fbpx
Wikipedia

Ann Arbor, Michigan

January 03, 2023

"Ann Arbor" redirects here. For other uses, see Ann Arbor (disambiguation).

Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County.[7] The 2020 census recorded its population to be 123,851.[8] It is the principal city of the Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Washtenaw County. Ann Arbor is also included in the Greater Detroit Combined Statistical Area and the Great Lakes megalopolis, the most populated and largest megalopolis in North America.

Ann Arbor, Michigan
City
City of Ann Arbor
From top, left to right: the Ann Arbor skyline, a sunset in Ann Arbor, Saint Andrew's Episcopal Church, Huron River, and the 2019 Ann Arbor Art Fair
Flag
Seal
Nicknames: 
A2, A2, Tree Town, People's Republic of Ann Arbor
Interactive map of Ann Arbor
Coordinates: 42°16′53″N 83°44′54″W / 42.28139°N 83.74833°W / 42.28139; -83.74833Coordinates: 42°16′53″N 83°44′54″W / 42.28139°N 83.74833°W / 42.28139; -83.74833
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
CountyWashtenaw
Founded1824
Incorporated1833 (village)
1851 (city)
Founded byJohn Allen and Elisha Rumsey
Named forThe wives of the city's founders (both named Ann) and the bur oak in the area
Government
[1]
 • TypeCouncil–manager
 • MayorChristopher Taylor (D)
 • AdministratorMilton Dohoney
 • ClerkJacqueline Beaudry
 • City council
Members
  • Christopher Taylor
  • Cynthia Harrison
  • Linh Song
  • Christopher Watson
  • Travis Radina
  • Ayesha Ghazi Edwin
  • Jen Eyer
  • Dharma Akmon
  • Jenn Cornell
  • Erica Briggs
  • Lisa Disch
Area
[2]
 • City29.09 sq mi (75.35 km2)
 • Land28.22 sq mi (73.10 km2)
 • Water0.87 sq mi (2.25 km2)
 • Urban
159.57 sq mi (413.46 km2)
 • Metro
722 sq mi (1,870 km2)
Elevation
840 ft (256 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • City123,851
 • Estimate 
(2021)[4]
121,536
 • Rank231st in the United States
5th in Michigan
 • Density4,388.14/sq mi (1,694.28/km2)
 • Urban
317,689 (US: 129th)[3]
 • Urban density2,214.6/sq mi (855.0/km2)
 • Metro
[5]
372,258 (US: 148th)
DemonymAnn Arborite
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP code(s)
48103–48109, 48113
Area code734
FIPS code26-03000[6]
GNIS feature ID0620133[6]
Websitewww.a2gov.org

Ann Arbor is home to the University of Michigan. The university significantly shapes Ann Arbor's economy as it employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center. The city's economy is also centered on high technology, with several companies drawn to the area by the university's research and development infrastructure.[9]

Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named after the wives of the village's founders, both named Ann, and the stands of bur oak trees.[10] The city's population grew at a rapid rate in the early to the mid-20th century.

History

Main article: History of Ann Arbor, Michigan
See also: History of the University of Michigan

The lands of present-day Ann Arbor were part of Massachusetts's western claim after the French and Indian War (1754–1763), bounded by the latitudes of Massachusetts Bay Colony's original charter, to which it was entitled by its interpretation of its original sea-to-sea grant from The British Crown. Massachusetts ceded the claim to the federal government as part of the Northwest Territory after April 19, 1785.[11][12]

In about 1774, the Potawatomi founded two villages in the area of what is now Ann Arbor.[13]

Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On May 25, 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as "Annarbour", the earliest known use of the town's name.[14] Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of bur oak in the 640 acres (260 ha) of land they purchased for $800 from the federal government at $1.25 per acre.[10] The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allen's sawmill.[15]

Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827,[16] and was incorporated as a village in 1833.[17] The Ann Arbor Land Company, a group of speculators, set aside 40 acres (16 ha) of undeveloped land and offered it to the state of Michigan as the site of the state capitol, but lost the bid to Lansing. In 1837, the property was accepted instead as the site of the University of Michigan.[18]

 
Main Street in Ann Arbor c. 1908

Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked.[19] The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad, and a north–south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878.[20] Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish,[21] and Black people.[22] In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city,[23] though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873.[20] It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth,[24] with new emigrants from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland. Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling.[25] Ann Arbor's Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue, Beth Israel Congregation, was established in 1916.[26]

During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as the student movement. The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus group Students for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960; in 1965, the city was home to the first U.S. teach-in against the Vietnam War.[27] During the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city.[28] These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the Human Rights Party (HRP) won city council seats on the strength of the student vote. During their time on the council, HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneering antidiscrimination ordinances, measures decriminalizing marijuana possession, and a rent-control ordinance;[29] many of these progressive organizations remain in effect today in modified form.

Two religious-conservative institutions were created in Ann Arbor; the Word of God (established in 1967), a charismatic inter-denominational movement;[26] and the Thomas More Law Center (established in 1999).[30]

Following a 1956 vote, the city of East Ann Arbor merged with Ann Arbor to encompass the eastern sections of the city.[31]

In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values, gentrification, and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside. On November 4, 2003, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development.[32] Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits.[33] Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the "top places to live" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year. In 2008, it was ranked by CNNMoney.com 27th out of 100 "America's best small cities".[34] And in 2010, Forbes listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the United States.[35]

Geography and cityscape

University of Michigan Central Campus Historic District
 
LocationUniversity of Michigan campus, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Area85 acres (34 ha)
Built1840 (1840)
Architectural styleLate 19th and 20th Century Revivals
Late Victorian
Art Deco
NRHP reference No.78001514[36]
Added to NRHPJune 15, 1978

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 29.09 square miles (75.34 km2), of which 28.22 square miles (73.09 km2) is land and 0.87 square miles (2.25 km2) (2.99%) is water.[2] Most of the water portion of the city is the Huron River.

Ann Arbor is 11.2 miles (18.0 km) road miles west of Ypsilanti. Ann Arbor is also 42.1 miles (67.8 km) road miles west of Detroit. Ann Arbor Charter Township adjoins the city's north and east sides. Ann Arbor is situated on the Huron River in a productive agricultural and fruit-growing region.[37] The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River. The elevation ranges from about 750 feet (230 m) along the Huron River to 1,015 feet (309 m) on the city's west side, near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd.[38] Generally, the west-central and northwestern parts of the city and U-M's North Campus are the highest parts of the city; the lowest parts are along the Huron River and in the southeast. Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, which is south of the city at 42°13.38′N 83°44.74′W / 42.22300°N 83.74567°W / 42.22300; -83.74567, has an elevation of 839 feet (256 m).[39]

Ann Arbor's "Tree Town" nickname stems from the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks.[40] In recent years, the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 ash trees.[41] The city contains 157 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas. Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River.[42] Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths, and swimming pools. The Nichols Arboretum, owned by the University of Michigan, is a 123-acre (50 ha) arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus.[43] Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university's Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory as well as a wildflower garden specializing in the vegetation of the southern Great Lakes Region..

 
Saint Thomas the Apostle Church, Ann Arbor
 
Bethlehem United Church of Christ

The Kerrytown Shops, Main Street Business District, the State Street Business District, and the South University Business District are commercial areas in downtown Ann Arbor. Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road, Briarwood Mall, and the South Industrial area. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side.[44] Downtown contains a mix of 19th- and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a farmers' market in the Kerrytown district.[45] The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two- to four-story structures, although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings.[46]

Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th- and early 20th-century designs to ranch-style houses. Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district.[44] Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. Tower Plaza, a 26-story condominium building located between the University of Michigan campus and downtown, is the tallest building in Ann Arbor.[47] The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group.[48]

Climate

Ann Arbor, Michigan
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
2.6
 
 
31
18
 
 
2.4
 
 
35
20
 
 
2.7
 
 
46
27
 
 
3.3
 
 
60
38
 
 
3.4
 
 
71
48
 
 
3.7
 
 
80
58
 
 
3.6
 
 
83
62
 
 
3.7
 
 
81
61
 
 
3.5
 
 
74
53
 
 
2.8
 
 
61
42
 
 
3.1
 
 
48
33
 
 
2.9
 
 
35
23
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Metric conversion
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
66
 
 
0
−8
 
 
61
 
 
2
−7
 
 
68
 
 
8
−3
 
 
83
 
 
15
3
 
 
87
 
 
21
9
 
 
93
 
 
27
14
 
 
92
 
 
28
17
 
 
94
 
 
27
16
 
 
88
 
 
23
12
 
 
72
 
 
16
6
 
 
78
 
 
9
1
 
 
73
 
 
2
−5
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

Ann Arbor has a typically Midwestern humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), which is influenced by the Great Lakes. There are four distinct seasons: winters are cold and snowy, with average highs around 34 °F (1 °C). Summers are warm to hot and humid, with average highs around 81 °F (27 °C) and with slightly more precipitation. Spring and autumn are transitional between the two. The area experiences lake effect weather, primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter.[49] The monthly daily average temperature in July is 72.6 °F (22.6 °C), while the same figure for January is 24.5 °F (−4.2 °C). Temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 10 days,[50] and drop to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 4.6 nights.[50] Precipitation tends to be the heaviest during the summer months, but most frequent during winter. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October, averages 58 inches (147 cm) per season. The lowest recorded temperature was −23 °F (−31 °C) on February 11, 1885, and the highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C) on July 24, 1934.[50]

Climate data for Ann Arbor, Michigan (UMich, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22) 		68
(20) 		85
(29) 		88
(31) 		95
(35) 		103
(39) 		105
(41) 		104
(40) 		99
(37) 		91
(33) 		78
(26) 		67
(19) 		105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 51.7
(10.9) 		53.7
(12.1) 		68.2
(20.1) 		78.0
(25.6) 		86.4
(30.2) 		91.7
(33.2) 		92.7
(33.7) 		91.4
(33.0) 		88.7
(31.5) 		80.5
(26.9) 		65.5
(18.6) 		54.3
(12.4) 		94.3
(34.6)
Average high °F (°C) 31.9
(−0.1) 		35.4
(1.9) 		46.2
(7.9) 		59.7
(15.4) 		71.4
(21.9) 		80.1
(26.7) 		83.7
(28.7) 		81.7
(27.6) 		75.1
(23.9) 		62.2
(16.8) 		48.0
(8.9) 		36.3
(2.4) 		59.3
(15.2)
Daily mean °F (°C) 24.0
(−4.4) 		26.5
(−3.1) 		35.7
(2.1) 		47.6
(8.7) 		59.0
(15.0) 		68.0
(20.0) 		71.9
(22.2) 		70.3
(21.3) 		63.3
(17.4) 		51.4
(10.8) 		39.2
(4.0) 		29.2
(−1.6) 		48.8
(9.3)
Average low °F (°C) 16.2
(−8.8) 		17.7
(−7.9) 		25.2
(−3.8) 		35.5
(1.9) 		46.6
(8.1) 		55.9
(13.3) 		60.1
(15.6) 		58.8
(14.9) 		51.6
(10.9) 		40.7
(4.8) 		30.5
(−0.8) 		22.1
(−5.5) 		38.4
(3.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −1.5
(−18.6) 		1.1
(−17.2) 		8.5
(−13.1) 		22.8
(−5.1) 		33.9
(1.1) 		43.7
(6.5) 		50.3
(10.2) 		49.5
(9.7) 		38.4
(3.6) 		28.6
(−1.9) 		17.2
(−8.2) 		6.2
(−14.3) 		−5.6
(−20.9)
Record low °F (°C) −22
(−30) 		−23
(−31) 		−8
(−22) 		7
(−14) 		20
(−7) 		35
(2) 		37
(3) 		39
(4) 		27
(−3) 		19
(−7) 		−3
(−19) 		−20
(−29) 		−23
(−31)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.96
(75) 		2.51
(64) 		2.82
(72) 		3.44
(87) 		3.84
(98) 		3.91
(99) 		3.52
(89) 		3.52
(89) 		3.18
(81) 		2.99
(76) 		2.82
(72) 		2.75
(70) 		38.26
(972)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 18.3
(46) 		15.3
(39) 		8.3
(21) 		2.6
(6.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		4.1
(10) 		12.7
(32) 		61.4
(156)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 18.3 14.4 14.3 14.4 14.7 12.4 11.7 11.2 10.6 13.3 13.5 16.9 165.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 15.2 12.1 7.5 2.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 4.9 11.5 54.5
Source: NOAA[51][52]

Demographics

Racial composition 2020[53] 2010[54] 1990[55] 1970[55] 1940[55]
White 67.6% 73.0% 82.0% 91% 95.5%
—Non-Hispanic 65.9% 70.4% 80.4% - -
Black or African American 6.8% 7.7% 9.0% 6.7% 4.1%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 5.5% 4.1% 2.6% 1.3%[note 1] -
Asian 15.7% 14.4% 7.7% 1.5% 0.3%
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
18605,097—
18707,36344.5%
18808,0619.5%
18909,43117.0%
190014,50953.8%
191014,8172.1%
192019,51631.7%
193026,94438.1%
194029,81510.7%
195048,25161.8%
196067,34039.6%
1970100,03548.6%
1980107,9697.9%
1990109,5921.5%
2000114,0244.0%
2010113,934−0.1%
2020123,8518.7%
2021 (est.)121,536[4]−1.9%
Before 1860[56]
1900–2000[57]
U.S. Census Bureau[58][59]

As of the 2020 U.S. Census, there were 123,851 people and 49,948 households residing in the city.[53] The population density was 4,435.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,712.7/km2),[8] making it less densely populated than Detroit proper and its inner-ring suburbs like Oak Park and Ferndale, but more densely populated than outer-ring suburbs like Livonia and Troy.[60] The racial makeup of the city was 67.6% White, 6.8% Black, 0.2% Native American, 15.7% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 1.8% from other races, and 7.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race made up 5.5% of the population.[53] Ann Arbor has a small population of Arab Americans, including students as well as local Lebanese and Palestinians.[61]

 
The Ann Arbor Unitarian Universalist Church was designed by Donaldson & Meier and built in 1881-2 by the Walker Brothers. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It currently houses the architecture firm of Hobbs and Black.

