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Podlachia

January 06, 2023

Podlachia,[1] or Podlasie,[2] (Polish: Podlasie, Lithuanian: Palenkė, Belarusian: Падляшша, romanized: Padliašša, Ukrainian: Підляшшя, romanized: Pidliashshia) is a historical region in the north-eastern part of Poland. Between 1513 and 1795 it was a voivodeship with the capital in Drohiczyn. Now the part north of the Bug River is included in the modern Podlaskie Voivodeship with the capital in Białystok.

Podlachia
Podlasie
Coat of arms
Podlachia Proper
Country Poland
Former capitalDrohiczyn
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)

Names and etymology

The region is called Podlasie, Podlasko or Podlasze in Polish, Palenkė in Lithuanian, Padliašša (Падляшша) in Belarusian, Pidljaššja (Підляшшя), Pidljassja (Підлясся), Pidljasije (Підлясіє), or Pidljaxija (Підляхія) in Ukrainian, Podljas’e (Подлясье) in Russian, "Podlyashe" (פּאָדליאַשע) in Yiddish, and Podlachia in Latin.

There are two hypotheses regarding the origin of the name of the region. According to the first one, the name is derived from the Polish word las ("forest"), and means "near the forest".[3] A common folk derivation is from the Proto-Slavic word les or las meaning "forest", i.e., it is "by the wood(s)" or an "area of forests", making Podlachia close in meaning to adjacent Polesia. The theory has been questioned, as it does not properly take into consideration the vowel shifts "a" > "e" > "i" in various Slavic languages (in fact, it mixes vowels from different languages).

According to the second theory, the name is derived from the word liakh (or lach, Ukrainian: лях, "Pole"), and means "near Poland".[3] The second theory holds that the term comes from the expression pod Lachem, which may be translated literally as "under the Poles" (see: Lechia). Some claim it to mean "under Polish rule", though in the Middle Ages Podlachia was only partially under Polish rule, and since 1446 until 1569 the area belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A better variant of this theory holds that the name originates from the period when the territory was within the Trakai Voivodeship of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, along the borderline with the Mazovia province, primarily a fief of the Poland of the Piasts and later on part of the Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons.

Geography

 
Historic Podlachian borders in green

Podlachia is located along the middle stretch of the Bug River between Mazovia in the west, Polesia and Volhynia in the east, the Narew River in the north and the Chełm Land in the south.[3] The borders of Podlachia changed with time and was not the same as historical Podlaskie Voivodeship.[3] Podlachia is sometimes divided into two parts (southern and northern), which had different administrative subordination.[3]

Traditional capital of Podlachia is Drohiczyn that lies into northern and southern parts. The former is included in the modern-day Podlaskie Voivodeship with its capital at Białystok (the historical boundary goes exactly through the city). Sometimes, Siedlce has been considered the capital of the region.

History

Podlaskie Voivodeship is a multicultural and multi-religious region. It is the region where people's identity has been shaped throughout history by both the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, and since the Reformation, also by Evangelical churches. Until today, Podlaskie has been considered Poland's most culturally diverse region.[4] Throughout its early history, Podlachia was inhabited by various tribes of different ethnic roots. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the area was inhabited by East Slavs tribes, mostly by Drevlians, with settlements of Dregoviches to the north beyond the Narew River and likely Dulebes to the south.,[3] although Masovian like population had been also present.[5] In the 14th century the area was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, though later on it still briefly fell under Mazovian Piast rule. In 1446, Podlachia became part of the Grand Duchy, but since 1496 southwestern parts of Podlachia (Drohiczyn Land and Mielnik Land) and since 1501 the northern part (Bielsk Land) used Polish law instead of Lithuanian. In 1513 King Sigismund I the Old formed the Podlaskie Voivodeship (adjective of Podlasie). In 1566, the southeastern part of Podlachia became part of the newly formed Brest Litovsk Voivodeship as the Brest Litovsk County. In 1569, after the Union of Lublin, Podlasie was ceded to the Kingdom of Poland. It was the northernmost part of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. The voivodeship was divided in three lands: the Drohiczyn, Mielnik and Bielsk Land. In the 18th and 19th century the private town of Białystok became the main center of the region, thanks to the patronage of the Branicki family and the textile industry development. After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Podlachia was divided between the Kingdom of Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy and the Russian Empire. In 1807, the western part of Podlachia became part of the Duchy of Warsaw, a semi-independent Polish entity, while the eastern part including Białystok fell under Russian rule.

