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April 2015 Nepal earthquake

April 25, 2023

This article is about the Nepal earthquake that took place on 25 April 2015. For the major aftershock on 12 May 2015, see May 2015 Nepal earthquake.

The April 2015 Nepal earthquake (also known as the Gorkha earthquake)[7][11] killed 8,964 people and injured 21,952 more. It occurred at on Saturday, 25 April 2015, with a magnitude of 7.8Mw[1] or 8.1Ms[12] and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of X (Extreme). Its epicenter was east of Gorkha District at Barpak, Gorkha, roughly 85 km (53 mi) northwest of central Kathmandu, and its hypocenter was at a depth of approximately 8.2 km (5.1 mi).[1] It was the worst natural disaster to strike Nepal since the 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake.[13][14][15] The ground motion recorded in Kathmandu, capital of Nepal, was of low frequency, which, along with its occurrence at an hour where many people in rural areas were working outdoors, decreased the loss of property and human lives.[16]

2015 Nepal earthquake
Damaged homes in Kathmandu after the April mainshock.
Kathmandu
class=notpageimage|
Epicentre of earthquake
UTC time2015-04-25 06:11:25
ISC event607208674
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date25 April 2015 (2015-04-25)
Local time11:56:25 NST[1]
Magnitude7.8 Mw[1]
8.1 Ms
Depth8.2 km (5.1 mi)[1]
Epicenter28°13′48″N 84°43′52″E / 28.230°N 84.731°E / 28.230; 84.731Coordinates: 28°13′48″N 84°43′52″E / 28.230°N 84.731°E / 28.230; 84.731[1]
FaultMain Himalayan Thrust
TypeThrust[1]
Areas affected
Max. intensityX (Extreme)[2][3]
Peak acceleration0.25 g[4]
Peak velocity108 cm/s[4]
Aftershocks7.3 Mw on 12 May at 12:50[5]
6.7 Mw on 26 April at 12:54[6]
459 aftershocks of 4 Mw and above as of 24 May 2016[7]
Casualties8,857 dead in Nepal and 8,964 in total,[8][9] 21,952 injured,[8] 3.5 million homeless[8]

The earthquake triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest, killing 22,[17] the deadliest incident on the mountain on record.[18] The earthquake triggered another huge avalanche in the Langtang valley, where 250 people were reported missing.[19]

Hundreds of thousands of Nepalese were made homeless with entire villages flattened,[19][20][21] across many districts of the country. Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Kathmandu Valley, including some at the Kathmandu Durbar Square, the Patan Durbar Square, the Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the Changu Narayan Temple, the Boudhanath stupa and the Swayambhunath stupa. Geophysicists and other experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a deadly earthquake, particularly because of its geology, urbanization, and architecture.[22][23] Dharahara, also called Bhimsen Tower, a nine-storey 61.88-metre (203.0 ft) tall tower, was destroyed. It was a part of the architecture of Kathmandu recognized by UNESCO.

Continued aftershocks occurred throughout Nepal at the intervals of 15–20 minutes, with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6.7 on 26 April at NST.[6] The country also had a continued risk of landslides.[24]

A major aftershock occurred on 12 May 2015 at with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.3.[25] The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital of Kathmandu and Mount Everest.[26] More than 200 people were killed and over 2,500 were injured by this aftershock, and many were left homeless.[27]

Earthquake

 
Map of the earthquake and aftershocks at 12 May, showing location of major historical earthquakes

The earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at NST (06:11:26 UTC) at a depth of approximately 8.2 km (5.1 mi) (which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in the ground),[28] with its epicentre approximately 34 km (21 mi) east-southeast of Lamjung, Nepal, lasting approximately fifty seconds.[29] The earthquake was initially reported as 7.5 Mw by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) before it was quickly upgraded to 7.8 Mw. The China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) reported the earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 Ms. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.8 Mw and its epicenter was identified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Bharatpur was the nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53 km (33 mi) as the crow flies from the epicenter. The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6.6 Mw. It occurred 65 km (40 mi) east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) below the earth's surface. Over thirty-eight aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mw or greater occurred in the day following the initial earthquake, including the one of magnitude 6.8 Mw.[30]

According to the USGS, the earthquake was caused by a sudden thrust, or release of built-up stress, along the major fault line where the Indian Plate, carrying India, is slowly diving underneath the Eurasian Plate, carrying much of Europe and Asia.[28] Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (74 miles) wide and 60 km (37 miles) long, rapidly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to the south in a matter of just 30 seconds.[31]

The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur, The Hindu quoted him as saying, "Calculations show that there is sufficient accumulated energy [in the Main Frontal Thrust], now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake. I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait longer to produce a much larger one."[32] According to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organization devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some government officials had expressed confidence that such an earthquake would not occur again. Tucker recounted a conversation he had had with a government official in the 1990s who said, "We don't have to worry about earthquakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake"; the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934.[33] In fact, the 600-km-long Central Himalayan Gap hadn't ruptured since 1505.

Geology

 
M6+ Himalayan region earthquakes, 1900–2014
Further information: Geology of Nepal and Thrust tectonics

Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffuse collisional boundary where the Indian Plate underthrusts the Eurasian Plate,[34][35] occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc, nearly one-third of the 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long Himalayas. Geologically, the Nepal Himalayas are sub-divided into five tectonic zones from north to south and, east to west and almost parallel to sub-parallel.[36] These five distinct morpho-geotectonic zones are: (1) Terai Plain, (2) Sub Himalaya (Shivalik Range), (3) Lesser Himalaya (Mahabharat Range and mid valleys), (4) Higher Himalaya, and (5) Inner Himalaya (Tibetan Tethys).[37] Each of these zones is clearly identified by its morphological, geological, and tectonic features.[37]

The convergence rate between the plates in central Nepal is about 45 mm (1.8 in) per year. The location, magnitude, and focal mechanism of the earthquake suggest that it was caused by a slip along the Main Frontal Thrust.[1][38]

The earthquake's effects were amplified in Kathmandu as it sits on the Kathmandu Basin, which contains up to 600 m (2,000 ft) of sedimentary rocks, representing the infilling of a lake.[39]

Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main Frontal Thrust, on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal region.[40] A study from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup, the earthquake from 1934 in Nepal and the 2015 quake are connected, following a historic earthquake pattern.[41] A 2016 study on historical great (M ≥ 8) earthquake pairs and cycles found that associated great earthquakes are likely to occur in the West China region through the 2020s.[42]

Intensity

 
USGS shakemap.

According to the USGS website, the maximum intensity was VIII (Severe), however certain reports state an intensity of X (Extreme) or higher.[1] In most of Kathmandu the intensity was VIII-IX, as evidenced by the numerous undamaged water towers installed on top of undamaged multi story buildings. Tremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, Odisha, Sikkim, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Gujarat, in the National Capital Region around New Delhi and as far south as Karnataka.[43] Damage was extensive in northern Bihar and minor damage was also reported from parts of Odisha.[43] Shaking was felt in high-rise buildings as far as Kochi in the southern state of Kerala.[43] The intensity in Patna was V (Moderate).[44][failed verification] The intensity was IV (Light) in Dhaka, Bangladesh.[1] The earthquake was also experienced across southwest China, ranging from the Tibet Autonomous Region to Chengdu, which is 1,900 km (1,200 mi) away from the epicenter.[45] Tremors were felt in Pakistan[46] and Bhutan.[1][43]

Aftershocks

Main article: List of aftershocks of the April 2015 Nepal earthquake
 
Aftershocks of 2015 Nepal earthquake

A series of aftershocks began immediately after the mainshock, at intervals of 15–30 minutes, with one aftershock reaching 6.6Mw within 34 minutes of the initial quake. A major aftershock of magnitude 6.9 Mw occurred on 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12:54 NST (07:08 UTC), with an epicenter located about 17 km (11 mi) south of Kodari, Nepal.[46][47] The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in northern India including Kolkata, Siliguri, Jalpaiguri, and Assam.[48] The aftershock caused a landslide on the Koshi Highway, which blocked the section of the road between Bhedetar and Mulghat.[49]

A model of GeoGateway, based on a United States Geological Survey mechanism of a near-horizontal fault as well as location of aftershocks showed that the fault had an 11° dip towards the north, striking at 295°, 50 km (31 mi) wide, 150 km (93 mi) long, and had a dip slip of 3 m (9.8 ft).[50] The USGS says the aftershock registered at a shallow depth of 10 km (6.2 mi).[48]

As of 24 May 2016, 459 aftershocks had occurred with different epicenters and magnitudes equal to or above 4 Mw (out of which 51 aftershocks are equal to or above 5 Mw and 5 aftershocks above 6 Mw) and more than 20,000 aftershocks less than 4 Mw.[7]

12 May 2015 earthquake

Main article: May 2015 Nepal earthquake

A second major earthquake occurred on 12 May 2015 at 12:50 NST with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.3Mw 18 km (11 mi) southeast of Kodari. The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital city of Kathmandu and Mount Everest. It struck at the depth of 18.5 km (11.5 miles). This earthquake occurred along the same fault as the original magnitude 7.8 earthquake of 25 April but further to the east. As such, it is considered to be an aftershock of 25 April quake.[51] Tremors were also felt in northern parts of India including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and other North-Indian States.[52][53][54][55] At least 153 died in Nepal as a result of the aftershock and about 2,500 were injured. 62 others died in India, two in Bangladesh, and one in China.[27][56]

Aftermath

See also: Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015-2017)

Disastrous events in very poor and politically paralyzed nations such as Nepal often become a long drawn out chain of events, in that one disaster feeds into another for years or even decades upon end. The aftereffects from the earthquake had subsequent effects on a myriad of things: human trafficking, labour cost and availability, rental and property cost burdens, urbanization, private and public debt burdens, mental health, politics, tourism, disease, and damage to the healthcare system.[57] A survey some 30 months afterwards found only 12% of the reconstruction money had been distributed, and those without land were locked out of financial support, exacerbating the social divide and feeding marginalization.

More direct effects

Some disasters that came with the monsoon season were suspected to be related to the earthquake. There was a landslip on 11 June, killing 53 people.[58] Meanwhile, a glacial lake had burst in particularly hard hit Solukhumbhu district.[59] Whether or not the quake had contributed to such events is often unknown and unresearched, but certainly possible.

Casualties by country, all nationalities
Country Deaths Injuries Ref.
    Nepal 8,857 22,304 [8][60]
  India 78 560 [61]
  China 25 383 [62]
  Bangladesh 4 200 [63]
Total 8,964 23,447
Foreign casualties in Nepal
Nationality Deaths Ref.
  India 78
 [64]
  France 10 [65]
  Spain 7 [66]
  United States 7 [67][68]
  Germany 5 [69][70]
  China 4 [71]
  Italy 4 [72]
  Canada 2 [73]
  Russia 2 [74]
(dual)
  Australia
  India 		1 [75][76]
  Estonia 1 [77]
  Hong Kong 1 [78]
  Israel 1 [79]
  Japan 1 [80]
  Malaysia 1 [81]
  New Zealand 1 [82]
  United Kingdom 1 [83]
Total 127

Casualties

Nepal

The earthquake killed at least 8,857 people in Nepal[8][84][85] and injured nearly three times as many. The rural death toll may have been minimized by the fact that most villagers were outdoors working when the quake hit.[86] As of 15 May, 6,271 people, including 1,700 from the 12 May aftershock, were still receiving treatment for their injuries.[56] Nearly 3.5 million people were left homeless, causing around 2.6 million internal displacements.[60][87]

The example of this earthquake shows that loss calculations for hypothetical likely future earthquakes can be reasonably reliable. In 2005, the expected numbers of fatalities due to a hypothetical scenario earthquake near Kathmandu for M8.1 was published.[88] The fatalities at that time were estimated between 21,000 and 42,000. The M7.8 earthquake of 25 April 2015 killed about 8,800 people because it occurred on a Saturday and so many buildings that collapsed, such as schools and municipal buildings, were empty, reducing the death toll. In addition, the epicentre of the earthquake was in a rural setting, so the worst hit districts had low population densities and most of the population was outside when the earthquake hit.[89] Had the earthquake occurred at night or during the working week, when many more people were inside vulnerable buildings, the death toll would have likely been much closer to the modelled estimate.

 
Fatality reports by the media as a function of time, compared to the QLARM calculation (horizontal line) made after the rupture area of the Kathmandu earthquake had been mapped. Uncertainty extent given by the vertical solid line. The source for news reports is the NINTRAS web site of the Swiss Seismological Service. All reports, including lower values exceeded by others, are given.

