "Internet Connection Speed Recommendations". Help Center. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  28. ^ Hunt, Neil (2008-11-06). "The Official Netflix Blog: Encoding for streaming". Netflix. Retrieved 2009-10-16. second-generation HD encodes ... at 2600kbps and 3800kbps
  29. ^ a b c d Dipert, Brian (2008-07-17). . EDN. Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  30. ^ "StreamShark Technical Specifications". StreamShark. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
  31. ^ "Live Streaming Service". StreamShark. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
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  33. ^ "Vimeo - Compression guidelines on Vimeo". Vimeo. Retrieved 2009-10-16. 640x480 for standard definition 4:3 video, 853x480 for widescreen DV, or 1920x1080 for high definition.[permanent dead link]
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  35. ^ "Vimeo - Compression guidelines on Vimeo". Vimeo. Retrieved 2009-10-16. You'll want to set the bit rate to 320 kbps and the sample rate to 44.100 kHz.[permanent dead link]
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Further reading

  • "Images formats for HDTV" (PDF). (549 KiB), article from the EBU Technical Review .
  • "High Definition for Europe - a progressive approach" (PDF). (207 KiB), article from the EBU Technical Review .
  • "High Definition (HD) Image Formats for Television Production" (PDF). (117 KiB), technical report from the EBU
  • "Digital Terrestrial HDTV Broadcasting in Europe" (PDF)., technical report from the EBU

External links

    high, definition, video, high, definition, video, broadcasting, high, definition, television, other, uses, high, definition, disambiguation, disambiguation, video, video, higher, resolution, quality, than, standard, definition, while, there, standardized, mean. For high definition video in broadcasting see High definition television For other uses see High definition disambiguation and HD disambiguation High definition video HD video is video of higher resolution and quality than standard definition While there is no standardized meaning for high definition generally any video image with considerably more than 480 vertical scan lines North America or 576 vertical lines Europe is considered high definition 480 scan lines is generally the minimum even though the majority of systems greatly exceed that Images of standard resolution captured at rates faster than normal 60 frames second North America 50 fps Europe by a high speed camera may be considered high definition in some contexts Some television series shot on high definition video are made to look as if they have been shot on film a technique which is often known as filmizing Contents 1 History 1 1 Analog 1 2 Digital 2 Technical details 2 1 Common high definition video modes 2 2 Ultra high definition video modes 3 HD content 3 1 Types of recorded media 3 2 HD in filmmaking 3 3 HD on the World Wide Web HD streaming 3 3 1 World Wide Web HD resolutions 3 4 HD in video surveillance 3 5 HD in video gaming 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory EditThe first electronic scanning format 405 lines was the first high definition television system since the mechanical systems it replaced had far fewer From 1939 Europe and the US tried 605 and 441 lines until in 1941 the FCC mandated 525 for the US In wartime France Rene Barthelemy tested higher resolutions up to 1 042 In late 1949 official French transmissions finally began with 819 In 1984 however this standard was abandoned for 625 line color on the TF1 network Analog Edit Further information Analog high definition television system Modern HD specifications date to the early 1980s when Japanese engineers developed the HighVision 1 125 line interlaced TV standard also called MUSE that ran at 60 frames per second The Sony HDVS system was presented at an international meeting of television engineers in Algiers April 1981 and Japan s NHK presented its analog high definition television HDTV system at a Swiss conference in 1983 The NHK system was standardized in the United States as Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers SMPTE standard 240M in the early 1990s but abandoned later on when it was replaced by a DVB analog standard HighVision video is still usable for HDTV video interchange but there is almost no modern equipment available to perform this function Attempts at implementing HighVision as a 6 MHz broadcast channel were mostly unsuccessful All attempts at using this format for terrestrial TV transmission were abandoned by the mid 1990s citation needed Europe developed HD MAC 1 250 lines 50 Hz a member of the MAC family of hybrid analogue digital video standards however it never took off as a terrestrial video transmission format HD MAC was