As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 113,934 people, 20,502 families, and 47,060 households residing in the city.[62] The population density was 4,093.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,580.7/km2).[63] The racial makeup of the city was 73.0% White (70.4% non-Hispanic White), 7.7% Black, 0.3% Native American, 14.4% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 1.0% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race made up 4.1% of the population.[64]

In 2013, Ann Arbor had the second-largest community of Japanese citizens in the state of Michigan, at 1,541; this figure trailed only that of Novi, which had 2,666 Japanese nationals.[65]

In 2010, out of 47,060 households, 43.6% were family households, 20.1% had individuals under the age of 18 living in them, and 17.0% had individuals over age 65 living in them. Of the 20,502 family households, 19.2% included children under age 18, 34.2% were husband-wife families (estimates did not include same-sex married couples), and 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present. The average household size was 2.17 people, and the average family size was 2.85 people. The median age was 27.8; 14.4% of the population was under age 18, and 9.3% was age 65 or older.[64]

According to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey estimates, the median household income was $57,697, and the median family income was $95,528.[66] Males over age 25 and with earnings had a median income of $51,682, versus $39,203 for females.[67] The per capita income for the city was $37,158.[63] Nearly a quarter (23.4%) of people and 6.7% of families had incomes below the poverty level.[68]

Economy

The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. It employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center.[69] Other employers are drawn to the area by the university's research and development money, and by its graduates. High tech, health services and biotechnology are other major components of the city's economy; numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies are located in the city. Automobile manufacturers, such as General Motors and Visteon, also employ residents.[69]

 
Nickels Arcade interior, looking towards the east

High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, when International Radio Corporation introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio (the Kadette, in 1931) as well as the first pocket radio (the Kadette Jr., in 1933).[70] The Argus camera company, originally a subsidiary of International Radio, manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to the 1960s. Current firms include Arbor Networks (provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems), Arbortext (provider of XML-based publishing software), JSTOR (the digital scholarly journal archive), MediaSpan (provider of software and online services for the media industries), Truven Health Analytics, and ProQuest, which includes UMI.[71] Ann Arbor Terminals manufactured a video-display terminal called the Ann Arbor Ambassador during the 1980s.[72] Barracuda Networks, which provides networking, security, and storage products based on network appliances and cloud services, opened an engineering office in Ann Arbor in 2008 on Depot St.[73] and currently occupies the building previously used as the Borders headquarters on Maynard Street.[74] Duo Security, a cloud-based access security provider protecting thousands of organizations worldwide through two-factor authentication, is headquartered in Ann Arbor.[75] It was formerly a unicorn and continues to be headquartered in Ann Arbor after its acquisition by Cisco Systems.[76] In November 2021, semiconductor test equipment company KLA Corporation opened a new North American headquarters in Ann Arbor.[77]

 
Weinmann Block, located at 219-223 East Washington Street, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983
 
Germania Building Complex, located at 119-123 West Washington Street and 209-211 Ashley Street, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983

Websites and online media companies in or near the city include All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo. Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network, a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street, which once housed the Michigan Information Technology Center Foundation.[78] The city is also home to a secondary office of Google's AdWords program—the company's primary revenue stream.[79] The recent surge in companies operating in Ann Arbor has led to a decrease in its office and flex space vacancy rates. As of December 31, 2012, the total market vacancy rate for office and flex space is 11.80%, a 1.40% decrease in vacancy from one year previous, and the lowest overall vacancy level since 2003. The office vacancy rate decreased to 10.65% in 2012 from 12.08% in 2011, while the flex vacancy rate decreased slightly more, with a drop from 16.50% to 15.02%.[80]

As of 2022, Ann Arbor is home to more than twenty video game and XR studios of varying sizes.[81] The city plays host to a regional chapter of the International Game Developers Association (IGDA) which hosts monthly meetups, presentations, and educational events.[82]

Pfizer, once the city's second largest employer, operated a large pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor. On January 22, 2007, Pfizer announced it would close operations in Ann Arbor by the end of 2008.[83] The facility was previously operated by Warner-Lambert and, before that, Parke-Davis. In December 2008, the University of Michigan Board of Regents approved the purchase of the facilities, and the university anticipates hiring 2,000 researchers and staff during the next 10 years.[84] It is now known as North Campus Research Complex. The city is the home of other research and engineering centers, including those of Lotus Engineering, General Dynamics and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Other research centers sited in the city are the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory[85] and the Toyota Technical Center.[86] The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International (NSF International), the nonprofit non-governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas.[87]

 
Nickels Arcade was the only remaining example in Michigan of a free-standing commercial arcade building of a type that was popularized by the Cleveland Arcade. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987

Borders Books, started in Ann Arbor, was opened by brothers Tom and Louis Borders in 1971 with a stock of used books. The Borders chain was based in the city, as was its flagship store until it closed in September 2011.[88] Domino's Pizza's headquarters is near Ann Arbor on Domino's Farms, a 271-acre (110 ha) Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired complex just northeast of the city.[89] Another Ann Arbor-based company is Zingerman's Delicatessen, which serves sandwiches and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names. Zingerman's has grown into a family of companies which offers a variety of products (bake shop, mail order, creamery, coffee) and services (business education).[90] Flint Ink Corp., another Ann Arbor-based company, was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer until it was acquired by Stuttgart-based XSYS Print Solutions in October 2005.[91] Avfuel, a global supplier of aviation fuels and services, is also headquartered in Ann Arbor.[92] Aastrom Biosciences, a publicly traded company that develops stem cell treatments for cardiovascular diseases, is also headquartered in Ann Arbor.[93]

Many cooperative enterprises were founded in the city; among those that remain are the People's Food Co-op and the Inter-Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan, a student housing cooperative founded in 1937.[94] There are also three cohousing communities—Sunward, Great Oak, and Touchstone—located immediately to the west of the city limits.[95]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Ann Arbor, Michigan
 
Michigan Theater is the current home of the annual Ann Arbor Film Festival, the Ann Arbor Symphony, and the Ann Arbor Concert Band

Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as are museums dedicated to art, archaeology, and natural history and sciences. Founded in 1879, the University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year, bringing international artists in music, dance, and theater. Since 2001 Shakespeare in the Arb has presented one play by Shakespeare each June, in a large park near downtown.[96] Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre, the Arbor Opera Theater, the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra, the Ann Arbor Ballet Theater, the Ann Arbor Civic Ballet (established in 1954 as Michigan's first chartered ballet company),[97] The Ark, and Performance Network Theatre.[98] Another unique piece of artistic expression in Ann Arbor is the fairy doors. These small portals are examples of installation art and can be found throughout the downtown area.[99]

The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum is located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station. Multiple art galleries exist in the city, notably in the downtown area and around the University of Michigan campus. Aside from a large restaurant scene in the Main Street, South State Street, and South University Avenue areas, Ann Arbor ranks first among U.S. cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita.[100] The Ann Arbor District Library maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building. The city is also home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.[101]

Several annual events—many of them centered on performing and visual arts—draw visitors to Ann Arbor. One such event is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs, a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets. Scheduled on Thursday through Sunday of the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors.[102] Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival, held during the third week of March, which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award–qualifying festivals in the United States.[103]

Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana, given Ann Arbor's decriminalization of cannabis, the large number of medical marijuana dispensaries in the city (one dispensary, called People's Co-op, was directly across the street from Michigan Stadium until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west), the large number of pro-marijuana residents, and the annual Hash Bash: an event that is held on the first Saturday of April. Until (at least) the successful passage of Michigan's medical marijuana law, the event had arguably strayed from its initial intent, although for years, a number of attendees have received serious legal responses due to marijuana use on University of Michigan property, which does not fall under the city's progressive and compassionate ticketing program.[104]

Ann Arbor is a major center for college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium in the world and the third-largest stadium of any kind in the world.[105] Michigan Stadium has a capacity of 107,601, with the final "extra" seat said to be reserved for and in honor of former athletic director and Hall of Fame football coach Fitz Crisler.[106] The stadium was completed in 1927 and cost more than $950,000 to build. The stadium is colloquially known as "The Big House" due to its status as the largest American football stadium.[107] Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively.[108] Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams.[109]

 
A fairy door at Red Shoes, 332 South Ashley

Ann Arbor is represented in the NPSL by semi-pro soccer team AFC Ann Arbor, a club founded in 2014 who call themselves The Mighty Oak.

A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town".[110] With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor"[111] or "25 square miles surrounded by reality",[112] the latter phrase being adapted from Wisconsin Governor Lee Dreyfus's description of Madison, Wisconsin. In A Prairie Home Companion broadcast from Ann Arbor, Garrison Keillor described Ann Arbor as "a city where people discuss socialism, but only in the fanciest restaurants." Ann Arbor sometimes appears on citation indexes as an author, instead of a location, often with the academic degree MI, a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan.[113]

In 2011 the popular funk group Vulfpeck was founded in a basement in Ann Arbor.

Law and government

See also: List of mayors of Ann Arbor, Michigan

Ann Arbor has a council-manager form of government. The City Council has 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. Two city council members are elected from each of the city's five wards. The mayor and council serve four-year terms. The mayor and one council member from each ward are elected in mid-term election years, and the other five council members are elected in the alternate even-numbered years. The mayor is elected citywide. Approved by City voters in November 2016, and effective with the mayoral election of November 2018, the term of office of mayor will be extended from two years to four years. The mayor is the presiding officer of the City Council and has the power to appoint all Council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the City Council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor is Christopher Taylor, a Democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014.[114] Day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council.[115]

Ann Arbor holds mayoral elections to 4-year terms concurrent with the Gubernatorial election.[116]

 
Washtenaw County Courthouse

Until 2017, City Council held annual elections in which half of the seats (one from each ward) were elected to 2-year terms. These elections were staggered, with each ward having one of their seats up for election in odd years and their other seat up for election in even years.[117] Beginning in 2018 the City Council has had staggered elections to 4-year terms in even years. This means that half of the members (one from each ward) are elected in presidential election years, while the other half are elected in mid-term election years.[117] To facilitate this change in scheduling, the 2017 election elected members to terms that lasted 3-years.[117]

In 1960, Ann Arbor voters approved a $2.3 million bond issue to build the current city hall, which was designed by architect Alden B. Dow. The City Hall opened in 1963. In 1995, the building was renamed the Guy C. Larcom, Jr. Municipal Building in honor of the longtime city administrator who championed the building's construction.[118]

Ann Arbor is part of Michigan's 12th congressional district, represented in Congress by Representative Debbie Dingell, a Democrat. On the state level, the city is part of the 18th district in the Michigan Senate, represented by Democrat Rebekah Warren. In the Michigan House of Representatives, representation is split between the 55th district (northern Ann Arbor, part of Ann Arbor Township, and other surrounding areas, represented by Democrat Adam Zemke), the 53rd district (most of downtown and the southern half of the city, represented by Democrat Yousef Rabhi) and the 52nd district (southwestern areas outside Ann Arbor proper and western Washtenaw County, represented by Democrat Donna Lasinski).[119][120]

As the county seat of Washtenaw County, the Washtenaw County Trial Court (22nd Circuit Court) is located in Ann Arbor at the Washtenaw County Courthouse on Main Street. This court has countywide general jurisdiction and has two divisions: the Civil/Criminal (criminal and civil matters) and the Family Division (which includes Juvenile Court, Friend of the Court, and Probate Court sections). Seven judges serve on the court.[121]

 
First National Bank Building at 201-205 South Main Street. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982

Ann Arbor also has a local state district court (15th District Court), which serves only the City of Ann Arbor. In Michigan, the state district courts are limited jurisdiction courts which handle traffic violations, civil cases with claims under $25,000, landlord-tenant matters, and misdemeanor crimes.

The Ann Arbor Federal Building (attached to a post office) on Liberty Street serves as one of the courthouses for the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan and Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.[122][123][124][125]

Politics

Progressive politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s. Voters approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana (1974),[126] and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the State of Michigan (1990).[127] In 1974, Kathy Kozachenko's victory in an Ann Arbor city-council race made her the country's first openly homosexual candidate to win public office.[128] In 1975, Ann Arbor became the first U.S. city to use instant-runoff voting for a mayoral race. Adopted through a ballot initiative sponsored by the local Human Rights Party, which feared a splintering of the liberal vote, the process was repealed in 1976 after use in only one election.[129] As of April 2021, Democrats hold the mayorship and all ten council seats.[130] Nationally, Ann Arbor is located in Michigan's 12th congressional district, represented by Democrat Debbie Dingell.

Crime

In 2015, Ann Arbor was ranked 11th safest among cities in Michigan with a population of over 50,000.[131] It ranked safer than cities such as Royal Oak, Livonia, Canton and Clinton Township. The level of most crimes in Ann Arbor has fallen significantly in the past 20 years. In 1995 there were 294 aggravated assaults, 132 robberies and 43 rapes while in 2015 there were 128 aggravated assaults, 42 robberies and 58 rapes (under the revised definition).[132][133]

Ann Arbor's crime rate was below the national average in 2000. The violent crime rate was further below the national average than the property crime rate; the two rates were 48% and 11% lower than the U.S. average, respectively.[134][135]

Education

Primary and secondary education

Public schools are part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. In September 2008, 16,539 students had been enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools. Notable schools include Pioneer, Huron, Skyline, and Community high schools, and Ann Arbor Open School.[136] The district has a preschool center with both free and tuition-based programs for preschoolers in the district.[137] The University High School, a "demonstration school" with teachers drawn from the University of Michigan's education program, was part of the school system from 1924 to 1968.[138]

Ann Arbor is home to several private schools,[139] including Emerson School, the Father Gabriel Richard High School, Rudolf Steiner School of Ann Arbor, Clonlara School, Michigan Islamic Academy, and Greenhills School, a prep school. The city is also home to several charter schools such as Central Academy (Michigan) (PreK-12) of the Global Educational Excellence (GEE) charter school company,[140] Washtenaw Technical Middle College, and Honey Creek Community School.

Higher education

The University of Michigan dominates the city of Ann Arbor, providing the city with its distinctive college-town character.[141] University buildings are located in the center of the city and the campus is directly adjacent to the State Street and South University downtown areas.