After the rupture area of the Kathmandu 2015 earthquake had been derived[90] and the intensities of shaking had been mapped,[91] a line source model for losses could be constructed with energy being radiated along the entire rupture.[92] The fatalities estimated in this way by QLARM agree with those reported in the end. The figure shows reports of fatalities as a function of time. News reports significantly underestimated the actual numbers of fatalities for several days.

The Himalayan Times reported that as many as 20,000 foreign nationals may have been visiting Nepal at the time of the earthquake, although reports of foreign deaths were relatively low.[citation needed]

India

A total of 78 deaths were reported in India – including 58 in Bihar, 16 in Uttar Pradesh, 3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan.[61]

China

Twenty-seven people were confirmed dead, 383 were injured and 4 were missing, all from the Tibet Autonomous Region.[62] The quake destroyed 2,500 houses and damaged 24,700 others across 19 counties in Tibet, affecting nearly 300,000 people, among whom 47,500 were displaced, while A total of 82 temples were also damaged.[62] The counties of Gyirong, Nyalam and Tingri in Xigazê were worst hit, where nearly 80 percent of the houses in the three counties collapsed.[62]

Bangladesh

Four people were killed and 18 districts were affected by the earthquake in Bangladesh.[63] A six-story building partially collapsed and two garment factories tilted in Dhaka.[63] A 22-year old man died when trying to flee the Dhaka Medical College in a panic.[63] In Mirzapur, a woman died trying to escape a building.[63] Another woman was crushed to death by a collapsed wall while a teacher died of a heart attack during the earthquake.[63]

Avalanches on Mount Everest

Main article: 2015 Mount Everest avalanches

This earthquake caused avalanches on Mount Everest. At least 19 died,[93] with at least 120 others injured or missing.[93]

Landslides in the Langtang Valley

In the Langtang valley located in Langtang National Park, 329 people were reported missing after an avalanche hit the village of Ghodatabela[94][95] and the village of Langtang. The avalanche was estimated to have been two to three kilometres wide. Ghodatabela was an area popular on the Langtang trekking route.[96] The village of Langtang was destroyed by the avalanche. Smaller settlements on the outskirts of Langtang were buried during the earthquake, such as Chyamki, Thangsyap, and Mundu. Twelve locals and two foreigners were believed to have survived. Smaller landslides occurred in the Trishuli River Valley with reports of significant damage at Mailung, Simle, and Archale.[97][98] On 4 May it was announced that 52 bodies had been found in the Langtang area, of which seven were of foreigners.[99]

According to geological models, the frequency and intensity of future landslides in the Langtang Valley is due to increase in the coming decades.[100] This is attributable directly to the effect of the earthquake, which caused widespread fracturing in the grounds of the Langtang area.[101]

Damage

 
People waiting on airport tarmac for flights after aftershocks forced the airport to open all exit doors
 
Damage in the Basantpur Durbar Square

Thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of the country, with entire villages flattened, especially those near the epicenter.[19][20][21]

The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the earthquake, but was re-opened later in the day for relief operations and, later, for some commercial flights.[102] It subsequently shut down operations sporadically due to aftershocks,[103] and on 3 May was closed temporarily to the largest planes for fear of runway damage.[104] During strong aftershocks, the airport opened all boarding-lounge exit doors onto the tarmac, allowing people who were waiting post security and immigration to flee to the open spaces of the runway tarmac. Many remained outside as planes were delayed and the airport swelled to capacity. The airport facilities suffered damage and there was no running water or operating toilets in the airport lounges. Few airport workers were at their posts; most were killed in the earthquake or had to deal with its aftereffects.[105]

Flights resumed from Pokhara, to the west of the epicentre, on 27 April.[106]

Kathmandu Durbar Square
 
Before the earthquake
 
Building damage as a result of the earthquake

Several of the churches in the Kathmandu valley were destroyed. As Saturday is the principal day of Christian worship in Nepal, 500 people were reported to have died in the collapses.[107][108]

Several temples on Kathmandu Durbar Square, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, collapsed,[29] as did the Dharahara tower, built in 1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people,[109][110][111][112] Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, previously damaged in an earlier quake, tilted several inches further. The northern side of Janaki Mandir in Janakpur was reported to have been damaged.[citation needed] Several temples, including Kasthamandap, Panchtale temple, the top levels of the nine-story Basantapur Durbar, the Dasa Avtar temple and two shrines located behind the Shiva Parvati temple were demolished by the quake. Some other monuments including the Taleju Bhawani Temple partially collapsed.[113][114]

 
Damaged building in Balaju area

The top of the Jaya Bageshwari Temple in Gaushala and some parts of the Pashupatinath Temple, Swyambhunath, Boudhanath Stupa, Ratna Mandir, inside Rani Pokhari, and Durbar High School have been destroyed.[115]

In Patan, the Char Narayan Mandir, the statue of Yog Narendra Malla, a pati inside Patan Durbar Square, the Taleju Temple, the Hari Shankar, Uma Maheshwar Temple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungamati were destroyed. In Tripureshwar, the Kal Mochan Ghat, a temple inspired by Mughal architecture, was completely destroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suffered significant damage. In Bhaktapur, several monuments, including the Phasi Deva temple, the Chardham temple and the 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple were fully or partially destroyed.[115]

Outside the Valley, the Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, the Gorkha Durbar, the Palanchok Bhagwati, in Kabhrepalanchok District, the Rani Mahal in Palpa District, the Churiyamai in Makwanpur District, the Dolakha Bhimsensthan in Dolakha District, and the Nuwakot Durbar suffered varying degrees of damage. Historian Prushottam Lochan Shrestha stated, "We have lost most of the monuments that had been designated as World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur District, Nepal. They cannot be restored to their original states."[115] The northeastern parts of India also received major damage. Heavy shocks were felt in the states of Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and others. Huge damage was caused to the property and the lives of the people.

Economic loss

 
Road damage in Nepal

Concern was expressed that harvests could be reduced or lost this season as people affected by the earthquake would have only a short time to plant crops before the onset of the Monsoon rains.[116]

Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product of US$19.921 billion (according to a 2012 estimate),[117] is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own.[118] Even before the quake, the Asian Development Bank estimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually on infrastructure through to 2020 to attract investment.[118] The U.S. Geological Survey initially estimated economic losses from the tremor at 9 per cent to 50 per cent of gross domestic product, with a best guess of 35 per cent. "It's too hard for now to tell the extent of the damage and the effect on Nepal's GDP", according to Hun Kim, an Asian Development Bank (ADB) official. The ADB said on the 28th that it would provide a US$3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief efforts, and up to US$200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation.[118]

Rajiv Biswas, an economist at a Colorado-based consultancy, said that rebuilding the economy will need international effort over the next few years as it could "easily exceed" USD$5 billion.[118][119][failed verification]

Social effects

It was reported that the survivors were preyed upon by human traffickers involved in the supply of girls and women to the brothels of South Asia. These traffickers took advantage of the chaos that resulted from the aftermath of the earthquake.[120] The most affected were women from poor communities who lost their homes.[121] In response to the unsafe conditions of the temporary campsites, international organizations implemented Safety Committees which were provided cash grants for necessities like additional toilets and bathrooms.[122]

Most affected

Single women had very little access to relief, according to a report by the Inter-party Women's Alliance (IPWA). The report also found that violence and rapes against women and minors has increased after the earthquake.[123] Additionally, the earthquake has significantly affected certain groups of people. Tibeto-Burman peoples were hardest hit as they tend to inhabit the higher slopes of mountains as opposed to the central valleys and are less educated and connected. All of these factors make them harder to access. According to a government survey, malnutrition in children has worsened considerably some 3 months after the quake, with the most undernourished being Tamang and Chepang peoples.[124] Before the quake, 41 percent of children under five were stunted, 29 percent were underweight and 11 percent were emaciated, according to the World Food Programme.[124]

Disease

Though a feared mass cholera outbreak failed to materialize (there were sporadic reports), other outbreaks were reported. At least 13 people died of scrub typhus while 240 people were taken ill since the disease was first diagnosed in the country in August 2015 until September 2016.[125] The mental and emotional impact of an earthquake is the other invisible disaster.[126]

Rescue and relief

About 90% of soldiers from the Nepalese Army were sent to the stricken areas in the aftermath of the earthquake under Operation Sankat Mochan, with volunteers mobilized from other parts of the country.[127] Rainfall and aftershocks were factors complicating the rescue efforts, with potential secondary effects like additional landslides and further building collapses being concerns. Impassable roads and damaged communications infrastructure posed substantial challenges to rescue efforts.[128] Survivors were found up to a week after the earthquake.[129][130][131]

As of 1 May international aid agencies like Médecins Sans Frontières and the Red Cross were able to start medically evacuating the critically wounded by helicopter from outlying areas, initially cut-off from the capital city, Kathmandu,[20] and treating others in mobile and makeshift facilities.[132][133] There was concern about epidemics due to the shortage of clean water, the makeshift nature of living conditions and the lack of toilets.[134]

Emergency workers were able to identify four men who had been trapped in rubble, and rescue them, using advanced heartbeat detection. The four men were trapped in up to ten feet of rubble in the village of Chautara, north of Kathmandu. An international team of rescuers from several countries using FINDER devices found two sets of men under two different collapsed buildings.[135]

Volunteers used crisis mapping to help plan emergency aid work.[136] Local organization Kathmandu Living Labs helped coordinate local knowledge on the ground and collaborated with international crisis mapping and humanitarian organizations. Public volunteers from around the world participated in crowdmapping and added details into online maps.[137][138][139][140][141][142][143] Information was mapped from data input from social media, satellite pictures[144] and drones[136] of passable roads, collapsed houses, stranded, shelterless and starving people, who needed help, and from messages and contact details of people willing to help.[145] On-site volunteers verified these mapping details wherever they could to reduce errors. The technologies used by Kathmandu Living Labs were built on top of existing open source solutions which allowed them to work in a fast and cost effective manner.[146]

Digital mappers, through the Kathmandu Living Labs, were already charting the densely populated Kathmandu Valley, and then focused on earthquake relief. "They were doing an inventory in the poorer communities where they didn't have a very good sense of the quality of buildings," says Cowan, whose students helped add Kathmandu's buildings and roads to OpenStreetMap. First responders, from Nepalese citizens to the Red Cross, the Nepal army and the United Nations used this data. The Nepal earthquake crisis mapping utilized experience gained and lessons learned about planning emergency aid work from earthquakes in Haiti and Indonesia.[147]

India pledged to donate $1 billion in cash and materials to Nepal. India's External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj said "I am happy to announce Government of India's pledge for Nepal's post-earthquake reconstruction of Nepali Rupees 10,000 crores, equivalent to one billion US dollars, one fourth of it as Grant." The International Conference on Nepal's Reconstruction has been organised by the Nepalese government to raise funds for rebuilding the country.[148]

Reports are also coming in of sub-standard relief materials and inedible food being sent to Nepal by many of the foreign aid agencies.[149][150]

A United States Marine Corps helicopter crashed on 12 May while involved in delivering relief supplies. The Bell UH-1Y Venom crashed at Charikot, roughly 45 miles (72 kilometres) east of Kathmandu. Two Nepalese soldiers and six American Marines died in the crash.[151]

Need-fulfillment application, Getmii, launched a special pilot version in partnership with the Red Cross to double daily blood donors at the Kathmandu donation center using the app.[152]

Imaging technologies such as satellites and smartphones, were instrumental to relief efforts in Nepal.[153] GLIMS, group of volunteer scientists from nine nations, were able to provide rapid, systematic mapping of the damaged area, allowing the investigation of earthquake-induced geo-hazard processes that provided information to relief and recovery officials on the same timeframe as those operations were occurring.[154]

Charities and Crowdfunding platforms received over $230 million in donations from support groups. The money was used to provide medical supplies, for reconstruction of damaged buildings including schools and hospitals, and building orphanages for the victims among other things.[155]

Repair and reconstruction

Monuments

 
 
Patan Durbar Square's Hari Shankar Temple completely collapsed after 2015 earthquake (left), and after its full restoration; pictured in 2023 (right)

UNESCO and the Ministry of Culture began strengthening damaged monuments in danger of collapsing before the monsoon season. Subsequent restoration of collapsed structures, including historic houses is planned. Architectural drawings exist that provide plans for reconstruction. According to UNESCO, more than 30 monuments in the Kathmandu Valley collapsed in the quakes, and another 120 incurred partial damage.[156] Repair estimates are $160 million to restore 1,000 damaged and destroyed monasteries, temples, historic houses, and shrines across the country. The destruction is concentrated in the Kathmandu Valley. UNESCO designated seven groups of multi-ethnic monuments clustered in the valley as a single World Heritage Site, including Swayambhu, the three squares namely Durbar square of Kathmandu, Patan Durbar Square, and Bhaktapur Durbar Square, and the Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changu Narayan. Damaged in the quakes were the structures in the three Durbar squares, the temple of Changu Narayan, and the 1655 temple in Sankhu. Drones fly above cultural heritage sites to provide 3D images of the damage to use for planning repairs.[157]

