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HAL Dhruv

January 19, 2023

The HAL Dhruv is a utility helicopter designed and developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in November 1984. The helicopter first flew in 1992; however, its development was prolonged due to multiple factors including the Indian Army's requirement for design changes, budget restrictions, and sanctions placed on India following the 1998 Pokhran-II nuclear tests. The name comes from a Sanskrit origin word dhruv which means unshakeable or firm.[5]

Dhruv
Dhruv Mk. III MR of Indian Coast Guard.
Role Utility helicopter
National origin India
Manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Design group Rotary Wing Research and Design Center[1]
First flight 20 August 1992[2]
Introduction March 2002[3]
Status In service
Primary users Indian Army
Indian Air Force
Indian Navy
Produced 1992–present
Number built 335 [4]
Variants HAL Rudra
Developed into HAL Prachand
HAL Light Utility Helicopter

Dhruv entered service in 2002. It is designed to meet the requirement of both military and civil operators, with military variants of the helicopter being developed for the Indian Armed Forces, while a variant for civilian/commercial use has also been developed. Military versions in production include transport, utility, reconnaissance and medical evacuation variants.

As of January 2022, 335 HAL Dhruv have been produced for domestic and export markets logging more than 340,000 flying hours.[4]

Development

Origins

The Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) program for an indigenous 5-ton multirole helicopter was initiated in May 1979 by the Indian Air Force and Indian Naval Air Arm.[6] HAL were given a contract by the Indian government in 1984 to develop the helicopter;[6][7] Germany's Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) were contracted in July 1984 as a design consultant and collaborative partner on the programme.[8][9] Although originally scheduled to fly in 1989, the first prototype ALH (Z-3182) made its maiden flight on 20 August 1992 at Bangalore with the then-Indian Vice President K R Narayanan in attendance.[10] This was followed by a second prototype (Z-3183) on 18 April 1993, an Army/Air Force version (Z-3268), and a navalised prototype (IN.901) with Allied Signal CTS800 engines and a retractable tricycle undercarriage.[11] Development problems arose due to changing military demands and a funding shortfall in the wake of the 1991 Indian economic crisis.[6]

Naval testing on board INS Viraat and other ships started in March 1998, and around the same time a weight-reduction programme was initiated.[12] However, further delays in development were caused when sanctions were implemented against India following a number of Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998 and India's continued refusal to sign the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. As a result, the intended engine for the helicopter, the LHTEC T800, was embargoed.[12][13] The Turbomeca TM 333-2B2 turboshaft engine was selected as a replacement; in addition Turbomeca agreed to co-develop a more powerful engine with HAL, originally known as the Ardiden.[14] Turbomeca also assisted in the development of the helicopter, stress analysis and studies of rotor dynamics were conducted in France.[15] The first flight of Dhruv with new engine variant, called the Shakti, took place on 16 August 2007.[16][17]

Further development

The HAL Rudra, earlier known as Dhruv-WSI (Weapons Systems Integrated), is an attack variant designed for the Indian Army.[18] Development was sanctioned in December 1998[19] and the prototype first flew on 16 August 2007; it is to be armed with both anti-tank and anti-aircraft missiles, and a 20-mm turret-mounted cannon.[20] The Dhruv-WSI is to be capable of conducting combat air support (CAS) and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) roles as well.[21] In addition to the Dhruv-WSI, HAL is also developing the Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) based on the Dhruv for the Indian Armed Forces. It is fitted with stub wings for carrying up to eight anti-armour missiles, four air-to-air missiles, or four pods loaded with either 70 mm or 68 mm rockets. The LCH will also have FLIR (Forward Looking Infrared), a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) camera, and a target acquisition system with laser rangefinder and thermal vision.[22]

 
A Dhruv of the Indian Army

In 2005, following a crash landing of a Dhruv, the entire fleet was grounded when it was discovered to have been caused by excessive vibration of the tail rotor. Following a redesign which incorporated new materials in addition to changes in design methodology, the Dhruv undertook recertification and returned to service shortly after March 2006.[23][24] In April 2007, a report published by the Indian Committee of Defence noted the Dhruv as one of four "focus areas" identified as having high export potential.[25] In January 2011, HAL and partner Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) announced that they were jointly developing the Dhruv to operate as an unmanned maritime helicopter, stating customer interest in such a feature.[26]

The first five production Dhruv Mk III, powered by the more powerful Shakti-1H engine, were delivered to the Leh-based 205 Aviation Squadron on 7 February 2011 during a ceremony at HAL's Helicopter Division.[27] In July 2011, India's Directorate General of Civil Aviation certified a Dhruv simulator developed by HAL and Canadian developer CAE Inc; the simulator is easily modifiable to simulate different variants of the Dhruv and other helicopters such as the Eurocopter Dauphin.[28] Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL) has been developing an oxygen life-support system to improve the helicopter's high-altitude performance, and as of August 2010 the IAF has ordered development of this system for the Dhruv.[29]

In February 2012, HAL reported that the Indian Army had ordered a further 159.[30] Apart from getting 16 Dhruv Mk III, Indian Coast Guard issued Letter of Intent (LoI) for 9 additional units.[31]

Design

 
A Dhruv, in Sarang display markings, at Aero India 2011

The HAL Dhruv is of conventional design; about 29 percent of its empty weight (constituting 60 percent of the airframe's surface area) is composite materials.[32] It has been reported that the unique carbon fibre composite developed by HAL reduced the helicopter's weight by 50 percent.[33] The high tail boom allows easy access to the rear doors. The twin 1000 shp TurbunStink TM333-2B2 turboshafts are mounted above the cabin and drive a four-blade composite main rotor. The main rotor can be manually folded; the blades are mounted between carbon-fibre-reinforced plates, the rotor head is constructed from fibre elastomers.[8] In February 2004, US helicopter company Lord Corporation were awarded a contract to develop an active vibration control system (AVCS), which monitors onboard conditions and cancels out fuselage vibrations.[34]

The cockpit section of the fuselage is of Kevlar and carbon-fibre construction; it is also fitted with crumple zones and crashworthy seats. The aircraft is equipped with a SFIM Inc four-axis automatic flight control system. Avionics systems include a HF/UHF communications radio, IFF recognition, Doppler navigation, and a radio altimeter; a weather radar and the Omega navigation system were options for the naval variant.[35] IAI has also developed targeting systems and an electronic warfare suite for the Dhruv, as well as avionics for day-and-night flight observation.[26] HAL's claim that the Dhruv is indigenous has been challenged by Comptroller and Auditor General of India, who reported that as of August 2010 the helicopter was: "...against the envisaged indigenisation level of 50% (by 2008), 90% of the value of material used in each ALH is still imported from foreign suppliers".[36]

 
HAL Dhruv MK-III of the Indian Coast Guard

In September 2010, it was reported that the Dhruv's Integrated Dynamic System (IDS), which combines several key rotor control functions into a single module carrying the engine's power to the rotors,[8] was suffering from excessive wear, necessitating frequent replacement; as a consequence the cruising speed had been restricted to 250 km/h and high-altitude performance was lessened as well. HAL contracted Italian aerospace firm Avio for consultancy purposes and they subsequently replicated production of the IDS in Italy in order to isolate the problem with the early testing of the Dhruv subsequently being criticized as "rushed".[37] In June 2011 HAL has reported that the issue had been resolved and not present in the Dhruv Mk III, a number of alterations both to the design and production had been made to improve the IDS. A programme of retrofitting the Mk I and Mk II was completed by June 2011.[38]

The ALH Mk-III with new Shakti-1H engines has very good high altitude performance operating at altitudes over 6 km. It comes with seating for 14 fully equipped troops. DGCA has praised its crashworthy design as a few accidents have not caused any fatalities.[39]

Operational history

Indian service

 
Dhruv Mk.III towed inside the hangar of an Indian Coast Guard patrol vessel.