never designated for video interchange except by the European Broadcasting Union Digital Edit High definition digital video was not possible with uncompressed video due to impractically high memory and bandwidth requirements with a bit rate exceeding 1 Gbit s for full HD video 1 Digital HDTV was enabled by the development of discrete cosine transform DCT video compression 2 The DCT is a lossy compression technique that was first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972 3 and was later adapted into a motion compensated DCT algorithm for video coding standards such as the H 26x formats from 1988 onwards and the MPEG formats from 1993 onwards 4 5 Motion compensated DCT compression significantly reduced the amount of memory and bandwidth required for digital video capable of achieving a data compression ratio of around 100 1 compared to uncompressed video 6 By the early 1990s DCT video compression had been widely adopted as the video coding standard for HDTV 2 The current high definition video standards in North America were developed during the course of the advanced television process initiated by the Federal Communications Commission in 1987 at the request of American broadcasters In essence the end of the 1980s was a death knell for most analog high definition technologies that had developed up to that time The FCC process led by the Advanced Television Systems Committee ATSC adopted a range of standards from interlaced 1 080 line video a technical descendant of the original analog NHK 1125 30 Hz system with a maximum frame rate of 30 Hz 60 fields per second and 720 line video progressively scanned with a maximum frame rate of 60 Hz In the end however the DVB standard of resolutions 1080 720 480 and respective frame rates 24 25 30 were adopted in conjunction with the Europeans that were also involved in the same standardization process The FCC officially adopted the ATSC transmission standard in 1996 which included both HD and SD video standards In the early 2000s it looked as if DVB would be the video standard far into the future However both Brazil and China have adopted alternative standards for high definition video citation needed that preclude the interoperability that was hoped for after decades of largely non interoperable analog TV broadcasting Technical details Edit This chart shows the most common display resolutions with the color of each resolution type indicating the display ratio e g red indicates a 4 3 ratio High definition video prerecorded and broadcast is defined threefold by The number of lines in the vertical display resolution High definition television HDTV resolution is 1 080 or 720 lines In contrast regular digital television DTV is 480 lines upon which NTSC is based 480 visible scanlines out of 525 or 576 lines upon which PAL SECAM are based 576 visible scanlines out of 625 However since HD is broadcast digitally its introduction sometimes coincides with the introduction of DTV Additionally current DVD quality is not high definition although the high definition disc systems Blu ray Disc and the HD DVD are The scanning system progressive scanning p or interlaced scanning i Progressive scanning p redraws an image frame all of its lines when refreshing each image for example 720p 1080p Interlaced scanning i draws the image field every other line or odd numbered lines during the first image refresh operation and then draws the remaining even numbered lines during a second refreshing for example 1080i Interlaced scanning yields image resolution if subject is not moving but loses up to half of the resolution and suffers combing artifacts when subject is moving The number of frames or fields per second Hz In Europe more common 50 Hz television broadcasting system and in USA 60 Hz The 720p60 format is 1 280 720 pixels progressive encoding with 60 frames per second 60 Hz The 1080i50 1080i60 format is 1920 1080 pixels interlaced encoding with 50 60 fields 50 60 Hz per second Two interlaced fields formulate a single frame because the two fields of one frame are temporally shifted Frame pulldown and segmented frames are special techniques that allow transmitting full frames by means of interlaced video stream Often the rate is inferred from the context usually assumed to be either 50 Hz Europe or 60 Hz USA except for 1080p which denotes 1080p24 1080p25 and 1080p30 but also 1080p50 and 1080p60 A frame or field rate can also be specified without a resolution For example 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second and 50i means 25 progressive frames per second consisting of 50 interlaced fields per second Most HDTV systems support some standard resolutions and frame or field rates The most common are noted below High definition signals require a high definition television or computer monitor