Nepal Rural Housing Reconstruction Program

After an international donors conference held in Kathmandu on 25 June 2015 a multi donor trust fund of US$4.4 billion was established to aid the reconstruction of affected housing in 14 districts of Nepal.[158][159] This covered 66 per cent of the country's total recovery and reconstruction needs of US$6.7 billion.[158] Implementation of the Program consisted of five phases i.e. Survey, Identification and Validation, Enrollment, Reconstruction and Completion.[160] The data collection for the program was done digitally using tablets and resulted in collection of over 10 TB of data.[161] The data was openly released to the public by the National Planning Commission and is available for download on their website.[162]

International aid

Main article: Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake
See also: 2015–2017 Nepal humanitarian crisis

A total of $3bn was pledged by donors to help rebuild Nepal.[163][164] UNICEF said close to 1.7 million children had been driven out into the open, and were in desperate need of drinking water, psychological counsel, temporary shelters, sanitation and protection from disease outbreak. It distributed water, tents, hygiene kits, water purification tablets and buckets.[165] Numerous other organizations provided similar support.[166]

India was the first to respond within hours, being Nepal's immediate neighbour,[167] with Operation Maitri which provided rescue and relief by its armed forces. It also evacuated its own and other countries' stranded nationals. India has been the largest aid donor to Nepal following the earthquake with a billion dollar support apart from other non-monetary reliefs extended.[148] China, the Asian Development Bank and the United Kingdom provided significant bilateral aid and other nations and organisations provided aid, rescue teams and helicopters as requested by the Nepalese government.[168][169][170]

On 26 April 2015, international aid agencies and governments mobilized rescue workers and aid for the earthquake. They faced challenges in both getting assistance to Nepal and ferrying people to remote areas as the country had few helicopters.[171][172] Relief efforts were also hampered by Nepalese government insistence on routing aid through the Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fund and its National Emergency Operation Center. After concerns were raised, it was clarified that "Non-profits" or NGOs already in the country could continue receiving aid directly and bypass the official fund.[171][173] Aid mismatch and supply of "leftovers" by donors,[174] aid diversion in Nepal,[175] mistrust over control of the distribution of funds and supplies,[176][177][178] congestion and customs delays at Kathmandu's airport and border check posts were also reported.[179][180] On 3 May 2015, restrictions were placed on heavy aircraft flying in aid supplies after new cracks were noticed on the runway at the Tribhuvan International Airport, Nepal's only airport able to handle larger jet aircraft.[181][182]

The list below gives a break-up of pledged donations, by each nation, along with aid in kind, delivered immediately.[183]

Summary of international aid to Nepal for earthquake relief
(See details in the Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake article)
Aid agency / country Cash donation (US $) Humanitarian aid and supplies Other aid Source
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies $535,664.55 emergency fund activated Volunteers (first-aid, search-&-rescue) Blood-bank supplies to areas in the capital [133]
Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) Rapid intervention surgical kit with 11-member team left Kathmandu for Gorkha (200 km north-west) (61 staff deployed) Water and sanitation – makeshift camps – Tudikhel (Kathmandu), Bhaktapur (14 km east of Kathmandu), first-aid material to Bhaktapur hospital [132][172]
  European Union $3.3 million Aid, first-response teams and civil-protection experts [184]
  Algeria $1 million 70 relief workers, medicines, and other supplies [185]
  Australia $15.86 million

• $3,568,500 to the United Nations relief effort, $793,000 to the World Health Organization, $793,000 to the Australian Red Cross, $396,500 to the RedR Australia relief organisation, $3.172 million for other Australian NGOs.
• Two Boeing C-17 aircraft carrying 15 tons of Australian aid and two RAAF aero medical evacuation teams.
• The Government of Tasmania donated $7,930 to Rotary Tasmania's Nepal Earthquake Appeal.

• 2 humanitarian experts and a crisis-response team initially.
• 70 defence personnel, immigration and other federal government officials to distribute aid and help with evacuation efforts.

[186][187][188][189]
  Austria $835,000 Austrian Red Cross search-&-rescue staff [190]
  Azerbaijan 1 ton of medical supplies, tents, blankets and water (Ministry of Emergency Situations) [191]
  Bangladesh

• BAF Lockheed C-130B aircraft with 10 tonnes of relief materials – tents, dry food, water, blankets, etc.
• Four cargo trucks carrying approximately 25 tonnes of essential relief materials for earthquake victims in Nepal left Dhaka. The cargoes will travel through Banglabandh-Fulbari-Panitanki-Kakarbhitta land route. The relief materials include 3000 cartons (12 tonne) of dry food and fruit juice donated by PRAN, and 5000 pieces of blankets donated by Brac, according to a press release of the Embassy of Nepal in Bangladesh.
• Bangladesh will provide at least one hundred thousand tons of rice and other relief materials including drinking water to help the earthquake victims in Nepal.

A 34-member team (6 military medical teams and foreign ministry officials). Stranded Bangladeshis airlifted. [192][193][194][195]
  Belgium $5.5 million Search-&-rescue teams [196]
  Bhutan $1 million 63 personnel medical team [197][198][199][200]
[201]
  Brunei 8-man relief team (2 doctors, 4 paramedics from the Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF) and Brunei's Gurkha Reserve Unit (GRU) [202]
  Canada $4.16 million; $832,000 to the Canadian Red Cross A Boeing C-17 with supplies – blankets, jerry-cans, kitchen sets, hygiene kits, and tarps 150 Canadian troops; a Disaster Assistance Response Team – 30 experts; pledges by humanitarian organizations; immigration assistance [203][204][205][206]
[207]
  China $483 million Tents, blankets, and generators; emergency response for citizens China International Search and Rescue Team (CISAR) – 268 members, 26 search-&-rescue dogs [208][209][210][211]
[212][213][214]
  Colombia Fundraising by the Colombian Red Cross Over 1,500 volunteers from national societies. Evacuation of citizens and aid (when needed) [215][216][217][218]
  Czech Republic $791,378 Blankets, medical supplies, water and food; and a special trauma team – transported with a Boeing 737 36 medical workers and 13 firefighters. Evacuated 54 Czechs and 48 EU citizens. [219][220][221]
  Denmark $744,000 Aid (TBD) [222]
  Estonia Fundraising 15 rescue workers and medics (could not land – airport congestion) [223][224][225]
  Finland $3.35 million; fundraising by the Finnish Red Cross Medical and logistical supplies A Finnish Red Cross relief workers team [226][227][228][229]
  France Equipment and supplies Crisis centre at Foreign Ministry; a reinforcement team in New Delhi; 11 rescuers, (more help if needed) [230][231]
  Germany $68.34 million (€60 million), donated by the public A mobile medical centre 52 relief workers team – physicians, searchers, dog squads; the German Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW)'s Rapid Deployment Unit Water and Sanitation Abroad (SEEWA) [232][233][234][235]
  Greece Search-&-rescue teams [196]
  Haiti $1 million [236]
  Hong Kong $6.45 million World Vision Hong Kong raised $1.29 million to provide victims with tents, tarpaulins, solar-powered lights, and other necessities. [237][238][239]
  Hungary $1 million (HUF 300 million) [240]
  India $1 billion by the government Material aid in Operation Maitri:

• 8 tons of baby food
• Over 100 tons of medical supplies
• 75,000 vials of insulin
• Over 200 tons of water
• 100,000 bottles of water every day from the Indian Railways
• Hundreds of tons of food and dry rations
• 43 tons of relief material
• 10 tons of blankets
• Several tons of stretchers, tents
• A reverse osmosis (RO) plant
• Oxygen regenerators & cylinders
• 345 tons of relief material, dry food and essential medicines from the state governments of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh

Rescue aid:

• 16 National Disaster Response Force teams, over 1,000 personnel, search-&-rescue dogs
• Hundreds of retired Indian Gorkha soldiers of the Indian Army
• Hundreds of Indian Army and Indian Air Force personnel
• Military task forces headquartered in Kathmandu and Barpak
• Relief sorties by Ilyushin Il-76, C-130J Hercules, C-17 Globemaster, Antonov An-32 aircraft
• Civilian aircraft
• Helicopters – Mi-17, Cheetah, HAL Dhruv ALH
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
• 18 member medical team
• 3 field hospitals
• 2 mobile teams of specialist doctors
• 41 member medical team from the state of Rajasthan
• Indian Air Force rapid action medical team
• 45 bed hospital at Lagankhel
• Light vehicles
• Earth moving equipment
• 18 Indian Army Engineer Task Forces (Indian Army Corps of Engineers)
• Indian Oil Corporation team
• PowerGrid Corporation of India engineers
• 36+ vehicles – ambulances and water tankers – from the Sashastra Seema Bal
• 39 member Indian Army team deployed at the Everest Base Camp to search for, rescue and assist climbers

Evacuation of over 20,000 Indian citizens and hundreds of foreign nationals by air and road

[241][242][243][244]
[245][246][247][248][249]
[250][251][252]
[253][254][255][256][257][258]
  Indonesia $2 million 2 Boeing 737-400s belonging to the Indonesian Armed Forces and Garuda Indonesia, flew with 6 tons of relief supplies – blankets, body bags, food, water
hospital and sleeping tents, medical equipment: and medicines 		66 personnel of SAR and Medical team [259][260]
  Iran An 80,000 pounds (36,000 kg) relief package (via India) [261][262][263]
  Ireland $1.126 million [264]
  Israel Three IAF Hercules and two El Al Boeing 747-400 jets carrying a joint IDF and MFA search-&-rescue team and 95 tons of equipment including a field hospital (with premature-babies ward), cutters, electronic sniffers, generators, and lighting equipment. The planes were also used for evacuation. 264 person search-&-rescue team, including physicians. [265][266][267]
  Italy $326,000 [268]
  Japan $8.4 million Emergency relief supplies worth US$210,000 70 experts – Foreign Ministry, the National Police Agency, and JICA, along with rescuers, search-&-rescue dog handlers, communication specialists, physicians, and field coordinators [196][269][270]
  Macau $2 million MGM Macau donated $60,000 to the Macau Red Cross for the ongoing earthquake relief effort in Nepal [271]
  Malaysia 20 doctors – Mercy Malaysia and Malaysian Red Crescent; 30-man rescue team – Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team (SMART) [272][273][274]
  Maldives Other aid (TBA) [275]
  Mexico Earthquake rescue brigade and engineers. [233][276][277]
  Monaco Other aid (TBA) [233]
  Netherlands $4.45 million by the government and $25.394.275,18 raised by GIRO 555 Action ('Netherlands helps Nepal') 5 tons of relief supplies 62-man and 8-dog team; several physicians, nurses, and engineers [278][279]
  New Zealand $771,000 in humanitarian aid 45 urban search and rescue technicians, 2 aid workers and an engineer. [280][281]
  Norway $31.1 million (as of 25 May 2015). Including: $17.3 million (Norwegian government) and $13.8 million in donations to Norwegian aid organizations through aid concerts and donations from the Norwegian public. Deployed NORSAR Search and Rescue team, consisting of search dogs, emergency medical personnel and firefighters and equipment and aid of 15.3 tonnes. Transported with the help of a Boeing 737-800 of Norwegian Air Shuttle. [282][283][284]
  Pakistan

•Four Lockheed C-130 planes
•30-bed hospital
•2,000 military meals
•600 blankets
•200 tents
other assorted relief items

Military emergency personnel including army doctors, medical staff, and the combined ERRA-NDMA's special search and rescue teams with sniffer dogs [285][286]
  Philippines Soldiers, Philippine Red Cross staff, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Humanitarian Assistance Team and volunteers [287][288][289]
  Poland 81 firefighters of the State Fire Service, 12 search and rescue dogs, and 6 doctors of the Polish Center for International Aid [290][291]
  Portugal $200,000 (€160,000) [292]
  Qatar 2 aircraft with 60 tons of relief materials, such as food, medicines, power generators, and tents; 2 additional aircraft with 120 tons of relief materials, in addition to a field hospital provided by Qatari Red Crescent Aid operations [293]
  Russia Two Ilyushin Il-76 airplanes with 'a team of 90 rescuers and rescue equipment,' and 'a batch of humanitarian aid of food products and articles of daily necessity.' 50 highly skilled rescue workers [294][295]
  Saudi Arabia The Kingdom has sent 190 tons of aid to earthquake-hit Nepal, which includes food, tents and medical supplies, according to the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The Kingdom also sent medical workers. [296]
  Singapore $100,000 60 members of the Singapore Civil Defence Force; officers from Singapore's police forces, including the Gurkha Contingent; another relief team .[196][297]
  Slovakia $33,000 [298]
  Slovenia $55,000 [299][300][301]
  South Africa A search and rescue team composed of members of the South African Police Service with police dogs to aid in the rescue operation. [302]
  South Korea $1 million Sindhupalchok area

