Used by the Czechs in Bohemia since the 15th century. It was the title of the second-highest military commander in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 16th to 18th centuries. Throughout much of the history of Romania and the Moldavia, hetmans were the second-highest army rank. In the modern Czech Republic the title is used for regional governors.
The term hetman was a Polish borrowing, probably from the German Hauptmann – captain[1] or a borrowing of the comparable Turkic title ataman (literally 'father of horsemen').[2][3]
The Polish title Grand Crown Hetman (Polish: hetman wielki koronny) dates from 1505. The title of Hetman was given to the leader of the Polish Army. Until 1581 the hetman position existed only during specific campaigns and wars. After that, it became a permanent title, as were all the titles in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. At any given time the Commonwealth had four hetmans – a Great Hetman and Field (deputy) Hetman for each of both Poland and Lithuania.
From 1585, the title could not be taken away without a proven charge of treachery, thus most hetmans served for life, as illustrated by the case of Jan Karol Chodkiewicz literally commanding the army from his deathbed (1621). Hetmans were not paid for their job by the royal treasury. Hetmans were the main commanders of the military forces, second only to the monarch in the army's chain of command. The fact that they could not be removed by the monarch made them very independent, and thus often able to pursue independent policies.
This system worked well when a hetman had great ability and the monarch was weak, but sometimes produced disastrous results in the opposite case. The security of the position notably contrasted with that of military leaders in states bordering the commonwealth, where sovereigns could dismiss their army commanders at any time. In 1648 the Zaporizhian Host (the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth subject) elected a hetman of their own, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, igniting the Ukrainian struggle for independence.
The military reform of 1776 limited the powers of the hetmans. The Hetman office was abolished after the Third Partition of Poland (1795).
At the end of the sixteenth century, the commanders of the ZaporizhianCossacks were titled Koshovyi Otaman or Hetman; Christof Kosynsky was the first Zaporizhian hetman. In 1572, a hetman was a commander of the Registered Cossack Army (Ukrainian: Реєстрове козацьке військо) of the Rzeczpospolita, too. From 1648, the start of Bohdan Khmelnytsky's uprising, a hetman was the head of the whole Ukrainian State — Hetmanshchyna. Although they were elected, Ukrainian hetmans had very broad powers and acted as heads of the Cossack state, they were supreme military commanders, and top legislators (by issuing administrative decrees).
In the Russian Empire, the office of Cossack Hetman was abolished by Catherine II of Russia in 1764. The last Hetman of the Zaporozhian Army (the formal title of the hetman of Ukraine) was Kyrylo Rozumovsky, who reigned from 1751 until 1764.
The title was revived in Ukraine during the revolution of 1917 to 1920. In early 1918, a conservative German-supported coup overthrew the radical socialist Ukrainian Central Rada and its Ukrainian People's Republic, establishing a hetmanate monarchy headed by Pavlo Skoropadskyi, who claimed the title Hetman of Ukraine. This regime lasted until late 1918, when it was overthrown by a new Directorate of Ukraine, of a re-established Ukrainian People's Republic.
Hetmans of Bohemia, Romania, and Moldavia
Used by the Czechs in Bohemia from the Hussite Wars (15th century) onward, hejtman is today the term for the elected governor of a Czech region (kraj).
For much of the history of Romania and the Principality of Moldavia, hetmans were second in rank in the army, after the ruling prince, who held the position of voivode.
Other uses
Hetman has often been used figuratively to mean 'commander' or simply 'leader'. Examples:
"They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman." — Maxim Gorky, Mother (1906)[4]
^"The Cossacks: A super-ethnos in Russia's ribs". The Economist. December 21, 1996.
^"Ataman". Cossackweb.narod.ru. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
^Gorky, Maxim (1906). Mother. New York/London: D. Appleton–Century Company. p. 372 – via Internet Archive. They say there was a whole band of them, and that this bearded man was their elder, the hetman.
