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Republic of Serbian Krajina

January 27, 2023

The Republic of Serbian Krajina or Serb Republic of Krajina (Serbo-Croatian: Република Српска Крајина / Republika Srpska Krajina or РСК / RSK, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sr̩̂pskaː krâjina]), known as the Serbian Krajina[a] (Српска Крајина / Srpska Krajina) or simply Krajina, was a self-proclaimed Serb proto-state,[5][6] a territory within the newly independent Republic of Croatia (formerly part of Socialist Yugoslavia), which it defied, and which was active during the Croatian War of Independence (1991–95). It was not recognized internationally. The name Krajina ("Frontier") was adopted from the historical Military Frontier of the Habsburg monarchy (Austria-Hungary), which had a substantial Serb population and existed up to the late 19th century. The RSK government waged a war for ethnic Serb independence from Croatia and unification with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Republika Srpska (in Bosnia and Herzegovina).[7]

Republic of Serbian Krajina
Република Српска Крајина
Republika Srpska Krajina
1991–1995
Coat of arms
Motto: Samo sloga Srbina spasava
Само слога Србина спасава
"Only Unity Saves the Serbs"
Anthem: Bože Pravde
Боже правде
"God of Justice"


Sokolovi, sivi tići
Соколови, сиви тићи
Falcons, grey birds
The self-declared Republic of Serbian Krajina in 1991
StatusUnrecognized state[1]
CapitalKnin
Largest cityVukovar
Common languagesSerbian
Religion
Serbian Orthodox
GovernmentSemi-presidential republic
President 
• 1991–1992
Milan Babić
• 1992–1993
Goran Hadžić
• 1993–1994
Milan Babić
• 1994–1995
Milan Martić
Prime Minister 
• 1991–1992 (first)
Dušan Vještica
• 1995 (last)
Milan Babić
LegislatureNational Assembly
Historical eraYugoslav Wars
17 August 1990
19 December 1991
3 May 1995
8 August 1995
12 November 1995
Area
1991[2]17,028 km2 (6,575 sq mi)
Population
• 1991[2]
286,716
• 1993[2]
435,595
• 1994
430,000
CurrencyKrajina dinar (1992–1994)
Yugoslav dinar (1994–1995)
Today part ofCroatia
Area source: [3]
Population source: [3][4]

The government of Krajina had de facto control over central parts of the territory while control of the outskirts changed with the successes and failures of its military activities. The territory was legally protected by the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR).

Its main portion was overrun by Croatian forces in 1995 and the Republic of Serbian Krajina was ultimately disbanded as a result; a rump remained in eastern Slavonia under UNTAES administration until its peaceful reintegration into Croatia in 1998 under the Erdut Agreement.

Background

The name Krajina (meaning "frontier") stemmed from the Military Frontier which Habsburg monarchy carved out of parts of the crown lands of Croatia and Slavonia between 1553 and 1578 with a view to defending itself against the expansion of the Ottoman Empire.[8] The population was Mainly Croats, Serbs and Vlachs[9][10][11] who immigrated from nearby parts of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Bosnia and Serbia) into the region and helped bolster and replenish the population as well as the garrisoned troops in the fight against the Ottomans. The Austrians controlled the Frontier from military headquarters in Vienna and did not make it a crown land, though it had some special rights in order to encourage settlement in an otherwise deserted, war-ravaged territory. The abolition of the military rule took place between 1869 and 1871. In order to attract Serbs to become part of Croatia, on 11 May 1867, the Sabor solemnly declared that "the Triune Kingdom recognizes the Serbs living in it as a nation identical and equal with the Croatian nation". Subsequently, the Military Frontier was incorporated into Habsburg Croatia on 1 August 1881[8] when the Ban of Croatia Ladislav Pejačević took over from the Zagreb General Command.[12]

 
Map of original Krajina, the Military Frontier

Following the end of World War I in 1918, the regions formerly forming part of the Military Frontier came under the control of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where they formed part of the Sava Banovina, along with most of the old Croatia-Slavonia. Between the two World Wars, the Serbs of the Croatian and Slavonian Krajina, as well as those of the Bosnian Krajina and of other regions west of Serbia, organized a notable political party, the Independent Democratic Party under Svetozar Pribićević. In the new state there existed much tension between the Croats and Serbs over differing political visions, with the campaign for Croatian autonomy culminating in the assassination of a Croatian leader, Stjepan Radić, in the parliament, and repression by the Serb-dominated security structures.

Between 1939 and 1941, in an attempt to resolve the Croat-Serb political and social antagonism in first Yugoslavia, the Kingdom established an autonomous Banovina of Croatia incorporating (amongst other territories) much of the former Military Frontier as well as parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1941, the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia and in the aftermath the Independent State of Croatia (which included the whole of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Serbia (Eastern Syrmia) as well) was declared. The Germans installed the Ustaše (who had allegedly plotted the assassination of the Serbian King Alexander I of Yugoslavia in 1934) as rulers of the new country; the Ustaše authorities promptly pursued a genocidal policy of persecution of Serbs, Jews and Croats (from opposition groups), leading to the deaths of over 300,000.[13][14] During this period, individual Croats coalesced around the ruling authorities or around the communist anti-fascist Partisans. Serbs from around the Knin area tended to join the Chetniks, whilst Serbs from the Banovina and Slavonia regions tended to join the Partisans. Various Chetnik groups also committed atrocities against Croats across many areas of Lika and parts of northern Dalmatia.[15]

At the end of World War II in 1945, the communist-dominated Partisans prevailed and the Krajina region became part of the People's Republic of Croatia until 7 April 1963, when the federal republic changed its name to the Socialist Republic of Croatia. Josip Broz Tito suppressed the autonomous political organizations of the region (along with other movements such as the Croatian Spring); however, the Yugoslav constitutions of 1965 and 1974 did give substantial rights to national minorities - including to the Serbs in SR Croatia.