• 1000 tents
• Food packages for 230 families (Rice 10 kg, bean 1 kg, salt 1 kg, oil, Nepal noodle 1 kg, 10 vitamin tablets etc. per a package)
• 2.4 tons of rice, 320 bottles of vegetable oil, salts for 740 villagers

42 search and rescue workers including 15 medics and two assistants. Two sniffer dogs. [303][304][305][306]
  Spain 30 tons of humanitarian aid, including more than 3,200 blankets, 1680 awnings and 500 kitchen sets, donated in part by Spanish Red Cross. 47 soldiers of the Military Emergencies Unit and seven agents of the Civil Guard, with 60 tons of material, in order to find Spanish citizens unlocated. [307][308][309]
  Sri Lanka SLAF C-130 Hercules flight and Sri Lankan Airlines Airbus A330 flight with 17 tonnes of medicine, engineering, signal and ordnance equipment, supportive transport requirements, water bottles, health accessories, dry rations, and water purification tablets, etc. Groups of specialist physicians, other medical staff, and medicine; 44 Sri Lanka Armed Forces personnel and 4 medical consultants; a team of 156 persons, including 11 airmen, 4 medical consultants, and 14 sailors; 97 service personnel: 72 Sri Lanka Army personnel, 14 Sri Lanka Navy personnel, 11 Sri Lanka Air Force personnel [310][311]
  Sweden $1.5 million 40 support personnel: ICT, coordination, assessment, camp technicians, structural engineer [citation needed]
  Switzerland $26.7 million (fundraising) 38 tonnes of relief supplies Experts, including a physician, a building surveyor, and a water quality technician [312][313][314]
  Taiwan $300,000 Nepal rejected Taiwan's offer to send search and rescue teams due to "China factor". [315][316]
  Thailand $200,000 by government
$302,000 by the king
$5.56 million by the public 		Medics and rescue staff [317][318][319][320][321]
  Turkey 1,000 tents and 320 food packages. Up to 96 search and rescue staff [322]
  United Arab Emirates $1.36 million Medical and food supplies, purchased from India 88 search and rescue staff [196][323]
  United Kingdom $130 million (£83 million), of which $51 million (£33 million) was donated by the government and $79 million (£50 million) was donated by the public 30 tonnes of humanitarian aid and 8 tonnes of equipment Around 100 search and rescue responders, medical experts, and disaster and rescue experts deployed by the Department for International Development's United Kingdom International Search and Rescue Team; engineers from the British Army's Brigade of Gurkhas; three Chinook helicopters (returned unused by the Nepalese government) [324][325][326][327]
[328][329]
  United States $10 million by government, the public donates separately through several agencies A disaster response team from USAID; Urban Search and Rescue Virginia Task Force 1 from Fairfax County, Virginia was deployed to Nepal from the Dover Air Force Base; Los Angeles County's Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2; U.S. Army Green Beret soldiers; 900 Marines of the 3rd Marine Expeditionary Brigade; eight C-130s, five helicopters and four V-22 Osprey VTOL aircraft [330][331][332][333]
[334][335]
   Vatican City $100,000 [336]
  Vietnam $50,000 by government
$30,000 by the Vietnam Red Cross
 11 rescuers – Vietnam Red Cross [337][338]
Approximate Total USD $3 billion [339][340]