Other local colleges and universities include Concordia University Ann Arbor, a Lutheran liberal-arts institution, and Cleary University, a private business school. Washtenaw Community College is located in neighboring Ann Arbor Township. In 2000, the Ave Maria School of Law, a Roman Catholic law school established by Domino's Pizza founder Tom Monaghan, opened in northeastern Ann Arbor, but the school moved to Ave Maria, Florida in 2009,[142] and the Thomas M. Cooley Law School acquired the former Ave Maria buildings for use as a branch campus.[143][144][145]

Media

The Ann Arbor News, owned by the Michigan-based Booth Newspapers chain, was the major newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County. The newspaper ended its 174-year daily print run in 2009, due to economic difficulties and began producing two printed editions a week under the name AnnArbor.com,[146] It resumed using its former name in 2013. It also produces a daily digital edition named Mlive.com. Another Ann Arbor-based publication that has ceased production was the Ann Arbor Paper, a free monthly.[147] Ann Arbor has been said to be the first significant city to lose its only daily paper.[148] The Ann Arbor Chronicle, an online newspaper, covered local news, including meetings of the library board, county commission, and DDA until September 3, 2014.[149]

Current publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Journal (A2 Journal), a weekly community newspaper;[150] the Ann Arbor Observer, a free monthly local magazine; and Current, a free entertainment-focused alt-weekly.[151] The Ann Arbor Business Review covers local business in the area. Car and Driver[152] magazine and Automobile Magazine[153] are also based in Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan is served by many student publications, including the independent Michigan Daily student newspaper, which reports on local, state, and regional issues in addition to campus news.[154]

Four major AM radio stations based in or near Ann Arbor are WAAM 1600, a conservative news and talk station; WLBY 1290, a business news and talk station; WDEO 990, Catholic radio; and WTKA 1050, which is primarily a sports station.[155] The city's FM stations include NPR affiliate WUOM 91.7; country station WWWW 102.9; and adult-alternative station WQKL 107.1. Freeform station WCBN-FM 88.3 is a local community radio/college radio station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial, eclectic music and public-affairs programming.[155] The city is also served by public and commercial radio broadcasters in Ypsilanti, the Lansing/Jackson area, Detroit, Windsor, and Toledo.[156]

Ann Arbor is part of the Detroit television market. WPXD channel 31, the owned-and-operated Detroit outlet of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. Until its sign-off on August 31, 2017, WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, was broadcast from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations.[157] Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be seen in parts of the area.[156]

Health, environment, and utilities

The University of Michigan Medical Center, the only teaching hospital in the city, took the number 1 slot in U.S. News & World Report for best hospital in the state of Michigan, as of 2015.[158] The University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) includes University Hospital, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and Women's Hospital in its core complex. UMHS also operates out-patient clinics and facilities throughout the city. The area's other major medical centers include a large facility operated by the Department of Veterans Affairs in Ann Arbor,[159] and Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital in nearby Superior Township.[160]

The city provides sewage disposal and water supply services, with water coming from the Huron River and groundwater sources. There are two water-treatment plants, one main and three outlying reservoirs, four pump stations, and two water towers. These facilities serve the city, which is divided into five water districts. The city's water department also operates four dams along the Huron River—Argo, Barton, Geddes, and Superior—of which Barton and Superior provide hydroelectric power.[161][162] The city also offers waste management services, with Recycle Ann Arbor handling recycling service.[163] Other utilities are provided by private entities. Electrical power and gas are provided by DTE Energy. AT&T Inc. is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area. Cable TV service is primarily provided by Comcast.[164]

A plume of the industrial solvent dioxane is migrating under the city from the contaminated Gelman Sciences, Inc. property on the westside of Ann Arbor. It's currently detected at 0.039 ppb.[165] The Gelman plume is a potential threat to one of the City of Ann Arbor's drinking water sources, the Huron River, which flows through downtown Ann Arbor.

Transportation

Surface roads and paths

The streets in downtown Ann Arbor conform to a grid pattern, though this pattern is less common in the surrounding areas. Major roads branch out from the downtown district like spokes on a wheel to the highways surrounding the city. The city is belted by three freeways: I-94, which runs along the southern and western portion of the city; U.S. Highway 23 (US 23), which primarily runs along the eastern edge of Ann Arbor; and M-14, which runs along the northern edge of the city. Other nearby highways include US 12 (Michigan Ave.), M-17 (Washtenaw Ave.), and M-153 (Ford Rd.). Several of the major surface arteries lead to the I-94/M-14 interchange in the west, US 23 in the east, and the city's southern areas.[166] The city also has a system of bike routes and paths[167] and includes the nearly complete Washtenaw County Border-to-Border Trail.[168]

Bus service

The Ann Arbor Area Transportation Authority (AAATA), which brands itself as "TheRide", operates public bus services throughout the city and nearby Ypsilanti. The AATA operates Blake Transit Center on Fourth Ave. in downtown Ann Arbor, and the Ypsilanti Transit Center. A separate zero-fare bus service operates within and between the University of Michigan campuses. Since April 2012, route 98 (the "AirRide") connects to Detroit Metro Airport a dozen times a day.[169] There are also limited-stop bus services between Ann Arbor and Chelsea as well as Canton. These two routes, 91 and 92 respectively, are known as the "ExpressRide".[170]

Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service.[171] The Michigan Flyer, a service operated by Indian Trails, cooperates with AAATA for their AirRide and additionally offers bus service to East Lansing.[172] Megabus has direct service to Chicago, Illinois, while a bus service is provided by Amtrak for rail passengers making connections to services in East Lansing and Toledo, Ohio.

Airports

Ann Arbor Municipal Airport is a small, city-run general aviation airport located south of I-94. Detroit Metropolitan Airport, the area's large international airport, is about 25 miles (40 km) east of the city, in Romulus.[173] Willow Run Airport east of the city near Ypsilanti serves freight, corporate, and general aviation clients.[174]

Railroads

 
Michigan Central Depot, Ann Arbor

The city was a major rail hub, notably for freight traffic between Toledo and ports north of Chicago, Illinois, from 1878 to 1982; however, the Ann Arbor Railroad also provided passenger service from 1878 to 1950, going northwest to Frankfort and Elberta on Lake Michigan and southeast to Toledo. (In Elberta connections to ferries across the Lake could be made.)[175][176] The city was served by the Michigan Central Railroad starting in 1837. The Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti Street Railway, Michigan's first interurban, served the city from 1891 to 1929.[177]

Amtrak, which provides service to the city at the Ann Arbor Train Station, operates the Wolverine train between Chicago and Pontiac, via Detroit. The present-day train station neighbors the city's old Michigan Central Depot, which was renovated as a restaurant in 1970.[178]

Sister cities

Ann Arbor has seven sister cities:[179][180]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ From 15% sample.[55]