The Serbian "Krajina" entity to emerge upon Croatia's declaration of independence in 1991 would include three kinds of territories:

  • a large section of the historical Military Frontier, in areas with a majority Serbian population;
  • areas such as parts of northern Dalmatia, that never formed part of the Frontier but had a majority or a plurality of Serbian population, including the self-proclaimed entity's capital, Knin;
  • areas that bordered with Serbia and where Serbs formed a significant minority (Baranya, Vukovar).

Large sections of the historical Military Frontier lay outside of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and contained a largely Croat population - these including much of Lika, the area centered around the city of Bjelovar, central and south-eastern Slavonia.

Creation

See also: Croatian War of Independence
 
Serb-populated areas in Croatia (according to the 1981 census)
 
Map of Serbian Krajina.
 
Geographical regions, including main cities and towns, of Serbian Krajina.

The Serb-populated regions in Croatia were of central concern to the Serbian nationalist movement of the late 1980s, led by Slobodan Milošević. In September 1986 the Serbian Academy's memorandum on the status of Serbia and Serbs was partially leaked by a Serbian newspaper. It listed a series of grievances against the Yugoslav federation, claiming that the situation in Kosovo was 'genocide', and complained about alleged discrimination of Serbs at the hands of the Croatian authorities. Among the claims that it makes is that 'except for the time under the Independent State of Croatia, the Serbs in Croatia have never been as jeopardized as they are today'.[16] Tension was further fuelled by the overthrow of Vojvodina and Montenegro's government by Milošević's loyalists, and the abrogation of Kosovo's and Vojvodina's autonomy in 1989, which gave Milošević 4 out of 8 votes on the Yugoslav Federal Presidency, thus gaining the power to block every decision made by the Presidency. Furthermore, a series of Serb nationalist rallies were held in Croatia during 1989, under pressure from Serbia. On 8 July 1989, a large nationalist rally was held in Knin, during which banners threatening JNA intervention in Croatia, as well as Chetnik iconography was displayed, stunning the Croatian public.[17] The Croatian pro-independence party victory in 1990 made matters more tense, especially since the country's Serb minority was supported by Milošević. At the time, Serbs comprised about 12.2% (581,663 people) of Croatia's population (1991 census).[18]

Serbs became increasingly opposed to the policies of Franjo Tuđman, elected president of Croatia in April 1990, due to his overt desire for the creation of an independent Croatia. On 30 May 1990, the Serb Democratic Party (SDS) of Jovan Rašković broke all ties to the Croatian parliament. The following June in Knin, the SDS-led Serbs proclaimed the creation of the Association of Municipalities of Northern Dalmatia and Lika. In August 1990, the Serbs began what became known as the Log Revolution, where barricades of logs were placed across roads throughout the South as an expression of their secession from Croatia. This effectively cut Croatia in two, separating the coastal region of Dalmatia from the rest of the country. The Constitution of Croatia was passed in December 1990, which reduced the status of Serbs from "constituent" to a "national minority" in the same category as other groups such as Italians and Hungarians. Some would later justify their claim to an independent Serb state by arguing that the new constitution contradicted the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution, because, in their view, Croatia was still legally governed by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, although this ignores the fact that Serbia's constitution, promulgated three months before Croatia's, also contained several provisions violating the 1974 Federal Constitution.[19]

Serbs in Croatia had established a Serbian National Council in July 1990 to coordinate opposition to Croatian independence. Their position was that if Croatia could secede from Yugoslavia, then the Serbs could secede from Croatia. Milan Babić, a dentist by profession from the southern town of Knin, was elected president. At his ICTY trial in 2004, he claimed that "during the events [of 1990–1992], and in particular at the beginning of his political career, he was strongly influenced and misled by Serbian propaganda, which repeatedly referred to the imminent threat of a Croatian genocide perpetrated on the Serbs in Croatia, thus creating an atmosphere of hatred and fear of Croats."[20] The rebel Croatian Serbs established a number of paramilitary militia units under the leadership of Milan Martić, the police chief in Knin.

In August 1990, a referendum was held in Krajina on the question of Serb "sovereignty and autonomy" in Croatia. The resolution was confined exclusively to Serbs so it passed by an improbable majority of 99.7%. As expected, it was declared illegal and invalid by the Croatian government, who stated that Serbs had no constitutional right to break away from Croatian legal territory - as well as no right to limit the franchise to one ethnic group.

Babić's administration announced the creation of a Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina (or SAO Krajina) on 21 December 1990. On 16 March 1991, another referendum was held which asked: "Are you in favor of the SAO Krajina joining the Republic of Serbia and staying in Yugoslavia with Serbia, Montenegro and others who wish to preserve Yugoslavia?". With 99.8% voting in favor, the referendum was approved and the Krajina assembly declared that "the territory of the SAO Krajina is a constitutive part of the unified state territory of the Republic of Serbia".[21][22][23] On 1 April 1991, it declared that it would secede from Croatia.[24] Other Serb-dominated communities in eastern Croatia announced that they would also join SAO Krajina and ceased paying taxes to the Zagreb government, and began implementing its own currency system, army regiments, and postal service.

Croatia held a referendum on independence on 19 May 1991, in which the electorate—minus many Serbs, who chose to boycott it—voted overwhelmingly for independence with the option of confederate union with other Yugoslav states - with 83 percent turnout, voters approved the referendum by 93 percent. On 25 June 1991, Croatia and Slovenia both declared their independence from Yugoslavia. As the JNA attempted unsuccessfully to suppress Slovenia's independence in the short Slovenian War, clashes between revolting Croatian Serbs and Croatian security forces broke out almost immediately, leaving dozens dead on both sides. Serbs were supported by remnants of the JNA (whose members were now only from Serbia and Montenegro), which provided them weapons. Many Croatians fled their homes in fear or were forced out by the rebel Serbs. The European Union and United Nations unsuccessfully attempted to broker ceasefires and peace settlements.