See also

References

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April 25, 2023
april, 2015, nepal, earthquake, this, article, about, nepal, earthquake, that, took, place, april, 2015, major, aftershock, 2015, 2015, nepal, earthquake, also, known, gorkha, earthquake, killed, people, injured, more, occurred, nepal, standard, time, saturday. This article is about the Nepal earthquake that took place on 25 April 2015 For the major aftershock on 12 May 2015 see May 2015 Nepal earthquake The April 2015 Nepal earthquake also known as the Gorkha earthquake 7 11 killed 8 964 people and injured 21 952 more It occurred at 11 56 Nepal Standard Time on Saturday 25 April 2015 with a magnitude of 7 8Mw 1 or 8 1Ms 12 and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of X Extreme Its epicenter was east of Gorkha District at Barpak Gorkha roughly 85 km 53 mi northwest of central Kathmandu and its hypocenter was at a depth of approximately 8 2 km 5 1 mi 1 It was the worst natural disaster to strike Nepal since the 1934 Nepal Bihar earthquake 13 14 15 The ground motion recorded in Kathmandu capital of Nepal was of low frequency which along with its occurrence at an hour where many people in rural areas were working outdoors decreased the loss of property and human lives 16 2015 Nepal earthquakeDamaged homes in Kathmandu after the April mainshock Kathmanduclass notpageimage Epicentre of earthquakeUTC time2015 04 25 06 11 25ISC event607208674USGS ANSSComCatLocal date25 April 2015 2015 04 25 Local time11 56 25 NST 1 Magnitude7 8 Mw 1 8 1 MsDepth8 2 km 5 1 mi 1 Epicenter28 13 48 N 84 43 52 E 28 230 N 84 731 E 28 230 84 731 Coordinates 28 13 48 N 84 43 52 E 28 230 N 84 731 E 28 230 84 731 1 FaultMain Himalayan ThrustTypeThrust 1 Areas affectedNepalIndiaChinaBangladeshMax intensityX Extreme 2 3 Peak acceleration0 25 g 4 Peak velocity108 cm s 4 Aftershocks7 3 Mw on 12 May at 12 50 5 6 7 Mw on 26 April at 12 54 6 459 aftershocks of 4 Mw and above as of 24 May 2016 7 Casualties8 857 dead in Nepal and 8 964 in total 8 9 21 952 injured 8 3 5 million homeless 8 The earthquake triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest killing 22 17 the deadliest incident on the mountain on record 18 The earthquake triggered another huge avalanche in the Langtang valley where 250 people were reported missing 19 Hundreds of thousands of Nepalese were made homeless with entire villages flattened 19 20 21 across many districts of the country Centuries old buildings were destroyed at UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Kathmandu Valley including some at the Kathmandu Durbar Square the Patan Durbar Square the Bhaktapur Durbar Square the Changu Narayan Temple the Boudhanath stupa and the Swayambhunath stupa Geophysicists and other experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a deadly earthquake particularly because of its geology urbanization and architecture 22 23 Dharahara also called Bhimsen Tower a nine storey 61 88 metre 203 0 ft tall tower was destroyed It was a part of the architecture of Kathmandu recognized by UNESCO Continued aftershocks occurred throughout Nepal at the intervals of 15 20 minutes with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6 7 on 26 April at 12 54 08 NST 6 The country also had a continued risk of landslides 24 A major aftershock occurred on 12 May 2015 at 12 50 NST with a moment magnitude Mw of 7 3 25 The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital of Kathmandu and Mount Everest 26 More than 200 people were killed and over 2 500 were injured by this aftershock and many were left homeless 27 Contents 1 Earthquake 2 Geology 2 1 Intensity 2 2 Aftershocks 2 3 12 May 2015 earthquake 3 Aftermath 3 1 More direct effects 3 2 Casualties 3 2 1 Nepal 3 2 2 India 3 2 3 China 3 2 4 Bangladesh 3 2 5 Avalanches on Mount Everest 3 2 6 Landslides in the Langtang Valley 3 3 Damage 3 4 Economic loss 3 5 Social effects 3 6 Most affected 3 7 Disease 4 Rescue and relief 5 Repair and reconstruction 5 1 Monuments 5 2 Nepal Rural Housing Reconstruction Program 6 International aid 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksEarthquake Edit Map of the earthquake and aftershocks at 12 May showing location of major historical earthquakes The earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at 11 56 am NST 06 11 26 UTC at a depth of approximately 8 2 km 5 1 mi which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in the ground 28 with its epicentre approximately 34 km 21 mi east southeast of Lamjung Nepal lasting approximately fifty seconds 29 The earthquake was initially reported as 7 5 Mw by the United States Geological Survey USGS before it was quickly upgraded to 7 8 Mw The China Earthquake Networks Center CENC reported the earthquake s magnitude to be 8 1 Ms The India Meteorological Department IMD said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06 11 UTC and 06 45 UTC The first quake measured 7 8 Mw and its epicenter was identified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest of Kathmandu the capital of Nepal Bharatpur was the nearest major city to the main earthquake 53 km 33 mi as the crow flies from the epicenter The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6 6 Mw It occurred 65 km 40 mi east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of 10 km 6 2 mi below the earth s surface Over thirty eight aftershocks of magnitude 4 5 Mw or greater occurred in the day following the initial earthquake including the one of magnitude 6 8 Mw 30 According to the USGS the earthquake was caused by a sudden thrust or release of built up stress along the major fault line where the Indian Plate carrying India is slowly diving underneath the Eurasian Plate carrying much of Europe and Asia 28 Kathmandu situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km 74 miles wide and 60 km 37 miles long rapidly shifted 3 m 10 ft to the south in a matter of just 30 seconds 31 The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand In 2013 in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur The Hindu quoted him as saying Calculations show that there is sufficient accumulated energy in the Main Frontal Thrust now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake I cannot say when It may not happen tomorrow but it could possibly happen sometime this century or wait longer to produce a much larger one 32 According to Brian Tucker founder of a nonprofit organization devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters some government officials had expressed confidence that such an earthquake would not occur again Tucker recounted a conversation he had had with a government official in the 1990s who said We don t have to worry about earthquakes anymore because we already had an earthquake the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934 33 In fact the 600 km long Central Himalayan Gap hadn t ruptured since 1505 Geology Edit M6 Himalayan region earthquakes 1900 2014 Further information Geology of Nepal and Thrust tectonics Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffuse collisional boundary where the Indian Plate underthrusts the Eurasian Plate 34 35 occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc nearly one third of the 2 400 km 1 500 mi long Himalayas Geologically the Nepal Himalayas are sub divided into five tectonic zones from north to south and east to west and almost parallel to sub parallel 36 These five distinct morpho geotectonic zones are 1 Terai Plain 2 Sub Himalaya Shivalik Range 3 Lesser Himalaya Mahabharat Range and mid valleys 4 Higher Himalaya and 5 Inner Himalaya Tibetan Tethys 37 Each of these zones is clearly identified by its morphological geological and tectonic features 37 The convergence rate between the plates in central Nepal is about 45 mm 1 8 in per year The location magnitude and focal mechanism of the earthquake suggest that it was caused by a slip along the Main Frontal Thrust 1 38 The earthquake s effects were amplified in Kathmandu as it sits on the Kathmandu Basin which contains up to 600 m 2 000 ft of sedimentary rocks representing the infilling of a lake 39 Based on a study published in 2014 of the Main Frontal Thrust on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 140 and 870 350 years in the east Nepal region 40 A study from 2015 found a 700 year delay between earthquakes in the region The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup the earthquake from 1934 in Nepal and the 2015 quake are connected following a historic earthquake pattern 41 A 2016 study on historical great M 8 earthquake pairs and cycles found that associated great earthquakes are likely to occur in the West China region through the 2020s 42 Intensity Edit USGS shakemap According to the USGS website the maximum intensity was VIII Severe however certain reports state an intensity of X Extreme or higher 1 In most of Kathmandu the intensity was VIII IX as evidenced by the numerous undamaged water towers installed on top of undamaged multi story buildings Tremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states of Bihar Uttar Pradesh Assam West Bengal Odisha Sikkim Jharkhand Uttarakhand Gujarat in the National Capital Region around New Delhi and as far south as Karnataka 43 Damage was extensive in northern Bihar and minor damage was also reported from parts of Odisha 43 Shaking was felt in high rise buildings as far as Kochi in the southern state of Kerala 43 The intensity in Patna was V Moderate 44 failed verification The intensity was IV Light in Dhaka Bangladesh 1 The earthquake was also experienced across southwest China ranging from the Tibet Autonomous Region to Chengdu which is 1 900 km 1 200 mi away from the epicenter 45 Tremors were felt in Pakistan 46 and Bhutan 1 43 Aftershocks Edit Main article List of aftershocks of the April 2015 Nepal earthquake Aftershocks of 2015 Nepal earthquake A series of aftershocks began immediately after the mainshock at intervals of 15 30 minutes with one aftershock reaching 6 6Mw within 34 minutes of the initial quake A major aftershock of magnitude 6 9 Mw occurred on 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12 54 NST 07 08 UTC with an epicenter located about 17 km 11 mi south of Kodari Nepal 46 47 The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in northern India including Kolkata Siliguri Jalpaiguri and Assam 48 The aftershock caused a landslide on the Koshi Highway which blocked the section of the road between Bhedetar and Mulghat 49 A model of GeoGateway based on a United States Geological Survey mechanism of a near horizontal fault as well as location of aftershocks showed that the fault had an 11 dip towards the north striking at 295 50 km 31 mi wide 150 km 93 mi long and had a dip slip of 3 m 9 8 ft 50 The USGS says the aftershock registered at a shallow depth of 10 km 6 2 mi 48 As of 24 May 2016 459 aftershocks had occurred with different epicenters and magnitudes equal to or above 4 Mw out of which 51 aftershocks are equal to or above 5 Mw and 5 aftershocks above 6 Mw and more than 20 000 aftershocks less than 4 Mw 7 12 May 2015 earthquake Edit Main article May 2015 Nepal earthquake A second major earthquake occurred on 12 May 2015 at 12 50 NST with a moment magnitude Mw of 7 3Mw 18 km 11 mi southeast of Kodari The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital city of Kathmandu and Mount Everest It struck at the depth of 18 5 km 11 5 miles This earthquake occurred along the same fault as the original magnitude 7 8 earthquake of 25 April but further to the east As such it is considered to be an aftershock of 25 April quake 51 Tremors were also felt in northern parts of India including Bihar Uttar Pradesh West Bengal and other North Indian States 52 53 54 55 At least 153 died in Nepal as a result of the aftershock and about 2 500 were injured 62 others died in India two in Bangladesh and one in China 27 56 Aftermath EditSee also Nepal humanitarian crisis 2015 2017 Disastrous events in very poor and politically paralyzed nations such as Nepal often become a long drawn out chain of events in that one disaster feeds into another for years or even decades upon end The aftereffects from the earthquake had subsequent effects on a myriad of things human trafficking labour cost and availability rental and property cost burdens urbanization private and public debt burdens mental health politics tourism disease and damage to the healthcare system 57 A survey some 30 months afterwards found only 12 of the reconstruction money had been distributed and those without land were locked out of financial support exacerbating the social divide and feeding marginalization More direct effects Edit Some disasters that came with the monsoon season were suspected to be related to the earthquake There was a landslip on 11 June killing 53 people 58 Meanwhile a glacial lake had burst in particularly hard hit Solukhumbhu district 59 Whether or not the quake had contributed to such events is often unknown and unresearched but certainly possible Casualties by country all nationalities Country Deaths Injuries Ref Nepal 8 857 22 304 8 60 India 78 560 61 China 25 383 62 Bangladesh 4 200 63 Total 8 964 23 447Foreign casualties in Nepal Nationality Deaths Ref India 78 64 France 10 65 Spain 7 66 United States 7 67 68 Germany 5 69 70 China 4 71 Italy 4 72 Canada 2 73 Russia 2 74 dual Australia India 1 75 76 Estonia 1 77 Hong Kong 1 78 Israel 1 79 Japan 1 80 Malaysia 1 81 New Zealand 1 82 United Kingdom 1 83 Total 127Casualties Edit Nepal Edit The earthquake killed at least 8 857 people in Nepal 8 84 85 and injured nearly three times as many The rural death toll may have been minimized by the fact that most villagers were outdoors working when the quake hit 86 As of 15 May 6 271 people including 1 700 from the 12 May aftershock were still receiving treatment for their injuries 56 Nearly 3 5 million people were left homeless causing around 2 6 million internal displacements 60 87 The example of this earthquake shows that loss calculations for hypothetical likely future earthquakes can be reasonably reliable In 2005 the expected numbers of fatalities due to a hypothetical scenario earthquake near Kathmandu for M8 1 was published 88 The fatalities at that time were estimated between 21 000 and 42 000 The M7 8 earthquake of 25 April 2015 killed about 8 800 people because it occurred on a Saturday and so many buildings that collapsed such as schools and municipal buildings were empty reducing the death toll In addition the epicentre of the earthquake was in a rural setting so the worst hit districts had low population densities and most of the population was outside when the earthquake hit 89 Had the earthquake occurred at night or during the working week when many more people were inside vulnerable buildings the death toll would have likely been much closer to the modelled estimate Fatality reports by the media as a function of time compared to the QLARM calculation horizontal line made after the rupture area of the Kathmandu earthquake had been mapped Uncertainty extent given by the vertical solid line The source for news reports is the NINTRAS web site of the Swiss Seismological Service All reports including lower values exceeded by others are given After the rupture area of the Kathmandu 2015 earthquake had been derived 90 and the intensities of shaking had been mapped 91 a line source model for losses could be constructed with energy being radiated along the entire rupture 92 The fatalities estimated in this way by QLARM agree with those reported in the end The figure shows reports of fatalities as a function of time News reports significantly underestimated the actual numbers of fatalities for several days The Himalayan Times reported that as many as 20 000 foreign nationals may have been visiting Nepal at the time of the earthquake although reports of foreign deaths were relatively low citation needed India Edit A total of 78 deaths were reported in India including 58 in Bihar 16 in Uttar Pradesh 3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan 61 China Edit Twenty seven people were confirmed dead 383 were injured and 4 were missing all from the Tibet Autonomous Region 62 The quake destroyed 2 500 houses and damaged 24 700 others across 19 counties in Tibet affecting nearly 300 000 people among whom 47 500 were displaced while A total of 82 temples were also damaged 62 The counties of Gyirong Nyalam and Tingri in Xigaze were worst hit where nearly 80 percent of the houses in the three counties collapsed 62 Bangladesh Edit Four people were killed and 18 districts were affected by the earthquake