References

  1. ^ City of Ann Arbor (2022). "City of Ann Arbor: Departments". Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  2. ^ a b "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  3. ^ United States Census Bureau (December 29, 2022). "2020 Census Qualifying Urban Areas and Final Criteria Clarifications". Federal Register.
  4. ^ a b "QuickFacts Ann Arbor city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau. October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
  5. ^ "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  6. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Ann Arbor, Michigan
  7. ^ "Bibliography on Washtenaw County". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University. Archived from the original on February 17, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
  8. ^ a b "QuickFacts: Ann Arbor city, Michigan". United States Census Bureau. from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  9. ^ . Advameg, Inc. 2008. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  10. ^ a b Marwil, pp. 1–2
  11. ^ Walker, p.65
  12. ^ Van Zandt, pp. 65–71
  13. ^ Edmonds, R. David (1978), The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire, University of Oklahoma, p. 99
  14. ^ Marwil, p. 1
  15. ^ Michigan State Historical Society, Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society (1964). Michigan History Magazine. Michigan Historical Commission. p. 31.
  16. ^ Marwil, p. 4
  17. ^ Marwil, p. 7
  18. ^ Marwil, p. 13
  19. ^ . Ann Arbor District Library. 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  20. ^ a b Marwil, p. 49
  21. ^ Marwil, p. 16
  22. ^ . Ann Arbor District Library. 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  23. ^ Public and Local Acts of the Legislature of the State of Michigan, State of Michigan, p. 644
  24. ^ . Ann Arbor District Library. 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  25. ^ . Ann Arbor District Library. 2006. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  26. ^ a b "About Us", www.bethisrael-aa.org, Beth Israel Congregation Ann Arbor, from the original on January 29, 2020, retrieved March 5, 2013
  27. ^ Marwil, p. 153
  28. ^ . Ann Arbor District Library. 2006. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
  29. ^ Restivo, Terrence R. (March 22, 2006). (PDF) (MA thesis). McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts, Duquesne University. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  30. ^ . Thomas More Law Center. 2009. Archived from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  31. ^ . Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  32. ^ . Friends of Ann Arbor Open Space. March 2, 2004. Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  33. ^ McGovern, Judy (May 18, 2009). "Ann Arbor seeks grants for greenbelt land". The Ann Arbor News. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
  34. ^ "Best Places to Live—Money's List of America's Best Small Cities". CNNMoney.com. August 2008. from the original on October 5, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
  35. ^ Levy, Francesca. . Forbes. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013.
  36. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.
  37. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ann Arbor" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
  38. ^ Geoff Larcom (August 30, 2004). "How to Get Your Head in the Clouds". Ann Arbor News. p. B-1.
  39. ^ "KARB—Ann Arbor Municipal Airport". Federal Aviation Administration at Airnav.com. March 15, 2007. from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  40. ^ . Ann Arbor Area Convention and Visitor's Bureau. 2006. Archived from the original on February 24, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
  41. ^ Davis, Tracy (April 2, 2007). "Last of street ash trees cut down". The Ann Arbor News. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
  42. ^ "General Parks Information". Ann Arbor City Government. 2009. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  43. ^ . Michigan Economic Development Corporation (Michigan.org). 2007. Archived from the original on May 23, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2007.
  44. ^ a b . Ann Arbor City Government. 2009. Archived from the original on October 6, 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
  45. ^ . Ann Arbor City Government. 2007. Archived from the original on November 5, 2005. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  46. ^ (PDF). Ann Arbor City Government. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 2, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  47. ^ . Emporis Buildings. 2007. Archived from the original on November 8, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  48. ^ . Old West Side Association. 2007. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  49. ^ (PDF). Washtenaw County Conservation District. September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
  50. ^ a b c "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  51. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  52. ^ . U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  53. ^ a b c Star, Indianapolis. "Ann Arbor city, Washtenaw County, Michigan Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census". Indianapolis Star. from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
  54. ^ "Population estimates, July 1, 2015, (V2015)". from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
  55. ^ a b c d "Michigan - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Large Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990" (PDF), www.census.gov, United States Census Bureau, (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2019, retrieved December 7, 2017
  56. ^ . Pictorial History of Ann Arbor. Ann Arbor District Library. 2003. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
  57. ^ (PDF). Southeast Michigan Council of Governments. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 29, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
  58. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Population Finder". U.S. Census Bureau. 2018. from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  59. ^ "QuickFacts: Ann Arbor city, Michigan; Kalamazoo city, Michigan; UNITED STATES", www.census.gov, United States Census Bureau, from the original on April 23, 2020, retrieved May 28, 2017
  60. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Troy city, Michigan; Livonia city, Michigan; Ferndale city, Michigan; Oak Park city, Michigan; Detroit city, Michigan; Ann Arbor city, Michigan". Census Bureau QuickFacts. from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  61. ^ Hassoun, Rosina J. (October 24, 2005), Arab Americans in Michigan (Discovering the Peoples of Michigan), MSU Press, p. PT21, ISBN 1609170466, However, there are other, smaller Arab-American communities in other cities in Michigan.[...]
  62. ^ "American FactFinder - Results". factfinder.census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  63. ^ a b "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Ann Arbor city, Michigan". Census Bureau QuickFacts. from the original on September 3, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  64. ^ a b "Ann Arbor (city), Michigan". United States Census Bureau. 2010. from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  65. ^ Stone, Cal. "State's Japanese employees increasing." () Observer & Eccentric. Gannett Company. April 11, 2013. Retrieved on May 5, 2013.
  66. ^ "American FactFinder. Income in the Past 12 Months, Ann Arbor city, Michigan. 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. 2016. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  67. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  68. ^ "Ann Arbor city, Michigan fact sheet". U.S. Census Bureau. 2016. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  69. ^ a b . U.S. News & World Report. 2010. Archived from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  70. ^ Mahon, Morgan E. (1990). "A Flick of the Switch 1930–1950". Antiques Electronics Supply: 100–1.
  71. ^ . 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2009 – via ProQuest.
  72. ^ "InfoNews/Hardware". InfoWorld: 43. February 1, 1982.
  73. ^ Martin, Mike. . Concentrate Media. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  74. ^ Alfs, Lizzy. . AnnArbor.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  75. ^ "Duo Security bolsters region's technology profile". Detroit Free Press. from the original on June 12, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  76. ^ Hackett, Robert (August 2, 2018). . Fortune. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
  77. ^ "KLA Debuts New Portfolio of Automotive Chip Testing Products". Click on Detroit. November 11, 2021. from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
  78. ^ Bomey, Nathan (August 29, 2010). . Business Review. AnnArbor.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
  79. ^ Goodman, David N. (July 11, 2006). "Google Plans to Open Facility in Michigan". The Washington Post. from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  80. ^ . Swisher Commercial. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
  81. ^ . IGDA Ann Arbor. 2022. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  82. ^ . IGDA Ann Arbor. 2022. Archived from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  83. ^ Stefanie Murray (January 19, 2008). "One year later: Pfizer labs emptying out". The Ann Arbor News. Archived from the original on October 6, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
  84. ^ . University of Michigan News Service. December 18, 2008. Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  85. ^ "National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory". United States Environmental Protection Agency. April 3, 2007. from the original on September 20, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  86. ^ . Toyota Motor North America, Inc. 2010. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  87. ^ Nathan Bomey and Greg Migliore (November 15, 2007). "Company of 2007: NSF International". Ann Arbor Business Review. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  88. ^ Dolan, Matthew (July 21, 2011). . The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  89. ^ Migliore, Greg (November 15, 2007). "Commercial Real Estate winner: Domino's Farms". Ann Arbor Business Review. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  90. ^ Albanese, Erin (September 1, 2008). "Zingerman's recipe for success will be served". The Grand Rapids Press. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  91. ^ . Flint Group. July 20, 2005. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  92. ^ Meisler, Dan (April 18, 2008). "Aviation fuel co. plans Ann Arbor HQ expansion". Ann Arbor Business Review. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  93. ^ . Archived from the original on October 25, 2013.
  94. ^ . Inter-Cooperative Council, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A. 2007. Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  95. ^ . Fellowship for Intentional Community. 2010. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  96. ^ Matthaei-nichols (April 9, 2015). "Shakespeare in the Arb: Fifteen Years of Outdoor Theater Magic". from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
  97. ^ . Sylvia Studio of Dance – Ann Arbor Civic Ballet. 2009. Archived from the original on December 31, 2006. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  98. ^ . Performance Network Theatre. 2009. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  99. ^ Headlee, Celeste (May 9, 2006). . NPR. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  100. ^ . Ecurrent.com. 2003–2004. Archived from the original on December 10, 2004. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  101. ^ . Presidential Libraries System – National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
  102. ^ . Ann Arbor Street Art Fair. 2006. Archived from the original on April 10, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  103. ^ . Ann Arbor Film Festival. Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2009.
  104. ^ . Ann Arbor.com. March 31, 2011. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  105. ^ Schultz, Marisa (December 24, 2007). "Battle over Michigan Stadium has national implications". The Detroit News.
  106. ^ . www.mgoblue.com. August 7, 2015. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  107. ^ . MGoBlue.com. June 5, 2009. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  108. ^ . MGoBlue.com. 2009. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  109. ^ . Concordia University—Ann Arbor, Michigan. 2009. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  110. ^ "About U-M SSW—Ann Arbor". University of Michigan School of Social Work. 2009. from the original on September 12, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
  111. ^ Bakopoulos, Dean (April 17, 1997). . The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  112. ^ . The Ann Arbor News. Booth Newspapers. 2007. Archived from the original on June 21, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  113. ^ Postellon DC (March 2008). "Hall and Keynes join Arbor in the citation indexes". Nature. 452 (7185): 282. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..282P. doi:10.1038/452282b. PMID 18354457.
  114. ^ . Ann Arbor City Council. 2007. Archived from the original on May 13, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  115. ^ (PDF). Ann Arbor City Government. April 9, 1956. pp. 9, 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  116. ^ "City Council". www.a2gov.org. from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
  117. ^ a b c "City Council". www.a2gov.org. City if Ann Arbor. n.d. from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  118. ^ . Annarbor.com. April 14, 2011. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  119. ^ . Arborweb.com. 2007. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  120. ^ . Archived from the original on April 11, 2014.
  121. ^ . Washtenawtrialcourt.org. February 20, 2012. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  122. ^ . Aadl.org. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  123. ^ . Concentratemedia.com. April 8, 2009. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  124. ^ . United States District Court – Eastern District of Michigan. 2009. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  125. ^ . February 22, 2012. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
  126. ^ "Ann Arbor Votes $5 Fine for the Use of Marijuana". The New York Times: 10. April 3, 1974.
  127. ^ Marshall, Steve (February 14, 1990). "City Hopes to Thwart Michigan on Abortion Law". USA Today: 3A.
  128. ^ Cohen-Vrignaud, Gerard (February 12, 1999). . The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on January 3, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  129. ^ Walter, Benjamin (August 26, 2001). "Instant Runoff Voting (IRV)—History of Use in Ann Arbor". Green Party of Michigan. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  130. ^ . Ann Arbor City Government. Archived from the original on May 21, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2016.
  131. ^ Corrigan, Jon. . Archived from the original on September 17, 2015.
  132. ^ Crime Index Offenses Reported (PDF), Federal Bureau of Investigation, (PDF) from the original on February 7, 2017, retrieved January 4, 2017
  133. ^ "Table 8 - Michigan". Federal Bureau of Investigation. from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  134. ^ . FedStats. October 24, 2006. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  135. ^ . U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs – Bureau of Justice Statistics. December 13, 2006. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  136. ^ "Directory of Schools". from the original on September 10, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  137. ^ . Ann Arbor Preschool & Family Center. 2009. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
  138. ^ "The Cubs of the Wolverines". Michigan Education Magazine. Winter 2018. pp. 16–17. from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
  139. ^ . Arborweb.com. 2009. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
  140. ^ "GEE Academies September 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine." Global Educational Excellence. Retrieved on September 1, 2015.
  141. ^ Cochran, Jason (October 2002). . Budget Travel. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  142. ^ Brannock, Jennifer (February 25, 2007). . Naples Daily News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  143. ^ Paula Gardner. "Cooley Law move into Ave Maria space good news for office real estate market". MLive. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  144. ^ . The National Jurist. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  145. ^ . Annarbor. November 7, 2009. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  146. ^ Murray, Stefanie (March 23, 2009). "Ann Arbor News to Close in July". The Ann Arbor News. Archived from the original on October 16, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
  147. ^ "Ann Arbor Publications". Arborweb.com. 2007. from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  148. ^ Edmonds, Rick (June 16, 2009). . Poynter. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  149. ^ "Hard Times at the Ann Arbor News". Ann Arbor Observer. January 2009.
  150. ^ "Ann Arbor Journal – regional and local news". Heritage.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  151. ^ . Print.awn.org. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  152. ^ Migliore, Greg (March 6, 2008). "Car and Driver cruising to new Ann Arbor offices". Ann Arbor Business Review. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  153. ^ "Vile Gossip", Jean Jennings, Automobile Magazine, November 2007
  154. ^ . The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on November 17, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  155. ^ a b . RadioStationWorld. 2007. Archived from the original on April 23, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  156. ^ a b . Michiguide. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
  157. ^ . Ann Arbor City Government. 2007. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2007.
  158. ^ . U.S. News & World Report. 2015. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
  159. ^ "VA Ann Arbor Healthcase System—About this Facility". United States Department of Veterans Affairs. July 10, 2007. from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  160. ^ "St. Joseph Mercy Hospital". Saint Joseph Mercy Health System. 2009. from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  161. ^ . City of Ann Arbor. 2005. Archived from the original on January 27, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  162. ^ City of Ann Arbor (2020). "Dams and Hydros". City of Ann Arbor. from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  163. ^ . Recycle Ann Arbor. 2007. Archived from the original on March 27, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  164. ^ . Ann Arbor Observer. 2009. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  165. ^ "1,4-Dioxane | Washtenaw County, MI". www.washtenaw.org. from the original on December 15, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  166. ^ (Map). 1 in:15 mi/1 cm:9 km. Michigan Department of Transportation. 2007. § C1–C11. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  167. ^ (PDF). City of Ann Arbor and Washtenaw County. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  168. ^ . Archived from the original on November 10, 2013.
  169. ^ . Michigan Radio. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  170. ^ "Express Routes | Commuter Services | Services | AATA - Ann Arbor Transportation Authority". www.theride.org. from the original on October 6, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  171. ^ (Press release). Greyhound Lines, Inc. 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  172. ^ . Michigan Flyer. 2009. Archived from the original on February 15, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  173. ^ Fodor's Where to Weekend Around Chicago (1st ed.). Fodor's. 2004. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-4000-1303-6.
  174. ^ . Wayne County Airport Authority. 2006. Archived from the original on March 23, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  175. ^ . Central Michigan University—Clarke Historical Library. February 5, 2010. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  176. ^ American Rails, "Ann Arbor Railroad" https://www.american-rails.com/ann.html October 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  177. ^ . Ann Arbor District Library. December 24, 2006. Archived from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  178. ^ Drukas, Alexander J. (March 27, 2008). "Ann Arbor's classic brunch still delights". MLive.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  179. ^ "About our services". University of Michigan International Center. from the original on June 20, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2008. Our International Visitor Leadership Program coordinator also serves as the University of Michigan's official representative to the City of Ann Arbor's Sister City Program, which manages relationships with six sister cities: Tübingen, Germany; Hikone, Japan; Dakar, Senegal; Juigalpa, Nicaragua; Peterborough, Canada; and Belize City, Belize.
  180. ^ Ann Arbor City Council Minutes (November 6, 2003). Ann Arbor City Government.
  181. ^ The German-American Partnership Program November 1, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Huron High School, July 26, 2019
  182. ^ Cavanagh, Tara. "VIDEOS: Hikone-Ann Arbor exchange provides lessons in culture, lifelong friendships August 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine." Ann Arbor Public Schools. Date unstated.
  183. ^ Hans, Casey. "Hikone delegation comes to Ann Arbor for 32nd cultural exchange August 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine." Ann Arbor Public Schools. Date unstated.

Works cited

  • Marwil, Jonathan (1991). A History of Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06463-2.
  • . Ann Arbor District Library. 2003. Archived from the original on April 28, 2014. Retrieved November 8, 2009.

Further reading

  • Fisher, Dale (1996). Ann Arbor: Visions of the Eagle. Grass Lake, MI: Eyry of the Eagle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9615623-4-2.
  • Schmittroth, Linda, ed. (1994). Cities of the United States (4th ed.). Detroit: Gale Group.
  • Shackman, Grace (2006). Ann Arbor Observed. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03175-7.
  • Brown, Bill (2010). You Should've Heard Just What I Seen: Collected Newspaper Articles, 1981–1984. Colossal Books. ISBN 978-0-557-66844-1.
  • Encyclopedia of Michigan. St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset Publishers. 1981. ISBN 978-0-403-09995-5.
  • Michigan Gazetteer. Wilmington, DE: American Historical Publications. 1991.
  • "Social Characteristics of Ann Arbor". US Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved November 8, 2009.[dead link]