External links
Look up hetman in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
hetman, other, uses, disambiguation, ukrainian, гетьман, romanized, political, title, from, central, eastern, europe, historically, assigned, military, commanders, grand, crown, amor, tarnowski, marcello, bacciarelli, 1781, used, czechs, bohemia, since, 15th, . For other uses see Hetman disambiguation Hetman Ukrainian getman romanized het man is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe historically assigned to military commanders Grand Crown Hetman Jan Amor Tarnowski by Marcello Bacciarelli 1781 Used by the Czechs in Bohemia since the 15th century It was the title of the second highest military commander in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 16th to 18th centuries Throughout much of the history of Romania and the Moldavia hetmans were the second highest army rank In the modern Czech Republic the title is used for regional governors Contents 1 Etymology 2 Hetmans of Poland and Lithuania 3 Hetmans of the Zaporozhian Host and Ukraine 4 Hetmans of Bohemia Romania and Moldavia 5 Other uses 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksEtymology EditThe term hetman was a Polish borrowing probably from the German Hauptmann captain 1 or a borrowing of the comparable Turkic title ataman literally father of horsemen 2 3 Hetmans of Poland and Lithuania EditMain article Hetmans of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth The Polish title Grand Crown Hetman Polish hetman wielki koronny dates from 1505 The title of Hetman was given to the leader of the Polish Army Until 1581 the hetman position existed only during specific campaigns and wars After that it became a permanent title as were all the titles in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth At any given time the Commonwealth had four hetmans a Great Hetman and Field deputy Hetman for each of both Poland and Lithuania From 1585 the title could not be taken away without a proven charge of treachery thus most hetmans served for life as illustrated by the case of Jan Karol Chodkiewicz literally commanding the army from his deathbed 1621 Hetmans were not paid for their job by the royal treasury Hetmans were the main commanders of the military forces second only to the monarch in the army s chain of command The fact that they could not be removed by the monarch made them very independent and thus often able to pursue independent policies This system worked well when a hetman had great ability and the monarch was weak but sometimes produced disastrous results in the opposite case The security of the position notably contrasted with that of military leaders in states bordering the commonwealth where sovereigns could dismiss their army commanders at any time In 1648 the Zaporizhian Host the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth subject elected a hetman of their own Bohdan Khmelnytsky igniting the Ukrainian struggle for independence The military reform of 1776 limited the powers of the hetmans The Hetman office was abolished after the Third Partition of Poland 1795 Hetman Mikolaj the Red Radziwill Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz wearing a traditional costume of Polish magnates Janusz Radziwill one of the most powerful people in the Commonwealth at the timeHetmans of the Zaporozhian Host and Ukraine EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Ukrainian Hetman Bohdan Zinoviy Khmelnytsky Main article Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks At the end of the sixteenth century the commanders of the Zaporizhian Cossacks were titled Koshovyi Otaman or Hetman Christof Kosynsky was the first Zaporizhian hetman In 1572 a hetman was a commander of the Registered Cossack Army Ukrainian Reyestrove kozacke vijsko of the Rzeczpospolita too From 1648 the start of Bohdan Khmelnytsky s uprising a hetman was the head of the whole Ukrainian State Hetmanshchyna Although they were elected Ukrainian hetmans had very broad powers and acted as heads of the Cossack state they were supreme military commanders and top legislators by issuing administrative decrees After the split of Ukraine along the Dnieper River by the 1667 Polish Russian Treaty of Andrusovo Ukrainian Cossacks and Cossack hetmans became known as Left bank Cossacks of the Cossack Hetmanate and Right bank Cossacks In the Russian Empire the office of Cossack Hetman was abolished by Catherine II of Russia in 1764 The last Hetman of the Zaporozhian Army the formal title of the hetman of Ukraine was Kyrylo Rozumovsky who reigned from 1751 until 1764 The title was revived in Ukraine during the revolution of 1917 to 1920 In early 1918 a conservative German supported coup overthrew the radical socialist Ukrainian Central Rada and its Ukrainian People s Republic establishing a hetmanate monarchy headed by Pavlo Skoropadskyi who claimed the title Hetman of Ukraine This regime lasted until late 1918 when it was overthrown by a new Directorate of Ukraine of a re established Ukrainian People s Republic Hetmans of Bohemia Romania and Moldavia EditUsed by the Czechs in Bohemia from the Hussite Wars 15th century onward hejtman is today the term for the elected governor of a Czech region kraj For much of the history of Romania and the Principality of Moldavia hetmans were second in rank in the army after the ruling prince who held the position of voivode Other uses EditHetman has often been used figuratively to mean commander or simply leader Examples They say there was a whole band of them and that this bearded man was their elder the hetman Maxim Gorky Mother 1906 4 Queen chess piece is called hetman in Polish and coded as H in the algebraic notation See also EditAppointed Hetman Ataman Bulawa Hetman s signReferences Edit Stevenson Angus Waite Maurice eds 2011 Concise Oxford English Dictionary Luxury Edition 12 ed Oxford University Press p 669 ISBN 9780199601080 The Cossacks A super ethnos in Russia s ribs The Economist December 21 1996 Ataman Cossackweb narod ru Retrieved July 6 2012 Gorky Maxim 1906 Mother New York London D Appleton Century Company p 372 via Internet Archive They say there was a whole band of them and that this bearded man was their elder the hetman External links Edit Look up hetman in Wiktionary the free dictionary Media related to Hetmans at Wikimedia Commons Hetman Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 13 11th ed 1911 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hetman amp oldid 1137374072, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