 
Change in the ethnic composition of Krajina from April 1991 to July 1992. Serbs increased from 52.3% to 88% of the total population

Around August 1991, the leaders of Serbian Krajina and Serbia allegedly agreed to embark on a campaign which the ICTY prosecutors described as a "joint criminal enterprise" whose purpose "was the forcible removal of the majority of the Croat and other non-Serb population from approximately one-third of the territory of the Republic of Croatia, an area he planned to become part of a new Serb-dominated state."[25] According to testimony given by Milan Babić in his subsequent war crimes trial, during the summer of 1991, the Serbian secret police (under Milošević's command) set up "a parallel structure of state security and the police of Krajina and units commanded by the state security of Serbia".[26] Paramilitary groups such as the Wolves of Vučjak and White Eagles, funded by the Serbian secret police, were also a key component of this structure.[27]

A wider-scale war was launched in August 1991. Over the following months, a large area of territory, amounting to a third of Croatia, was controlled by the rebel Serbs. The Croatian population suffered heavily, fleeing or evicted with numerous killings, leading to ethnic cleansing.[28] The bulk of the fighting occurred between August and December 1991 when approximately 80,000 Croats were expelled (and some were killed).[29] Many more died and or were displaced in fighting in eastern Slavonia (this territory along the Croatian/Serbian border was not part of the Krajina, and it was the JNA that was the principal actor in that part of the conflict). The total number of exiled Croats and other non-Serbs range from 170,000 (ICTY)[30] up to a quarter of a million people (Human Rights Watch).[31]

In the latter half of 1991, Croatia was beginning to form an army and their main defenders, the local police, were overpowered by the JNA military who supported rebelled Croatian Serbs. The RSK was located entirely inland, but they soon started advancing deeper into Croatian territory.[28] Among other places, they shelled the Croatian coastal town of Zadar killing over 80 people in nearby areas and damaging the Maslenica Bridge that connected northern and southern Croatia, in the Operation Coast-91. They also tried to overtake Šibenik, but the defenders successfully repelled the attack by JNA, in the Battle of Šibenik. The main city theatre was also bombed by JNA forces.[32] The city of Vukovar, however, was completely devastated by JNA attacks.[33] The city of Vukovar that warded off JNA attacks for months eventually fell, ending the Battle of Vukovar. 2,000 defenders of Vukovar and civilians were killed, 800 went missing and 22,000 were forced into exile.[34][35] The wounded were taken from Vukovar Hospital to Ovčara near Vukovar where they were executed.[36]

Formal proclamations

On 19 December 1991, the SAO Krajina proclaimed itself the Republic of Serbian Krajina. The Constitution of Serbian Krajina came into effect the same day.[37] On 26 February 1992, the SAO Western Slavonia and SAO Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia were added to the RSK, which initially had only encompassed the territories within the SAO Krajina. The Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina (Srpska Vojska Krajine, SVK) was officially formed on 19 March 1992. The RSK occupied an area of some 17,028 km2 at its greatest extent.

1992 ceasefire

 
War in former Yugoslavia, 1993

Under the Vance plan, signed in November 1991, Presidents Tuđman and Milošević agreed to a United Nations peace plan put forward by Cyrus Vance. A final ceasefire agreement, the Sarajevo Agreement, was signed by representatives of the two sides in January 1992, paving the way for the implementation of the Vance plan. Four United Nations Protected Areas (UNPAs) were established in Croatian territory which was claimed by RSK, and the plan called for the withdrawal of the JNA from Croatia and for the return of refugees to their homes in the UNPAs.

The JNA officially withdrew from Croatia in May 1992 but much of its weaponry and many of its personnel remained in the Serb-held areas and were turned over to the RSK's security forces. Refugees were not allowed to return to their homes and many of the remaining Croats and other nationalities left in the RSK were expelled or killed in the following months.[33][38] On 21 February 1992, the creation of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) was authorised by the UN Security Council for an initial period of a year, to provide security to the UNPAs.

The agreement effectively froze the front lines for the next three years. Croatia and the RSK had effectively fought each other to a standstill. The Republic of Serbian Krajina was not recognized de jure by any other country or international organization. Nevertheless, it gained support from Serbia's allies, like Russia.

After the ceasefire

UNPROFOR was deployed throughout the region to maintain the ceasefire, although in practice its light armament and restricted rules of engagement meant that it was little more than an observer force. It proved wholly unable to ensure that refugees returned to the RSK. Indeed, the rebel Croatian Serb authorities continued to make efforts to ensure that they could never return, destroying villages and cultural and religious monuments to erase the previous existence of the Croatian inhabitants of the Krajina.[33] Milan Babić later testified that this policy was driven from Belgrade through the Serbian secret police—and ultimately Milošević—who he claimed was in control of all the administrative institutions and armed forces in the Krajina.[39] This would certainly explain why the Yugoslav National Army took the side of the rebelled Croatian Serbs in spite of its claims to be acting as a "peacekeeping" force. Milošević denied this, claiming that Babić had made it up "out of fear".

The Army of Serbian Krajina frequently attacked neighboring Bihać enclave (then in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina) with heavy artillery.[40]

 
Two proposed autonomous districts of Croatia are shown in dark green.

With the creation of new Croatian counties on 30 December 1992, the Croatian government also set aside two autonomous regions (kotar) for ethnic Serbs in the areas of Krajina:

However, Serbs considered this too late, as it was not the amount of autonomy they wanted, and by now they had declared de facto independence.