External links

January 03, 2023
arbor, michigan, arbor, redirects, here, other, uses, arbor, disambiguation, arbor, city, state, michigan, county, seat, washtenaw, county, 2020, census, recorded, population, principal, city, arbor, metropolitan, statistical, area, which, encompasses, washten. Ann Arbor redirects here For other uses see Ann Arbor disambiguation Ann Arbor is a city in the U S state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County 7 The 2020 census recorded its population to be 123 851 8 It is the principal city of the Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Washtenaw County Ann Arbor is also included in the Greater Detroit Combined Statistical Area and the Great Lakes megalopolis the most populated and largest megalopolis in North America Ann Arbor MichiganCityCity of Ann ArborFrom top left to right the Ann Arbor skyline a sunset in Ann Arbor Saint Andrew s Episcopal Church Huron River and the 2019 Ann Arbor Art FairFlagSealNicknames A2 A2 Tree Town People s Republic of Ann ArborInteractive map of Ann ArborCoordinates 42 16 53 N 83 44 54 W 42 28139 N 83 74833 W 42 28139 83 74833 Coordinates 42 16 53 N 83 44 54 W 42 28139 N 83 74833 W 42 28139 83 74833CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyWashtenawFounded1824Incorporated1833 village 1851 city Founded byJohn Allen and Elisha RumseyNamed forThe wives of the city s founders both named Ann and the bur oak in the areaGovernment 1 TypeCouncil manager MayorChristopher Taylor D AdministratorMilton Dohoney ClerkJacqueline Beaudry City councilMembers Christopher TaylorCynthia HarrisonLinh SongChristopher WatsonTravis RadinaAyesha Ghazi EdwinJen EyerDharma AkmonJenn CornellErica BriggsLisa DischArea 2 City29 09 sq mi 75 35 km2 Land28 22 sq mi 73 10 km2 Water0 87 sq mi 2 25 km2 Urban159 57 sq mi 413 46 km2 Metro722 sq mi 1 870 km2 Elevation840 ft 256 m Population 2020 City123 851 Estimate 2021 4 121 536 Rank231st in the United States5th in Michigan Density4 388 14 sq mi 1 694 28 km2 Urban317 689 US 129th 3 Urban density2 214 6 sq mi 855 0 km2 Metro 5 372 258 US 148th DemonymAnn ArboriteTime zoneUTC 5 Eastern EST Summer DST UTC 4 EDT ZIP code s 48103 48109 48113Area code734FIPS code26 03000 6 GNIS feature ID0620133 6 Websitewww wbr a2gov wbr orgAnn Arbor is home to the University of Michigan The university significantly shapes Ann Arbor s economy as it employs about 30 000 workers including about 12 000 in the medical center The city s economy is also centered on high technology with several companies drawn to the area by the university s research and development infrastructure 9 Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 named after the wives of the village s founders both named Ann and the stands of bur oak trees 10 The city s population grew at a rapid rate in the early to the mid 20th century Contents 1 History 2 Geography and cityscape 2 1 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Economy 5 Culture 6 Law and government 6 1 Politics 6 2 Crime 7 Education 7 1 Primary and secondary education 7 2 Higher education 8 Media 9 Health environment and utilities 10 Transportation 10 1 Surface roads and paths 10 2 Bus service 10 3 Airports 10 4 Railroads 11 Sister cities 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 14 1 Works cited 15 Further reading 16 External linksHistory EditMain article History of Ann Arbor Michigan See also History of the University of Michigan The lands of present day Ann Arbor were part of Massachusetts s western claim after the French and Indian War 1754 1763 bounded by the latitudes of Massachusetts Bay Colony s original charter to which it was entitled by its interpretation of its original sea to sea grant from The British Crown Massachusetts ceded the claim to the federal government as part of the Northwest Territory after April 19 1785 11 12 In about 1774 the Potawatomi founded two villages in the area of what is now Ann Arbor 13 Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey On May 25 1824 the town plat was registered with Wayne County as Annarbour the earliest known use of the town s name 14 Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives both named Ann and for the stands of bur oak in the 640 acres 260 ha of land they purchased for 800 from the federal government at 1 25 per acre 10 The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw goosh kaw nick after the sound of Allen s sawmill 15 Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827 16 and was incorporated as a village in 1833 17 The Ann Arbor Land Company a group of speculators set aside 40 acres 16 ha of undeveloped land and offered it to the state of Michigan as the site of the state capitol but lost the bid to Lansing In 1837 the property was accepted instead as the site of the University of Michigan 18 Main Street in Ann Arbor c 1908 Since the university s establishment in the city in 1837 the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked 19 The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad and a north south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878 20 Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry the newer settlers also consisted of Germans Irish 21 and Black people 22 In 1851 Ann Arbor was chartered as a city 23 though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873 20 It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth 24 with new emigrants from Greece Italy Russia and Poland Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing particularly in milling 25 Ann Arbor s Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century and its first and oldest synagogue Beth Israel Congregation was established in 1916 26 Ann Arbor station in 1975 During the 1960s and 1970s the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics Ann Arbor also became a locus for left wing activism and anti Vietnam War movement as well as the student movement The first major meetings of the national left wing campus group Students for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960 in 1965 the city was home to the first U S teach in against the Vietnam War 27 During the ensuing 15 years many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city 28 These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid 1970s when three members of the Human Rights Party HRP won city council seats on the strength of the student vote During their time on the council HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneering antidiscrimination ordinances measures decriminalizing marijuana possession and a rent control ordinance 29 many of these progressive organizations remain in effect today in modified form Two religious conservative institutions were created in Ann Arbor the Word of God established in 1967 a charismatic inter denominational movement 26 and the Thomas More Law Center established in 1999 30 Following a 1956 vote the city of East Ann Arbor merged with Ann Arbor to encompass the eastern sections of the city 31 In the past several decades Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values gentrification and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside On November 4 2003 voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development 32 Since then a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits 33 Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the top places to live lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year In 2008 it was ranked by CNNMoney com 27th out of 100 America s best small cities 34 And in 2010 Forbes listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the United States 35 Geography and cityscape EditUniversity of Michigan Central Campus Historic DistrictU S National Register of Historic PlacesU S Historic district LocationUniversity of Michigan campus Ann Arbor MichiganArea85 acres 34 ha Built1840 1840 Architectural styleLate 19th and 20th Century RevivalsLate VictorianArt DecoNRHP reference No 78001514 36 Added to NRHPJune 15 1978 Huron River National Water Trail in Ann Arbor According to the U S Census Bureau the city has a total area of 29 09 square miles 75 34 km2 of which 28 22 square miles 73 09 km2 is land and 0 87 square miles 2 25 km2 2 99 is water 2 Most of the water portion of the city is the Huron River Ann Arbor is 11 2 miles 18 0 km road miles west of Ypsilanti Ann Arbor is also 42 1 miles 67 8 km road miles west of Detroit Ann Arbor Charter Township adjoins the city s north and east sides Ann Arbor is situated on the Huron River in a productive agricultural and fruit growing region 37 The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River The elevation ranges from about 750 feet 230 m along the Huron River to 1 015 feet 309 m on the city s west side near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd 38 Generally the west central and northwestern parts of the city and U M s North Campus are the highest parts of the city the lowest parts are along the Huron River and in the southeast Ann Arbor Municipal Airport which is south of the city at 42 13 38 N 83 44 74 W 42 22300 N 83 74567 W 42 22300 83 74567 has an elevation of 839 feet 256 m 39 Ann Arbor s Tree Town nickname stems from the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas The city contains more than 50 000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks 40 In recent years the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city s approximately 10 500 ash trees 41 The city contains 157 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River 42 Fuller Recreation Area near the University Hospital complex contains sports fields pedestrian and bike paths and swimming pools The Nichols Arboretum owned by the University of Michigan is a 123 acre 50 ha arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species It is on the city s east side near the university s Central Campus 43 Located across the Huron River just beyond the university s North Campus is the university s Matthaei Botanical Gardens which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory as well as a wildflower garden specializing in the vegetation of the southern Great Lakes Region Saint Thomas the Apostle Church Ann Arbor Bethlehem United Church of Christ The Kerrytown Shops Main Street Business District the State Street Business District and the South University Business District are commercial areas in downtown Ann Arbor Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I 94 and Ann Arbor Saline Road Briarwood Mall and the South Industrial area Other commercial areas include the Arborland Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side the Plymouth Road area in the northeast and the Westgate West Stadium areas on the west side 44 Downtown contains a mix of 19th and early 20th century structures and modern style buildings as well as a farmers market in the Kerrytown district 45 The city s commercial districts are composed mostly of two to four story structures although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high rise buildings 46 Ann Arbor s residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th and early 20th century designs to ranch style houses Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century Contemporary style houses are farther from the downtown district 44 Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters Tower Plaza a 26 story condominium building located between the University of Michigan campus and downtown is the tallest building in Ann Arbor 47 The 19th century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact in 1972 the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group 48 Climate Edit Ann Arbor MichiganClimate chart explanation J F M A M J J A S O N D 2 6 31 18 2 4 35 20 2 7 46 27 3 3 60 38 3 4 71 48 3 7 80 58 3 6 83 62 3 7 81 61 3 5 74 53 2 8 61 42 3 1 48 33 2 9 35 23Average max and min temperatures in FPrecipitation totals in inchesMetric conversionJ F M A M J J A S O N D 66 0 8 61 2 7 68 8 3 83 15 3 87 21 9 93 27 14 92 28 17 94 27 16 88 23 12 72 16 6 78 9 1 73 2 5Average max and min temperatures in CPrecipitation totals in mmAnn Arbor has a typically Midwestern humid continental climate Koppen Dfa which is influenced by the Great Lakes There are four distinct seasons winters are cold and snowy with average highs around 34 F 1 C Summers are warm to hot and humid with average highs around 81 F 27 C and with slightly more precipitation Spring and autumn are transitional between the two The area experiences lake effect weather primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter 49 The monthly daily average temperature in July is 72 6 F 22 6 C while the same figure for January is 24 5 F 4 2 C Temperatures reach or exceed 90 F 32 C on 10 days 50 and drop to or below 0 F 18 C on 4 6 nights 50 Precipitation tends to be the heaviest during the summer months but most frequent during winter Snowfall which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October averages 58 inches 147 cm per season The lowest recorded temperature was 23 F 31 C on February 11 1885 and the highest recorded temperature was 105 F 41 C on July 24 1934 50 Climate data for Ann Arbor Michigan UMich 1991 2020 normals extremes 1881 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high F C 72 22 68 20 85 29 88 31 95 35 103 39 105 41 104 40 99 37 91 33 78 26 67 19 105 41 Mean maximum F C 51 7 10 9 53 7 12 1 68 2 20 1 78 0 25 6 86 4 30 2 91 7 33 2 92 7 33 7 91 4 33 0 88 7 31 5 80 5 26 9 65 5 18 6 54 3 12 4 94 3 34 6 Average high F C 31 9 0 1 35 4 1 9 46 2 7 9 59 7 15 4 71 4 21 9 80 1 26 7 83 7 28 7 81 7 27 6 75 1 23 9 62 2 16 8 48 0 8 9 36 3 2 4 59 3 15 2 Daily mean F C 24 0 4 4 26 5 3 1 35 7 2 1 47 6 8 7 59 0 15 0 68 0 20 0 71 9 22 2 70 3 21 3 63 3 17 4 51 4 10 8 39 2 4 0 29 2 1 6 48 8 9 3 Average low F C 16 2 8 8 17 7 7 9 25 2 3 8 35 5 1 9 46 6 8 1 55 9 13 3 60 1 15 6 58 8 14 9 51 6 10 9 40 7 4 8 30 5 0 8 22 1 5 5 38 4 3 6 Mean minimum F C 1 5 18 6 1 1 17 2 8 5 13 1 22 8 5 1 33 9 1 1 43 7 6 5 50 3 10 2 49 5 9 7 38 4 3 6 28 6 1 9 17 2 8 2 6 2 14 3 5 6 20 9 Record low F C 22 30 23 31 8 22 7 14 20 7 35 2 37 3 39 4 27 3 19 7 3 19 20 29 23 31 Average precipitation inches mm 2 96 75 2 51 64 2 82 72 3 44 87 3 84 98 3 91 99 3 52 89 3 52 89 3 18 81 2 99 76 2 82 72 2 75 70 38 26 972 Average snowfall inches cm 18 3 46 15 3 39 8 3 21 2 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 25 4 1 10 12 7 32 61 4 156 Average precipitation days 0 01 in 18 3 14 4 14 3 14 4 14 7 12 4 11 7 11 2 10 6 13 3 13 5 16 9 165 7Average snowy days 0 1 in 15 2 12 1 7 5 2 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 9 11 5 54 5Source NOAA 51 52 Demographics EditRacial composition 2020 53 2010 54 1990 55 1970 55 1940 55 White 67 6 73 0 82 0 91 95 5 Non Hispanic 65 9 70 4 80 4 Black or African American 6 8 7 7 9 0 6 7 4 1 Hispanic or Latino of any race 5 5 4 1 2 6 1 3 note 1 Asian 15 7 14 4 7 7 1 5 0 3 Historical populationCensus Pop 18605 097 18707 36344 5 18808 0619 5 18909 43117 0 190014 50953 8 191014 8172 1 192019 51631 7 193026 94438 1 194029 81510 7 195048 25161 8 196067 34039 6 1970100 03548 6 1980107 9697 9 1990109 5921 5 2000114 0244 0 2010113 934 0 1 2020123 8518 7 2021 est 121 536 4 1 9 Before 1860 56 1900 2000 57 U S Census Bureau 58 59 As of the 2020 U S Census there were 123 851 people and 49 948 households residing in the city 53 The population density was 4 435 9 inhabitants per square mile 1 712 7 km2 8 making it less densely populated than Detroit proper and its inner ring suburbs like Oak Park and Ferndale but more densely populated than outer ring suburbs like Livonia and Troy 60 The racial makeup of the city was 67 6 White 6 8 Black 0 2 Native American 15 7 Asian 0 1 Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 1 8 from other races and 7 9 from two or more races Hispanic or Latino residents of any race made up 5 5 of the population 53 Ann Arbor has a small population of Arab Americans including students as well as local Lebanese and Palestinians 61 The Ann Arbor Unitarian Universalist Church was designed by Donaldson amp Meier and built in 1881 2 by the Walker Brothers The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 It currently houses the architecture firm of Hobbs and Black As of the 2010 U S Census there were 113 934 people 20 502 families and 47 060 households residing in the city 62 The population density was 4 093 9 inhabitants per square mile 1 580 7 km2 63 The racial makeup of the city was 73 0 White 70 4 non Hispanic White 7 7 Black 0 3 Native American 14 4 Asian 0 0 Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 1 0 from other races and 3 6 from two or more races Hispanic or Latino residents of any race made up 4 1 of the population 64 In 2013 Ann Arbor had the second largest community of Japanese citizens in the state of Michigan at 1 541 this figure trailed only that of Novi which had 2 666 Japanese nationals 65 In 2010 out of 47 060 households 43 6 were family households 20 1 had individuals under the age of 18 living in them and 17 0 had individuals over age 65 living in them Of the 20 502 family households 19 2 included children under age 18 34 2 were husband wife families estimates did not include same sex married couples and 7 1 had a female householder with no husband present The average household size was 2 17 people and the average family size was 2 85 people The median age was 27 8 14 4 of the population was under age 18 and 9 3 was age 65 or older 64 According to the 2012 2016 American Community Survey estimates the median household income was 57 697 and the median family income was 95 528 66 Males over age 25 and with earnings had a median income of 51 682 versus 39 203 for females 67 The per capita income for the city was 37 158 63 Nearly a quarter 23 4 of people and 6 7 of families had incomes below the poverty level 