Deliveries of the Dhruv commenced in January 2002, nine years after the prototype's first flight, and nearly eighteen years after the program was initiated.[11] The Indian Coast Guard was the first service to operate the Dhruv; this was followed by the Indian Army, Indian Navy, Indian Air Force and the Border Security Force. 75 Dhruvs were delivered to the Indian armed forces by 2007, and as of 2008 it was planned to produce 40 helicopters annually.[40] The Indian Air Force's Sarang aerobatic display team performs using 4 Dhruv helicopters.[41] In 2007, a further order for 166 helicopters was placed by the Indian Army.[42][43] India may order up to 12 Dhruvs outfitted with an onboard emergency medical suite, to be used by the Armed Forces Medical Services for MEDEVAC purposes.[44]

The Dhruv is capable of flying at high altitudes, as it was an Army requirement for the helicopter to be able operate in the Siachen Glacier and Kashmir regions. In September 2007, the Dhruv Mk.3 was cleared for high-altitude flying in the Siachen Sector after six months of trials.[45][46] In October 2007, a Dhruv Mk.3 flew to an altitude of 27,500 feet (8,400 m) ASL in Siachen.[47] An Indian Army report in 2009 criticised the Dhruv's performance, stating: "The ALH was not able to fly above 5,000m, though the army's requirements stipulated an ability to fly up to 6,500m"; this has been blamed on the TM333 engine. As a consequence the Army had to continue relying on the older Cheetah/Cheetal helicopters to meet the shortfall.[48] The more powerful Shakti-1H engine has since been introduced on the Dhruv Mk.3; on one test it carried 600 kg load to Sonam Post against the Army's requirement of 200 kg.[49] The Indian Army received the first batch of Dhruv Mk.3s during Aero India 2011.[50]

 
HAL Dhruv of Indian Navy during special operation with MARCOS

In October 2008, Defence Minister A. K. Antony announced that the Indian Navy will deploy the Dhruv in the utility role. The proposed anti-submarine warfare (ASW) variant had been deemed unsuitable by the Navy, which was reportedly dissatisfied with the folding blade performance and maintenance record.[51][52] In 2015, HAL modified the foldable rotor's design to allow the Dhruv to be carried on board light frigates; several Indian Navy helicopters shall receive this modification.[53] The Navy has considered the Dhruv for maritime surveillance and search and rescue roles,[54] and in 2008 a senior Navy official said: "The ALH has a long way to go before the programme matures sufficiently for it to undertake basic naval roles such as search and rescue (SAR) and communication duties."[55] In 2013, the Indian Navy was reportedly interested in the HAL Rudra, the armed version of the Dhruv.[56] On 12 November 2013, the Indian Navy commissioned their first Dhruv squadron (INAS 322, Guardians); Vice Admiral Sinha stated that "In the Navy, Dhruv helicopters had transformed into an advanced search and rescue (SAR) helicopter, which is also used for missions like heliborne operations, and armed patrol with night vision devices".[57]

 
Sarang display helicopter display team of the IAF

Civil Dhruv variants are produced for transport, rescue, policing, offshore operations, air-ambulance, and other roles.[58] The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) placed an order for 12 Dhruv helicopters equipped with a full medical suite, including ventilators and two stretchers.[59] In 2008, it was announced that India's Home Ministry had ordered six Dhruvs.[60] The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation are to use the Dhruv for offshore operations. Several Indian state governments are to use Dhruvs for police and transportation duties.[44] In March 2011, India's Directorate General of Civil Aviation released a proposed airworthiness directive asking all civilian Dhruv operators to temporarily ground their aircraft due to cracks potentially forming in the tail area, and recommended reinforcing affected areas.[61][62]

 
HAL Dhruv and HAL Rudra in Rudra formation over Rajpath, at the Republic Day Celebrations, on 26 January 2020.

Following the 2011 Sikkim earthquake, four Dhruvs conducted rescue operations.[63] In October 2011, Jharkhand's regional government appealed for Mil Mi-17 helicopters as operations of their Dhruvs had been disrupted by prolonged maintenance delays and a major crash.[64][65] In October 2011, The Telegraph reported that a spate of helicopter crashes, including the Dhruv, were alleged to have been caused by low quality maintenance work performed by Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd.[66] In February 2012, the Home Ministry reported that the Dhruv remained grounded and that other helicopters such as the Mi-17 were being wet-leased in its place and that in the long term the Dhruv fleet is to be replaced.[67]

 
HAL rolls out 300th Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopter

Six Army Dhruvs along with 18 Air Force Dhruvs were used during rescue operations after the 2013 North India floods. Their compact size, agility, ability to carry up to 16 people to heights of 10,000 feet, and to evacuate stranded people from inaccessible regions was praised.[68][69][70] The Dhruv could carry more people from high-altitude helipads than the heavier Mi-17, and land where the lighter Bell 407 could not. Total flight time during Operation Rahat and Operation Surya Hope was 630 hours, of which 550 hours were dedicated to SAR missions.[68][71]

In January 2014, the Geological Survey of India (GSI) inducted a Dhruv equipped with a heliborne geophysical survey system (HGSS). Costing ₹63 crore (US$8 million), the HGSS can conduct magnetic, spectrometric and gravity surveys.[72][73][74] In March 2017, HAL received an order for 32 Dhruv for Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard. This was followed by an order of 41 helicopters for Indian Army and Indian Navy.[75] In May 2018, Israel Aerospace Industries was awarded a contract to upgrade cockpits of 150 Dhruv helicopters, in addition to 50 that had been contracted earlier.[76]

 
Technicians attaching underslung load on an Indian Navy Dhruv

On February 5, 2021, the Indian Navy tweeted that it has received the Advanced Light Helicopter MK III (MR) alongside the Indian Coast Guard.[77] In February 2021, HAL announced that it had rolled out the 300th Advance Light Helicopter out of its production line in Bangalore.