The districts never actually functioned since they were located within the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina. The existence of the Autonomous District of Glina was also provided in the draft of the Z-4 plan, that was rejected. After Operation Storm, the application of the law which allowed autonomy would be temporarily suspended.[42] In 2000 this part of the law was formally repealed.[43]

Decline

 
1992: RSK president Goran Hadžić.

The partial implementation of the Vance Plan drove a wedge between the governments of the RSK and Serbia, the RSK's principal backer and supplier of fuel, arms, and money. Milan Babić strongly opposed the Vance Plan but was overruled by the RSK's assembly.[33]

On 26 February 1992, Babić was deposed and replaced as President of the RSK by Goran Hadžić, a Milošević loyalist. Babić remained involved in RSK politics but as a considerably weaker figure.

The position of the RSK eroded steadily over the following three years. On the surface, the RSK had all the trappings of a state: army, parliament, president, government and ministries, currency and stamps. However, its economy was wholly dependent on support from the rump Yugoslavia, which had the effect of importing that country's hyperinflation.

The economic situation soon became disastrous. By 1994, only 36,000 of the RSK's 430,000 citizens were employed. The war had severed the RSK's trade links with the rest of Croatia, leaving its few industries idle. With few natural resources of its own, it had to import most of the goods and fuel it required. Agriculture was devastated, and operated at little more than a subsistence level.[4] Professionals went to Serbia or elsewhere to escape the republic's economic hardships. To make matters worse, the RSK's government was grossly corrupt and the region became a haven for black marketeering and other criminal activity. It was clear by the mid-1990s that without a peace deal or support from Yugoslavia the RSK was not economically viable.[44] This was especially evident in Belgrade, where the RSK had become an unwanted economic and political burden for Milošević. Much to his frustration, the rebel Croatian Serbs rebuffed his government's demands to settle the conflict.[33] In July 1992 the RSK issued its own currency, the Krajina dinar (HRKR), in parallel with the Yugoslav dinar. This was followed by the "October dinar" (HRKO), first issued on 1 October 1993 and equal to 1,000,000 Reformed Dinar, and the "1994 dinar", first issued on 1 January 1994, and equal to 1,000,000,000 October dinar. The RSK's weakness also adversely affected its armed forces, the Vojska Srpske Krajine (VSK). Since the 1992 ceasefire agreement, Croatia had spent heavily on importing weapons and training its armed forces with assistance from American contractors. In contrast, the VSK had grown steadily weaker, with its soldiers poorly motivated, trained and equipped.[33][45] There were only about 55,000 of them to cover a front of some 600 km in Croatia plus 100 km along the border with the Bihać pocket in Bosnia. With 16,000 stationed in eastern Slavonia, only about 39,000 were left to defend the main part of the RSK. Overall, only 30,000 were capable of full mobilization, yet they faced a far stronger Croatian army. Also, political divisions between Hadžić and Babić occasionally led to physical and sometimes even armed confrontations between their supporters; Babić himself was assaulted and beaten in an incident in Benkovac.[46][47]

In January 1993 the revitalized Croatian army attacked the Serbian positions around Maslenica in southern Croatia which curtailed their access to the sea via Novigrad.

In mid-1993, the RSK authorities started a campaign to formally create a United Serbian Republic.

In a second offensive in mid-September 1993, the Croatian army overran the Medak pocket in southern Krajina in a push to regain Serb-held Croatian territory. The rebel Croatian Serbs brought reinforcements forward fairly quickly, but the strength of the Croatian forces proved superior. The Croatian offensive was halted by a combination of a battalion of Canadian peacekeepers from the second battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI) reinforced by a Company of French peacekeepers, combined with international diplomacy. Hadžić sent an urgent request to Belgrade for reinforcements, arms, and equipment. In response, around 4,000 paramilitaries under the command of Vojislav Šešelj (the White Eagles) and "Arkan" (the Serb Volunteer Guard) arrived to bolster the VSK.

Operation Flash and Storm

Main articles: Operation Flash and Operation Storm
 
The order to evacuate ethnic Serbs from RSK territory, issued by the Krajina Defence Council and signed by Milan Martić; 4 August 1995

Following the rejection by both sides of the Z-4 plan for reintegration, the RSK's end came in 1995, when Croatian forces gained control of SAO Western Slavonia in Operation Flash (May) followed by the biggest part of occupied Croatia in Operation Storm (August). The Krajina Serb Supreme Defence Council met under president Milan Martić to discuss the situation. A decision was reached at 16:45 to "start evacuating the population unfit for military service from the municipalities of Knin, Benkovac, Obrovac, Drniš and Gračac." The RSK was disbanded and most of its Serb population (from 150,000 to 200,000 people) fled.[33][48] Only 5,000 to 6,000 people remained, mostly the elderly.[49] Croatian historian Ivo Goldstein wrote, "The reasons for the Serb exodus are complex. Some had to leave because the Serb army had forced them to, while others feared the revenge of the Croatian army or of their former Croat neighbors, whom they had driven away and whose homes they had mostly looted (and it was later shown that this fear was far from groundless)".[49] Most of the refugees fled to today's Serbia, Bosnia, and eastern Slavonia. Some of those who refused to leave were murdered, tortured and forcibly expelled by the Croatian Army and police.[48]

Between 2001 and 2012, the ICTY had prosecuted Croatian generals Ante Gotovina, Mladen Markač and Ivan Čermak in the Trial of Gotovina et al for their involvement in crimes committed during and in the aftermath of Operation Storm. The indictment and the subsequent trial on charges of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war described several killings, widespread arson and looting committed by Croatian soldiers.[50] In April 2011, Gotovina and Markač were convicted and given prison sentences, while Čermak was acquitted.[50] Gotovina and Markač appealed the verdict and in November 2012 the Appeals Chamber of the ICTY overturned their convictions, acquitting them.[51]

Later events

 
Map of the remaining Krajina territory in eastern Croatia

The parts of the former RSK in eastern Croatia (along with the Danube) remained in place, in what was previously the SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia.