In 1842 the northern Podlachia (Bielsk Podlaski county) became part of Grodno Governorate, and the southern Podlachia was assigned to Congress Poland of Russian Empire.[3] According to the Russian Imperial Census of 1897, the most spoken languages in Siedlce Governorate (that included southern Podlachia) were Polish (66.13%), Yiddish (15.56%) and Ukrainian (13.95%).[6] At the same time the most spoken languages in Bielsk Podlaski county (northern Podlachia) were Ukrainian (39.1%), Polish (34.9%), Yiddish (14.9%), Russian (5.9%) and Belarusian (4.9%).[7]

In the 19th century the region was a stronghold of Polish resistance against Russian rule. The last partisan of the January Uprising Stanisław Brzóska operated here until 1865. He was hanged publicly by the Russians in Sokołów Podlaski in May 1865. Poland regained Podlachia after restoring independence in 1918.

Demographics

Ethnic situation

 
A fragment of the ethnographic map by Aleksandr Rittikh with ethnic composition of Podlachia, 1875

While today Podlachia is mostly inhabited by Poles, many Belarusians live in the eastern parts.[8] According to Polish census of 2002, in Podlaskie Voivodeship there were 46,041 Belarusians (3.9%) and 1,366 Ukrainians (0.1%).[9] Autochthonous inhabitants have difficulties in national self-identification and identifying of their language.[10][11] They often identify their nationality as "tutejszy" (literally "locals").[12] Based on comparison of a survey and the census, Marek Barwiński supposes that people with a low level of national identity during the census usually choose the major nationality in their region.[13]

See also: Podlashuks

Orthodox autochthonous inhabitants are known as khakhly (without any negative connotations, though today in Ukraine it is known as an ethnic slur for Ukrainians).[14] According to Mykhailo Lesiv, this name appeared after it was used to denote locals in the Russian Imperial Army.[14] Many scientific researches prove that the orthodox population in Podlachia have Ukrainian origin (19th century censuses, historical and linguistic researches), though today the number of people with the Ukrainian identity is very small.[15]

Until the 19th century, Podlachia was populated by the Polish-speaking yeomanry (drobna szlachta), Jews (primarily in towns), and Ruthenian Greek-Catholics speaking a dialect related to modern Ukrainian – the so-called Khakhlak (Chachlak) dialect, which derived its name from a derogatory term for Ukrainians (khakhol or khokhol being the name of the traditional haircut of Ukrainian Cossacks).[citation needed]

In the 19th century, the inhabitants of Podlachia were under the rule of the Russian Empire, with southern Podlachia constituting a part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland. After 1831, Russian authorities forbade the Greek-Catholic faith in northern Podlachia and it disappeared from the area. In 1875, Russians forbade this rite in the southern portion as well, and all Greek-Catholic inhabitants were forced to accept the Eastern Orthodox faith. However, the resistance of the local people was surprisingly strong and Ruthenian speakers from this area rejected the separation from the Pope. In 1874, blessed Wincenty Lewoniuk and 12 companions were killed by Russian soldiers in Pratulin. In reaction to these measures, the Ruthenians of southern Podlachia began to identify themselves with the national movement of the Roman Catholic Poles. To preserve the full communion with the Pope, they changed their rite from Eastern to Latin before the compulsory conversion of Greek Catholics into Orthodox. In 1912, Russian authorities issued a tolerance edict that made it possible to change confession from Orthodox to Roman Catholic (but not to Greek-Catholic, which had been completely deleted). A majority of the inhabitants of southern Podlachia changed their faith from Orthodox to Roman Catholic. At present, very few people in this area speak Ruthenian and nearly all consider themselves Poles. Meanwhile, the eastern part of northern Podlachia is still populated by Belarusians.[citation needed]

Podlachia is also the cultural center of Poland's small Tatar minority as well.[citation needed] After the annexation of eastern Poland into the Soviet Union following World War II, Poland was left with only 2 Tatar villages, Bohoniki and Kruszyniany (both outside the historical borders of Podlachia). Some Tatars from the territories annexed to the USSR have been repatriated to Poland and clustered in cities, particularly Białystok.[citation needed] In 1925 the Muslim Religious Union (Muzułmański Związek Religijny) was formed in Białystok. In 1992, the Union of Tatars of the Republic of Poland (Związek Tatarów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) with autonomous branches in Białystok and Gdańsk began operating.[citation needed]