There have been 16 accidents involving the Dhruv Helicopters (ALH) ever since the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited began producing them in 2002; the Indian government reported Parliament on 8 March 2016.[78] On 8 August 2021, the Indian Army’s HAL Dhruv helicopter crashed into the water near Ranjit Sagar Dam.[79][80] On 25 January 2021, the Indian Army’s Druv helicopter crashed in Kathua district’s Lakhanpur near Jammu and Kashmir-Punjab border killing one of the pilots.[81][82]

Foreign sales

Overview

The Dhruv has become the first major Indian weapons system to have secured large foreign sales. In 2004 HAL stated that it hoped to sell 120 Dhruvs over the next eight years,[83] and has been displaying the Dhruv at airshows, including Farnborough and Paris in order to market the Dhruv.[84] HAL has entered into a partnership with Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) to develop and promote the Dhruv, IAI has also helped develop new avionics and a glass cockpit for newer variants of the Dhruv.[85]

With a unit price at least 15 percent less than its rivals, the Dhruv has elicited interest in many countries, mostly from Latin America, Africa, West Asia, South East Asia and the Pacific Rim nations. Air forces from around 35 countries have made inquiries, along with requests for demonstrations.[86] Flight certification for Europe and North America is also being planned in order to tap the large civilian market there.[87]

South America

 
Dhruv helicopters of the Ecuadorian Air Force

HAL has secured an order from the Ecuadorian Air Force (EAF) for seven Dhruvs, amidst strong competition from Elbit, Eurocopter and Kazan. HAL's offer of US$50.7 million was about 32 percent lower than the second lowest bid from Elbit.[88] 5 helicopters were delivered in February 2009, during Aero India 2009.[89] Both the Ecuadorian Army and Ecuadorian Navy have since expressed interest in the Dhruvs.[90] The Dhruv has been involved in search and rescue, transport, and MEDEVAC missions in the north of the country.[91]

Following the crash of one of the Dhruvs in October 2009, Ecuador reportedly considered returning their six helicopters to HAL amid claims of being unfit for service;[92] EAF commander Genl. Rodrigo Bohorquez stated "If it is a major problem that can't be easily remedied, we would have to return [the Dhruv]." HAL assisted the crash investigation, which found the cause to be pilot error.[93] In February 2011, the EAF were reported to be satisfied with the Dhruv's performance and was considering further orders.[94] By October 2015, a total of four Ecuadorian Dhruvs had crashed reportedly due to mechanical equipment and Ecuador grounded the type.[95] In October 2015 Ecuador cancelled the contract and withdrew the surviving helicopters from service, non-delivery of parts and high accident rate were cited.[96] In 2016, the Ecuadorian Minister of Defence Ricardo Patiño announced that the remainder of the HAL Dhruv helicopters of the Ecuadorian Air Force, which are stored at the Guayaquil Air Base are for sale and that the Air Force is looking for potential buyers.[97] The Government of Ecuador had unilaterally terminated the contract with HAL citing safety concerns of the helicopters.[78]

The Dhruv participated in a Chilean tender for eight to ten twin-engined helicopters, conducting a series of evaluation flights to demonstrate the capabilities of its avionics and flight performance; however, it lost out to the Bell 412,[98][99] although there were media accusations of unfair pressure being exercised by the US Government to favour Bell.[86][100]

In June 2008, the government of Peru ordered two air ambulance Dhruvs for use by the Peruvian health services.[101] HAL has reportedly been negotiating with Bolivia for five Dhruvs; and with Venezuela for up to seven.[102]

Others

 
Dhruv civil variant

A civilian Dhruv was leased to the Israeli Defense Ministry in 2004; IAI has also made use of the Defense Ministry's Dhruv for marketing and public relations purposes.[33][103][104] In July 2006, Air Force Commander of India Shashindra Pal Tyagi commented that India would purchase as many as 80 Mi-17 helicopters if Russia in turn bought Dhruv helicopters in exchange.[105]

In early 2004, the first foreign order for the Dhruv was placed by Nepal for two examples.[106] In November 2014, India gifted another Dhruv to Nepal as part of a strategic pact.[107]

In August 2008, a deal was reportedly finalised with Turkey for three Dhruvs for US$20 million, with plans to buy as many as 17 of the helicopters for use in the medical assistance role.[102][108] The Dhruv has also been offered to Malaysia,[109] while it is also being evaluated by the Indonesian Army.[110]

In 2007, Amnesty International stated it possessed evidence that India planned to transfer two Dhruvs to Burma, and pointed to the use of European-sourced components as a possible violation of the European Union (EU) arms embargo against that country.[111][112][113] The Indian government disputed Amnesty's claims and denied any wrongdoing.[114]

In April 2010, the Indian Navy gifted a Dhruv to the Maldives National Defence Force for conducting search and rescue and medical evacuation,[115] while a second Mk.III equipped with a weather radar was donated in December 2013. The first helicopter is based at Addu Atoll and the second will be based at Hanimaadhoo.[116]

 
HAL Dhruv helicopter gifted to Maldives

Variants

Military variants

 
A HAL Dhruv military variant with cargo bay open
Mk.1
The initial configuration with a conventional cockpit with mechanical gauges and Turbomeca TM 333-2B2 turboshaft engines. A total of 56 have been delivered to the Indian military.[117] Manufacturing began in 2001.[118]
Mk.2
Similar to the Mk.1, except has the newer HAL-IAI glass cockpit. A total of 20 have been delivered to the Indian military.[117] Manufacturing began in 2007.[118]
Mk.3
An improved version equipped with Shakti-1H engines, new electronic warfare (EW) suite and warning systems, automatic chaff and flare dispensers, and improved vibration control system.[119] The first batch were inducted into service in 2012.[120]
Mk.3 Coast Guard

Same in performance to the Mk.3 however, has additional equipment such as a cabin mountain MG, High Intensity Search Light and a loud hailer.It is armed with a 12.7 mm HMG.[121]

Mk. 3 Navy/Mk.3 MR (Marine Reconnaissance)

Has additional equipment such as a modern surveillance radar and electro-optical equipment to carry out maritime reconnaissance as well as long-range search and rescue missions, an HMG and the capability to mount at least 2 ASW torpedoes. [122]

Mk.4
Also known as Dhruv-WSI (Weapons System Integrated) or HAL Rudra[123][124]

Civil variants

Dhruv (C)
Also known as ALH-Civil, a Turbomeca TM333-2B2-powered 12-seat helicopter, type certificate issued on 31 October 2003.[125]
Dhruv (CFW)
A Turbomeca TM333-2B2-powered 12-seat helicopter fitted with wheels, type certificate issued on 20 April 2005.[125]
Dhruv (CS)
A Turbomeca TM333-2B2-powered 12-seat helicopter fitted with skids, type certificate issued on 30 July 2004.[125]
Garuda Vasudha
A Dhruv outfitted with a heliborne geophysical survey system (HGSS).[72]

Operators

 
Map of Dhruv operators in blue, former operator(s) in red.

Military operators

 
HAL Dhruv operated by Indian Coast Guard
 
US Army deploying from Dhruv of Indian Army during a joint military exercise
  India
  Israel
  Maldives
  Mauritius
    Nepal

Former Military Operators

  Ecuador

Civil operators

 
HAL Dhruv air ambulance in Bangalore, India
  India
  Turkey
  • Turkish Health Services[108]
  Peru
  • Peruvian Health Services[101]

Potential operators

  Philippines
  • The HAL Annual Report for 2020-21 indicated that the Philippine Coast Guard is interested to potentially buy 7 Dhruvs via Indian-based credit.[136]

Specifications

Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft[137][138]

General characteristics

  • Crew: Two pilots
  • Capacity: 12 passengers (14 passengers in high density seating)
  • Length: 15.87 m (52 ft 1 in)
  • Width: 3.15 m (10 ft 4 in)
  • Height: 4.98 m (16 ft 4 in)
  • Gross weight: 4,445 kg (9,800 lb) for Mk III with wheels
  • Max takeoff weight: 5,800 kg (12,787 lb) for Mk III with skids
  • Fuel capacity: 1,055 kg (2,326 lb)
  • Payload: 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) underslung (Mk II)
  • Payload: 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) underslung (Mk III)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Turbomeca TM 333-2B2 turboshaft, 807 kW (1,082 shp) each (Mk I and II)
  • Powerplant: 2 × HAL/Turbomeca Shakti-1H turboshaft, 1,068 kW (1,432 shp) each (Mk III and IV)
  • Main rotor diameter: 13.2 m (43 ft 4 in)
  • Main rotor area: 136.85 m2 (1,473.0 sq ft)