In 1995, Milan Milanović, formerly a Republic of Serbian Krajina official, signed the Erdut Agreement as a representative of the Serbian side. This agreement, co-signed by the representative of the Croatian Government, was sponsored by the United Nations, and it set up a transitional period during which the United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) peacekeeping mission would oversee a peaceful reintegration of this territory into Croatia, starting on 15 January 1996. In 1998, the UNTAES mission was complete and the territory was formally returned to Croatia. Based on the Erdut Agreement, the Joint Council of Municipalities was established in the region in 1997.

After the peaceful reintegration, two Croatian islands on the Danube, the Island of Šarengrad and the Island of Vukovar, remained under Serbian military control. In 2004, the Serbian military was withdrawn from the islands and replaced with Serbian police. The islands remain an open question as the Croatian side insists on applying Badinter Arbitration Committee decisions.[52]

In 1995 a Croatian court sentenced former RSK president Goran Hadžić in absentia to 20 years in prison for rocket attacks on Šibenik and Vodice. In 1999 he was sentenced to an additional 20 years for war crimes in Tenja, near Osijek,[53] and in 2002 Croatia's state attorney brought another indictment against him for the murder of almost 1,300 Croats in Vukovar, Osijek, Vinkovci, Županja and elsewhere.[53] On 4 June 2004, the ICTY indicted him on 14 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity.[54] In 2011 he was arrested and extradited to the Hague, where his initial trial hearing was held on 25 July the same year.[55]

After the war, a number of towns and municipalities that had comprised the RSK were designated Areas of Special State Concern.

Demographics

According to the indictment of prosecutor Carla Del Ponte against Slobodan Milošević at the ICTY, the Croat and non-Serb population from the 1991 census was approximately as follows:[56]

Census (1991) Serbs Croats Others Total
Later RSK total 245,800 (52.3%) 168,000 (35.8%) 55,900 (11.9%) 469,700
UNPA Sector North and South 170,100 (67%) 70,700 (28%) 13,100 (5%) 253,900
SAO Western Slavonia 14,200 (60%) 6,900 (29%) 2,600 (11%) 23,700
SAO SBWS 61,500 (32%) 90,500 (47%) 40,200 (21%) 192,200

Thus Serbs comprised 52.3% and Croats 35.8% of the population of SAO Krajina respectively in 1991.

According to data set forth at the meeting of the Government of the RSK in July 1992, its ethnic composition was 88% Serbs, 7% Croats, 5% others.[46] As of November 1993, less than 400 ethnic Croats still resided in UNPA Sector South,[57] and between 1,500 and 2,000 remained in UNPA Sector North.[58]

Towns

Towns which were at one point part of RSK or occupied by the RSK's army:[citation needed]

Status

Serbian Krajina has been described as a "proto-state"[59][60] and "parastate".[61]

Legal status

 
Republic of Serbian Krajina documents

During its existence, this entity did not achieve international recognition. On 29 November 1991, the Badinter commission concluded that Yugoslavia was "in dissolution" and that the republics – including Croatia – should be recognized as independent states when they asked so.[62][63] They also assigned these republics territorial integrity. For most of the world, this was a reason to recognize Croatia. However, Serbia did not accept the conclusions of the commission in that period and recognized Croatia only after Croatian military actions (Oluja and Bljesak) and the Dayton agreement.

On 20 November 1991 Lord Carrington asked Badinter commission: "Does the Serbian population in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as one of the constituent peoples of Yugoslavia, have the right to self-determination?" The commission concluded on 11 January 1992 "that the Serbian population in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia is entitled to all the rights concerned to minorities and ethnic groups[...]" and "that the Republics must afford the members of those minorities and ethnic groups all the human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized in international law, including, where appropriate, the right to choose their nationality".[64]

 
Krajina dinar

Support and funding

Milan Babić, former President of Serbian Krajina, testified to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) that Krajina was provided with weapons by Slobodan Milošević's government in Serbia, and that Krajina was economically and financially dependent upon Serbia.[65] Babić testified that Milošević held de facto control over both the Army of Serbian Krajina and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) during its actions in Krajina via an alternate chain of command through the Serbian police.

Government

Presidents

  • Milan Babić (19 December 1991 – 16 February 1992)
  • Mile Paspalj (16 February 1992 – 26 February 1992) (acting)
  • Goran Hadžić (26 February 1992 – 12 December 1993)
  • Milan Babić (12 December 1993 – 23 January 1994)
  • Milan Martić (23 January 1994 – 7 August 1995)

Prime Ministers

  • Dušan Vještica (19 December 1991 – 16 February 1992)
  • Risto Matković (16 February 1992 – 26 February 1992) (acting)
  • Zdravko Zečević (26 February 1992 – 21 April 1993)
  • Đorđe Bjegović (21 April 1993 – 27 March 1994)
  • Borislav Mikelić (27 March 1994 – 27 July 1995)
  • Milan Babić (27 July 1995 – 7 August 1995)

Speaker of the National Assembly

  • Mile Paspalj

See also

Annotations

  1. ^
    The proper translation from Serbian Srpska Krajina is "Serb Krajina".[66]

