Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772, in an attempt to strengthen the significantly weakened Commonwealth, King Stanisław August Poniatowski put into effect a series of reforms to enhance Poland's military, political system, economy, and society. These reforms reached their climax with the enactment of the May Constitution in 1791, which established a constitutional monarchy with separation into three branches of government, strengthened the bourgeoisie and abolished many of the nobility's privileges as well as many of the old laws of serfdom. In addition, to strengthen Poland's international standings, King Stanislaus signed the Polish-Prussian Pact of 1790. Angered by what was seen as dangerous, Jacobin-style reforms, Russia invaded Poland in 1792, beginning the War in Defense of the Constitution. Abandoned by her Prussian allies and betrayed by Polish nobles who desired to restore the privileges they had lost under the May Constitution, Poland was forced to sign the Second Partition in 1793, which ceded Dobrzyn, Kujavia, and a large portion of Greater Poland to Prussia and all of Poland's eastern provinces from Moldavia to Livonia to Russia, reducing Poland to one-third of her original size before the First Partition.[citation needed]
Outraged with the further humiliation of Poland by her neighbors and the betrayal by the Polish nobility, and emboldened by the French Revolution unfolding in France, the Polish masses quickly turned against the occupying forces of Prussia and Russia. Following a series of nationwide riots, on 24 March 1794, Polish patriot Tadeusz Kościuszko took command of the Polish armed forces and declared a nationwide uprising against Poland's foreign occupiers, marking the beginning of the Kościuszko Uprising. Catherine II and Frederick William II were quick to respond and, despite initial successes by Kosciuszko's forces, the uprising was crushed by November 1794. According to legend, when Kosciuszko fell off of his horse at the Battle of Maciejowice, shortly before he was captured, he said "Finis Poloniae", meaning in Latin "[This is] the end of Poland."[citation needed]
TermsEdit
Austrian, Prussian, and Russian representatives met on 24 October 1795 to dissolve the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with the three conquering powers signing a treaty to divide the region on 26 January 1797. This gave the Habsburg monarchy control of the Western Galicia and Southern Mazovia territories, with approximately 1.2 million people; Prussia received Podlachia, the remainder of Masovia, and Warsaw, with 1 million people; and Russia received the remaining land, including Vilnius and 1.2 million people. Unlike previous partitions, no Polish representative was party to the treaty. The Habsburgs, Russia, and Prussia forced King Stanislaus to abdicate and retire to St. Petersburg, where he died as a trophy prisoner in 1798. The victors also agreed to erase the country's name:
In view of the necessity to abolish everything which could revive the memory of the existence of the Kingdom of Poland, now that the annulment of this body politic has been effected ... the high contracting parties are agreed and undertake never to include in their titles ... the name or designation of the Kingdom of Poland, which shall remain suppressed as from the present and forever ...[2][page needed]
The Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ended the existence of an independent Polish and Lithuanian state for the next 123 years.[3] Immediately following the Third Partition, the occupying powers forced many Polish politicians, intellectuals, and revolutionaries to emigrate across Europe, in what was later known as the Great Emigration. These Polish nationalists participated in uprisings against Austria, Prussia, and Russia in former Polish lands, and many would serve France as part of the Polish Legions. In addition, Polish poets and artists would make the desire for national freedom a defining characteristic of the Polish Romanticist movement. Poland briefly regained semi-autonomy in 1807 when Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw, but this effectively ended with the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Congress created the Kingdom of Poland, sometimes called Congress Poland, as a Russian puppet state. Even this, however, came to an end after a Polish insurrection in 1831, at which point Russia ended most of the kingdom's autonomy and exacted multiple punitive measures on the Polish populace. In 1867, Russia made Poland an official part of the Russian Empire, as opposed to a puppet state. Poland would not regain full independence until the end of World War I when the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire allowed for the resurrection of Polish national sovereignty.[citation needed]
third, partition, poland, 1795, last, series, partitions, poland, lithuania, land, polish, lithuanian, commonwealth, among, prussia, habsburg, monarchy, russian, empire, which, effectively, ended, polish, lithuanian, national, sovereignty, until, 1918, partiti. The Third Partition of Poland 1795 was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland Lithuania and the land of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia the Habsburg monarchy and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polish Lithuanian national sovereignty until 1918 The partition was the result of the Kosciuszko Uprising and was followed by a number of Polish uprisings during the period 1 Third Partition of PolandAftermath of the Third Partition of the Commonwealth with the disappearance of sovereign Poland and Lithuania Population losses in the 3rd PartitionTo Austria1 2 millionTo Prussia1 millionTo Russia1 2 millionFinal territorial lossesTo PrussiaNorthern and Western Poland Podlachia Western Lithuania Sudovia To the Habsburg MonarchySouthern Poland Western Galicia and Southern Masovia To RussiaEastern Lithuania Contents 1 Background 2 Terms 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Footnotes 5 2 Bibliography 6 External linksBackground EditFurther information Partitions of Poland Polish Russian War of 1792 and Kosciuszko Uprising Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772 in an attempt to strengthen the significantly weakened Commonwealth King Stanislaw August Poniatowski put into effect a series of reforms to enhance Poland s military political system economy and