Performance

  • Cruise speed: 250 km/h (155 mph, 135 kn) for Mk III
  • Never exceed speed: 291 km/h (181 mph, 157 kn) for Mk III
  • Range: 630 km (390 mi, 340 nmi) for Mk III
  • Endurance: 3 hours and 42 minutes for Mk III
  • Service ceiling: 6,100 m (20,000 ft) [139]
  • g limits: 3.5
  • Rate of climb: 10.33 m/s (2,033 ft/min)
  • Disk loading: 40.19 kg/m2 (8.23 lb/sq ft)

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Citations
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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to HAL Dhruv.
  • . Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  • YouTube
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    • Video of Dhruv at Paris airshow 2007

January 19, 2023
dhruv, utility, helicopter, designed, developed, hindustan, aeronautics, limited, november, 1984, helicopter, first, flew, 1992, however, development, prolonged, multiple, factors, including, indian, army, requirement, design, changes, budget, restrictions, sa. The HAL Dhruv is a utility helicopter designed and developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited HAL in November 1984 The helicopter first flew in 1992 however its development was prolonged due to multiple factors including the Indian Army s requirement for design changes budget restrictions and sanctions placed on India following the 1998 Pokhran II nuclear tests The name comes from a Sanskrit origin word dhruv which means unshakeable or firm 5 DhruvDhruv Mk III MR of Indian Coast Guard Role Utility helicopterNational origin IndiaManufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics LimitedDesign group Rotary Wing Research and Design Center 1 First flight 20 August 1992 2 Introduction March 2002 3 Status In servicePrimary users Indian ArmyIndian Air Force Indian NavyProduced 1992 presentNumber built 335 4 Variants HAL RudraDeveloped into HAL Prachand HAL Light Utility HelicopterDhruv entered service in 2002 It is designed to meet the requirement of both military and civil operators with military variants of the helicopter being developed for the Indian Armed Forces while a variant for civilian commercial use has also been developed Military versions in production include transport utility reconnaissance and medical evacuation variants As of January 2022 335 HAL Dhruv have been produced for domestic and export markets logging more than 340 000 flying hours 4 Contents 1 Development 1 1 Origins 1 2 Further development 2 Design 3 Operational history 3 1 Indian service 3 2 Foreign sales 3 2 1 Overview 3 2 2 South America 3 2 3 Others 4 Variants 4 1 Military variants 4 2 Civil variants 5 Operators 5 1 Military operators 5 1 1 Former Military Operators 5 2 Civil operators 5 3 Potential operators 6 Specifications 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksDevelopment EditOrigins Edit The Advanced Light Helicopter ALH program for an indigenous 5 ton multirole helicopter was initiated in May 1979 by the Indian Air Force and Indian Naval Air Arm 6 HAL were given a contract by the Indian government in 1984 to develop the helicopter 6 7 Germany s Messerschmitt Bolkow Blohm MBB were contracted in July 1984 as a design consultant and collaborative partner on the programme 8 9 Although originally scheduled to fly in 1989 the first prototype ALH Z 3182 made its maiden flight on 20 August 1992 at Bangalore with the then Indian Vice President K R Narayanan in attendance 10 This was followed by a second prototype Z 3183 on 18 April 1993 an Army Air Force version Z 3268 and a navalised prototype IN 901 with Allied Signal CTS800 engines and a retractable tricycle undercarriage 11 Development problems arose due to changing military demands and a funding shortfall in the wake of the 1991 Indian economic crisis 6 Naval testing on board INS Viraat and other ships started in March 1998 and around the same time a weight reduction programme was initiated 12 However further delays in development were caused when sanctions were implemented against India following a number of Pokhran II nuclear tests in 1998 and India s continued refusal to sign the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty As a result the intended engine for the helicopter the LHTEC T800 was embargoed 12 13 The Turbomeca TM 333 2B2 turboshaft engine was selected as a replacement in addition Turbomeca agreed to co develop a more powerful engine with HAL originally known as the Ardiden 14 Turbomeca also assisted in the development of the helicopter stress analysis and studies of rotor dynamics were conducted in France 15 The first flight of Dhruv with new engine variant called the Shakti took place on 16 August 2007 16 17 Further development Edit The HAL Rudra earlier known as Dhruv WSI Weapons Systems Integrated is an attack variant designed for the Indian Army 18 Development was sanctioned in December 1998 19 and the prototype first flew on 16 August 2007 it is to be armed with both anti tank and anti aircraft missiles and a 20 mm turret mounted cannon 20 The Dhruv WSI is to be capable of conducting combat air support CAS and anti submarine warfare ASW roles as well 21 In addition to the Dhruv WSI HAL is also developing the Light Combat Helicopter LCH based on the Dhruv for the Indian Armed Forces It is fitted with stub wings for carrying up to eight anti armour missiles four air to air missiles or four pods loaded with either 70 mm or 68 mm rockets The LCH will also have FLIR Forward Looking Infrared a CCD Charge Coupled Device camera and a target acquisition system with laser rangefinder and thermal vision 22 A Dhruv of the Indian Army In 2005 following a crash landing of a Dhruv the entire fleet was grounded when it was discovered to have been caused by excessive vibration of the tail rotor Following a redesign which incorporated new materials in addition to changes in design methodology the Dhruv undertook recertification and returned to service shortly after March 2006 23 24 In April 2007 a report published by the Indian Committee of Defence noted the Dhruv as one of four focus areas identified as having high export potential 25 In January 2011 HAL and partner Israel Aerospace Industries IAI announced that they were jointly developing the Dhruv to operate as an unmanned maritime helicopter stating customer interest in such a feature 26 The first five production Dhruv Mk III powered by the more powerful Shakti 1H engine were delivered to the Leh based 205 Aviation Squadron on 7 February 2011 during a ceremony at HAL s Helicopter Division 27 In July 2011 India s Directorate General of Civil Aviation certified a Dhruv simulator developed by HAL and Canadian developer CAE Inc the simulator is easily modifiable to simulate different variants of the Dhruv and other helicopters such as the Eurocopter Dauphin 28 Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory DEBEL has been developing an oxygen life support system to improve the helicopter s high altitude performance and as of August 2010 the IAF has ordered development of this system for the Dhruv 29 In February 2012 HAL reported that the Indian Army had ordered a further 159 30 Apart from getting 16 Dhruv Mk III Indian Coast Guard issued Letter of Intent LoI for 9 additional units 31 Design Edit A Dhruv in Sarang display markings at Aero India 2011 The HAL Dhruv is of conventional design about 29 percent of its empty weight constituting 60 percent of the airframe s surface area is composite materials 32 It has been reported that the unique carbon fibre composite developed by HAL reduced the helicopter s weight by 50 percent 33 The high tail boom allows easy access to the rear doors The twin 1000 shp TurbunStink TM333 2B2 turboshafts are mounted above the cabin and drive a four blade composite main rotor The main rotor