Language

The dominant language in Podlaskie Voivodeship is Polish.[16] Autochthonous inhabitants speak Podlachian subdialects [uk]. Many linguists relate them to the Ukrainian language.[17][18] Linguists have been exploring them since 19th century, when they were also known as Siedlce dialects (because of the name of Siedlce Governorate, where the dialects were mostly investigated).[19] There is a problem if they should be considered as part of west Polisian dialects subgroup [uk] or as a separate subgroup of northern dialectal group [uk] of the Ukrainian language.[20] In the Northern Podlachia Podlachian subdialects are also often considered to be Belarusian dialects[21][19] or sometimes Ruthenian dialects.[22]

Since the locals are known as khakhly, the local language is also called Khakhlatska mova (Ukrainian: хахлацька мова, "khokhols' language").[14] S. Zhelekhov wrote in 1884 that the people call their language "Polesian, but those, who were in the army (in the soldiers) call it Khakhlatska".[23]

Cities and towns

 
Drohiczyn and Bug river.
City Population (2015–16)[24] Pop. (1931) Administrative division Additional information
1. Brest 340,141 48,431 Brest Region Part of Podlachia until 1566, after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia; former royal city of Poland.
2. Białystok 295,981 91,335 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former private town of the Branicki family.
3. Biała Podlaska 57,414 17,549 Lublin Voivodeship Part of Podlachia until 1566, after 1566 it was rather considered part of Polesia, nowadays the area is referred to as Southern Podlachia; former private town of the Radziwiłł family.
4. Kobryn 52,655 10,101 Brest Region Part of Podlachia until 1566, after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia.
5. Augustów 30,449 12,147 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland.
6. Byaroza 29,408 4,521 Brest Region Area was part of Podlachia until 1566, after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia.
7. Bielsk Podlaski 26,336 7,029 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland, capital of Bielsk Land.
8. Hajnówka 21,559 Podlaskie Voivodeship
9. Sokołów Podlaski 18,720 9,901 Masovian Voivodeship Former private town of the Kiszka and Radziwiłł families.
10. Pruzhany 18,459 8,013 Brest Region Part of Podlachia until 1566, after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia.
11. Międzyrzec Podlaski 17,117 16,837 Lublin Voivodeship Part of Podlachia until 1574, after 1574 it was rather considered part of Polesia, nowadays the area is referred to as Southern Podlachia, former private town.
12. Łapy 16,005 6,674 Podlaskie Voivodeship
13. Siemiatycze 14,766 6,816 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former private town of the Jabłonowski family.
14. Włodawa 13,643 8,519 Lublin Voivodeship Part of Podlachia until 1566, after 1566 it was rather considered part of Polesia, nowadays the area is referred to as Southern Podlasie; former private town.
15. Zhabinka 13,357 Brest Region Area was part of Podlachia until 1566, after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia.
16. Węgrów 12,796 9,416 Masovian Voivodeship Former private town of the Radziwiłł family, westernmost town of Podlachia.
17. Malaryta 11,823 Brest Region Area was part of Podlachia until 1566, after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia.
18. Mońki 10,352 Podlaskie Voivodeship
19. Wysokie Mazowieckie 9,503 3,977 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former private town.
20. Kamyenyets 8,405 3,001 Brest Region Part of Podlachia until 1566, after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia.
21. Łosice 7,099 5,026 Masovian Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland.
22. Terespol 5,815 2,308 Lublin Voivodeship Part of Podlachia until 1566, after 1566 it was rather considered part of Polesia, nowadays the area is referred to as Southern Podlachia; former private town.
23. Choroszcz 5,782 2,905 Podlaskie Voivodeship
24. Vysokaye 5,164 2,739 Brest Region Area was part of Podlachia until 1566, after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia.
25. Ciechanowiec 4,840 4,029 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former private town.
26. Brańsk 3,867 4,204 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland.
27. Knyszyn 2,850 4,123 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland, royal residence of King Sigismund II Augustus.
28. Szepietowo 2,282 Podlaskie Voivodeship Youngest town of Podlachia.
29. Kosów Lacki 2,187 Masovian Voivodeship
30. Drohiczyn 2,125 2,309 Podlaskie Voivodeship Historical capital of Podlachia, former royal city of Poland, capital of Drohiczyn Land.
31. Tykocin 2,014 3,290 Podlaskie Voivodeship
32. Goniądz 1,900 3,449 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland.
33. Mordy 1,819 3,287 Masovian Voivodeship Former private town of the Radziwiłł and Ciecierski families.
34. Rajgród 1,626 2,432 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland.
35. Kleszczele 1,345 2,029 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland.
36. Suraż 1,008 1,379 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland.