in order to be viewed High definition video has an aspect ratio of 16 9 1 78 1 The aspect ratio of regular widescreen film shot today is typically 1 85 1 or 2 39 1 sometimes traditionally quoted at 2 35 1 Standard definition television SDTV has a 4 3 1 33 1 aspect ratio although in recent years many broadcasters have transmitted programs squeezed horizontally in 16 9 anamorphic format in hopes that the viewer has a 16 9 set which stretches the image out to normal looking proportions or a set which squishes the image vertically to present a letterbox view of the image again with correct proportions Common high definition video modes Edit Video mode Frame size in pixels W H Pixels per image1 Scanning type Frame rate Hz 720p also known as HD Ready 1 280 720 921 600 Progressive 23 976 24 25 29 97 30 50 59 94 60 721080i also known as Full HD 1 920 1 080 2 073 600 Interlaced 25 50 fields s 29 97 59 94 fields s 30 60 fields s 1080p also known as Full HD 1 920 1 080 2 073 600 Progressive 24 23 976 25 30 29 97 50 60 59 94 1440p also known as Quad HD 2 560 1 440 3 686 400 Progressive 24 23 976 25 30 29 97 50 60 59 94 Ultra high definition video modes Edit Video mode Frame size in pixels W H Pixels per image1 Scanning type Frame rate Hz 2000 2 048 1 536 3 145 728 Progressive 24 30 602160p also known as 4K UHD 3 840 2 160 8 294 400 Progressive 60 1202540p 4 520 2 540 11 480 800 Progressive 24 30 604000p 4 096 3 072 12 582 912 Progressive 24 30 604320p also known as 8K UHD 7 680 4 320 33 177 600 Progressive 60 120Note 1 Image is either a frame or in case of interlaced scanning two fields EVEN and ODD Also there are less common but still popular UltraWide resolutions such as 2560 1080p 1080p UltraWide There is also a WQHD option for some of these HD content EditHigh definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast direct broadcast satellite digital cable high definition disc BD digital cameras Internet downloads and video game consoles Most computers are capable of HD or higher resolutions over VGA DVI HDMI and or DisplayPort The optical disc standard Blu ray Disc can provide enough digital storage to store hours of HD video content Digital Versatile Discs or DVDs that hold 4 7 GB for a Single layer or 8 5 GB for a double layer are not always up to the challenge of today s high definition HD sets Storing and playing HD movies requires a disc that holds more information like a Blu ray Disc which hold 25 GB in single layer form and 50 GB for double layer or the now defunct High Definition Digital Versatile Discs HD DVDs which held 15 GB or 30 GB in respectively single and double layer variations Blu ray Discs were jointly developed by 9 initial partners including Sony and Phillips which jointly developed CDs for audio and Pioneer which developed its own Laser disc previously with some success among others HD DVD discs were primarily developed by Toshiba and NEC with some backing from Microsoft Warner Bros Hewlett Packard and others On February 19 2008 Toshiba announced it was abandoning the format and would discontinue development marketing and manufacturing of HD DVD players and drives Types of recorded media Edit The high resolution photographic film used for cinema projection is exposed at the rate of 24 frames per second but usually projected at 48 each frame getting projected twice helping to minimise flicker One exception to this was the 1986 National Film Board of Canada short film Momentum which briefly experimented with both filming and projecting at 48 frame s in a process known as IMAX HD Depending upon available bandwidth and the amount of detail and movement in the image the optimum format for video transfer is either 720p24 or 1080p24 When shown on television in PAL system countries film must be projected at the rate of 25 frames per second by accelerating it by 4 1 percent In NTSC standard countries the projection rate is 30 frames per second using a technique called 3 2 pull down One film frame is held for three video fields 1 20 of a second and the next is held for two video fields 1 30 of a second and then the process is repeated thus achieving the correct film projection rate with two film frames shown in one twelfth of a second See also Telecine and Deinterlacing Older pre HDTV recordings on video tape such as Betacam SP are often either in the form 480i60 or 576i50 These may be upconverted to a higher resolution format but removing the interlace to match the common 720p format may distort the picture or require filtering which actually reduces the resolution of the final output Non cinematic HDTV video recordings are recorded in either the 720p or the 1080i format The format used is set by the broadcaster if for television broadcast In general 720p is more accurate with fast action because it progressively scans