can be manually folded the blades are mounted between carbon fibre reinforced plates the rotor head is constructed from fibre elastomers 8 In February 2004 US helicopter company Lord Corporation were awarded a contract to develop an active vibration control system AVCS which monitors onboard conditions and cancels out fuselage vibrations 34 The cockpit section of the fuselage is of Kevlar and carbon fibre construction it is also fitted with crumple zones and crashworthy seats The aircraft is equipped with a SFIM Inc four axis automatic flight control system Avionics systems include a HF UHF communications radio IFF recognition Doppler navigation and a radio altimeter a weather radar and the Omega navigation system were options for the naval variant 35 IAI has also developed targeting systems and an electronic warfare suite for the Dhruv as well as avionics for day and night flight observation 26 HAL s claim that the Dhruv is indigenous has been challenged by Comptroller and Auditor General of India who reported that as of August 2010 the helicopter was against the envisaged indigenisation level of 50 by 2008 90 of the value of material used in each ALH is still imported from foreign suppliers 36 HAL Dhruv MK III of the Indian Coast Guard In September 2010 it was reported that the Dhruv s Integrated Dynamic System IDS which combines several key rotor control functions into a single module carrying the engine s power to the rotors 8 was suffering from excessive wear necessitating frequent replacement as a consequence the cruising speed had been restricted to 250 km h and high altitude performance was lessened as well HAL contracted Italian aerospace firm Avio for consultancy purposes and they subsequently replicated production of the IDS in Italy in order to isolate the problem with the early testing of the Dhruv subsequently being criticized as rushed 37 In June 2011 HAL has reported that the issue had been resolved and not present in the Dhruv Mk III a number of alterations both to the design and production had been made to improve the IDS A programme of retrofitting the Mk I and Mk II was completed by June 2011 38 The ALH Mk III with new Shakti 1H engines has very good high altitude performance operating at altitudes over 6 km It comes with seating for 14 fully equipped troops DGCA has praised its crashworthy design as a few accidents have not caused any fatalities 39 Operational history EditIndian service Edit Dhruv Mk III towed inside the hangar of an Indian Coast Guard patrol vessel Deliveries of the Dhruv commenced in January 2002 nine years after the prototype s first flight and nearly eighteen years after the program was initiated 11 The Indian Coast Guard was the first service to operate the Dhruv this was followed by the Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force and the Border Security Force 75 Dhruvs were delivered to the Indian armed forces by 2007 and as of 2008 it was planned to produce 40 helicopters annually 40 The Indian Air Force s Sarang aerobatic display team performs using 4 Dhruv helicopters 41 In 2007 a further order for 166 helicopters was placed by the Indian Army 42 43 India may order up to 12 Dhruvs outfitted with an onboard emergency medical suite to be used by the Armed Forces Medical Services for MEDEVAC purposes 44 The Dhruv is capable of flying at high altitudes as it was an Army requirement for the helicopter to be able operate in the Siachen Glacier and Kashmir regions In September 2007 the Dhruv Mk 3 was cleared for high altitude flying in the Siachen Sector after six months of trials 45 46 In October 2007 a Dhruv Mk 3 flew to an altitude of 27 500 feet 8 400 m ASL in Siachen 47 An Indian Army report in 2009 criticised the Dhruv s performance stating The ALH was not able to fly above 5 000m though the army s requirements stipulated an ability to fly up to 6 500m this has been blamed on the TM333 engine As a consequence the Army had to continue relying on the older Cheetah Cheetal helicopters to meet the shortfall 48 The more powerful Shakti 1H engine has since been introduced on the Dhruv Mk 3 on one test it carried 600 kg load to Sonam Post against the Army s requirement of 200 kg 49 The Indian Army received the first batch of Dhruv Mk 3s during Aero India 2011 50 HAL Dhruv of Indian Navy during special operation with MARCOS In October 2008 Defence Minister A K Antony announced that the Indian Navy will deploy the Dhruv in the utility role The proposed anti submarine warfare ASW variant had been deemed unsuitable by the Navy which was reportedly dissatisfied with the folding blade performance and maintenance record 51 52 In 2015 HAL modified the foldable rotor s design to allow the Dhruv to be carried on board light frigates several Indian Navy helicopters shall receive this modification 53 The Navy has considered the Dhruv for maritime surveillance and search and rescue roles 54 and in 2008 a senior Navy official said The ALH has a long way to go before the programme matures sufficiently for it to undertake basic naval roles such as search and rescue SAR and communication duties 55 In 2013 the Indian Navy was reportedly interested in the HAL Rudra the armed version of the Dhruv 56 On 12 November 2013 the Indian Navy commissioned their first Dhruv squadron INAS 322 Guardians Vice Admiral Sinha stated that In the Navy Dhruv helicopters had transformed into an advanced search and rescue SAR helicopter which is also used for missions like heliborne operations and armed patrol with night vision devices 57 Sarang display helicopter display team of the IAF Civil Dhruv variants are produced for transport rescue policing offshore operations air ambulance and other roles 58 The National Disaster Management Authority NDMA placed an order for 12 Dhruv helicopters equipped with a full medical suite including ventilators and two stretchers 59 In 2008 it was announced that India s Home Ministry had ordered six Dhruvs 60 The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation are to use the Dhruv for offshore operations Several Indian state governments are to use Dhruvs for police and transportation duties 44 In March 2011 India s Directorate General of Civil Aviation released a proposed airworthiness directive asking all civilian Dhruv operators to temporarily ground their aircraft due to cracks potentially forming in the tail area and recommended reinforcing affected areas 61 62 HAL Dhruv and HAL Rudra in Rudra formation over Rajpath at the Republic Day Celebrations on 26 January 2020 Following the 2011 Sikkim earthquake four Dhruvs conducted rescue operations 63 In October 2011 Jharkhand s regional government appealed for Mil Mi 17 helicopters as operations of their Dhruvs had been disrupted by prolonged maintenance delays and a major crash 64 65 In October 2011 The Telegraph reported that a spate of helicopter crashes including the Dhruv were alleged to have been caused by low quality maintenance work performed by Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd 66 In February 2012 the Home Ministry reported that the Dhruv remained grounded and that other helicopters such as the Mi 17 were being wet leased in its place and that in the long term the Dhruv fleet is to be replaced 67 HAL rolls out 300th Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopter Six Army Dhruvs along with 18 Air Force Dhruvs were used during rescue operations after the 2013 North India floods Their compact size agility ability to carry up to 16 people to heights of 10 000 feet and to evacuate stranded people from inaccessible regions was praised 68 69 70 The Dhruv could carry more people from high altitude helipads than the heavier Mi 17 and land where the lighter Bell 407 could not Total flight time during Operation Rahat and