Gallery

References

  1. ^ Paul Robert Magocsi. Historical Atlas of Central Europe: From the early fifth century to the present. Thames & Hudson, 2002.
    - William Fiddian Reddaway. The Cambridge History of Poland: Volume 2. 1971.
    - Zigmantas Kiaupa. The History of Lithuania. Baltos Lankos, 2005. p.52.
    - Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, Myroslav Yurkevich. Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Scarecrow Press, 2005.
    - Jerzy Kłoczowski. A History of Polish Christianity. Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.268.
  2. ^ Bedford, Neal (2008). Poland. Lonely Planet. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-1-74104-479-9.
    - Chorzempa, Rosemary A. (2009). Polish Roots. Genealogical Publishing Com. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-8063-1378-8.
    - Oskar Halecki; W: F. Reddaway; J. H. Penson. The Cambridge History of Poland. Cambridge University Press. pp. 363–364. ISBN 978-1-00-128802-4.
    - The Gate of Podlasie
    - Podlasie 2013-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
    - Introducing Mazovia & Podlasie
    - Podlasie24
    - Podlasie Jazz Festival
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Volodymyr Kubijovyč. "Podlachia". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  4. ^ Górczyk, Wojciech Jerzy (January 2020). "The Former Reformati Order's Monasteries Route": 22. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ Stan badań archeologicznych na pograniczu polsko-białoruskim od wczesnego średniowiecza po czasy nowożytne. Białystok: Muzeum Podlaskie. 2006. ISBN 83-87026-70-0.
  6. ^ "Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку, губерниям и областям". www.demoscope.ru (in Russian). Демоскоп Weekly. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  7. ^ "Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам 50 губерний Европейской России". www.demoscope.ru (in Russian). Демоскоп Weekly. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  8. ^ Barwiński 2005, p. 1.
  9. ^ Barwiński 2005, p. 9.
  10. ^ Barwiński 2005, p. 6, 18.
  11. ^ Arkushyn 2019, p. 116-117.
  12. ^ Barwiński 2005, p. 7.
  13. ^ Barwiński 2005, p. 12.
  14. ^ a b c Arkushyn 2019, p. 118.
  15. ^ Barwiński 2005, p. 8, 18.
  16. ^ Barwiński 2005, p. 14.
  17. ^ Arkushyn 2019, p. 115-116.
  18. ^ Barwiński 2005, p. 17-18.
  19. ^ a b Lesiv 1997, p. 291.
  20. ^ Arkushyn 2019, p. 116.
  21. ^ Arkushyn 2019, p. 115.
  22. ^ Lesiv 1997, p. 368.
  23. ^ Lesiv 1997, p. 283.
  24. ^ "Lista miast w Polsce (Spis miast, mapa miast, liczba ludności, powierzchnia, wyszukiwarka)".

Sources

  • Arkushyn, H. L. (2019). "Хахлацька мова на Підляшші" [Khakhatska language in Podlachia] (PDF). Українська мова (in Ukrainian). Луцьк (1): 115–125. doi:10.15407/ukrmova2019.01.115. ISSN 1682-3540. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  • Barwiński, Marek (2005). "Struktura narodowościowa i językowa mieszkańców południowo-wschodniej części województwa podlaskiego – porównanie wyników badań terenowych i Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego". Pogranicze (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku: 67–84. hdl:11089/3855. ISSN 1230-2392.
  • Górczyk, Wojciech Jerzy (2020), The Former Reformati Order’s Monasteries Route Węgrów.
  • Górczyk, Wojciech Jerzy (2018), Reformaci w Węgrowie. Architektura kościoła i miejsce fundacji węgrowskiej na tle działalności fundacyjnej Krasińskich Drohiczyński Przeglad Naukowy. Drohiczyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe: 307–326.
  • Lesiv, Mykhailo (1997). Українські говірки в Польщі [Ukrainian subdialects in Poland] (in Ukrainian). Український архів.