References

  1. ^ Prosecutor v. Milan Martić Judgement 4 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. p. 46. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 13 September 2009. (On 16 March 1991 another referendum was held which asked "Are you in favour of the SAO Krajina joining the Republic of Serbia and staying in Yugoslavia with Serbia, Montenegro and others who wish to preserve Yugoslavia?". With 99.8% voting in favour, the referendum was approved and the Krajina assembly declared that "the territory of the SAO Krajina is a constitutive part of the unified state territory of the Republic of Serbia".)
  2. ^ a b "Croatia". from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  3. ^ a b Klajn, Lajčo (2007). The Past in Present Times: The Yugoslav Saga. p. 199. University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-3647-0.
  4. ^ a b Svarm, Filip (15 August 1994). The Krajina Economy 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Vreme News Digest Agency. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  5. ^ "HIC: VJESNIK, Podlistak, 16 i 17. travnja 2005., VELIKOSRPSKA TVOREVINA NA HRVATSKOM TLU: IZVORNI DOKUMENTI O DJELOVANJU 'REPUBLIKE SRPSKE KRAJINE' (XXIX.)". from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  6. ^ "Godišnjica Oluje: Hrvatska slavi, Srbija žali". from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
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Sources

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  • "Operation Storm – Attack on the Krajina", Jane's Intelligence Review, 1 November 1995
  • (in Serbian) Дакић М. Крајина кроз вијекове: из историjе политичких, националних и људских права српског народа у Хрватскоj. — Београд, 2002.
  • (in Serbian) Радуловиħ С. Судбина Краjине. — Београд: Дан Граф, 1996. — 189 с.
  • (in Serbian) Радослав И. Чубрило, Биљана Р. Ивковић, Душан Ђаковић, Јован Адамовић, Милан Ђ. Родић и др. Српска Крајина. — Београд: Матић, 2011. — 742 с.
  • (in Serbian) Република Српска Краjина: десет година послиjе / [уредник Вељко Ђурић Мишина]. — Београд: Добра Вольа, 2005. — 342 с. — ISBN 86-83905-04-7
  • (in Serbian) Република Српска Краjина: десет година послиjе. Књ. 2 / [уредник Вељко Ђурић Мишина]. — Београд: Добра Вольа, 2005. — 250 с. — ISBN 86-83905-05-5
  • (in Serbian) Штрбац, Саво Рат и ријеч. — Бања Лука: Графид, 2011. — 190 с. — ISBN 9789993853749

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic of Serbian Krajina.

Notes

  1. ^ "Richardson Institute for Peace Studies at Lancaster University". Retrieved 26 December 2014.