Operation Surya Hope was 630 hours of which 550 hours were dedicated to SAR missions 68 71 In January 2014 the Geological Survey of India GSI inducted a Dhruv equipped with a heliborne geophysical survey system HGSS Costing 63 crore US 8 million the HGSS can conduct magnetic spectrometric and gravity surveys 72 73 74 In March 2017 HAL received an order for 32 Dhruv for Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard This was followed by an order of 41 helicopters for Indian Army and Indian Navy 75 In May 2018 Israel Aerospace Industries was awarded a contract to upgrade cockpits of 150 Dhruv helicopters in addition to 50 that had been contracted earlier 76 Technicians attaching underslung load on an Indian Navy Dhruv On February 5 2021 the Indian Navy tweeted that it has received the Advanced Light Helicopter MK III MR alongside the Indian Coast Guard 77 In February 2021 HAL announced that it had rolled out the 300th Advance Light Helicopter out of its production line in Bangalore There have been 16 accidents involving the Dhruv Helicopters ALH ever since the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited began producing them in 2002 the Indian government reported Parliament on 8 March 2016 78 On 8 August 2021 the Indian Army s HAL Dhruv helicopter crashed into the water near Ranjit Sagar Dam 79 80 On 25 January 2021 the Indian Army s Druv helicopter crashed in Kathua district s Lakhanpur near Jammu and Kashmir Punjab border killing one of the pilots 81 82 Foreign sales Edit Overview Edit The Dhruv has become the first major Indian weapons system to have secured large foreign sales In 2004 HAL stated that it hoped to sell 120 Dhruvs over the next eight years 83 and has been displaying the Dhruv at airshows including Farnborough and Paris in order to market the Dhruv 84 HAL has entered into a partnership with Israel Aircraft Industries IAI to develop and promote the Dhruv IAI has also helped develop new avionics and a glass cockpit for newer variants of the Dhruv 85 With a unit price at least 15 percent less than its rivals the Dhruv has elicited interest in many countries mostly from Latin America Africa West Asia South East Asia and the Pacific Rim nations Air forces from around 35 countries have made inquiries along with requests for demonstrations 86 Flight certification for Europe and North America is also being planned in order to tap the large civilian market there 87 South America Edit Dhruv helicopters of the Ecuadorian Air Force HAL has secured an order from the Ecuadorian Air Force EAF for seven Dhruvs amidst strong competition from Elbit Eurocopter and Kazan HAL s offer of US 50 7 million was about 32 percent lower than the second lowest bid from Elbit 88 5 helicopters were delivered in February 2009 during Aero India 2009 89 Both the Ecuadorian Army and Ecuadorian Navy have since expressed interest in the Dhruvs 90 The Dhruv has been involved in search and rescue transport and MEDEVAC missions in the north of the country 91 Following the crash of one of the Dhruvs in October 2009 Ecuador reportedly considered returning their six helicopters to HAL amid claims of being unfit for service 92 EAF commander Genl Rodrigo Bohorquez stated If it is a major problem that can t be easily remedied we would have to return the Dhruv HAL assisted the crash investigation which found the cause to be pilot error 93 In February 2011 the EAF were reported to be satisfied with the Dhruv s performance and was considering further orders 94 By October 2015 a total of four Ecuadorian Dhruvs had crashed reportedly due to mechanical equipment and Ecuador grounded the type 95 In October 2015 Ecuador cancelled the contract and withdrew the surviving helicopters from service non delivery of parts and high accident rate were cited 96 In 2016 the Ecuadorian Minister of Defence Ricardo Patino announced that the remainder of the HAL Dhruv helicopters of the Ecuadorian Air Force which are stored at the Guayaquil Air Base are for sale and that the Air Force is looking for potential buyers 97 The Government of Ecuador had unilaterally terminated the contract with HAL citing safety concerns of the helicopters 78 The Dhruv participated in a Chilean tender for eight to ten twin engined helicopters conducting a series of evaluation flights to demonstrate the capabilities of its avionics and flight performance however it lost out to the Bell 412 98 99 although there were media accusations of unfair pressure being exercised by the US Government to favour Bell 86 100 In June 2008 the government of Peru ordered two air ambulance Dhruvs for use by the Peruvian health services 101 HAL has reportedly been negotiating with Bolivia for five Dhruvs and with Venezuela for up to seven 102 Others Edit Dhruv civil variant A civilian Dhruv was leased to the Israeli Defense Ministry in 2004 IAI has also made use of the Defense Ministry s Dhruv for marketing and public relations purposes 33 103 104 In July 2006 Air Force Commander of India Shashindra Pal Tyagi commented that India would purchase as many as 80 Mi 17 helicopters if Russia in turn bought Dhruv helicopters in exchange 105 In early 2004 the first foreign order for the Dhruv was placed by Nepal for two examples 106 In November 2014 India gifted another Dhruv to Nepal as part of a strategic pact 107 In August 2008 a deal was reportedly finalised with Turkey for three Dhruvs for US 20 million with plans to buy as many as 17 of the helicopters for use in the medical assistance role 102 108 The Dhruv has also been offered to Malaysia 109 while it is also being evaluated by the Indonesian Army 110 In 2007 Amnesty International stated it possessed evidence that India planned to transfer two Dhruvs to Burma and pointed to the use of European sourced components as a possible violation of the European Union EU arms embargo against that country 111 112 113 The Indian government disputed Amnesty s claims and denied any wrongdoing 114 In April 2010 the Indian Navy gifted a Dhruv to the Maldives National Defence Force for conducting search and rescue and medical evacuation 115 while a second Mk III equipped with a weather radar was donated in December 2013 The first helicopter is based at Addu Atoll and the second will be based at Hanimaadhoo 116 HAL Dhruv helicopter gifted to MaldivesVariants EditMilitary variants Edit A HAL Dhruv military variant with cargo bay open Mk 1 The initial configuration with a conventional cockpit with mechanical gauges and Turbomeca TM 333 2B2 turboshaft engines A total of 56 have been delivered to the Indian military 117 Manufacturing began in 2001 118 Mk 2 Similar to the Mk 1 except has the newer HAL IAI glass cockpit A total of 20 have been delivered to the Indian military 117 Manufacturing began in 2007 118 Mk 3 An improved version equipped with Shakti 1H engines new electronic warfare EW suite and warning systems automatic chaff and flare dispensers and improved vibration control system 119 The first batch were inducted into service in 2012 120 Mk 3 Coast GuardSame in performance to the Mk 3 however has additional equipment such as a cabin mountain MG High Intensity Search Light and a loud hailer It is armed with a 12 7 mm HMG 121 Mk 3 Navy Mk 3 MR Marine Reconnaissance Has additional equipment such as a modern surveillance radar and electro optical equipment to carry out maritime reconnaissance as well as long range search and rescue missions an HMG and the capability to mount at least 2 ASW torpedoes 122 Mk 4 Also known as Dhruv WSI Weapons System Integrated or HAL Rudra 123 124 Civil variants Edit Dhruv C Also known as ALH Civil a Turbomeca TM333 2B2 powered 12 seat helicopter type certificate issued on 31 October 2003 125 Dhruv CFW A Turbomeca TM333 2B2 powered 12 seat helicopter fitted with wheels type