January 06, 2023
podlachia, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, june, 2011, lear. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Podlachia news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Podlachia 1 or Podlasie 2 Polish Podlasie Lithuanian Palenke Belarusian Padlyashsha romanized Padliassa Ukrainian Pidlyashshya romanized Pidliashshia is a historical region in the north eastern part of Poland Between 1513 and 1795 it was a voivodeship with the capital in Drohiczyn Now the part north of the Bug River is included in the modern Podlaskie Voivodeship with the capital in Bialystok Podlachia PodlasieCoat of armsPodlachia ProperCountry PolandFormer capitalDrohiczynTime zoneUTC 1 CET Summer DST UTC 2 CEST Contents 1 Names and etymology 2 Geography 3 History 4 Demographics 4 1 Ethnic situation 4 2 Language 5 Cities and towns 6 Gallery 7 References 8 SourcesNames and etymology EditThe region is called Podlasie Podlasko or Podlasze in Polish Palenke in Lithuanian Padliassa Padlyashsha in Belarusian Pidljassja Pidlyashshya Pidljassja Pidlyassya Pidljasije Pidlyasiye or Pidljaxija Pidlyahiya in Ukrainian Podljas e Podlyase in Russian Podlyashe פ א דליא שע in Yiddish and Podlachia in Latin There are two hypotheses regarding the origin of the name of the region According to the first one the name is derived from the Polish word las forest and means near the forest 3 A common folk derivation is from the Proto Slavic word les or las meaning forest i e it is by the wood s or an area of forests making Podlachia close in meaning to adjacent Polesia The theory has been questioned as it does not properly take into consideration the vowel shifts a gt e gt i in various Slavic languages in fact it mixes vowels from different languages According to the second theory the name is derived from the word liakh or lach Ukrainian lyah Pole and means near Poland 3 The second theory holds that the term comes from the expression pod Lachem which may be translated literally as under the Poles see Lechia Some claim it to mean under Polish rule though in the Middle Ages Podlachia was only partially under Polish rule and since 1446 until 1569 the area belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania A better variant of this theory holds that the name originates from the period when the territory was within the Trakai Voivodeship of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania along the borderline with the Mazovia province primarily a fief of the Poland of the Piasts and later on part of the Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons Geography Edit Historic Podlachian borders in green Podlachia is located along the middle stretch of the Bug River between Mazovia in the west Polesia and Volhynia in the east the Narew River in the north and the Chelm Land in the south 3 The borders of Podlachia changed with time and was not the same as historical Podlaskie Voivodeship 3 Podlachia is sometimes divided into two parts southern and northern which had different administrative subordination 3 Traditional capital of Podlachia is Drohiczyn that lies into northern and southern parts The former is included in the modern day Podlaskie Voivodeship with its capital at Bialystok the historical boundary goes exactly through the city Sometimes Siedlce has been considered the capital of the region History Edit The Podlaskie Voivodeship in the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1635 Podlaskie Voivodeship is a multicultural and multi religious region It is the region where people s identity has been shaped throughout history by both the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches and since the Reformation also by Evangelical churches Until today Podlaskie has been considered Poland s most culturally diverse region 4 Throughout its early history Podlachia was inhabited by various tribes of different ethnic roots In the 9th and 10th centuries the area was inhabited by East Slavs tribes mostly by Drevlians with settlements of Dregoviches to the north beyond the Narew River and likely Dulebes to the south 3 although Masovian like population had been also present 5 In the 14th century the area was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania though later on it still briefly fell under Mazovian Piast rule In 1446 Podlachia became part of the Grand Duchy but since 1496 southwestern parts of Podlachia Drohiczyn Land and Mielnik Land and since 1501 the northern part Bielsk Land used Polish law instead of Lithuanian In 1513 King Sigismund I the Old formed the Podlaskie Voivodeship adjective of Podlasie In 1566 the southeastern part of Podlachia became part of the newly formed Brest Litovsk Voivodeship as the Brest Litovsk County In 1569 after the Union of Lublin Podlasie