frames instead of the 1080i which uses interlaced fields and thus might degrade the resolution of fast images 720p is used more for Internet distribution of high definition video because computer monitors progressively scan 720p video has lower storage decoding requirements than either the 1080i or the 1080p This is also the medium for high definition broadcasts around the world and 1080p is used for Blu ray movies HD in filmmaking Edit Film as a medium has inherent limitations such as difficulty of viewing footage while recording and suffers other problems caused by poor film development processing or poor monitoring systems Given that there is increasing use of computer generated or computer altered imagery in movies and that editing picture sequences is often done digitally some directors have shot their movies using the HD format via high end digital video cameras While the quality of HD video is very high compared to SD video and offers improved signal noise ratios against comparable sensitivity film film remains able to resolve more image detail than current HD video formats In addition some films have a wider dynamic range ability to resolve extremes of dark and light areas in a scene than even the best HD cameras Thus the most persuasive arguments for the use of HD are currently cost savings on film stock and the ease of transfer to editing systems for special effects Depending on the year and format in which a movie was filmed the exposed image can vary greatly in size Sizes range from as big as 24 mm 36 mm for VistaVision Technirama 8 perforation cameras same as 35 mm still photo film going down through 18 mm 24 mm for Silent Films or Full Frame 4 perforations cameras to as small as 9 mm 21 mm in Academy Sound Aperture cameras modified for the Techniscope 2 perforation format Movies are also produced using other film gauges including 70 mm films 22 mm 48 mm or the rarely used 55 mm and CINERAMA The four major film formats provide pixel resolutions calculated from pixels per millimeter roughly as follows Academy Sound Sound movies before 1955 15 mm 21 mm 1 375 2 160 2 970 Academy camera US Widescreen 11 mm 21 mm 1 85 1 605 2 970 Current Anamorphic Panavision Scope 17 5 mm 21 mm 2 39 2 485 2 970 Super 35 for Anamorphic prints 10 mm 24 mm 2 39 1 420 3 390In the process of making prints for exhibition this negative is copied onto other film negative interpositive internegative print causing the resolution to be reduced with each emulsion copying step and when the image passes through a lens for example on a projector In many cases the resolution can be reduced down to 1 6 of the original negative s resolution or worse citation needed Note that resolution values for 70 mm film are higher than those listed above HD on the World Wide Web HD streaming Edit A number of online video streaming on demand and digital download services offer HD video among them YouTube Vimeo dailymotion Amazon Video On Demand Netflix Watch Instantly Hulu HBO Max and others Due to heavy compression the image detail produced by these formats is far below that of broadcast HD and often even inferior to DVD Video 3 9 Mbit s MP2 upscaled to the same image size 7 The following is a chart of numerous online services and their HD offering World Wide Web HD resolutions Edit Source Codec Highest resolution W H Total bit rate bandwidth Video bit rate Audio bit rateAmazon Video note 1 VC 1 8 1280 720 9 2 5 6 Mbit sBBC iPlayer H 264 10 1280 720 11 note 2 3 2 Mbit s 10 3 Mbit s 10 192 kbit s 10 blinkbox 1280 720 2 25 Mbit s SD and 4 5 Mbit s HD 2 25 4 5 Mbit s 192 kbit sBlockbuster Online 1280 720CBS com TV com 1920 1080 12 3 5 Mbit s and 2 5 Mbits 720p 12 Dacast VP6 H 264 13 Unknown 5 Mbit s 14 DynTube Mp4 H 264 15 3840x2160 11 mbits sHulu On2 Flash VP6 16 1280 720 17 2 5 Mbit s 18 iPlayerHD FLV QuickTime H 264 MP4 H 264 19 1920 1080 20 2 Mbit s and 5 Mbit s 21 iTunes Apple TV QuickTime H 264 22 1920 1080 22 MetaCDN MPEG 4 FLV OGG WebM 3GP 23 No Limit 24 Netflix VC 1 25 3840 2160 26 25 Mbit s 27 2 6 Mbit s and 3 8 Mbit s 1080p 28 PlayStation Video H 264 MPEG 4 AVC 29 1920 1080 29 8 Mbit s 29 256 kbit s 29 StreamShark H 264 FLV OGV WebM VP8 VP9 30 1920 1080 31 Vimeo H 264 32 1920 1080 33 4 Mbit s 34 320 kbit s 35 Vudu H 264 36 1920 1080 37 4 5 Mbit s 38 Xbox Video note 3 1920 1080 39 YouTube H 264 MPEG 4 AVC VP9 AV1 7680 4320StreamHash Mp4 40 1920 1080 41 uTube AiOC Mp4 42 1920 1080 43 Formerly Amazon Unbox which now refers to a video player software and later Amazon Video on Demand During live events BBC iPlayer streams have a resolution of 1024 576 Formerly Xbox Live Marketplace Video Store but replaced by Xbox Video in 2012 HD in video surveillance Edit Since the late 2000s a considerably large number of security camera manufacturers have started to produce HD cameras