in Bangladesh 63 A six story building partially collapsed and two garment factories tilted in Dhaka 63 A 22 year old man died when trying to flee the Dhaka Medical College in a panic 63 In Mirzapur a woman died trying to escape a building 63 Another woman was crushed to death by a collapsed wall while a teacher died of a heart attack during the earthquake 63 Avalanches on Mount Everest Edit Main article 2015 Mount Everest avalanches This earthquake caused avalanches on Mount Everest At least 19 died 93 with at least 120 others injured or missing 93 Landslides in the Langtang Valley Edit In the Langtang valley located in Langtang National Park 329 people were reported missing after an avalanche hit the village of Ghodatabela 94 95 and the village of Langtang The avalanche was estimated to have been two to three kilometres wide Ghodatabela was an area popular on the Langtang trekking route 96 The village of Langtang was destroyed by the avalanche Smaller settlements on the outskirts of Langtang were buried during the earthquake such as Chyamki Thangsyap and Mundu Twelve locals and two foreigners were believed to have survived Smaller landslides occurred in the Trishuli River Valley with reports of significant damage at Mailung Simle and Archale 97 98 On 4 May it was announced that 52 bodies had been found in the Langtang area of which seven were of foreigners 99 According to geological models the frequency and intensity of future landslides in the Langtang Valley is due to increase in the coming decades 100 This is attributable directly to the effect of the earthquake which caused widespread fracturing in the grounds of the Langtang area 101 Damage Edit People waiting on airport tarmac for flights after aftershocks forced the airport to open all exit doors Damage in the Basantpur Durbar Square Thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of the country with entire villages flattened especially those near the epicenter 19 20 21 The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the earthquake but was re opened later in the day for relief operations and later for some commercial flights 102 It subsequently shut down operations sporadically due to aftershocks 103 and on 3 May was closed temporarily to the largest planes for fear of runway damage 104 During strong aftershocks the airport opened all boarding lounge exit doors onto the tarmac allowing people who were waiting post security and immigration to flee to the open spaces of the runway tarmac Many remained outside as planes were delayed and the airport swelled to capacity The airport facilities suffered damage and there was no running water or operating toilets in the airport lounges Few airport workers were at their posts most were killed in the earthquake or had to deal with its aftereffects 105 Flights resumed from Pokhara to the west of the epicentre on 27 April 106 Kathmandu Durbar Square Before the earthquake Building damage as a result of the earthquake Several of the churches in the Kathmandu valley were destroyed As Saturday is the principal day of Christian worship in Nepal 500 people were reported to have died in the collapses 107 108 Several temples on Kathmandu Durbar Square a UNESCO World Heritage Site collapsed 29 as did the Dharahara tower built in 1832 the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people 109 110 111 112 Manakamana Temple in Gorkha previously damaged in an earlier quake tilted several inches further The northern side of Janaki Mandir in Janakpur was reported to have been damaged citation needed Several temples including Kasthamandap Panchtale temple the top levels of the nine story Basantapur Durbar the Dasa Avtar temple and two shrines located behind the Shiva Parvati temple were demolished by the quake Some other monuments including the Taleju Bhawani Temple partially collapsed 113 114 Damaged building in Balaju area The top of the Jaya Bageshwari Temple in Gaushala and some parts of the Pashupatinath Temple Swyambhunath Boudhanath Stupa Ratna Mandir inside Rani Pokhari and Durbar High School have been destroyed 115 In Patan the Char Narayan Mandir the statue of Yog Narendra Malla a pati inside Patan Durbar Square the Taleju Temple the Hari Shankar Uma Maheshwar Temple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungamati were destroyed In Tripureshwar the Kal Mochan Ghat a temple inspired by Mughal architecture was completely destroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suffered significant damage In Bhaktapur several monuments including the Phasi Deva temple the Chardham temple and the 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple were fully or partially destroyed 115 Outside the Valley the Manakamana Temple in Gorkha the Gorkha Durbar the Palanchok Bhagwati in Kabhrepalanchok District the Rani Mahal in Palpa District the Churiyamai in Makwanpur District the Dolakha Bhimsensthan in Dolakha District and the Nuwakot Durbar suffered varying degrees of damage Historian Prushottam Lochan Shrestha stated We have lost most of the monuments that had been designated as World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu Bhaktapur and Lalitpur District Nepal They cannot be restored to their original states 115 The northeastern parts of India also received major damage Heavy shocks were felt in the states of Uttrakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal and others Huge damage was caused to the property and the lives of the people Economic loss Edit Road damage in Nepal Concern was expressed that harvests could be reduced or lost this season as people affected by the earthquake would have only a short time to plant crops before the onset of the Monsoon rains 116 Nepal with a total Gross Domestic Product of US 19 921 billion according to a 2012 estimate 117 is one of Asia s poorest countries and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own 118 Even before the quake the Asian Development Bank estimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually on infrastructure through to 2020 to attract investment 118 The U S Geological Survey initially estimated economic losses from the tremor at 9 per cent to 50 per cent of gross domestic product with a best guess of 35 per cent It s too hard for now to tell the extent of the damage and the effect on Nepal s GDP according to Hun Kim an Asian Development Bank ADB official The ADB said on the 28th that it would provide a US 3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief efforts and up to US 200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation 118 Rajiv Biswas an economist at a Colorado based consultancy said that rebuilding the economy will need international effort over the next few years as it could easily exceed USD 5 billion 118 119 failed verification Social effects Edit It was reported that the survivors were preyed upon by human traffickers involved in the supply of girls and women to the brothels of South Asia These traffickers took advantage of the chaos that resulted from the aftermath of the earthquake 120 The most affected were women from poor communities who lost their homes 121 In response to the unsafe conditions of the temporary campsites international organizations implemented Safety Committees which were provided cash grants for necessities like additional toilets and bathrooms 122 Most affected Edit Single women had very little access to relief according to a report by the Inter party Women s Alliance IPWA The report also found that violence and rapes against women and minors has increased after the earthquake 123 Additionally the earthquake has significantly affected certain groups of people Tibeto Burman peoples were hardest hit as they tend to inhabit the higher slopes of mountains as opposed to the central valleys and are less educated and connected All of these factors make them harder to access According to a government survey malnutrition in children has worsened considerably some 3 months after the quake with the most undernourished being Tamang and Chepang peoples 124 Before the quake 41 percent of children under five were stunted 29 percent were underweight and 11 percent were emaciated according to the World Food Programme 124 Disease Edit Though a feared mass cholera outbreak failed to materialize there were sporadic reports other outbreaks were reported At least 13 people died of scrub typhus while 240 people were taken ill since the disease was first diagnosed in the country in August 2015 until September 2016 125 The mental and emotional impact of an earthquake is the other invisible disaster 126 Rescue and relief EditAbout 90 of soldiers from the Nepalese Army were sent to the stricken areas in the aftermath of the earthquake under Operation Sankat Mochan with volunteers mobilized from other parts of the country 127 Rainfall and aftershocks were factors complicating the rescue efforts with potential secondary effects like additional landslides and further building collapses being concerns Impassable roads and damaged communications infrastructure posed substantial challenges to rescue efforts 128 Survivors were found up to a week after the earthquake 129 130 131 As of 1 May international aid agencies like Medecins Sans Frontieres and the Red Cross were able to start medically evacuating the critically wounded by helicopter from outlying areas initially cut off from the capital city Kathmandu 20 and treating others in mobile and makeshift facilities 132 133 There was concern about epidemics due to the shortage of clean water the makeshift nature of living conditions and the lack of toilets 134 Emergency workers were able to identify four men who had been trapped in rubble and rescue them using advanced heartbeat detection The four men were trapped in up to ten feet of rubble in the village of Chautara north of Kathmandu An international team of rescuers from several countries using FINDER devices found two sets of men under two different collapsed buildings 135 Volunteers used crisis mapping to help plan emergency aid work 136 Local organization Kathmandu Living Labs helped coordinate local knowledge on the ground and collaborated with international crisis mapping and humanitarian organizations Public volunteers from around the world participated in crowdmapping and added details into online maps 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 Information was mapped from data input from social media satellite pictures 144 and drones 136 of passable roads collapsed houses stranded shelterless and starving people who needed help and from messages and contact details of people willing to help 145 On site volunteers verified these mapping details wherever they could to reduce errors The technologies used by Kathmandu Living Labs were built on top of existing open source solutions which allowed them to work in a fast and cost effective manner 146 Digital mappers through the Kathmandu Living Labs were already charting the densely populated Kathmandu Valley and then focused on earthquake relief They were doing an inventory in the poorer communities where they didn t have a very good sense of the quality of buildings says Cowan whose students helped add Kathmandu s buildings and roads to OpenStreetMap First responders from Nepalese citizens to the Red Cross the Nepal army and the United Nations used this data The Nepal earthquake crisis mapping utilized experience gained and lessons learned about planning emergency aid work from earthquakes in Haiti and Indonesia 147 India pledged to donate 1 billion in cash and materials to Nepal India s External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj said I am happy to announce Government of India s pledge for Nepal s post earthquake reconstruction of Nepali Rupees 10 000 crores equivalent to one billion US dollars one fourth of it as Grant The International Conference on Nepal s Reconstruction has been organised by the Nepalese government to raise funds for rebuilding the country 148 Reports are also coming in of sub standard relief materials and inedible food being sent to Nepal by many of the foreign aid agencies 149 150 A United States Marine Corps helicopter crashed on 12 May while involved in delivering relief supplies The Bell UH 1Y Venom crashed at Charikot roughly 45 miles 72 kilometres east of Kathmandu Two Nepalese soldiers and six American Marines died in the crash 151 Need fulfillment application Getmii launched a special pilot version in partnership with the Red Cross to double daily blood donors at the Kathmandu donation center using the app 152 Imaging technologies such as satellites and smartphones were instrumental to relief efforts in Nepal 153 GLIMS group of volunteer scientists from nine nations were able to provide rapid systematic mapping of the damaged area allowing the investigation of earthquake induced geo hazard processes that provided information to relief and recovery officials on the same timeframe as those operations were occurring 154 Charities and Crowdfunding platforms received over 230 million in donations from support groups The money was used to provide medical supplies for reconstruction of damaged buildings including schools and hospitals and building orphanages for the victims among other things 155 Repair and reconstruction EditMonuments Edit Patan Durbar Square s Hari Shankar Temple completely collapsed after 2015 earthquake left and after its full restoration pictured in 2023 right UNESCO and the Ministry of Culture began strengthening damaged monuments in danger of collapsing before the monsoon season Subsequent restoration of collapsed structures including historic houses is planned Architectural drawings exist that provide plans for reconstruction According to UNESCO more than 30 monuments in the Kathmandu Valley collapsed in the quakes and another 120 incurred partial damage 156 Repair estimates are 160 million to restore 1 000 damaged and destroyed monasteries temples historic houses and shrines across the country The destruction is concentrated in the Kathmandu Valley UNESCO designated seven groups of multi ethnic monuments clustered in the valley as a single World Heritage Site including Swayambhu the three squares namely Durbar square of Kathmandu Patan Durbar Square and Bhaktapur Durbar Square and the Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changu Narayan Damaged in the quakes were the structures in the three Durbar squares the temple of Changu Narayan and the 1655 temple in Sankhu Drones fly above cultural heritage sites to provide 3D images of the damage to use for planning repairs 157 Nepal Rural Housing Reconstruction Program Edit After an international donors conference held in Kathmandu on 25 June 2015 a multi donor trust fund of US 4 4 billion was established to aid the reconstruction of affected housing in 14 districts of Nepal 158 159 This covered 66 per cent of the country s total recovery and reconstruction needs of US 6 7 billion 158 Implementation of the Program consisted of five phases i e Survey Identification and Validation Enrollment Reconstruction and Completion 160 The data collection for the program was done digitally using tablets and resulted in collection of over 10 TB of data 161 The data was openly released to the public by the National Planning Commission and is available for download on their website 162 International aid EditMain article Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake See also 2015 2017 Nepal humanitarian crisis A total of 3bn was pledged by donors to help rebuild Nepal 163 164 UNICEF said close to 1 7 million children had been driven out into the open and were in desperate need of drinking water psychological counsel temporary shelters sanitation and protection from disease outbreak It distributed water tents hygiene kits water purification tablets and buckets 165 Numerous other organizations provided similar support 166 India was the first to respond within hours being Nepal s immediate neighbour 167 with Operation Maitri which provided rescue and relief by its armed forces It also evacuated its own and other countries stranded nationals India has been the largest aid donor to Nepal following the earthquake with a billion dollar support apart from other non monetary reliefs extended 148 China the Asian Development Bank and the United Kingdom provided significant bilateral aid and other nations and organisations provided aid rescue teams and helicopters as requested by the Nepalese government 168 169 170 On 26 April 2015 international aid agencies and governments mobilized rescue workers and aid for the earthquake They faced challenges in both getting