was ceded to the Kingdom of Poland It was the northernmost part of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown The voivodeship was divided in three lands the Drohiczyn Mielnik and Bielsk Land In the 18th and 19th century the private town of Bialystok became the main center of the region thanks to the patronage of the Branicki family and the textile industry development After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795 Podlachia was divided between the Kingdom of Prussia the Habsburg monarchy and the Russian Empire In 1807 the western part of Podlachia became part of the Duchy of Warsaw a semi independent Polish entity while the eastern part including Bialystok fell under Russian rule In 1842 the northern Podlachia Bielsk Podlaski county became part of Grodno Governorate and the southern Podlachia was assigned to Congress Poland of Russian Empire 3 According to the Russian Imperial Census of 1897 the most spoken languages in Siedlce Governorate that included southern Podlachia were Polish 66 13 Yiddish 15 56 and Ukrainian 13 95 6 At the same time the most spoken languages in Bielsk Podlaski county northern Podlachia were Ukrainian 39 1 Polish 34 9 Yiddish 14 9 Russian 5 9 and Belarusian 4 9 7 In the 19th century the region was a stronghold of Polish resistance against Russian rule The last partisan of the January Uprising Stanislaw Brzoska operated here until 1865 He was hanged publicly by the Russians in Sokolow Podlaski in May 1865 Poland regained Podlachia after restoring independence in 1918 Demographics EditEthnic situation Edit A fragment of the ethnographic map by Aleksandr Rittikh with ethnic composition of Podlachia 1875 While today Podlachia is mostly inhabited by Poles many Belarusians live in the eastern parts 8 According to Polish census of 2002 in Podlaskie Voivodeship there were 46 041 Belarusians 3 9 and 1 366 Ukrainians 0 1 9 Autochthonous inhabitants have difficulties in national self identification and identifying of their language 10 11 They often identify their nationality as tutejszy literally locals 12 Based on comparison of a survey and the census Marek Barwinski supposes that people with a low level of national identity during the census usually choose the major nationality in their region 13 See also Podlashuks Orthodox autochthonous inhabitants are known as khakhly without any negative connotations though today in Ukraine it is known as an ethnic slur for Ukrainians 14 According to Mykhailo Lesiv this name appeared after it was used to denote locals in the Russian Imperial Army 14 Many scientific researches prove that the orthodox population in Podlachia have Ukrainian origin 19th century censuses historical and linguistic researches though today the number of people with the Ukrainian identity is very small 15 Until the 19th century Podlachia was populated by the Polish speaking yeomanry drobna szlachta Jews primarily in towns and Ruthenian Greek Catholics speaking a dialect related to modern Ukrainian the so called Khakhlak Chachlak dialect which derived its name from a derogatory term for Ukrainians khakhol or khokhol being the name of the traditional haircut of Ukrainian Cossacks citation needed In the 19th century the inhabitants of Podlachia were under the rule of the Russian Empire with southern Podlachia constituting a part of Russian controlled Congress Poland After 1831 Russian authorities forbade the Greek Catholic faith in northern Podlachia and it disappeared from the area In 1875 Russians forbade this rite in the southern portion as well and all Greek Catholic inhabitants were forced to accept the Eastern Orthodox faith However the resistance of the local people was surprisingly strong and Ruthenian speakers from this area rejected the separation from the Pope In 1874 blessed Wincenty Lewoniuk and 12 companions were killed by Russian soldiers in Pratulin In reaction to these measures the Ruthenians of southern Podlachia began to identify themselves with the national movement of the Roman Catholic Poles To preserve the full communion with the Pope they changed their rite from Eastern to Latin before the compulsory conversion of Greek Catholics into Orthodox In 1912 Russian authorities issued a tolerance edict that made it possible to change confession from Orthodox to Roman Catholic but not to Greek Catholic which had been completely deleted A majority of the inhabitants of southern Podlachia changed their faith from Orthodox to Roman Catholic At present very few people in this area speak Ruthenian and nearly all consider themselves Poles Meanwhile the eastern part of northern Podlachia is still populated by Belarusians citation needed Podlachia is also the cultural center of Poland s small Tatar minority as well citation needed After the