68 Economy EditThe University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor s economy significantly It employs about 30 000 workers including about 12 000 in the medical center 69 Other employers are drawn to the area by the university s research and development money and by its graduates High tech health services and biotechnology are other major components of the city s economy numerous medical offices laboratories and associated companies are located in the city Automobile manufacturers such as General Motors and Visteon also employ residents 69 Nickels Arcade interior looking towards the east High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s when International Radio Corporation introduced the first mass produced AC DC radio the Kadette in 1931 as well as the first pocket radio the Kadette Jr in 1933 70 The Argus camera company originally a subsidiary of International Radio manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to the 1960s Current firms include Arbor Networks provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems Arbortext provider of XML based publishing software JSTOR the digital scholarly journal archive MediaSpan provider of software and online services for the media industries Truven Health Analytics and ProQuest which includes UMI 71 Ann Arbor Terminals manufactured a video display terminal called the Ann Arbor Ambassador during the 1980s 72 Barracuda Networks which provides networking security and storage products based on network appliances and cloud services opened an engineering office in Ann Arbor in 2008 on Depot St 73 and currently occupies the building previously used as the Borders headquarters on Maynard Street 74 Duo Security a cloud based access security provider protecting thousands of organizations worldwide through two factor authentication is headquartered in Ann Arbor 75 It was formerly a unicorn and continues to be headquartered in Ann Arbor after its acquisition by Cisco Systems 76 In November 2021 semiconductor test equipment company KLA Corporation opened a new North American headquarters in Ann Arbor 77 Weinmann Block located at 219 223 East Washington Street was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 Germania Building Complex located at 119 123 West Washington Street and 209 211 Ashley Street were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 Websites and online media companies in or near the city include All Media Guide the Weather Underground and Zattoo Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network a not for profit research and education computer network Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street which once housed the Michigan Information Technology Center Foundation 78 The city is also home to a secondary office of Google s AdWords program the company s primary revenue stream 79 The recent surge in companies operating in Ann Arbor has led to a decrease in its office and flex space vacancy rates As of December 31 2012 the total market vacancy rate for office and flex space is 11 80 a 1 40 decrease in vacancy from one year previous and the lowest overall vacancy level since 2003 The office vacancy rate decreased to 10 65 in 2012 from 12 08 in 2011 while the flex vacancy rate decreased slightly more with a drop from 16 50 to 15 02 80 As of 2022 Ann Arbor is home to more than twenty video game and XR studios of varying sizes 81 The city plays host to a regional chapter of the International Game Developers Association IGDA which hosts monthly meetups presentations and educational events 82 Pfizer once the city s second largest employer operated a large pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor On January 22 2007 Pfizer announced it would close operations in Ann Arbor by the end of 2008 83 The facility was previously operated by Warner Lambert and before that Parke Davis In December 2008 the University of Michigan Board of Regents approved the purchase of the facilities and the university anticipates hiring 2 000 researchers and staff during the next 10 years 84 It is now known as North Campus Research Complex The city is the home of other research and engineering centers including those of Lotus Engineering General Dynamics and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA Other research centers sited in the city are the United States Environmental Protection Agency s National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory 85 and the Toyota Technical Center 86 The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International NSF International the nonprofit non governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas 87 Nickels Arcade was the only remaining example in Michigan of a free standing commercial arcade building of a type that was popularized by the Cleveland Arcade It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 Borders Books started in Ann Arbor was opened by brothers Tom and Louis Borders in 1971 with a stock of used books The Borders chain was based in the city as was its flagship store until it closed in September 2011 88 Domino s Pizza s headquarters is near Ann Arbor on Domino s Farms a 271 acre 110 ha Frank Lloyd Wright inspired complex just northeast of the city 89 Another Ann Arbor based company is Zingerman s Delicatessen which serves sandwiches and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names Zingerman s has grown into a family of companies which offers a variety of products bake shop mail order creamery coffee and services business education 90 Flint Ink Corp another Ann Arbor based company was the world s largest privately held ink manufacturer until it was acquired by Stuttgart based XSYS Print Solutions in October 2005 91 Avfuel a global supplier of aviation fuels and services is also headquartered in Ann Arbor 92 Aastrom Biosciences a publicly traded company that develops stem cell treatments for cardiovascular diseases is also headquartered in Ann Arbor 93 Many cooperative enterprises were founded in the city among those that remain are the People s Food Co op and the Inter Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan a student housing cooperative founded in 1937 94 There are also three cohousing communities Sunward Great Oak and Touchstone located immediately to the west of the city limits 95 Culture EditMain article Culture of Ann Arbor Michigan Michigan Theater is the current home of the annual Ann Arbor Film Festival the Ann Arbor Symphony and the Ann Arbor Concert Band Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan s campus as are museums dedicated to art archaeology and natural history and sciences Founded in 1879 the University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year bringing international artists in music dance and theater Since 2001 Shakespeare in the Arb has presented one play by Shakespeare each June in a large park near downtown 96 Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre the Arbor Opera Theater the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra the Ann Arbor Ballet Theater the Ann Arbor Civic Ballet established in 1954 as Michigan s first chartered ballet company 97 The Ark and Performance Network Theatre 98 Another unique piece of artistic expression in Ann Arbor is the fairy doors These small portals are examples of installation art and can be found throughout the downtown area 99 The Ann Arbor Hands On Museum is located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station Multiple art galleries exist in the city notably in the downtown area and around the University of Michigan campus Aside from a large restaurant scene in the Main Street South State Street and South University Avenue areas Ann Arbor ranks first among U S cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita 100 The Ann Arbor District Library maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building The city is also home to the Gerald R Ford Presidential Library 101 Several annual events many of them centered on performing and visual arts draw visitors to Ann Arbor One such event is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets Scheduled on Thursday through Sunday of the third week of July the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors 102 Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival held during the third week of March which receives more than 2 500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award qualifying festivals in the United States 103 Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana given Ann Arbor s decriminalization of cannabis the large number of medical marijuana dispensaries in the city one dispensary called People s Co op was directly across the street from Michigan Stadium until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west the large number of pro marijuana residents and the annual Hash Bash an event that is held on the first Saturday of April Until at least the successful passage of Michigan s medical marijuana law the event had arguably strayed from its initial intent although for years a number of attendees have received serious legal responses due to marijuana use on University of Michigan property which does not fall under the city s progressive and compassionate ticketing program 104 Ann Arbor is a major center for college sports most notably at the University of Michigan Several well known college sports facilities exist in the city including Michigan Stadium the largest American football stadium in the world and the third largest stadium of any kind in the world 105 Michigan Stadium has a capacity of 107 601 with the final extra seat said to be reserved for and in honor of former athletic director and Hall of Fame football coach Fitz Crisler 106 The stadium was completed in 1927 and cost more than 950 000 to build The stadium is colloquially known as The Big House due to its status as the largest American football stadium 107 Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school s basketball both men s and women s and ice hockey teams respectively 108 Concordia University a member of the NAIA also fields sports teams 109 A fairy door at Red Shoes 332 South Ashley Ann Arbor is represented in the NPSL by semi pro soccer team AFC Ann Arbor a club founded in 2014 who call themselves The Mighty Oak A person from Ann Arbor is called an Ann Arborite and many long time residents call themselves townies The city itself is often called A A squared or A2 A two or AA The Deuce mainly by Chicagoans and Tree Town 110 With tongue in cheek reference to the city s liberal political leanings some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as The People s Republic of Ann Arbor 111 or 25 square miles surrounded by reality 112 the latter phrase being adapted from Wisconsin Governor Lee Dreyfus s description of Madison Wisconsin In A Prairie Home Companion broadcast from Ann Arbor Garrison Keillor described Ann Arbor as a city where people discuss socialism but only in the fanciest restaurants Ann Arbor sometimes appears on citation indexes as an author instead of a location often with the academic degree MI a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan 113 In 2011 the popular funk group Vulfpeck was founded in a basement in Ann Arbor Law and government EditSee also List of mayors of Ann Arbor Michigan Ann Arbor has a council manager form of government The City Council has 11 voting members the mayor and 10 city council members Two city council members are elected from each of the city s five wards The mayor and council serve four year terms The mayor and one council member from each ward are elected in mid term election years and the other five council members are elected in the alternate even numbered years The mayor is elected citywide Approved by City voters in November 2016 and effective with the mayoral election of November 2018 the term of office of mayor will be extended from two years to four years The mayor is the presiding officer of the City Council and has the power to appoint all Council committee members as well as board and commission members with the approval of the City Council The current mayor of Ann Arbor is Christopher Taylor a Democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014 114 Day to day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council 115 Ann Arbor holds mayoral elections to 4 year terms concurrent with the Gubernatorial election 116 Washtenaw County Administration Building Washtenaw County Courthouse Until 2017 City Council held annual elections in which half of the seats one from each ward were elected to 2 year terms These elections were staggered with each ward having one of their seats up for election in odd years and their other seat up for election in even years 117 Beginning in 2018 the City Council has had staggered elections to 4 year terms in even years This means that half of the members one from each ward are elected in presidential election years while the other half are elected in mid term election years 117 To facilitate this change in scheduling the 2017 election elected members to terms that lasted 3 years 117 In 1960 Ann Arbor voters approved a 2 3 million bond issue to build the current city hall which was designed by architect Alden B Dow The City Hall opened in 1963 In 1995 the building was renamed the Guy C Larcom Jr Municipal Building in honor of the longtime city administrator who championed the building s construction 118 Ann Arbor is part of Michigan s 12th congressional district represented in Congress by Representative Debbie Dingell a Democrat On the state level the city is part of the 18th district in the Michigan Senate represented by Democrat Rebekah Warren In the Michigan House of Representatives representation is split between the 55th district northern Ann Arbor part of Ann Arbor Township and other surrounding areas represented by Democrat Adam Zemke the 53rd district most of downtown and the southern half of the city represented by Democrat Yousef Rabhi and the 52nd district southwestern areas outside Ann Arbor proper and western Washtenaw County represented by Democrat Donna Lasinski 119 120 As the county seat of Washtenaw County the Washtenaw County Trial Court 22nd Circuit Court is located in Ann Arbor at the Washtenaw County Courthouse on Main Street This court has countywide general jurisdiction and has two divisions the Civil Criminal criminal and civil matters and the Family Division which includes Juvenile Court Friend of the Court and Probate Court sections Seven judges serve on the court 121 First National Bank Building at 201 205 South Main Street The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 Ann Arbor also has a local state district court 15th District Court which serves only the City of Ann Arbor In Michigan the state district courts are limited jurisdiction courts which handle traffic violations civil cases with claims under 25 000 landlord tenant matters and misdemeanor crimes The Ann Arbor Federal Building attached to a post office on Liberty Street serves as one of the courthouses for the U S District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan and Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit 122 123 124 125 Politics Edit Progressive politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s Voters approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana 1974 126 and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the State of Michigan 1990 127 In 1974 Kathy Kozachenko s victory in an Ann Arbor city council race made her the country s first openly homosexual candidate to win public office 128 In 1975 Ann Arbor became the first U S city to use instant runoff voting for a mayoral race Adopted through a ballot initiative sponsored by the local Human Rights Party which feared a splintering of the liberal vote the process was repealed in 1976 after use in only one election 129 As of April 2021 Democrats hold the mayorship and all ten council seats 130 Nationally Ann Arbor is located in Michigan s 12th congressional district represented by Democrat Debbie Dingell Crime Edit In 2015 Ann Arbor was ranked 11th safest among cities in Michigan with a population of over 50 000 131 It ranked safer than cities such as Royal Oak Livonia Canton and Clinton Township The level of most crimes in Ann Arbor has fallen significantly in the past 20 years In 1995 there were 294 aggravated assaults 132 robberies and 43 rapes while in 2015 there were 128 aggravated assaults 42 robberies and 58 rapes under the revised definition 132 133 Ann Arbor s crime rate was below the national average in 2000 The violent crime rate was further below the national average than the property crime rate the two rates were 48 and 11 lower than the U S average respectively 134 135 Education EditPrimary and secondary education Edit Public schools are part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools AAPS district AAPS has one of the country s leading music programs In September 2008 16 539 students had been enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools Notable schools include Pioneer Huron Skyline and Community high schools and Ann Arbor Open School 136 The district has a preschool center with both free and tuition based programs for preschoolers in the district 137 The University High School a demonstration school with teachers drawn from the University of Michigan s education program was part of the school system from 1924 to 1968 138 Ann Arbor is home to several private schools 139 including Emerson School the Father Gabriel Richard High School Rudolf Steiner School of Ann Arbor Clonlara School Michigan Islamic Academy and Greenhills School a prep school The city is also home to several charter schools such as Central Academy Michigan PreK 12 of the Global Educational