January 27, 2023
republic, serbian, krajina, serb, republic, krajina, serbo, croatian, Република, Српска, Крајина, republika, srpska, krajina, РСК, pronounced, rɛpǔblika, pskaː, krâjina, known, serbian, krajina, Српска, Крајина, srpska, krajina, simply, krajina, self, proclaim. The Republic of Serbian Krajina or Serb Republic of Krajina Serbo Croatian Republika Srpska Kraјina Republika Srpska Krajina or RSK RSK pronounced rɛpǔblika sr pskaː krajina known as the Serbian Krajina a Srpska Kraјina Srpska Krajina or simply Krajina was a self proclaimed Serb proto state 5 6 a territory within the newly independent Republic of Croatia formerly part of Socialist Yugoslavia which it defied and which was active during the Croatian War of Independence 1991 95 It was not recognized internationally The name Krajina Frontier was adopted from the historical Military Frontier of the Habsburg monarchy Austria Hungary which had a substantial Serb population and existed up to the late 19th century The RSK government waged a war for ethnic Serb independence from Croatia and unification with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Republika Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina 7 Republic of Serbian KrajinaRepublika Srpska KraјinaRepublika Srpska Krajina1991 1995Flag Coat of armsMotto Samo sloga Srbina spasavaSamo sloga Srbina spasava Only Unity Saves the Serbs Anthem Boze PravdeBozhe pravde God of Justice source source source track track track track track track track source source Sokolovi sivi ticiSokolovi sivi tiћiFalcons grey birds source source track track track track track The self declared Republic of Serbian Krajina in 1991StatusUnrecognized state 1 CapitalKninLargest cityVukovarCommon languagesSerbianReligionSerbian OrthodoxGovernmentSemi presidential republicPresident 1991 1992Milan Babic 1992 1993Goran Hadzic 1993 1994Milan Babic 1994 1995Milan MarticPrime Minister 1991 1992 first Dusan Vjestica 1995 last Milan BabicLegislatureNational AssemblyHistorical eraYugoslav Wars Log Revolution17 August 1990 Constitution adopted19 December 1991 Operation Flash3 May 1995 Operation Storm8 August 1995 Erdut Agreement12 November 1995Area1991 2 17 028 km2 6 575 sq mi Population 1991 2 286 716 1993 2 435 595 1994430 000CurrencyKrajina dinar 1992 1994 Yugoslav dinar 1994 1995 Preceded by Succeeded bySocialist Republic of CroatiaSAO KrajinaSAO Western SlavoniaSAO Eastern Slavonia Baranja and Western Syrmia CroatiaEastern Slavonia Baranja and Western Syrmia 1995 98 Today part ofCroatiaArea source 3 Population source 3 4 The government of Krajina had de facto control over central parts of the territory while control of the outskirts changed with the successes and failures of its military activities The territory was legally protected by the United Nations Protection Force UNPROFOR Its main portion was overrun by Croatian forces in 1995 and the Republic of Serbian Krajina was ultimately disbanded as a result a rump remained in eastern Slavonia under UNTAES administration until its peaceful reintegration into Croatia in 1998 under the Erdut Agreement Contents 1 Background 2 Creation 3 Formal proclamations 4 1992 ceasefire 5 After the ceasefire 6 Decline 7 Operation Flash and Storm 8 Later events 9 Demographics 9 1 Towns 10 Status 10 1 Legal status 10 2 Support and funding 11 Government 11 1 Presidents 11 2 Prime Ministers 11 3 Speaker of the National Assembly 12 See also 13 Annotations 14 References 15 Sources 16 External links 17 NotesBackground EditThe name Krajina meaning frontier stemmed from the Military Frontier which Habsburg monarchy carved out of parts of the crown lands of Croatia and Slavonia between 1553 and 1578 with a view to defending itself against the expansion of the Ottoman Empire 8 The population was Mainly Croats Serbs and Vlachs 9 10 11 who immigrated from nearby parts of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Bosnia and Serbia into the region and helped bolster and replenish the population as well as the garrisoned troops in the fight against the Ottomans The Austrians controlled the Frontier from military headquarters in Vienna and did not make it a crown land though it had some special rights in order to encourage settlement in an otherwise deserted war ravaged territory The abolition of the military rule took place between 1869 and 1871 In order to attract Serbs to become part of Croatia on 11 May 1867 the Sabor solemnly declared that the Triune Kingdom recognizes the Serbs living in it as a nation identical and equal with the Croatian nation Subsequently the Military Frontier was incorporated into Habsburg Croatia on 1 August 1881 8 when the Ban of Croatia Ladislav Pejacevic took over from the Zagreb General Command 12 Map of original Krajina the Military Frontier Following the end of World War I in 1918 the regions formerly forming part of the Military Frontier came under the control of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia where they formed part of the Sava Banovina along with most of the old Croatia Slavonia Between the two World Wars the Serbs of the Croatian and Slavonian Krajina as well as those of the Bosnian Krajina and of other regions west of Serbia organized a notable political party the Independent Democratic Party under Svetozar Pribicevic In the new state there existed much tension between the Croats and Serbs over differing political visions with the campaign for Croatian autonomy culminating in the assassination of a Croatian leader Stjepan Radic in the parliament and repression by the Serb dominated security structures Between 1939 and 1941 in an attempt to resolve the Croat Serb political and social antagonism in first Yugoslavia the Kingdom established an autonomous Banovina of Croatia incorporating amongst other territories much of the former Military Frontier as well as parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina In 1941 the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia and in the aftermath the Independent State of Croatia which included the whole of today s Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Serbia Eastern Syrmia as well was declared The Germans installed the Ustase who had allegedly plotted the assassination of the Serbian King Alexander I of Yugoslavia in 1934 as rulers of the new country the Ustase authorities promptly pursued a genocidal policy of persecution of Serbs Jews and Croats from opposition groups leading to the deaths of over 300 000 13 14 During this period individual Croats coalesced around the ruling authorities or around the communist anti fascist Partisans Serbs from around the Knin area tended to join the Chetniks whilst Serbs from the Banovina and Slavonia regions tended to join the Partisans Various Chetnik groups also committed atrocities against Croats across many areas of Lika and parts of northern Dalmatia 15 At the end of World War II in 1945 the communist dominated Partisans prevailed and the Krajina region became part of the People s Republic of Croatia until 7 April 1963 when the federal republic changed its name to the Socialist Republic of Croatia Josip Broz Tito suppressed the autonomous political organizations of the region along with other movements such as the Croatian Spring however the Yugoslav constitutions of 1965 and 1974 did give substantial rights to national minorities including to the Serbs in SR Croatia The Serbian Krajina entity to emerge upon Croatia s declaration of independence in 1991 would include three kinds of territories a large section of the historical Military Frontier in areas with a majority Serbian population areas such as parts of northern Dalmatia that never formed part of the Frontier but had a majority or a plurality of Serbian population including the self proclaimed entity s capital Knin areas that bordered with Serbia and where Serbs formed a significant minority Baranya Vukovar Large sections of the historical Military Frontier lay outside of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and contained a largely Croat population these including much of Lika the area centered around the city of Bjelovar central and south eastern Slavonia Creation EditSee also Croatian War of Independence Serb populated areas in Croatia according to the 1981 census Map of Serbian Krajina Geographical regions including main cities and towns of Serbian Krajina The Serb populated regions in Croatia were of central concern to the Serbian nationalist movement of the late 1980s led by Slobodan Milosevic In September 1986 the Serbian Academy s memorandum on the status of Serbia and Serbs was partially leaked by a Serbian newspaper It listed a series of grievances against the Yugoslav federation claiming that the situation in Kosovo was genocide and complained about alleged discrimination of Serbs at the hands of the Croatian authorities Among the claims that it makes is that except for the time under the Independent State of Croatia the Serbs in Croatia have never been as jeopardized as they are today 16 