society These reforms reached their climax with the enactment of the May Constitution in 1791 which established a constitutional monarchy with separation into three branches of government strengthened the bourgeoisie and abolished many of the nobility s privileges as well as many of the old laws of serfdom In addition to strengthen Poland s international standings King Stanislaus signed the Polish Prussian Pact of 1790 Angered by what was seen as dangerous Jacobin style reforms Russia invaded Poland in 1792 beginning the War in Defense of the Constitution Abandoned by her Prussian allies and betrayed by Polish nobles who desired to restore the privileges they had lost under the May Constitution Poland was forced to sign the Second Partition in 1793 which ceded Dobrzyn Kujavia and a large portion of Greater Poland to Prussia and all of Poland s eastern provinces from Moldavia to Livonia to Russia reducing Poland to one third of her original size before the First Partition citation needed Outraged with the further humiliation of Poland by her neighbors and the betrayal by the Polish nobility and emboldened by the French Revolution unfolding in France the Polish masses quickly turned against the occupying forces of Prussia and Russia Following a series of nationwide riots on 24 March 1794 Polish patriot Tadeusz Kosciuszko took command of the Polish armed forces and declared a nationwide uprising against Poland s foreign occupiers marking the beginning of the Kosciuszko Uprising Catherine II and Frederick William II were quick to respond and despite initial successes by Kosciuszko s forces the uprising was crushed by November 1794 According to legend when Kosciuszko fell off of his horse at the Battle of Maciejowice shortly before he was captured he said Finis Poloniae meaning in Latin This is the end of Poland citation needed Terms EditAustrian Prussian and Russian representatives met on 24 October 1795 to dissolve the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth with the three conquering powers signing a treaty to divide the region on 26 January 1797 This gave the Habsburg monarchy control of the Western Galicia and Southern Mazovia territories with approximately 1 2 million people Prussia received Podlachia the remainder of Masovia and Warsaw with 1 million people and Russia received the remaining land including Vilnius and 1 2 million people Unlike previous partitions no Polish representative was party to the treaty The Habsburgs Russia and Prussia forced King Stanislaus to abdicate and retire to St Petersburg where he died as a trophy prisoner in 1798 The victors also agreed to erase the country s name In view of the necessity to abolish everything which could revive the memory of the existence of the Kingdom of Poland now that the annulment of this body politic has been effected the high contracting parties are agreed and undertake never to include in their titles the name or designation of the Kingdom of Poland which shall remain suppressed as from the present and forever 2 page needed Aftermath EditSee also Partitions of Poland Aftermath nbsp Part of the permanent exhibition dedicated to the partitions of Poland at the Museum of the History of Polish Jews in WarsawThe Third Partition of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth ended the existence of an independent Polish and Lithuanian state for the next 123 years 3 Immediately following the Third Partition the occupying powers forced many Polish politicians intellectuals and revolutionaries to emigrate across Europe in what was later known as the Great Emigration These Polish nationalists participated in uprisings against Austria Prussia and Russia in former Polish lands and many would serve France as part of the Polish Legions In addition Polish poets and artists would make the desire for national freedom a defining characteristic of the Polish Romanticist movement Poland briefly regained semi autonomy in 1807 when Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw but this effectively ended with the Congress of Vienna in 1815 The Congress created the Kingdom of Poland sometimes called Congress Poland as a Russian puppet state Even this however came to an end after a Polish insurrection in 1831 at which point Russia ended most of the kingdom s autonomy and exacted multiple punitive measures on the Polish populace In 1867 Russia made Poland an official part of the Russian Empire as opposed to a puppet state Poland would not regain full independence until the end of World War I when the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and the collapse of the Austro Hungarian Empire allowed for the resurrection of Polish national sovereignty citation needed See also EditAdministrative division of Polish territories after partitions Administrative division of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth in the course of partitions Fourth Partition of PolandReferences EditFootnotes Edit Susan Parman 26 June 1996 Inventing Eastern Europe The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment Humanities amp Social Sciences Online Book review Archived from the original on March 6 2012 Davies Norman God s Playground A History of Poland Revised Edition Oxford Clarendon Press 2005 The History Of Poland www kasprzyk demon co uk Bibliography Edit Davies Norman God s Playground A History of Poland Revised Edition ed Oxford Clarendon Press 2005 Halecki Oskar A History of Poland New York D McKay 1976 Lord Robert The Third Partition of Poland The Slavonic Review Mar 1925 481 498 JSTOR Web 16 Dec 2011 Steed Henry Wickham W Alison Phillips and David Hannay A Short History of Austria Hungary and Poland London Encyclopaedia Britannica 1914 The History Of Poland Redirecting Web 02 Dec 2011 http www kasprzyk demon co uk www history index html Europa World Online Log In Europa World Online Home N p n d Web 16 Dec 2011 http europaworld com entry pl Partitions of Poland Polish history Britannica Online Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Britannica Online Encyclopedia N p n d Web 16 Dec 2011 http www britannica com EBchecked topic 466910 Partitions of Poland External links EditThe Period of Partitions 1772 1918 resources Encyclopaedia Britannica Poland Europaworld Online Poland The Partitions of Poland Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Third Partition of Poland amp oldid 1179176026, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