The need for high resolution color fidelity and frame rate is acute for surveillance purposes to ensure that the quality of the video output is of an acceptable standard that can be used both for preventative surveillance as well as for evidence purposes 44 Although HD cameras can be highly effective indoor special industries with outdoor environments called for a need to produce much higher resolutions for effective coverage The ever evolving image sensor technologies allowed manufacturers to develop cameras with 10 20 MP resolutions which therefore have become efficient instruments to monitor larger areas In order to further increase the resolution of security cameras some manufacturers developed multi sensor cameras Within these devices several sensor lens combinations produce the images which are later merged during image processing 45 These security cameras are able to deliver even hundreds of megapixels with motion picture frame rate Such high resolutions however requires special recording storage and also video stream display technologies HD in video gaming Edit Both the PlayStation 3 game console and Xbox 360 can output native 1080p through HDMI or component cables but the systems have few games which appear in 1080p most games only run natively at 720p or less but can be upscaled to 1080p The Wii can output up to 480p enhanced definition over component which while not HD is very useful for HDTVs as it avoids de interlacing artifacts The Wii can also output 576i and 576p in PAL regions Visually native 1080p produces a sharper and clearer picture compared to upscaled 1080p Though only a handful of games available have the native resolution of 1080p all games on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 can be upscaled up to this resolution Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 games are labeled with the output resolution on the back of their packaging although on Xbox 360 this indicates the resolution it will upscale to not the native resolution of the game Generally PC games are only limited by the display s resolution size Drivers are capable of supporting very high resolutions depending on the chipset of the video card Many game engines support resolutions of 5760 1080 or 5760 1200 typically achieved with three 1080p displays in a multi monitor setup and nearly all will display 1080p at minimum 1440p and 4K are typically supported resolutions for PC gaming as well Currently all consoles Nintendo s Wii U and Nintendo Switch Microsoft s Xbox One and Sony s PlayStation 4 display games 1080p natively The Nintendo Switch is an unusual case due to its hybrid nature as both a home console and a handheld the built in screen displays games at 720p maximum but the console can natively display imagery at 1080p when docked PlayStation 4 is able to display in 4K though strictly only for displaying pictures See also EditATSC tuner Digital Video Broadcasting DVB DTV channel protection ratios HD ready HDTV input and colorspace YPbPr YCbCr Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting United States Federal Standard 1037C Waveform monitorReferences Edit Lee Jack 2005 Scalable Continuous Media Streaming Systems Architecture Design Analysis and Implementation John Wiley amp Sons p 25 ISBN 9780470857649 a b Shishikui Yoshiaki Nakanishi Hiroshi Imaizumi Hiroyuki October 26 28 1993 An HDTV Coding Scheme using Adaptive Dimension DCT Signal Processing of HDTV Proceedings of the International Workshop on HDTV 93 Ottawa Canada Elsevier 611 618 doi 10 1016 B978 0 444 81844 7 50072 3 ISBN 9781483298511 Ahmed Nasir January 1991 How I Came Up With the Discrete Cosine Transform Digital Signal Processing 1 1 4 5 doi 10 1016 1051 2004 91 90086 Z Ghanbari Mohammed 2003 Standard Codecs Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding Institution of Engineering and Technology pp 1 2 ISBN 9780852967102 Li Jian Ping 2006 Proceedings of the International Computer Conference 2006 on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing Chongqing China 29 31 August 2006 World Scientific p 847 ISBN 9789812709998 Lea William 1994 Video on demand Research Paper 94 68 House of Commons Library Archived from the original on 20 September 2019 Retrieved 20 September 2019 Why HD movie downloads are a big lie Ziff Davis 2007 05 31 Retrieved 2010 06 28 Amazon com News Release 2006 09 07 Retrieved 2009 10 16 using the ultra efficient VC 1 Advanced Profile codec Amazon com Help gt Digital Products gt Amazon Video On Demand Amazon Retrieved 2009 10 16 Our 2 5 Mbps HD files are streamed in high quality 720p resolution a b c d What do I need to know about HD on BBC iPlayer BBC Archived from the original on 2014 02 22 Retrieved 2014 02 11 We use h 264 with a bitrate of 3 2Mbps and 192kbps audio What do I need to know about HD on BBC