assistance to Nepal and ferrying people to remote areas as the country had few helicopters 171 172 Relief efforts were also hampered by Nepalese government insistence on routing aid through the Prime Minister s Disaster Relief Fund and its National Emergency Operation Center After concerns were raised it was clarified that Non profits or NGOs already in the country could continue receiving aid directly and bypass the official fund 171 173 Aid mismatch and supply of leftovers by donors 174 aid diversion in Nepal 175 mistrust over control of the distribution of funds and supplies 176 177 178 congestion and customs delays at Kathmandu s airport and border check posts were also reported 179 180 On 3 May 2015 restrictions were placed on heavy aircraft flying in aid supplies after new cracks were noticed on the runway at the Tribhuvan International Airport Nepal s only airport able to handle larger jet aircraft 181 182 The list below gives a break up of pledged donations by each nation along with aid in kind delivered immediately 183 Summary of international aid to Nepal for earthquake relief See details in the Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake article Aid agency country Cash donation US Humanitarian aid and supplies Other aid SourceInternational Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 535 664 55 emergency fund activated Volunteers first aid search amp rescue Blood bank supplies to areas in the capital 133 Medecins Sans Frontieres Doctors Without Borders Rapid intervention surgical kit with 11 member team left Kathmandu for Gorkha 200 km north west 61 staff deployed Water and sanitation makeshift camps Tudikhel Kathmandu Bhaktapur 14 km east of Kathmandu first aid material to Bhaktapur hospital 132 172 European Union 3 3 million Aid first response teams and civil protection experts 184 Algeria 1 million 70 relief workers medicines and other supplies 185 Australia 15 86 million 3 568 500 to the United Nations relief effort 793 000 to the World Health Organization 793 000 to the Australian Red Cross 396 500 to the RedR Australia relief organisation 3 172 million for other Australian NGOs Two Boeing C 17 aircraft carrying 15 tons of Australian aid and two RAAF aero medical evacuation teams The Government of Tasmania donated 7 930 to Rotary Tasmania s Nepal Earthquake Appeal 2 humanitarian experts and a crisis response team initially 70 defence personnel immigration and other federal government officials to distribute aid and help with evacuation efforts 186 187 188 189 Austria 835 000 Austrian Red Cross search amp rescue staff 190 Azerbaijan 1 ton of medical supplies tents blankets and water Ministry of Emergency Situations 191 Bangladesh BAF Lockheed C 130B aircraft with 10 tonnes of relief materials tents dry food water blankets etc Four cargo trucks carrying approximately 25 tonnes of essential relief materials for earthquake victims in Nepal left Dhaka The cargoes will travel through Banglabandh Fulbari Panitanki Kakarbhitta land route The relief materials include 3000 cartons 12 tonne of dry food and fruit juice donated by PRAN and 5000 pieces of blankets donated by Brac according to a press release of the Embassy of Nepal in Bangladesh Bangladesh will provide at least one hundred thousand tons of rice and other relief materials including drinking water to help the earthquake victims in Nepal A 34 member team 6 military medical teams and foreign ministry officials Stranded Bangladeshis airlifted 192 193 194 195 Belgium 5 5 million Search amp rescue teams 196 Bhutan 1 million 63 personnel medical team 197 198 199 200 201 Brunei 8 man relief team 2 doctors 4 paramedics from the Royal Brunei Armed Forces RBAF and Brunei s Gurkha Reserve Unit GRU 202 Canada 4 16 million 832 000 to the Canadian Red Cross A Boeing C 17 with supplies blankets jerry cans kitchen sets hygiene kits and tarps 150 Canadian troops a Disaster Assistance Response Team 30 experts pledges by humanitarian organizations immigration assistance 203 204 205 206 207 China 483 million Tents blankets and generators emergency response for citizens China International Search and Rescue Team CISAR 268 members 26 search amp rescue dogs 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 Colombia Fundraising by the Colombian Red Cross Over 1 500 volunteers from national societies Evacuation of citizens and aid when needed 215 216 217 218 Czech Republic 791 378 Blankets medical supplies water and food and a special trauma team transported with a Boeing 737 36 medical workers and 13 firefighters Evacuated 54 Czechs and 48 EU citizens 219 220 221 Denmark 744 000 Aid TBD 222 Estonia Fundraising 15 rescue workers and medics could not land airport congestion 223 224 225 Finland 3 35 million fundraising by the Finnish Red Cross Medical and logistical supplies A Finnish Red Cross relief workers team 226 227 228 229 France Equipment and supplies Crisis centre at Foreign Ministry a reinforcement team in New Delhi 11 rescuers more help if needed 230 231 Germany 68 34 million 60 million donated by the public A mobile medical centre 52 relief workers team physicians searchers dog squads the German Federal Agency for Technical Relief THW s Rapid Deployment Unit Water and Sanitation Abroad SEEWA 232 233 234 235 Greece Search amp rescue teams 196 Haiti 1 million 236 Hong Kong 6 45 million World Vision Hong Kong raised 1 29 million to provide victims with tents tarpaulins solar powered lights and other necessities 237 238 239 Hungary 1 million HUF 300 million 240 India 1 billion by the government Material aid in Operation Maitri 8 tons of baby food Over 100 tons of medical supplies 75 000 vials of insulin Over 200 tons of water 100 000 bottles of water every day from the Indian Railways Hundreds of tons of food and dry rations 43 tons of relief material 10 tons of blankets Several tons of stretchers tents A reverse osmosis RO plant Oxygen regenerators amp cylinders 345 tons of relief material dry food and essential medicines from the state governments of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh Rescue aid 16 National Disaster Response Force teams over 1 000 personnel search amp rescue dogs Hundreds of retired Indian Gorkha soldiers of the Indian Army Hundreds of Indian Army and Indian Air Force personnel Military task forces headquartered in Kathmandu and Barpak Relief sorties by Ilyushin Il 76 C 130J Hercules C 17 Globemaster Antonov An 32 aircraft Civilian aircraft Helicopters Mi 17 Cheetah HAL Dhruv ALH Unmanned Aerial Vehicles UAVs 18 member medical team 3 field hospitals 2 mobile teams of specialist doctors 41 member medical team from the state of Rajasthan Indian Air Force rapid action medical team 45 bed hospital at Lagankhel Light vehicles Earth moving equipment 18 Indian Army Engineer Task Forces Indian Army Corps of Engineers Indian Oil Corporation team PowerGrid Corporation of India engineers 36 vehicles ambulances and water tankers from the Sashastra Seema Bal 39 member Indian Army team deployed at the Everest Base Camp to search for rescue and assist climbersEvacuation of over 20 000 Indian citizens and hundreds of foreign nationals by air and road 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 Indonesia 2 million 2 Boeing 737 400s belonging to the Indonesian Armed Forces and Garuda Indonesia flew with 6 tons of relief supplies blankets body bags food water hospital and sleeping tents medical equipment and medicines 66 personnel of SAR and Medical team 259 260 Iran An 80 000 pounds 36 000 kg relief package via India 261 262 263 Ireland 1 126 million 264 Israel Three IAF Hercules and two El Al Boeing 747 400 jets carrying a joint IDF and MFA search amp rescue team and 95 tons of equipment including a field hospital with premature babies ward cutters electronic sniffers generators and lighting equipment The planes were also used for evacuation 264 person search amp rescue team including physicians 265 266 267 Italy 326 000 268 Japan 8 4 million Emergency relief supplies worth US 210 000 70 experts Foreign Ministry the National Police Agency and JICA along with rescuers search amp rescue dog handlers communication specialists physicians and field coordinators 196 269 270 Macau 2 million MGM Macau donated 60 000 to the Macau Red Cross for the ongoing earthquake relief effort in Nepal 271 Malaysia 20 doctors Mercy Malaysia and Malaysian Red Crescent 30 man rescue team Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team SMART 272 273 274 Maldives Other aid TBA 275 Mexico Earthquake rescue brigade and engineers 233 276 277 Monaco Other aid TBA 233 Netherlands 4 45 million by the government and 25 394 275 18 raised by GIRO 555 Action Netherlands helps Nepal 5 tons of relief supplies 62 man and 8 dog team several physicians nurses and engineers 278 279 New Zealand 771 000 in humanitarian aid 45 urban search and rescue technicians 2 aid workers and an engineer 280 281 Norway 31 1 million as of 25 May 2015 Including 17 3 million Norwegian government and 13 8 million in donations to Norwegian aid organizations through aid concerts and donations from the Norwegian public Deployed NORSAR Search and Rescue team consisting of search dogs emergency medical personnel and firefighters and equipment and aid of 15 3 tonnes Transported with the help of a Boeing 737 800 of Norwegian Air Shuttle 282 283 284 Pakistan Four Lockheed C 130 planes 30 bed hospital 2 000 military meals 600 blankets 200 tents other assorted relief items Military emergency personnel including army doctors medical staff and the combined ERRA NDMA s special search and rescue teams with sniffer dogs 285 286 Philippines Soldiers Philippine Red Cross staff the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Humanitarian Assistance Team and volunteers 287 288 289 Poland 81 firefighters of the State Fire Service 12 search and rescue dogs and 6 doctors of the Polish Center for International Aid 290 291 Portugal 200 000 160 000 292 Qatar 2 aircraft with 60 tons of relief materials such as food medicines power generators and tents 2 additional aircraft with 120 tons of relief materials in addition to a field hospital provided by Qatari Red Crescent Aid operations 293 Russia Two Ilyushin Il 76 airplanes with a team of 90 rescuers and rescue equipment and a batch of humanitarian aid of food products and articles of daily necessity 50 highly skilled rescue workers 294 295 Saudi Arabia The Kingdom has sent 190 tons of aid to earthquake hit Nepal which includes food tents and medical supplies according to the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies The Kingdom also sent medical workers 296 Singapore 100 000 60 members of the Singapore Civil Defence Force officers from Singapore s police forces including the Gurkha Contingent another relief team 196 297 Slovakia 33 000 298 Slovenia 55 000 299 300 301 South Africa A search and rescue team composed of members of the South African Police Service with police dogs to aid in the rescue operation 302 South Korea 1 million Sindhupalchok area 1000 tents Food packages for 230 families Rice 10 kg bean 1 kg salt 1 kg oil Nepal noodle 1 kg 10 vitamin tablets etc per a package 2 4 tons of rice 320 bottles of vegetable oil salts for 740 villagers 42 search and rescue workers including 15 medics and two assistants Two sniffer dogs 303 304 305 306 Spain 30 tons of humanitarian aid including more than 3 200 blankets 1680 awnings and 500 kitchen sets donated in part by Spanish Red Cross 47 soldiers of the Military Emergencies Unit and seven agents of the Civil Guard with 60 tons of material in order to find Spanish citizens unlocated 307 308 309 Sri Lanka SLAF C 130 Hercules flight and Sri Lankan Airlines Airbus A330 flight with 17 tonnes of medicine engineering signal and ordnance equipment supportive transport requirements water bottles health accessories dry rations and water purification tablets etc Groups of specialist physicians other medical staff and medicine 44 Sri Lanka Armed Forces personnel and 4 medical consultants a team of 156 persons including 11 airmen 4 medical consultants and 14 sailors 97 service personnel 72 Sri Lanka Army personnel 14 Sri Lanka Navy personnel 11 Sri Lanka Air Force personnel 310 311 Sweden 1 5 million 40 support personnel ICT coordination assessment camp technicians structural engineer citation needed Switzerland 26 7 million fundraising 38 tonnes of relief supplies Experts including a physician a building surveyor and a water quality technician 312 313 314 Taiwan 300 000 Nepal rejected Taiwan s offer to send search and rescue teams due to China factor 315 316 Thailand 200 000 by government 302 000 by the king 5 56 million by the public Medics and rescue staff 317 318 319 320 321 Turkey 1 000 tents and 320 food packages Up to 96 search and rescue staff 322 United Arab Emirates 1 36 million Medical and food supplies purchased from India 88 search and rescue staff 196 323 United Kingdom 130 million 83 million of which 51 million 33 million was donated by the government and 79 million 50 million was donated by the public 30 tonnes of humanitarian aid and 8 tonnes of equipment Around 100 search and rescue responders medical experts and disaster and rescue experts deployed by the Department for International Development s United Kingdom International Search and Rescue Team engineers from the British Army s Brigade of Gurkhas three Chinook helicopters returned unused by the Nepalese government 324 325 326 327 328 329 United States 10 million by government the public donates separately through several agencies A disaster response team from USAID Urban Search and Rescue Virginia Task Force 1 from Fairfax County Virginia was deployed to Nepal from the Dover Air Force Base Los Angeles County s Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2 U S Army Green Beret soldiers 900 Marines of the 3rd Marine Expeditionary Brigade eight C 130s five helicopters and four V 22 Osprey VTOL aircraft 330 331 332 333 334 335 Vatican City 100 000 336 Vietnam 50 000 by government 30 000 by the Vietnam Red Cross 11 rescuers Vietnam Red Cross 337 338 Approximate Total USD 3 billion 339 340 See also Edit Nepal portal China portal India portalEconomy of Nepal Foreign aid to Nepal Geology of the Himalaya List of avalanches List of earthquakes in 2015 List of earthquakes in China List of earthquakes in India List of earthquakes in Nepal List of earthquakes in South Asia List of people who died climbing Mount Everest List of World Heritage Sites in Nepal Operation Sahayogi Haat Politics of NepalReferences Edit a b c d e f g h i j k M7 8 36 km E of Khudi Nepal United States Geological Survey Omer Aydan Resat Ulusay A quick report on the 2015 Ghorka Nepal earthquake and its geo engineering aspects Ankara Turkey CiteSeerX 10 1 1 733 9209 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Jean Philippe Avouac Ratna mani Gupta Diego Melgar Thakur Prasad Kandel 2015 Slip pulse and resonance of Kathmandu basin during the 2015 Mw 7 8 Gorkha earthquake Nepal imaged with geodesy Science 349 6252 1091 1095 doi 10 1126 science aac6383 PMID 26249228 S2CID 16661860 a b 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Nepal Chance of finding more survivors slim The Tampa Tribune 2 May 2015 Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 Retrieved 2 May 2015 Nepal Earthquake Man Explains How He Survived in Rubble for 82 Hours ABC News US AP 29 April 2015 Retrieved 4 May 2015 Four survivors pulled alive from earthquake rubble in Nepal RTE News Ireland 3 May 2015 Retrieved 4 May 2015 Sedhai Roshan Still finding survivors ekantipur com Archived from the original on 5 May 2015 Retrieved 2 May 2015 a b Nepal 1 May 2015 Medecins Sans Frontieres Doctors Without Borders Retrieved 1 May 2015 a b Japanese Red Cross medical teams reach communities beyond Kathmandu International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 30 April 2015 Retrieved 1 May 2015 Lee Brianna 30 April 2015 Nepal Earthquake In Tent Cities Water Shortages Open Toilets Add To Fears Of Looming Health Disaster International Business Times Retrieved 2 May 2015 Howard Brian Clark 7 May 2015 NASA Technology Finds Nepal Survivors by Their 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April 2015 China India We re grateful for their help Nepal s ambassador to India Reuters Archived from the original on 30 April 2015 Retrieved 30 April 2015 Nepal earthquake UK aid response GOV UK 14 May 2015 Retrieved 23 May 2015 The UK s humanitarian response now stands at more than 33 million 51 million RAF Chinooks recalled from Nepal quake effort without flying a mission The Guardian 15 May 2015 Retrieved 16 May 2015 Nepal earthquake