annexation of eastern Poland into the Soviet Union following World War II Poland was left with only 2 Tatar villages Bohoniki and Kruszyniany both outside the historical borders of Podlachia Some Tatars from the territories annexed to the USSR have been repatriated to Poland and clustered in cities particularly Bialystok citation needed In 1925 the Muslim Religious Union Muzulmanski Zwiazek Religijny was formed in Bialystok In 1992 the Union of Tatars of the Republic of Poland Zwiazek Tatarow Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej with autonomous branches in Bialystok and Gdansk began operating citation needed Language Edit The dominant language in Podlaskie Voivodeship is Polish 16 Autochthonous inhabitants speak Podlachian subdialects uk Many linguists relate them to the Ukrainian language 17 18 Linguists have been exploring them since 19th century when they were also known as Siedlce dialects because of the name of Siedlce Governorate where the dialects were mostly investigated 19 There is a problem if they should be considered as part of west Polisian dialects subgroup uk or as a separate subgroup of northern dialectal group uk of the Ukrainian language 20 In the Northern Podlachia Podlachian subdialects are also often considered to be Belarusian dialects 21 19 or sometimes Ruthenian dialects 22 Since the locals are known as khakhly the local language is also called Khakhlatska mova Ukrainian hahlacka mova khokhols language 14 S Zhelekhov wrote in 1884 that the people call their language Polesian but those who were in the army in the soldiers call it Khakhlatska 23 Cities and towns Edit Drohiczyn and Bug river Orthodox sanctuary in Grabarka City Population 2015 16 24 Pop 1931 Administrative division Additional information1 Brest 340 141 48 431 Brest Region Part of Podlachia until 1566 after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia former royal city of Poland 2 Bialystok 295 981 91 335 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former private town of the Branicki family 3 Biala Podlaska 57 414 17 549 Lublin Voivodeship Part of Podlachia until 1566 after 1566 it was rather considered part of Polesia nowadays the area is referred to as Southern Podlachia former private town of the Radziwill family 4 Kobryn 52 655 10 101 Brest Region Part of Podlachia until 1566 after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia 5 Augustow 30 449 12 147 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland 6 Byaroza 29 408 4 521 Brest Region Area was part of Podlachia until 1566 after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia 7 Bielsk Podlaski 26 336 7 029 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland capital of Bielsk Land 8 Hajnowka 21 559 Podlaskie Voivodeship9 Sokolow Podlaski 18 720 9 901 Masovian Voivodeship Former private town of the Kiszka and Radziwill families 10 Pruzhany 18 459 8 013 Brest Region Part of Podlachia until 1566 after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia 11 Miedzyrzec Podlaski 17 117 16 837 Lublin Voivodeship Part of Podlachia until 1574 after 1574 it was rather considered part of Polesia nowadays the area is referred to as Southern Podlachia former private town 12 Lapy 16 005 6 674 Podlaskie Voivodeship13 Siemiatycze 14 766 6 816 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former private town of the Jablonowski family 14 Wlodawa 13 643 8 519 Lublin Voivodeship Part of Podlachia until 1566 after 1566 it was rather considered part of Polesia nowadays the area is referred to as Southern Podlasie former private town 15 Zhabinka 13 357 Brest Region Area was part of Podlachia until 1566 after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia 16 Wegrow 12 796 9 416 Masovian Voivodeship Former private town of the Radziwill family westernmost town of Podlachia 17 Malaryta 11 823 Brest Region Area was part of Podlachia until 1566 after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia 18 Monki 10 352 Podlaskie Voivodeship19 Wysokie Mazowieckie 9 503 3 977 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former private town 20 Kamyenyets 8 405 3 001 Brest Region Part of Podlachia until 1566 after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia 21 Losice 7 099 5 026 Masovian Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland 22 Terespol 5 815 2 308 Lublin Voivodeship Part of Podlachia until 1566 after 1566 it was rather considered part of Polesia nowadays the area is referred to as Southern Podlachia former private town 23 Choroszcz 5 782 2 905 Podlaskie Voivodeship24 Vysokaye 5 164 2 739 Brest Region Area was part of Podlachia until 1566 after 1566 it is rather considered part of Polesia 25 Ciechanowiec 4 840 4 029 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former private