Excellence GEE charter school company 140 Washtenaw Technical Middle College and Honey Creek Community School Higher education Edit The University of Michigan dominates the city of Ann Arbor providing the city with its distinctive college town character 141 University buildings are located in the center of the city and the campus is directly adjacent to the State Street and South University downtown areas Other local colleges and universities include Concordia University Ann Arbor a Lutheran liberal arts institution and Cleary University a private business school Washtenaw Community College is located in neighboring Ann Arbor Township In 2000 the Ave Maria School of Law a Roman Catholic law school established by Domino s Pizza founder Tom Monaghan opened in northeastern Ann Arbor but the school moved to Ave Maria Florida in 2009 142 and the Thomas M Cooley Law School acquired the former Ave Maria buildings for use as a branch campus 143 144 145 Media EditThe Ann Arbor News owned by the Michigan based Booth Newspapers chain was the major newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County The newspaper ended its 174 year daily print run in 2009 due to economic difficulties and began producing two printed editions a week under the name AnnArbor com 146 It resumed using its former name in 2013 It also produces a daily digital edition named Mlive com Another Ann Arbor based publication that has ceased production was the Ann Arbor Paper a free monthly 147 Ann Arbor has been said to be the first significant city to lose its only daily paper 148 The Ann Arbor Chronicle an online newspaper covered local news including meetings of the library board county commission and DDA until September 3 2014 149 Current publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Journal A2 Journal a weekly community newspaper 150 the Ann Arbor Observer a free monthly local magazine and Current a free entertainment focused alt weekly 151 The Ann Arbor Business Review covers local business in the area Car and Driver 152 magazine and Automobile Magazine 153 are also based in Ann Arbor The University of Michigan is served by many student publications including the independent Michigan Daily student newspaper which reports on local state and regional issues in addition to campus news 154 Four major AM radio stations based in or near Ann Arbor are WAAM 1600 a conservative news and talk station WLBY 1290 a business news and talk station WDEO 990 Catholic radio and WTKA 1050 which is primarily a sports station 155 The city s FM stations include NPR affiliate WUOM 91 7 country station WWWW 102 9 and adult alternative station WQKL 107 1 Freeform station WCBN FM 88 3 is a local community radio college radio station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial eclectic music and public affairs programming 155 The city is also served by public and commercial radio broadcasters in Ypsilanti the Lansing Jackson area Detroit Windsor and Toledo 156 Ann Arbor is part of the Detroit television market WPXD channel 31 the owned and operated Detroit outlet of the ION Television network is licensed to the city Until its sign off on August 31 2017 WHTV channel 18 a MyNetworkTV affiliated station for the Lansing market was broadcast from a transmitter in Lyndon Township west of Ann Arbor Community Television Network CTN is a city provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations 157 Detroit and Toledo area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor and stations from Lansing and Windsor Ontario can be seen in parts of the area 156 Health environment and utilities Edit Barton Dam Argo Dam The University of Michigan Medical Center the only teaching hospital in the city took the number 1 slot in U S News amp World Report for best hospital in the state of Michigan as of 2015 158 The University of Michigan Health System UMHS includes University Hospital C S Mott Children s Hospital and Women s Hospital in its core complex UMHS also operates out patient clinics and facilities throughout the city The area s other major medical centers include a large facility operated by the Department of Veterans Affairs in Ann Arbor 159 and Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital in nearby Superior Township 160 The city provides sewage disposal and water supply services with water coming from the Huron River and groundwater sources There are two water treatment plants one main and three outlying reservoirs four pump stations and two water towers These facilities serve the city which is divided into five water districts The city s water department also operates four dams along the Huron River Argo Barton Geddes and Superior of which Barton and Superior provide hydroelectric power 161 162 The city also offers waste management services with Recycle Ann Arbor handling recycling service 163 Other utilities are provided by private entities Electrical power and gas are provided by DTE Energy AT amp T Inc is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area Cable TV service is primarily provided by Comcast 164 A plume of the industrial solvent dioxane is migrating under the city from the contaminated Gelman Sciences Inc property on the westside of Ann Arbor It s currently detected at 0 039 ppb 165 The Gelman plume is a potential threat to one of the City of Ann Arbor s drinking water sources the Huron River which flows through downtown Ann Arbor Transportation EditSurface roads and paths Edit The streets in downtown Ann Arbor conform to a grid pattern though this pattern is less common in the surrounding areas Major roads branch out from the downtown district like spokes on a wheel to the highways surrounding the city The city is belted by three freeways I 94 which runs along the southern and western portion of the city U S Highway 23 US 23 which primarily runs along the eastern edge of Ann Arbor and M 14 which runs along the northern edge of the city Other nearby highways include US 12 Michigan Ave M 17 Washtenaw Ave and M 153 Ford Rd Several of the major surface arteries lead to the I 94 M 14 interchange in the west US 23 in the east and the city s southern areas 166 The city also has a system of bike routes and paths 167 and includes the nearly complete Washtenaw County Border to Border Trail 168 Bus service Edit The Ann Arbor Area Transportation Authority AAATA which brands itself as TheRide operates public bus services throughout the city and nearby Ypsilanti The AATA operates Blake Transit Center on Fourth Ave in downtown Ann Arbor and the Ypsilanti Transit Center A separate zero fare bus service operates within and between the University of Michigan campuses Since April 2012 route 98 the AirRide connects to Detroit Metro Airport a dozen times a day 169 There are also limited stop bus services between Ann Arbor and Chelsea as well as Canton These two routes 91 and 92 respectively are known as the ExpressRide 170 Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service 171 The Michigan Flyer a service operated by Indian Trails cooperates with AAATA for their AirRide and additionally offers bus service to East Lansing 172 Megabus has direct service to Chicago Illinois while a bus service is provided by Amtrak for rail passengers making connections to services in East Lansing and Toledo Ohio Airports Edit Ann Arbor Municipal Airport is a small city run general aviation airport located south of I 94 Detroit Metropolitan Airport the area s large international airport is about 25 miles 40 km east of the city in Romulus 173 Willow Run Airport east of the city near Ypsilanti serves freight corporate and general aviation clients 174 Railroads Edit Michigan Central Depot Ann Arbor The city was a major rail hub notably for freight traffic between Toledo and ports north of Chicago Illinois from 1878 to 1982 however the Ann Arbor Railroad also provided passenger service from 1878 to 1950 going northwest to Frankfort and Elberta on Lake Michigan and southeast to Toledo In Elberta connections to ferries across the Lake could be made 175 176 The city was served by the Michigan Central Railroad starting in 1837 The Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti Street Railway Michigan s first interurban served the city from 1891 to 1929 177 Amtrak which provides service to the city at the Ann Arbor Train Station operates the Wolverine train between Chicago and Pontiac via Detroit The present day train station neighbors the city s old Michigan Central Depot which was renovated as a restaurant in 1970 178 Sister cities EditAnn Arbor has seven sister cities 179 180 Tubingen Baden Wurttemberg Germany since 1965 The schools in Ann Arbor and Tubingen have regular exchanges 181 Belize City Belize since 1967 Hikone Shiga Japan since 1969 The schools in Ann Arbor and Hikone have regular exchanges 182 183 Peterborough Ontario Canada since 1983 Juigalpa Chontales Nicaragua since 1986 Dakar Senegal since 1997 Remedios Cuba since 2003 See also EditAnn Arbor staging Ardis Publishing List of people from Ann Arbor Metro DetroitNotes Edit From 15 sample 55 References Edit City of Ann Arbor 2022 City of Ann Arbor Departments Retrieved November 21 2022 a b 2020 U S Gazetteer Files United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on May 28 2022 Retrieved May 21 2022 United States Census Bureau December 29 2022 2020 Census Qualifying Urban Areas and Final Criteria Clarifications Federal Register a b QuickFacts Ann Arbor city Michigan United States Census Bureau October 28 2022 Retrieved October 28 2022 2020 Population and Housing State Data United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on August 12 2021 Retrieved September 29 2021 a b U S Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System Ann Arbor Michigan Bibliography on Washtenaw County Clarke Historical Library Central Michigan University Archived from the original on February 17 2013 Retrieved January 23 2013 a b QuickFacts Ann Arbor city Michigan United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on November 3 2021 Retrieved September 29 2021 Ann Arbor Introduction Advameg Inc 2008 Archived from the original on June 10 2013 Retrieved August 4 2008 a b Marwil pp 1 2 Walker p 65 Van Zandt pp 65 71 Edmonds R David 1978 The Potawatomis Keepers of the Fire University of Oklahoma p 99 Marwil p 1 Michigan State Historical Society Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society 1964 Michigan History Magazine Michigan Historical Commission p 31 Marwil p 4 Marwil p 7 Marwil p 13 1824 1859 Education Pictorial History of Ann Arbor 1824 1974 Ann Arbor District Library 2006 Archived from the original on February 21 2014 Retrieved December 4 2009 a b Marwil p 49 Marwil p 16 1824 1859 Government and Growth Pictorial History of Ann Arbor 1824 1974 Ann Arbor District Library 2006 Archived from the original on February 21 2014 Retrieved December 4 2009 Public and Local Acts of the Legislature of the State of Michigan State of Michigan p 644 1880 1899 Setbacks and Renewed Growth Pictorial History of Ann Arbor 1824 1974 Ann Arbor District Library 2006 Archived from the original on February 21 2014 Retrieved December 4 2009 1900 1919 Population and Economic Growth Pictorial History of Ann Arbor 1824 1974 Ann Arbor District Library 2006 Archived from the original on February 21 2014 Retrieved December 4 2009 a b About Us www bethisrael aa org Beth Israel Congregation Ann Arbor archived from the original on January 29 2020 retrieved March 5 2013 Marwil p 153 1940 1974 From Protest to Outer Space Pictorial History of Ann Arbor 1824 1974 Ann Arbor District Library 2006 Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved November 8 2009 Restivo Terrence R March 22 2006 The Building of a New Left Conglomerate in the City of Ann Arbor VOICE Action Movement and the Human Rights Party 1965 1975 PDF MA thesis McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University Archived from the original PDF on December 1 2007 Retrieved August 23 2008 History Thomas More Law Center 2009 Archived from the original on January 17 2012 Retrieved March 5 2013 Inside the Eastside History of East Ann Arbor Michigan MI Archived from the original on March 23 2014 Retrieved April 9 2010 Ann Arbor Parks and Greenbelt Proposal Friends of Ann Arbor Open Space March 2 2004 Archived from the original on July 23 2008 Retrieved August 4 2008 McGovern Judy May 18 2009 Ann Arbor seeks grants for greenbelt land The Ann Arbor News Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved August 24 2009 Best Places to Live Money s List of America s Best Small Cities CNNMoney com August 2008 Archived from the original on October 5 2009 Retrieved August 24 2009 Levy Francesca America s Most Livable Cities Forbes Archived from the original on November 10 2013 National Register Information System National Register of Historic Places National Park Service November 2 2013 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Ann Arbor Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 2 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 64 Geoff Larcom August 30 2004 How to Get Your Head in the Clouds Ann Arbor News p B 1 KARB Ann Arbor Municipal Airport Federal Aviation Administration at Airnav com March 15 2007 Archived from the original on July 25 2008 Retrieved August 4 2008 Fun Facts Ann Arbor Area Convention and Visitor s Bureau 2006 Archived from the original on February 24 2006 Retrieved August 25 2009 Davis Tracy April 2 2007 Last of street ash trees cut down The Ann Arbor News Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved August 30 2009 General Parks Information Ann Arbor City Government 2009 Archived from the original on July 16 2012 Retrieved September 6 2009 Nichols Arboretum University of Michigan Michigan Economic Development Corporation Michigan org 2007 Archived from the original on May 23 2009 Retrieved November 15 2007 a b Master Plans General Information Ann Arbor City Government 2009 Archived from the original on October 6 2009 Retrieved August 30 2009 Ann Arbor Farmers Market Ann Arbor City Government 2007 Archived from the original on November 5 2005 Retrieved August 23 2008 Downtown Plan PDF Ann Arbor City Government 2009 Archived from the original PDF on March 2 2012 Retrieved March 5 2013 Tower Plaza Ann Arbor Emporis Buildings 2007 Archived from the original on November 8 2007 Retrieved August 4 2008 Neighborhood Association Old West Side Association 2007 Archived from the original on March 23 2014 Retrieved August 4 2008 Washtenaw County Resource Assessment PDF Washtenaw County Conservation District September 2006 Archived from the original PDF on March 5 2012 Retrieved November 1 2009 a b c NowData NOAA Online Weather Data National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Archived from the original on June 5 2021 Retrieved February 27 2012 NowData NOAA Online Weather Data National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Archived from the original on June 5 2021 Retrieved May 8 2021 Station Ann Arbor U of Mich MI U S Climate Normals 2020 U S Monthly Climate Normals 1991 2020 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Archived from the original on May 8 2021 Retrieved May 8 2021 a b c Star Indianapolis Ann Arbor city Washtenaw County Michigan Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census Indianapolis Star Archived from the original on February 15 2022 Retrieved August 17 2021 Population estimates July 1 2015 V2015 Archived from the original on December 8 2019 Retrieved December 7 2017 a b c d Michigan Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Large Cities and Other Places Earliest Census to 1990 PDF www census gov United States Census Bureau archived PDF from the original on February 2 2019 retrieved December 7 2017 1824 1859 Government and Growth Pictorial History of Ann Arbor Ann Arbor District Library 2003 Archived from the original on February 21 2014 Retrieved December 6 2009 Historical Population and Employment by Minor Civil Division Southeast Michigan PDF Southeast Michigan Council of Governments 2002 Archived from the original PDF on July 29 2013 Retrieved December 6 2009 U S Census Bureau Population Finder U S Census Bureau 2018 Archived from the original on February 15 2022 Retrieved April 1 2020 QuickFacts Ann Arbor city Michigan Kalamazoo city Michigan UNITED STATES www census gov United States Census Bureau archived from the original on April 23 2020 retrieved May 28 2017 U S Census Bureau QuickFacts Troy city Michigan Livonia city Michigan Ferndale city Michigan Oak Park city Michigan Detroit city Michigan Ann Arbor city Michigan Census Bureau QuickFacts Archived from the original on January 16 2019 Retrieved September 3 2018 Hassoun Rosina J October 24 2005 Arab Americans in Michigan Discovering the Peoples of Michigan MSU Press p PT21 ISBN 1609170466 However there are other smaller Arab American communities in other cities in Michigan American FactFinder Results factfinder census gov United States Census Bureau Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved September 3 2018 a b U S Census Bureau QuickFacts Ann Arbor city Michigan Census Bureau QuickFacts Archived from the original on September 3 2018 Retrieved September 3 2018 a b Ann Arbor city Michigan United States Census Bureau 2010 Archived from the original on December 27 1996 Retrieved September 3 2018 Stone Cal State s Japanese employees increasing Archive Observer amp Eccentric Gannett Company April 11 2013 Retrieved on May 5 2013 American FactFinder Income in the Past 12 Months Ann Arbor city Michigan 2012 2016 American Community Survey 5 Year Estimates United States Census Bureau 2016 Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved September 3 2018 Bureau U S Census American FactFinder Results factfinder census