Racing against time government pleads for rescue helicopters to reach remote mountain regions The Independent 23 May 2015 Retrieved 23 May 2015 Chinese helicopters aid Nepal quake recovery Ministry of National Defense of the People s Republic of China Xinhua Wang Shoubao 6 May 2015 Archived from the original on 28 May 2015 Retrieved 23 May 2015 a b Mark Scott 26 April 2015 Nepal Earthquake Poses Challenge to International Aid Agencies The New York Times Retrieved 28 April 2015 a b Sifferlin Alexandra 28 April 2015 Medics Race Against Time to Save Nepal s Quake Survivors Time Retrieved 30 April 2015 Anyadike Obinna 5 May 2015 Nepal quake fund move is PR fiasco IRIN Nairobi Retrieved 6 May 2015 Kumar Ruchir 6 May 2015 No thank you Nepal asks India to not send old clothes as relief Hindustan Times Archived from the original on 6 May 2015 Retrieved 6 May 2015 Ghimire Yubaraj Khan Hamza Dutta Amrita 5 May 2015 Nepal aid getting hijacked Organised groups are obstructing the work or hijacking aid material to Nepal midway The Indian Express Retrieved 6 May 2015 Daniel Frank Jack Mahr Krista 6 May 2015 Nepal aid agencies trade blame as confusion mars quake relief The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 6 May 2015 Bell Thomas 3 May 2015 Nepal earthquake Many survivors receiving no help despite relief effort The Independent Retrieved 3 May 2015 Satisfied with coordination of foreign relief aid says Army chief eKantipur 2 May 2015 Archived from the original on 2 May 2015 Retrieved 2 May 2015 Ratcliffe Rebecca 2 May 2015 Nepal customs holding up earthquake relief efforts says United Nations The Guardian Retrieved 2 May 2015 Sriram Jayant 3 May 2015 Hopes dim for survivors The Hindu Retrieved 3 May 2015 Nepal Earthquake Kathmandu Airport Closes Damaged Runway to Big Planes NBC News 3 May 2015 Retrieved 3 May 2015 Nepal earthquake aid fears after main airport shut to big planes World news The Guardian Associated Press 3 May 2015 Retrieved 3 May 2015 Siobhan Heanue 2 May 2015 Nepal earthquake Government rules out possibility of finding more survivors as frustration grows over aid distribution delays Retrieved 3 May 2015 EU Commissioner Stylianides to arrive in Nepal Kantipur 30 April 2015 Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 Retrieved 30 April 2015 Algeria sends rescuers drugs to quake hit Nepal Xinhua News Agency via Global Post 26 April 2015 Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Earthquake in Nepal Minister for Foreign Affairs 26 April 2015 Archived from the original on 30 April 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Subscribe theaustralian www theaustralian com au Retrieved 22 May 2017 Nepal earthquake Extra 10m provided by Australia for recovery efforts search for bodies in Langtang village suspended ABC News 10 May 2015 Retrieved 10 May 2015 Sallese Gibson 10 May 2015 Tasmanian Government donates 10 000 to Nepal Earthquake Appeal ABC News Retrieved 10 May 2015 Werner Faymann Regierung beschliesst Nepal Hilfe von 750 000 Euro Bundeskanzleramt in German 28 April 2015 Archived from the original on 26 September 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2015 Azerbaijan sends humanitarian aid to Nepal Azerbaijan State Telegraph Agency 30 April 2015 Retrieved 30 April 2015 Bangladesh to send 1 lakh tonnes rice to Nepal The Daily Star Retrieved 4 May 2015 Biman flight returns to Dhaka failing to get landing clearance in earthquake ravaged Kathmandu The Daily Star Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 Retrieved 27 April 2015 Bangladesh to help Nepal in wake of devastating earthquake bdnews24 com Retrieved 25 April 2015 BD Air Force aircraft reaches Nepal with relief materials UNB 26 April 2015 Archived from the original on 2 July 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 a b c d e Balachandran Manu 26 April 2015 Indian helicopters Israeli hospitals and Malaysian medics How the world is coming to Nepal s aid Quartz Retrieved 26 April 2015 Kuensel Online 27 April 2015 Untitled Facebook Retrieved 27 April 2015 Tobgay Tshering 27 April 2015 Untitled Facebook Retrieved 27 April 2015 Tobgay Tshering tsheringtobgay 27 April 2015 DeSuups loading supplies on special flight bound for Nepal His Majesty has commanded 63 member medical team to assist in rescue and relief Tweet Archived from the original on 10 October 2022 Retrieved 10 February 2023 via Twitter Earthquake Everything is fine in Bhutan says minister OneIndia 25 April 2015 Retrieved 25 April 2015 Bhutan to dispatch medical team to Nepal Kuensel Online 25 April 2015 Retrieved 27 April 2015 Aaron Wong 29 April 2015 Brunei sends relief contingent to Nepal The Brunei Times Retrieved 30 April 2015 Nepal Earthquake Kills More than 1 900 people CBC Nepal earthquake 2 500 dead as aftershocks terrify survivors CBC 26 April 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Nepal earthquake a roundup of relief efforts Toronto Star 26 April 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Canada will match contributions to Nepal earthquake relief fund Canadian Press via CP24 27 April 2015 Retrieved 27 April 2015 Canada sends military transport to deliver aid to Nepal Global Post 27 April 2015 Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2015 Nepal Earthquake India and China Send Rescue Teams to Himalayan Nation The Wall Street Journal 26 April 2015 Retrieved 27 April 2015 Chinese rescue team to depart for shaken devastated Nepal CCTV 25 April 2015 Retrieved 25 April 2015 中国国际救援队出发 尼泊尔驻华大使感叹患难之交 CRI in Chinese 26 April 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2015 中国国际救援队飞赴尼泊尔震区 精选6条搜救犬 CCTV in Chinese 26 April 2015 China offers 20 mln yuan in humanitarian aid to quake hit Nepal Xinhua 26 April 2015 Archived from the original on 4 May 2015 China prepares relief supplies for quake hit Nepal Xinhua 25 April 2015 Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 中国第二轮援助尼泊尔灾区4000万物资 Sina in Chinese 28 April 2015 Santos se solidarizo con victimas de la tragedia en Nepal in Spanish 25 April 2015 Cruz Roja habilita cuentas para donacion ELESPECTADOR COM ElEspectador in Spanish 29 April 2015 Retrieved 29 April 2015 Comunicado No 4 La Cruz Roja llama a la solidaridad de los colombianos para ayudar a los damnificados del Terremoto en Nepal cruzrojacolombiana org in Spanish Archived from the original on 26 December 2018 Retrieved 29 April 2015 Colombia esta lista para brindar ayuda humanitaria a Nepal UNGRD rcnradio com in Spanish Archived from the original on 29 April 2015 Retrieved 29 April 2015 Czech Republic will help Nepal in Czech Government of the Czech Republic 27 April 2015 Retrieved 27 April 2015 Czech medical team to help earthquake victims in Nepal The Prague Post 28 April 2015 Retrieved 29 April 2015 Czech authorities establish contact with all Czechs in Nepal Radio Prague 29 April 2015 Retrieved 29 April 2015 Denmark sends aid to Nepal after earthquake The Local 26 April 2015 Archived from the original on 26 April 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Eesti ja Soome paastemeeskond ei lenda Nepali Estonian and Finnish rescue team won t fly to Nepal Postimees in Estonian 28 April 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2015 Eesti paastemeeskonna juht lootus peab alati sailima muidu me ei laheks sinna Uudised in Estonian 27 April 2015 Retrieved 27 April 2015 Lakson Piret 29 April 2015 Eesti paastemeeskonna juht todes et varustuse pakkimisel tehti vigu Estonian rescue team leader admitted that mistakes were made in packaging of equipment Postimees in Estonian Retrieved 29 April 2015 The Finnish Red Cross kicks off campaigns for earthquake victims in Nepal YLE 26 April 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Red Cross logistical unit gets green light for Nepal trip YLE 30 April 2015 Retrieved 30 April 2015 Suomi lahjoittaa kaksi miljoonaa euroa Nepaliin Finland donates 2 million to Nepal Helsingin Sanomat in Finnish 28 April 2015 Retrieved 30 April 2015 Suomi antaa miljoona euroa lisaa Nepalin maanjaristyksen uhrien auttamiseksi Finland gives additional 1 million to help Nepal earthquake victims Helsingin Sanomat in Finnish 5 May 2015 Retrieved 11 May 2015 Nepal Tremblement de terre 25 avril 2015 France Diplomatie in French 25 April 2015 Archived from the original on 26 April 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Nepal Tremblement de terre Declaration de Laurent Fabius France Diplomatie in French 26 April 2015 Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 dpa 15 May 2015 Study of the German Central Institute for Social Issues DZI Mannheimer Morgen a b c Turkey s AFAD and international aid organizations rush to Nepal after devastating earthquake Daily Sabah Asia Pacific 25 April 2015 Retrieved 25 April 2015 Germany France sending rescue teams emergency relief to quake hit Nepal 680 News 26 April 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Erdbeben in Nepal THW entsendet Voraus und SEEWA Team thw de in German 26 April 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2015 Haiti s president Michel Joseph Martelly has allocated a million dollar to the Nepalese government hougansydney com accessed 18 May 2015 CE expresses deepest sympathies for Nepal earthquake victims info gov hk 26 April 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 HKSARG to provide relief and financial assistance for quake victims in Nepal info gov hk 26 April 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2015 宣 明 會 為 尼 泊 爾 救 災 重 建 籌 1000 萬 港 元 rthk hk Retrieved 15 May 2015 No Hungarian casualties reported in Nepal earthquake Budapest Business Journal 27 April 2015 Retrieved 17 January 2020 India sends 10 NDRF Teams for Relief and Rescue Operation in Nepal Bihar Prabha Nepal Earthquake Major Aftershock Hits Kathmandu as Toll Climbs NBC News Nepal earthquake Relief rescue operations as they happened on Monday Zee News 27 April 2015 Nepal quake India launches Operation Maitri airlifts many Hindustan Times 26 April 2015 Live Kathmandu airport reopens for rescue ops Nepal quake death toll rises to 2263 FirstPost 5 May 2015 Operation Maitri India launches massive relief and rescue efforts in Nepal DNA India 26 April 2015 Nepal quake Indian Railway provides one lakh rail neer bottles as relief DNA India 26 April 2015 Operation Maitri in full swing The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 29 April 2015 Operation Maitri in Full Swing to Pull Nepal Out of Rubble The New Indian Express Nepal earthquake Rescue relief work as they happened on Tuesday Zee News 28 April 2015 Bagchi Arindam MEAIndia 28 April 2015 IndiaWithNepal 8 Tonnes of Baby food and skimmed milk 6 Tonnes of Medicines 2 Tonnes of biscuits in other material t co JTDng3Hdl8 Tweet Archived from the original on 4 December 2020 Retrieved 10 February 2023 via Twitter Bagchi Arindam MEAIndia 28 April 2015 IndiaWithNepal More materials for rescue and relief efforts today 2 Engineering Task Forces 100 Personnel 55 tonnes of drinking water Tweet Archived from the original on 12 June 2022 Retrieved 10 February 2023 via Twitter Live India s help was like extending blank cheque says Nepal earthquake death toll at 5 057 FirstPost com 5 May 2015 India evacuates 170 foreigners from Nepal DNA India Press Trust of India 28 April 2015 India evacuates 170 foreign nationals from Nepal The Times of India 28 April 2015 Bagchi Arindam MEAIndia 1 May 2015 OperationMaitri 345 tonnes of relief material dry food water amp essential medicines from the State Govts of Bihar amp UP arrived in Nepal Tweet Archived from the original on 22 October 2022 Retrieved 10 February 2023 via Twitter Bagchi Arindam MEAIndia 30 April 2015 OperationMaitri The facts till date t co Lx0JPjMDMI Tweet Archived from the original on 16 November 2022 Retrieved 10 February 2023 via Twitter India to donate 1 billion to Nepal Telegraph India Archived from the original on 25 June 2015 Indonesia Kirim Tim SAR dan Medis ke Nepal Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 Retrieved 27 April 2015 Indonesia kirim bantuan 6 ton ke Nepal 29 April 2015 اعلام مراتب تسلیت جمعیت هلال احمر ایران به دولت و مردم نپال آمادگ هلال احمر ایران برای انجام عملیات پاسخگویی به حادثه و کمک به زلزله زدگان نپالی in Persian Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Iran Red Crescent ready to send relief to Nepal Islamic Republic News Agency Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 40 tons humanitarian relief supplies ready to dispatch to Nepal Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Ireland responds to Nepal earthquake Retrieved 26 April 2015 Search and rescue team to depart shortly from Israel to region will include doctors Jerusalem Post 25 April 2015 Retrieved 25 April 2015 Rescuers on 2 El Al jets heading for Nepal Sunday Arutz Sheva 25 April 2015 Retrieved 25 April 2015 IAF plane brings babies born in quake struck Nepal to Israel Jerusalem Post 27 April 2015 Retrieved 27 April 2015 Katz Gregory 25 April 2015 Leaders charities offer condolences help after Nepal quake The Times of Israel Retrieved 15 May 2015 Japan Starts Emergency Assistance to Nepal over the Great Earthquake Poverist 25 April 2015 Retrieved 25 April 2014 Emergency Grant Aid to Nepal for the Earthquake Damage Poverist 29 April 2015 Retrieved 29 April 2014 Macau government and gaming operator give financial aid to Nepal Macau News 8 May 2015 Archived from the original on 8 September 2020 Retrieved 30 April 2020 Azura Abas 26 April 2015 Malaysia ready to help Nepal says Anifah New Straits Times Retrieved 25 April 2015 Malaysia to send doctors rescuers to Nepal PM Najib Channel News Asia 26 April 2015 Retrieved 25 April 2015 Malaysia to send assistance to Nepal New Straits Times 26 April 2015 Retrieved 14 August 2019 IGMH Group gives USD 10 000 disaster aid to Nepal HaveeruOnline Archived from the original on 29 April 2015 Retrieved 29 April 2015 Estas son las formas en que puedes ayudar a Nepal desde Mexico in Spanish CNNMexico Turner Broadcasting System 27 April 2015 Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2015 Topos de Tlatelolco apoyaran en labores de rescate en Nepal in Spanish Excelsior Excelsior 27 April 2015 Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2015 Nederland bedankt voor deze prachtige start GIRO 555 WEBSITE 26 May 2015 Retrieved 26 May 2015 Dutch rescue team to aid Nepal earthquake response NL Times 26 April 2015 Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Rilkoff Matt Strong 6 7 aftershock rocks Nepal Retrieved 26 April 2015 NZ aid workers off to Nepal Yahoo New Zealand Nz news yahoo com 9 April 2015 Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 Retrieved 3 May 2015 Regjeringen bidrar med ytterligere 100 millioner kroner til Nepal Regjeringen in Norwegian 28 April 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2015 Norwegian Search and Rescue Team i Nepal in Norwegian Archived from the original on 26 December 2018 Retrieved 23 May 2015 Frank Haugsbo 25 May 2015 Artister samlet inn 19 millioner til Nepal ofre VG Retrieved 13 June 2015 Nepal earthquake Rescue effort intensifies BBC 26 April 2015 Retrieved 26 April 2015 Nepal earthquake kills 1 341 people while climbers run for their lives after avalanche on Everest The Daily Telegraph 25 April 2015 Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 25 April 2015 Aquino Nepal is not alone after deadly quake philstar com Retrieved 28 April 2015 Mabasa Roy 27 April 2015 DFA to help 2 Pinoys on Everest as Nepal quake toll nears 2 000 Manila Bulletin Archived from the original on 29 April 2015 Retrieved 27 April 2015 Maricar B Brizuela 11 May 2015 Nepal quake victims get clean drinking water thanks to MMDA team inquirer net Polscy strazacy polecieli z pomoca do Nepalu TVN24 in Polish 25 April 2015 Trzesienie ziemi w Nepalu Polacy pomoga w akcji ratunkowej Polskie Radio in Polish 26 April 2015 Four Portuguese caught in Nepal earthquake devastation The Portugal News 30 April 2015 Retrieved 16 April 2020 Qatar supplies aid to earthquake victims in Nepal Gulf Times 26 April 2015 Retrieved 27 April 2015 Russia provides assistance to citizens of all post Soviet states in Nepal TASS 28 April 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2015 Russia s Emergencies Ministry offers aid to Nepal in eliminating aftermaths of earthquake TASS 25 April 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2015 Saudi Arabia sends 190 tons of aid to Nepal 22 May 2015 Singapore prepares to send 55 man search and rescue team to Nepal The Straits Times 25 April 2015 Retrieved 28 April 2015 lin, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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