iPlayer BBC Archived from the original on 2014 02 22 Retrieved 2014 02 11 In order to be classed as true high definition we encode in at least 1280x720 resolution or 720p a b CBS com HD Video System Requirements CBS com Retrieved 2009 10 16 Streaming Protocols for Flash RTMP H 264 amp VP6 Dacast Retrieved 2011 11 30 Live Streaming Solution Dacast Retrieved 2011 11 30 Video Player Features DynTube www dyntube com Retrieved 2022 06 30 Hulu About Hulu Archived from the original on 2009 10 26 Retrieved 2009 10 16 Hulu videos are streamed as Flash video files FLV files These files are encoded using the On2 Flash VP6 codec Hulu About Hulu Archived from the original on 2009 10 26 Retrieved 2009 10 16 HD videos on Hulu are streamed at 1280 x 720 resolution Hulu About Hulu Archived from the original on 2009 10 26 Retrieved 2009 10 16 Hulu currently supports four different streams including 480kbps 700kbps 1 000kbps an H 264 encode that is not on On2 VP6 and 2 5Mbps Learn More About iPlayerHD iPlayerHD com Retrieved 2009 12 16 We support FLV and H264 as MOV and MP4 Learn More About iPlayerHD iPlayerHD com Retrieved 2009 12 16 iPlayerHD will deliver video at any resolution including SD 720 x 480 and HD 480 720 and 1080 Learn More About iPlayerHD iPlayerHD com Retrieved 2009 12 16 Your video will be delivered at bit rates up to 5 000 kbps or 5 mbps a b Video quality reference table from best to worst MetaCDN Technical Specs MetaCDN Archived from the original on 2014 08 20 Retrieved 2014 08 20 Live Streaming Service MetaCDN Retrieved 2014 08 20 Hunt Neil 2008 11 06 The Official Netflix Blog Encoding for streaming Netflix Retrieved 2009 10 16 but settled on second generation HD encodes with VC1AP You Can Now Stream 4K Netflix on Windows 10 MakeUseOf Retrieved 2016 11 26 Internet Connection Speed Recommendations Help Center Retrieved 2016 11 26 Hunt Neil 2008 11 06 The Official Netflix Blog Encoding for streaming Netflix Retrieved 2009 10 16 second generation HD encodes at 2600kbps and 3800kbps a b c d Dipert Brian 2008 07 17 Online Video Content Distribution Sony s PlayStation 3 Enters The Ring Albeit With A Sound Hampered Hand Tied Behind Its Back EDN Archived from the original on 2008 09 07 Retrieved 2009 10 16 StreamShark Technical Specifications StreamShark Retrieved 2015 10 08 Live Streaming Service StreamShark Retrieved 2015 10 08 Vimeo Compression guidelines on Vimeo Vimeo Retrieved 2009 10 16 For best results we recommend using H 264 sometimes referred to as MP4 for the video codec and AAC short for Advanced Audio Codec for the audio codec permanent dead link Vimeo Compression guidelines on Vimeo Vimeo Retrieved 2009 10 16 640x480 for standard definition 4 3 video 853x480 for widescreen DV or 1920x1080 for high definition permanent dead link Vimeo Compression guidelines on Vimeo Vimeo Retrieved 2009 10 16 Use 2000 kbits sec for standard definition 4 3 video 3000 kbits sec for widescreen DV or 5000 kbits sec for high definition footage permanent dead link Vimeo Compression guidelines on Vimeo Vimeo Retrieved 2009 10 16 You ll want to set the bit rate to 320 kbps and the sample rate to 44 100 kHz permanent dead link Sturgeon Shane 2008 02 21 Showdown Apple TV vs VUDU HDTV Magazine Archived from the original on 2008 05 12 Retrieved 2009 11 05 all HD content is encoded with H 264 High Profile Streaming Requirements Vudu Archived from the original on 2010 01 29 Retrieved 2010 02 09 HDX 1080p Streaming Requirements Vudu Archived from the original on 2010 01 29 Retrieved 2010 02 09 HDX 1080p requires 4500 kbps XBox Video Microsoft Archived from the original on 27 October 2012 Retrieved 8 November 2012 StreamHash Version StreamHash Retrieved 2018 09 06 Video Streaming Software StreamHash Retrieved 2017 01 02 uTube by AiOC All in One Cluster Retrieved 2021 11 07 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Video sharing app like YouTube AiOC Retrieved 2022 01 02 High Megapixel Cameras It s Not Just About Quality SecurityMagazine Retrieved 2020 01 28 3 Ways Multi Sensor Cameras Alter the Video Surveillance Landscape SecurityInfoWatch Retrieved 2018 06 15 Further reading Edit Images formats for HDTV PDF 549 KiB article from the EBU Technical Review High Definition for Europe a progressive approach PDF 207 KiB article from the EBU Technical Review High Definition HD Image Formats for Television Production PDF 117 KiB technical report from the EBU Digital Terrestrial HDTV Broadcasting in Europe PDF technical report from the EBUExternal links Edit Look up HDTV in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikiquote has quotations related to High definition video ATSC Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title High definition video amp oldid 1121107740, wikipedia, wiki, 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