gov Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved September 3 2018 Ann Arbor city Michigan fact sheet U S Census Bureau 2016 Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved September 3 2018 a b Ann Arbor MI U S News amp World Report 2010 Archived from the original on January 1 2012 Retrieved March 5 2013 Mahon Morgan E 1990 A Flick of the Switch 1930 1950 Antiques Electronics Supply 100 1 Contact Us 2009 Archived from the original on October 10 2013 Retrieved August 23 2009 via ProQuest InfoNews Hardware InfoWorld 43 February 1 1982 Martin Mike Barracuda Networks moves into 201 Depot Street in Ann Arbor Concentrate Media Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved June 29 2012 Alfs Lizzy Barracuda Networks signs deal to move hundreds of jobs to ex Borders offices in downtown Ann Arbor AnnArbor com Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved June 29 2012 Duo Security bolsters region s technology profile Detroit Free Press Archived from the original on June 12 2016 Retrieved May 15 2017 Hackett Robert August 2 2018 Cisco Buys Duo Security for 2 35 Billion Fortune Archived from the original on February 21 2020 Retrieved May 25 2020 KLA Debuts New Portfolio of Automotive Chip Testing Products Click on Detroit November 11 2021 Archived from the original on January 29 2022 Retrieved January 28 2022 Bomey Nathan August 29 2010 Michigan Information Technology Center dissolving after Ann Arbor nonprofit lost 4 6M over 3 years Business Review AnnArbor com Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved October 19 2014 Goodman David N July 11 2006 Google Plans to Open Facility in Michigan The Washington Post Archived from the original on October 1 2012 Retrieved August 4 2008 Swisher Commercial s Annual Ann Arbor Office Flex Space Vacancy Report 2012 Swisher Commercial Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved April 28 2013 Michigan Game Studios Database IGDA Ann Arbor 2022 Archived from the original on August 6 2022 Retrieved October 29 2022 IGDA Ann Arbor IGDA Ann Arbor 2022 Archived from the original on July 16 2022 Retrieved October 29 2022 Stefanie Murray January 19 2008 One year later Pfizer labs emptying out The Ann Arbor News Archived from the original on October 6 2009 Retrieved August 25 2009 U M to buy Pfizer s former Ann Arbor property University of Michigan News Service December 18 2008 Archived from the original on June 9 2010 Retrieved October 19 2010 National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory United States Environmental Protection Agency April 3 2007 Archived from the original on September 20 2008 Retrieved August 23 2008 Our Business Research amp Development Toyota Motor North America Inc 2010 Archived from the original on October 6 2010 Retrieved October 19 2010 Nathan Bomey and Greg Migliore November 15 2007 Company of 2007 NSF International Ann Arbor Business Review Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved September 6 2009 Dolan Matthew July 21 2011 Lamenting Borders Death at Store No 1 The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on July 22 2011 Retrieved March 5 2013 Migliore Greg November 15 2007 Commercial Real Estate winner Domino s Farms Ann Arbor Business Review Archived from the original on November 4 2013 Retrieved September 6 2009 Albanese Erin September 1 2008 Zingerman s recipe for success will be served The Grand Rapids Press Retrieved September 6 2009 Flint Ink and XSYS Print Solutions Agree to Merge Flint Group July 20 2005 Archived from the original on October 20 2007 Retrieved August 23 2008 Meisler Dan April 18 2008 Aviation fuel co plans Ann Arbor HQ expansion Ann Arbor Business Review Archived from the original on November 4 2013 Retrieved September 6 2009 About Aastrom Biosciences Stem Cell Therapeutics Archived from the original on October 25 2013 About ICC Inter Cooperative Council Inter Cooperative Council Ann Arbor MI U S A 2007 Archived from the original on June 24 2008 Retrieved August 4 2008 Communities Directory Fellowship for Intentional Community 2010 Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved October 19 2010 Matthaei nichols April 9 2015 Shakespeare in the Arb Fifteen Years of Outdoor Theater Magic Archived from the original on June 10 2015 Retrieved June 9 2015 Ann Arbor Civic Ballet Sylvia Studio of Dance Ann Arbor Civic Ballet 2009 Archived from the original on December 31 2006 Retrieved September 6 2009 About Performance Network Theatre 2009 Archived from the original on November 2 2013 Retrieved August 23 2009 Headlee Celeste May 9 2006 The Wee Fairy Doors of Ann Arbor Mich NPR Archived from the original on March 23 2014 Retrieved August 4 2012 Ann Arbor Guide 2003 4 Ecurrent com 2003 2004 Archived from the original on December 10 2004 Retrieved August 4 2008 Gerald R Ford Presidential Library and Museum Presidential Libraries System National Archives and Records Administration Archived from the original on August 25 2009 Retrieved August 13 2009 About Mission amp History Ann Arbor Street Art Fair 2006 Archived from the original on April 10 2014 Retrieved August 4 2008 About Ann Arbor Film Festival Archived from the original on June 21 2009 Retrieved May 31 2009 40 years of Hash Bash Marijuana festival started in 1972 in Ann Arbor stands test of time Ann Arbor com March 31 2011 Archived from the original on December 31 2013 Retrieved August 4 2012 Schultz Marisa December 24 2007 Battle over Michigan Stadium has national implications The Detroit News U M Announces New Seating Capacity for Michigan Stadium www mgoblue com August 7 2015 Archived from the original on June 25 2017 Retrieved March 20 2018 Michigan Stadium MGoBlue com June 5 2009 Archived from the original on April 19 2014 Retrieved August 23 2009 University of Michigan Athletics Facilities MGoBlue com 2009 Archived from the original on May 30 2008 Retrieved August 23 2009 Concordia University Athletics Concordia University Ann Arbor Michigan 2009 Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved August 23 2009 About U M SSW Ann Arbor University of Michigan School of Social Work 2009 Archived from the original on September 12 2009 Retrieved August 24 2009 Bakopoulos Dean April 17 1997 Places I ll remember A farewell to Ann Arbor The Michigan Daily Archived from the original on January 2 2008 Retrieved August 29 2010 Welcome to Ann Arbor The Ann Arbor News Booth Newspapers 2007 Archived from the original on June 21 2006 Retrieved August 4 2008 Postellon DC March 2008 Hall and Keynes join Arbor in the citation indexes Nature 452 7185 282 Bibcode 2008Natur 452 282P doi 10 1038 452282b PMID 18354457 Government Ann Arbor City Council 2007 Archived from the original on May 13 2007 Retrieved August 23 2008 Charter for the City of Ann Arbor Michigan PDF Ann Arbor City Government April 9 1956 pp 9 41 Archived from the original PDF on October 3 2011 Retrieved March 5 2013 City Council www a2gov org Archived from the original on January 6 2022 Retrieved January 6 2022 a b c City Council www a2gov org City if Ann Arbor n d Archived from the original on September 19 2018 Retrieved September 19 2018 Guy Larcom s name peeled from exterior of city hall but building will remain named in his honor Annarbor com April 14 2011 Archived from the original on March 23 2014 Retrieved April 21 2012 Ann Arbor Government Guide Arborweb com 2007 Archived from the original on January 6 2009 Retrieved August 4 2008 Michigan House of Representatives Find A Representative Archived from the original on April 11 2014 WASHTENAW COUNTY TRIAL COURT Washtenaw County Trial Court Washtenawtrialcourt org February 20 2012 Archived from the original on March 23 2014 Retrieved April 21 2012 The Ugliest Building in Ann Arbor Ann Arbor District Library Aadl org Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved April 21 2012 Downtown Ann Arbor s Federal Building in line for green upgrades Concentratemedia com April 8 2009 Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved April 21 2012 Locations Driving Directions Parking United States District Court Eastern District of Michigan 2009 Archived from the original on August 25 2009 Retrieved August 23 2009 Ann Arbor courthouse February 22 2012 Archived from the original on February 22 2012 Retrieved June 29 2013 Ann Arbor Votes 5 Fine for the Use of Marijuana The New York Times 10 April 3 1974 Marshall Steve February 14 1990 City Hopes to Thwart Michigan on Abortion Law USA Today 3A Cohen Vrignaud Gerard February 12 1999 Gay and Proud The Michigan Daily Archived from the original on January 3 2008 Retrieved August 4 2008 Walter Benjamin August 26 2001 Instant Runoff Voting IRV History of Use in Ann Arbor Green Party of Michigan Archived from the original on September 17 2008 Retrieved August 4 2008 City Council Ann Arbor City Government Archived from the original on May 21 2016 Retrieved May 21 2016 Corrigan Jon 15 Safest Cities in Michigan with Population Over 50 000 Archived from the original on September 17 2015 Crime Index Offenses Reported PDF Federal Bureau of Investigation archived PDF from the original on February 7 2017 retrieved January 4 2017 Table 8 Michigan Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived from the original on October 18 2016 Retrieved January 4 2017 Ann Arbor city Michigan MapStats FedStats October 24 2006 Archived from the original on August 30 2008 Retrieved August 4 2008 Reported crime in United States Total U S Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics December 13 2006 Archived from the original on July 21 2011 Retrieved August 4 2008 Directory of Schools Archived from the original on September 10 2018 Retrieved September 9 2018 About Our Programs Ann Arbor Preschool amp Family Center 2009 Archived from the original on July 12 2012 Retrieved December 4 2009 The Cubs of the Wolverines Michigan Education Magazine Winter 2018 pp 16 17 Archived from the original on August 9 2021 Retrieved November 23 2020 City Guide Private Schools Arborweb com 2009 Archived from the original on September 23 2013 Retrieved November 1 2009 GEE Academies Archived September 8 2015 at the Wayback Machine Global Educational Excellence Retrieved on September 1 2015 Cochran Jason October 2002 Ann Arbor Michigan Budget Travel Archived from the original on March 5 2013 Retrieved March 5 2013 Brannock Jennifer February 25 2007 Florida vs Michigan Ave Maria law school not a game to them Naples Daily News Archived from the original on June 13 2013 Retrieved August 4 2008 Paula Gardner Cooley Law move into Ave Maria space good news for office real estate market MLive Archived from the original on March 23 2014 Retrieved April 21 2012 Thomas Cooley opens new branch in old Ave Maria building The National Jurist Archived from the original on March 23 2014 Retrieved April 21 2012 Law school s lease of former Ave Maria site keeps area vibrant Annarbor November 7 2009 Archived from the original on March 23 2014 Retrieved April 21 2012 Murray Stefanie March 23 2009 Ann Arbor News to Close in July The Ann Arbor News Archived from the original on October 16 2009 Retrieved March 23 2009 Ann Arbor Publications Arborweb com 2007 Archived from the original on August 28 2008 Retrieved August 4 2008 Edmonds Rick June 16 2009 Why Ann Arbor Will be the First City to Lose its Only Daily Newspaper Poynter Poynter Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved April 21 2012 Hard Times at the Ann Arbor News Ann Arbor Observer January 2009 Ann Arbor Journal regional and local news Heritage com Archived from the original on February 9 2011 Retrieved April 21 2012 Ann Arbor Current Alternative Weekly Network AWN Directory Print awn org Archived from the original on March 17 2014 Retrieved April 21 2012 Migliore Greg March 6 2008 Car and Driver cruising to new Ann Arbor offices Ann Arbor Business Review Archived from the original on March 17 2014 Retrieved September 6 2009 Vile Gossip Jean Jennings Automobile Magazine November 2007 About the Daily The Michigan Daily Archived from the original on November 17 2006 Retrieved August 4 2012 a b Radio Broadcasting Stations Ann Arbor MI RadioStationWorld 2007 Archived from the original on April 23 2014 Retrieved August 4 2008 a b Southeast Michigan Radio and TV Dial Guide Michiguide Archived from the original on August 9 2011 Retrieved August 5 2012 Community Television Network Ann Arbor City Government 2007 Archived from the original on August 8 2013 Retrieved February 19 2007 University of Michigan Hospitals and Health Centers U S News amp World Report 2015 Archived from the original on September 6 2015 Retrieved October 5 2015 VA Ann Arbor Healthcase System About this Facility United States Department of Veterans Affairs July 10 2007 Archived from the original on September 5 2008 Retrieved August 23 2008 St Joseph Mercy Hospital Saint Joseph Mercy Health System 2009 Archived from the original on February 5 2016 Retrieved August 23 2009 Water Treatment City of Ann Arbor 2005 Archived from the original on January 27 2006 Retrieved August 23 2008 City of Ann Arbor 2020 Dams and Hydros City of Ann Arbor Archived from the original on July 26 2020 Retrieved April 20 2020 About Us Recycle Ann Arbor 2007 Archived from the original on March 27 2008 Retrieved August 4 2008 Arborweb City Guide Ann Arbor Observer 2009 Archived from the original on November 10 2013 Retrieved August 23 2009 1 4 Dioxane Washtenaw County MI www washtenaw org Archived from the original on December 15 2020 Retrieved December 15 2020 Official 2007 Department of Transportation Map Map 1 in 15 mi 1 cm 9 km Michigan Department of Transportation 2007 C1 C11 Archived from the original on May 2 2014 Retrieved August 4 2008 City of Ann Arbor Bikeway System PDF City of Ann Arbor and Washtenaw County 2007 Archived from the original PDF on June 5 2007 Retrieved August 23 2008 Friends of the Border to Border Trail Archived from the original on November 10 2013 New AirRide bus travels between Ann Arbor and Detroit Metro Michigan Radio Archived from the original on March 23 2014 Retrieved March 30 2013 Express Routes Commuter Services Services AATA Ann Arbor Transportation Authority www theride org Archived from the original on October 6 2015 Retrieved October 6 2015 Greyhound Relocates in Ann Arbor Michigan Press release Greyhound Lines Inc 8 July 2014 Archived from the original on April 2 2015 Retrieved March 20 2015 Michigan Flyer Home Michigan Flyer 2009 Archived from the original on February 15 2014 Retrieved March 26 2013 Fodor s Where to Weekend Around Chicago 1st ed Fodor s 2004 p 244 ISBN 978 1 4000 1303 6 Welcome to Willow Run Airport Wayne County Airport Authority 2006 Archived from the original on March 23 2014 Retrieved August 23 2009 A Brief History Central Michigan University Clarke Historical Library February 5 2010 Archived from the original on February 3 2013 Retrieved October 19 2010 American Rails Ann Arbor Railroad https www american rails com ann html Archived October 1 2020 at the Wayback Machine Pictorial History of Ann Arbor 1824 1974 1880 1899 Public Transportation and Changes in City Government Ann Arbor District Library December 24 2006 Archived from the original on February 24 2014 Retrieved August 23 2009 Drukas Alexander J March 27 2008 Ann Arbor s classic brunch still delights MLive com Archived from the original on November 4 2013 Retrieved August 4 2012 About our services University of Michigan International Center Archived from the original on June 20 2008 Retrieved July 31 2008 Our International Visitor Leadership Program coordinator also serves as the University of Michigan s official representative to the City of Ann Arbor s Sister City Program which manages relationships with six sister cities Tubingen Germany Hikone Japan Dakar Senegal Juigalpa Nicaragua Peterborough Canada and Belize City Belize Ann Arbor City Council Minutes November 6 2003 Ann Arbor City Government The German American Partnership Program Archived November 1 2021 at the Wayback Machine Huron High School July 26 2019 Cavanagh Tara VIDEOS Hikone Ann Arbor exchange provides lessons in culture lifelong friendships Archived August 1 2018 at the Wayback Machine Ann Arbor Public Schools Date unstated Hans Casey Hikone delegation comes to Ann Arbor for 32nd cultural exchange Archived August 1 2018 at the Wayback Machine Ann Arbor Public Schools Date unstated Works cited Edit Marwil Jonathan 1991 A History of Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press ISBN 978 0 472 06463 2 Pictorial History of Ann Arbor Ann Arbor District Library 2003 Archived from the original on April 28 2014 Retrieved November 8 2009 Further reading EditFisher Dale 1996 Ann Arbor Visions of the Eagle Grass Lake MI Eyry of the Eagle Publishing ISBN 978 0 9615623 4 2 Schmittroth Linda ed 1994 Cities of the United States 4th ed Detroit Gale Group Shackman Grace 2006 Ann Arbor Observed University of Michigan Press ISBN 978 0 472 03175 7 Brown Bill 2010 You Should ve Heard Just What I Seen Collected Newspaper Articles 1981 1984 Colossal Books ISBN 978 0 557 66844 1 Encyclopedia of Michigan St Clair Shores MI Somerset Publishers 1981 ISBN 978 0 403 09995 5 Michigan Gazetteer Wilmington DE American Historical Publications 1991 Social Characteristics of Ann Arbor US Census Bureau 2000 Retrieved November 8 2009 dead link External links EditAnn Arbor Michigan at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel information from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity City s official website Ann Arbor Area Convention and Visitor s Bureau Collection Ann Arbor and the University of Michigan from the University of Michigan Museum of Art Materials on Ann Arbor s history from HathiTrust Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ann Arbor Michigan amp oldid 1131140375, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.