town 26 Bransk 3 867 4 204 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland 27 Knyszyn 2 850 4 123 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland royal residence of King Sigismund II Augustus 28 Szepietowo 2 282 Podlaskie Voivodeship Youngest town of Podlachia 29 Kosow Lacki 2 187 Masovian Voivodeship30 Drohiczyn 2 125 2 309 Podlaskie Voivodeship Historical capital of Podlachia former royal city of Poland capital of Drohiczyn Land 31 Tykocin 2 014 3 290 Podlaskie Voivodeship32 Goniadz 1 900 3 449 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland 33 Mordy 1 819 3 287 Masovian Voivodeship Former private town of the Radziwill and Ciecierski families 34 Rajgrod 1 626 2 432 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland 35 Kleszczele 1 345 2 029 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland 36 Suraz 1 008 1 379 Podlaskie Voivodeship Former royal city of Poland Gallery Edit Branicki Palace in Bialystok the largest city of proper Podlachia The former royal city of Augustow is the northernmost city of Podlachia and a popular summer tourist destination Baroque town hall in Bielsk Podlaski a former royal city of Poland and capital of Bielsk Land Hajnowka is notable for its proximity to the Bialowieza Forest the biggest primaeval forest in Europe Sanctuary in Sokolow Podlaski Congregation of the Mission Monastery in Siemiatycze Tykocin Synagogue Tykocin is one of the best preserved shtetls in Poland The main synagogue dates back to the 17th century References Edit Paul Robert Magocsi Historical Atlas of Central Europe From the early fifth century to the present Thames amp Hudson 2002 William Fiddian Reddaway The Cambridge History of Poland Volume 2 1971 Zigmantas Kiaupa The History of Lithuania Baltos Lankos 2005 p 52 Zenon E Kohut Bohdan Y Nebesio Myroslav Yurkevich Historical Dictionary of Ukraine Scarecrow Press 2005 Jerzy Kloczowski A History of Polish Christianity Cambridge University Press 2000 p 268 Bedford Neal 2008 Poland Lonely Planet pp 138 139 ISBN 978 1 74104 479 9 Chorzempa Rosemary A 2009 Polish Roots Genealogical Publishing Com pp 84 85 ISBN 978 0 8063 1378 8 Oskar Halecki W F Reddaway J H Penson The Cambridge History of Poland Cambridge University Press pp 363 364 ISBN 978 1 00 128802 4 The Gate of Podlasie Podlasie Archived 2013 12 11 at the Wayback Machine Introducing Mazovia amp Podlasie Podlasie24 Podlasie Jazz Festival a b c d e f g Volodymyr Kubijovyc Podlachia Encyclopedia of Ukraine Retrieved 23 February 2020 Gorczyk Wojciech Jerzy January 2020 The Former Reformati Order s Monasteries Route 22 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Stan badan archeologicznych na pograniczu polsko bialoruskim od wczesnego sredniowiecza po czasy nowozytne Bialystok Muzeum Podlaskie 2006 ISBN 83 87026 70 0 Pervaya vseobshaya perepis naseleniya Rossijskoj Imperii 1897 g Raspredelenie naseleniya po rodnomu yazyku guberniyam i oblastyam www demoscope ru in Russian Demoskop Weekly Retrieved 22 February 2020 Pervaya vseobshaya perepis naseleniya Rossijskoj Imperii 1897 g Raspredelenie naseleniya po rodnomu yazyku i uezdam 50 gubernij Evropejskoj Rossii www demoscope ru in Russian Demoskop Weekly Retrieved 22 February 2020 Barwinski 2005 p 1 Barwinski 2005 p 9 Barwinski 2005 p 6 18 Arkushyn 2019 p 116 117 Barwinski 2005 p 7 Barwinski 2005 p 12 a b c Arkushyn 2019 p 118 Barwinski 2005 p 8 18 Barwinski 2005 p 14 Arkushyn 2019 p 115 116 Barwinski 2005 p 17 18 a b Lesiv 1997 p 291 Arkushyn 2019 p 116 Arkushyn 2019 p 115 Lesiv 1997 p 368 Lesiv 1997 p 283 Lista miast w Polsce Spis miast mapa miast liczba ludnosci powierzchnia wyszukiwarka Sources EditArkushyn H L 2019 Hahlacka mova na Pidlyashshi Khakhatska language in Podlachia PDF Ukrayinska mova in Ukrainian Luck 1 115 125 doi 10 15407 ukrmova2019 01 115 ISSN 1682 3540 Retrieved 23 February 2020 Barwinski Marek 2005 Struktura narodowosciowa i jezykowa mieszkancow poludniowo wschodniej czesci wojewodztwa podlaskiego porownanie wynikow badan terenowych i Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Pogranicze in Polish Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Bialymstoku 67 84 hdl 11089 3855 ISSN 1230 2392 Gorczyk Wojciech Jerzy 2020 The Former Reformati Order s Monasteries Route Wegrow Gorczyk Wojciech Jerzy 2018 Reformaci w Wegrowie Architektura kosciola i miejsce fundacji wegrowskiej na tle dzialalnosci fundacyjnej Krasinskich Drohiczynski Przeglad Naukowy Drohiczynskie Towarzystwo Naukowe 307 326 Lesiv Mykhailo 1997 Ukrayinski govirki v Polshi Ukrainian subdialects in Poland in Ukrainian Ukrayinskij arhiv Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Podlachia amp oldid 1124178708, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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