certificate issued on 20 April 2005 125 Dhruv CS A Turbomeca TM333 2B2 powered 12 seat helicopter fitted with skids type certificate issued on 30 July 2004 125 Garuda Vasudha A Dhruv outfitted with a heliborne geophysical survey system HGSS 72 Operators Edit Map of Dhruv operators in blue former operator s in red Military operators Edit HAL Dhruv operated by Indian Coast Guard US Army deploying from Dhruv of Indian Army during a joint military exercise IndiaIndian Air Force 126 Indian Army Aviation Corps 126 Indian Navy 126 Indian Coast Guard 127 Border Security Force 128 IsraelMinistry of Defense one leased in 2007 129 MaldivesNational Defence Force 126 MauritiusMilitary of Mauritius 130 Mauritius Police Force 131 NepalNepalese Army Air Service 126 Former Military Operators Edit EcuadorEcuadorian Air Force 126 former operator withdrawn from service in 2015 132 133 Civil operators Edit HAL Dhruv air ambulance in Bangalore India IndiaMinistry of Home Affairs 60 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation 134 Chhattisgarh State Government 134 Jharkhand State Government 135 Karnataka State Government 135 Geological Survey of India 74 TurkeyTurkish Health Services 108 PeruPeruvian Health Services 101 Potential operators Edit PhilippinesThe HAL Annual Report for 2020 21 indicated that the Philippine Coast Guard is interested to potentially buy 7 Dhruvs via Indian based credit 136 Specifications EditData from Jane s All the World s Aircraft 137 138 General characteristicsCrew Two pilots Capacity 12 passengers 14 passengers in high density seating Length 15 87 m 52 ft 1 in Width 3 15 m 10 ft 4 in Height 4 98 m 16 ft 4 in Gross weight 4 445 kg 9 800 lb for Mk III with wheels Max takeoff weight 5 800 kg 12 787 lb for Mk III with skids Fuel capacity 1 055 kg 2 326 lb Payload 1 500 kg 3 300 lb underslung Mk II Payload 1 000 kg 2 200 lb underslung Mk III Powerplant 2 Turbomeca TM 333 2B2 turboshaft 807 kW 1 082 shp each Mk I and II Powerplant 2 HAL Turbomeca Shakti 1H turboshaft 1 068 kW 1 432 shp each Mk III and IV Main rotor diameter 13 2 m 43 ft 4 in Main rotor area 136 85 m2 1 473 0 sq ft Performance Cruise speed 250 km h 155 mph 135 kn for Mk III Never exceed speed 291 km h 181 mph 157 kn for Mk III Range 630 km 390 mi 340 nmi for Mk III Endurance 3 hours and 42 minutes for Mk III Service ceiling 6 100 m 20 000 ft 139 g limits 3 5 Rate of climb 10 33 m s 2 033 ft min Disk loading 40 19 kg m2 8 23 lb sq ft See also Edit Aviation portalRelated development Rudra Prachand HAL LUH HAL Medium Lift Helicopter Aerospatiale Alouette III HAL Chetak Aerospatiale SA 315B Lama HAL Cheetah Aircraft of comparable role configuration and era AgustaWestland AW169 Bell 412 Bell 429 Eurocopter EC145 Kazan Ansat KAI LCH KAI LAH MD Helicopters MD Explorer Sikorsky S 76Related lists List of rotorcraftReferences EditCitations Rotary Wing Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Retrieved 9 October 2021 Equipment Dhruv Indian Army Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 Retrieved 13 August 2011 Jackson Paul Munson Kenneth Peacock Lindsay 2004 Jane s All the World s Aircraft 95th ed Coulsdon Jane s ISBN 0 71062614 2 a b Thapar Vishal 19 January 2022 HAL Signs Contract For Export Of Dhruv Helicopter To Mauritius Business Standard Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary ध sanskrit inria fr Retrieved 18 March 2021 a b c Hirschberg 2011 p 49 Datta 2008 p 12 a b c Jackson 2003 p 185 Khan 2004 p 248 Kahn 2004 pp 248 249 a b Jackson p 184 a b HAL Dhruv India Aircraft Rotary wing Civil military Jane s 13 July 2011 Archived from the original on 3 May 2012 Dhruv on wings at Paris Business Line 5 July 2005 Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 Retrieved 13 August 2011 Aero India HAL to target maritime contract Flight International 15 February 2005 Standing Committee of Defence 2007 p 24 Dhruvs with Shakti engine and weapons make maiden flight HAL Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 Retrieved 31 August 2010 Sharma Ravi 19 July 2007 Shakti powered ALH to fly on August 1 The Hindu Chennai India Archived from the original on 19 October 2011 Retrieved 31 August 2010 Army to soon get indigenous weaponised chopper Advanced Light Helicopter Rudra The Times of India 5 September 2011 Archived from the original on 9 October 2017 Standing Committee of Defence 2007 p 45 Weaponised version of Dhruv makes maiden flight The Hindu Chennai India 17 August 2007 Archived from the original on 10 November 2012 Standing Committee of Defence 2007 pp 24 25 Indigenous combat copter takes to skies The Times of India 24 May 2010 Archived from the original on 11 April 2016 Retrieved 22 August 2011 IAF s Dhruv helicopter crash lands in Jaisalmer The Hindu Chennai India 27 February 2010 Archived from the original on 2 November 2012 Dhruv to resume service soon 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deal Flight International No 3 9 February 2004 p 27 Archived from the original on 5 November 2012 Equipment Dhruv Indian Army Retrieved 24 August 2011 Indigenous Dhruv advanced light helicopters are 90 foreign The Times of India 6 August 2010 Archived from the original on 7 July 2012 Retrieved 24 August 2011 Shukla Ajai 13 September 2010 Indian Dhruv copter gets Italian makeover Business Standard Archived from the original on 17 April 2018 Retrieved 17 April 2018 Gooptu Biswarup 1 June 2011 Hindustan Aeronautics sees spike in light combat helicopter orders The Economic Times Archived from the original on 17 April 2018 Retrieved 17 April 2018 Group Captain Retd Hari Nair 2013 Lessons learnt from ALH Project PDF Aero India Archived PDF from the original on 7 December 2013 Retrieved 15 July 2013 alternate copy Archived 13 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine Peru Ecuador Place Orders for HAL Dhruv ALH Helicopters India Defence 29 June 2008 Archived from the original on 10 November 2011 Retrieved 1 August 2011 Dhruv helicopter display in Farnborough Air Show The Economic Times 14 July 2008 Archived from the original on 23 May 2012 Retrieved 21 August 2011 Shukla Ajai 9 September 2008 Light Combat Helicopter to fly soon India s New Helicopters Part II Business Standard Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 Retrieved 21 August 2011 HAL s Dhruv gets CCS approval The Hindu Chennai India 23 December 2007 Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 a b Mishra Bibhu Ranjan Bose Praveen 17 August 2007 HAL likely to get Rs 420 crore order for air ambulances Business Standard Archived from the original on 14 October 2012 Retrieved 21 August 2011 Dhruv helicopter set to fly in Siachen Archived 5 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine NDTV 3 September 2007 Dhruv clears trials to fly high in Siachen Archived 30 June 2012 at archive today The Times of India 20 February 2007 Retrieved 8 October 2007 Bangalore ALH pilots fly high Archived 30 June 2012 at archive today The Times 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Economic Times 19 September 2011 Archived from the original on 2 October 2017 Gupta Amit 22 October 2011 State copter out of action pilots idle On 9 month upkeep break Calcutta India Telegraph India Archived from the original on 25 October 2011 SOS to Centre for MI 17s Indian Telegraph Calcutta India 19 October 2011 Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Dholabhai Nishit 20 October 2011 Glare on chopper operator Pawan Hans run copters involved in six accidents this year Indian Telegraph Calcutta India Archived from the original on 24 October 2011 MHA plans to buy wet lease choppers as Dhruv fleet grounded Hindustan Times 1 February 2012 Archived from the original on 1 February 2012 a b Happy hours in HAL over Dhruv s Char Dham Op The New Indian Express 17 July 2013 Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 Retrieved 17 July 2013 Kumar Vinay 20 June 2013 Dhruv helicopters fly high in Uttarakhand The Hindu Chennai India Archived from the original on 27 June 2013 Retrieved 5 July 2013 How brave tireless pilots fought to give Uttarakhand a sheltering sky NDTV 4 July 2013 Archived from the original on 7 July 2013 Retrieved 5 July 2013 Dutta Sujan Dholabhai Nishit 14 July 2013 Dhruv delivers but doubters persist Copter comes good in hills The Telegraph Calcutta India Archived from the original on 18 July 2013 Retrieved 15 July 2013 a b Advanced light helicopter Garuda Vasudha dedicated to nation Business Standard 23 January 2014 Archived from the original on 27 January 2014 Retrieved 23 January 2014 Garuda Vasudha to detect deep seated mineral deposits in the country Deccan Herald 23 January 2014 Archived from the original on 26 January 2014 Retrieved 23 January 2014 a b HAL copter to add teeth to GSI mineral search The Hindu Chennai India 23 January 2014 Archived from the original on 30 January 2014 Retrieved 23 January 2014 Media Releases www hal india com Archived from the original on 4 September 2017 Retrieved 4 September 2017 Egozi Arie 1 May 2018 India 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2009 Archived from the original on 13 October 2012 Probe finds pilot error caused Dhruv crash in Ecuador The Hindu Chennai India 15 December 2009 Archived from the original on 2 November 2012 Shukla Ajai 4 February 2011 HAL plans treat for Aero India Business Standard Archived from the original on 5 February 2011 Ecuador grounds fleet of Dhruv choppers after mishaps cancels contract with HAL Archived 17 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Deccan Herald 16 October 2015 Ecuador cuts Dhruv helicopter contract with HAL after 4 crashes The Times of India 16 October 2015 Archived from the original on 6 February 2016 Rivas Santiago 21 October 2016 Ecuadorian Air Force selling its remaining Dhruv helicopters IHS Jane s 360 Buenos Aires Argentina Retrieved 22 October 2016 Chile inks contract with Bell for 412 Dallas Business Journal 12 December 2007 Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 Indian Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopters Demonstrated to Chilean Air Force Army and Naval Aviation units Israel Aerospace Industries 25 July 2004 Archived from the original on 23 March 2012 US pressure robs chopper order from Hindustan Aeronautics The India Times 4 May 2008 Archived from the original on 30 March 2012 Retrieved 31 August 2010 a b Bose Praveen and Ravi Menon 24 June 2008 HAL secures copter order from Peru Business Standard Archived from the original on 14 October 2012 Retrieved 26 August 2011 a b HAL in negotiations with S American countries Business Standard 16 July 2008 Archived from the original on 17 December 2009 Retrieved 31 August 2010 O Sullivan Arieh 26 May 2005 Defense Ministry leases Indian made chopper to ferry VIPs The Jerusalem Post Sinha Rakesha 18 December 2004 Dhruv to spread wings in Israel fleet this January The Indian Express Gritskova Alexandra 11 July 2006 Military Cooperation Russian MI 17 to Land in India Kommersant Archived from the original on 30 March 2012 India to sell 2 Advanced Light Helicopters to Nepal Islamic Republic News Agency 11 February 2004 Modi holds strategic talks with Nepal gifts Bodhi sapling helicopter 25 November 2014 Archived from the original on 29 December 2014 Retrieved 6 February 2015 a b Pubby Manu India bags 20 mn helicopter contract Archived 18 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine The Indian Express online edition 10 August 2008 Retrieved 30 August 2008 HAL hopes to see Dhruv copters on Malaysian shopping list Business Line 24 December 2004 Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 Retrieved 31 August 2010 HAL aircraft to fly in Ecuador skies Sify com 11 February 2009 Archived from the original on 14 February 2009 Retrieved 31 August 2010 Threat to EU Burma embargo Archived 11 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine BBC News 16 July 2007 Retrieved 8 October 2007 Indian helicopters for Myanmar making a mockery of the EU arms embargo Archived 19 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Amnesty International 16 July 2007 Letter to the President of the EU Council of Ministers PDF Archived from the original PDF on 6 October 2007 Taipei Times p 5 17 July 2007 Quote A government source who asked not to be named denied any wrongdoing and said India does not attach much credence to reports by Amnesty International India does give defense hardware support to Myanmar but the equipment is not offensive and not top of the line technology said the source asserting that Myanmar was helping in the battle against insurgents in India s northeast Another Indian official who also spoke on condition of anonymity said that the technology concerned was for communications only and not for offensive operations HAL Dhru to Maldives airforcenews ru Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 Retrieved 13 August 2011 Anandan S 15 December 2013 India donates second naval Advanced Light Helicopter to Maldives thehindu Archived from the original on 15 December 2013 Retrieved 3 September 2014 a b Hirschberg 2011 p 50 a b Dhruv Advanced Light Helicopter ALH IDP Sentinel Archived from the original on 14 June 2013 Retrieved 15 June 2013 HAL To Deliver More Dhruv Mk 3 Helicopters Aviation week 7 March 2011 Retrieved 6 September 2011 Dhruv MkIII Inducted into Indian Air Force DefenceNow 9 February 2012 Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 Twitter https twitter com defencedecode status 1488104382659174402 photo 1 Retrieved 31 January 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Indian Navy inducts three ALH MK III helicopters 9 June 2021 YEAR END REVIEW 2010 DRDO Press Information Bureau Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 Retrieved 31 July 2012 Hirschberg 2011 p 51 a b c DGCA Type Certificate Data Sheet No 5 8 96 RD Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine a b c d e f World Air Forces 2014 PDF Flightglobal Insight 2014 Archived PDF from the original on 25 December 2013 Retrieved 5 September 2014 HAL Opens New Chapter in Defence Equipment Maintenance through PBL for ALH Signs Rs 8 000 Crore Contract with Indian Navy amp 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Imprint ISBN 0 7603 1504 3 Datta Saikat 14 July 2008 Hay After A Long Hover Vol 48 Outlook Publishing pp 12 13 Hirschberg Mike Spring 2011 From Chetak to Dhruv The History of HAL Helicopters PDF VertiFlite pp 46 52 permanent dead link Jackson Paul 2003 Jane s All the World s Aircraft 2003 2004 Coulsdon UK Jane s Information Group ISBN 0 7106 2537 5 Kahn J A 2004 Air Power and Challenges to IAF APH Publishing ISBN 81 7648 593 4 Sakhuja Vijay 2011 Asian Maritime Power in the 21st Century Strategic Transactions China India and Southeast Asia Institute of Southeast Asian Studies ISBN 978 981 4311 09 0 Standing Committee on Defence April 2007 In Depth Study and Critical Review of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited HAL PDF Ministry of Defence Singh Ashok Kumar 2008 Science and Technology for Civil Service Tata McGraw Hill Education ISBN 978 0 07 065548 5 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to HAL Dhruv official website Archived from the original on 28 November 2019 Retrieved 5 October 2018 YouTube Video of HAL Dhruv Advertisement Sarang helicopter display team performing at Aero India Video of Dhruv at Paris airshow 2007 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title HAL Dhruv amp oldid 1130624488, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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