Tension was further fuelled by the overthrow of Vojvodina and Montenegro s government by Milosevic s loyalists and the abrogation of Kosovo s and Vojvodina s autonomy in 1989 which gave Milosevic 4 out of 8 votes on the Yugoslav Federal Presidency thus gaining the power to block every decision made by the Presidency Furthermore a series of Serb nationalist rallies were held in Croatia during 1989 under pressure from Serbia On 8 July 1989 a large nationalist rally was held in Knin during which banners threatening JNA intervention in Croatia as well as Chetnik iconography was displayed stunning the Croatian public 17 The Croatian pro independence party victory in 1990 made matters more tense especially since the country s Serb minority was supported by Milosevic At the time Serbs comprised about 12 2 581 663 people of Croatia s population 1991 census 18 Serbs became increasingly opposed to the policies of Franjo Tuđman elected president of Croatia in April 1990 due to his overt desire for the creation of an independent Croatia On 30 May 1990 the Serb Democratic Party SDS of Jovan Raskovic broke all ties to the Croatian parliament The following June in Knin the SDS led Serbs proclaimed the creation of the Association of Municipalities of Northern Dalmatia and Lika In August 1990 the Serbs began what became known as the Log Revolution where barricades of logs were placed across roads throughout the South as an expression of their secession from Croatia This effectively cut Croatia in two separating the coastal region of Dalmatia from the rest of the country The Constitution of Croatia was passed in December 1990 which reduced the status of Serbs from constituent to a national minority in the same category as other groups such as Italians and Hungarians Some would later justify their claim to an independent Serb state by arguing that the new constitution contradicted the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution because in their view Croatia was still legally governed by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia although this ignores the fact that Serbia s constitution promulgated three months before Croatia s also contained several provisions violating the 1974 Federal Constitution 19 Serbs in Croatia had established a Serbian National Council in July 1990 to coordinate opposition to Croatian independence Their position was that if Croatia could secede from Yugoslavia then the Serbs could secede from Croatia Milan Babic a dentist by profession from the southern town of Knin was elected president At his ICTY trial in 2004 he claimed that during the events of 1990 1992 and in particular at the beginning of his political career he was strongly influenced and misled by Serbian propaganda which repeatedly referred to the imminent threat of a Croatian genocide perpetrated on the Serbs in Croatia thus creating an atmosphere of hatred and fear of Croats 20 The rebel Croatian Serbs established a number of paramilitary militia units under the leadership of Milan Martic the police chief in Knin In August 1990 a referendum was held in Krajina on the question of Serb sovereignty and autonomy in Croatia The resolution was confined exclusively to Serbs so it passed by an improbable majority of 99 7 As expected it was declared illegal and invalid by the Croatian government who stated that Serbs had no constitutional right to break away from Croatian legal territory as well as no right to limit the franchise to one ethnic group Babic s administration announced the creation of a Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina or SAO Krajina on 21 December 1990 On 16 March 1991 another referendum was held which asked Are you in favor of the SAO Krajina joining the Republic of Serbia and staying in Yugoslavia with Serbia Montenegro and others who wish to preserve Yugoslavia With 99 8 voting in favor the referendum was approved and the Krajina assembly declared that the territory of the SAO Krajina is a constitutive part of the unified state territory of the Republic of Serbia 21 22 23 On 1 April 1991 it declared that it would secede from Croatia 24 Other Serb dominated communities in eastern Croatia announced that they would also join SAO Krajina and ceased paying taxes to the Zagreb government and began implementing its own currency system army regiments and postal service Croatia held a referendum on independence on 19 May 1991 in which the electorate minus many Serbs who chose to boycott it voted overwhelmingly for independence with the option of confederate union with other Yugoslav states with 83 percent turnout voters approved the referendum by 93 percent On 25 June 1991 Croatia and Slovenia both declared their independence from Yugoslavia As the JNA attempted unsuccessfully to suppress Slovenia s independence in the short Slovenian War clashes between revolting Croatian Serbs and Croatian security forces broke out almost immediately leaving dozens dead on both sides Serbs were supported by remnants of the JNA whose members were now only from Serbia and Montenegro which provided them weapons Many Croatians fled their homes in fear or were forced out by the rebel Serbs The European Union and United Nations unsuccessfully attempted to broker ceasefires and peace settlements Change in the ethnic composition of Krajina from April 1991 to July 1992 Serbs increased from 52 3 to 88 of the total population Around August 1991 the leaders of Serbian Krajina and Serbia allegedly agreed to embark on a campaign which the ICTY prosecutors described as a joint criminal enterprise whose purpose was the forcible removal of the majority of the Croat and other non Serb population from approximately one third of the territory of the Republic of Croatia an area he planned to become part of a new Serb dominated state 25 According to testimony given by Milan Babic in his subsequent war crimes trial during the summer of 1991 the Serbian secret police under Milosevic s command set up a parallel structure of state security and the police of Krajina and units commanded by the state security of Serbia 26 Paramilitary groups such as the Wolves of Vucjak and White Eagles funded by the Serbian secret police were also a key component of this structure 27 A wider scale war was launched in August 1991 Over the following months a large area of territory amounting to a third of Croatia was controlled by the rebel Serbs The Croatian population suffered heavily fleeing or evicted with numerous killings leading to ethnic cleansing 28 The bulk of the fighting occurred between August and December 1991 when approximately 80 000 Croats were expelled and some were killed 29 Many more died and or were displaced in fighting in eastern Slavonia this territory along the Croatian Serbian border was not part of the Krajina and it was the JNA that was the principal actor in that part of the conflict The total number of exiled Croats and other non Serbs range from 170 000 ICTY 30 up to a quarter of a million people Human Rights Watch 31 In the latter half of 1991 Croatia was beginning to form an army and their main defenders the local police were overpowered by the JNA military who supported rebelled Croatian Serbs The RSK was located entirely inland but they soon started advancing deeper into Croatian territory 28 Among other places they shelled the Croatian coastal town of Zadar killing over 80 people in nearby areas and damaging the Maslenica Bridge that connected northern and southern Croatia in the Operation Coast 91 They also tried to overtake Sibenik but the defenders successfully repelled the attack by JNA in the Battle of Sibenik The main city theatre was also bombed by JNA forces 32 The city of Vukovar however was completely devastated by JNA attacks 33 The city of Vukovar that warded off JNA attacks for months eventually fell ending the Battle of Vukovar 2 000 defenders of Vukovar and civilians were killed 800 went missing and 22 000 were forced into exile 34 35 The wounded were taken from Vukovar Hospital to Ovcara near Vukovar where they were executed 36 Formal proclamations EditOn 19 December 1991 the SAO Krajina proclaimed itself the Republic of Serbian Krajina The Constitution of Serbian Krajina came into effect the same day 37 On 26 February 1992 the SAO Western Slavonia and SAO Slavonia Baranja and Western Syrmia were added to the RSK which initially had only encompassed the territories within the SAO Krajina The Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina Srpska Vojska Krajine SVK was officially formed on 19 March 1992 The RSK occupied an area of some 17 028 km2 at its greatest extent 1992 ceasefire Edit War in former Yugoslavia 1993 Under the Vance plan signed in November 1991 Presidents Tuđman and Milosevic agreed to a United Nations peace plan put forward by Cyrus Vance A final ceasefire agreement the Sarajevo Agreement was signed by representatives of the two sides in January 1992 paving the way for the implementation of the Vance plan Four United Nations Protected Areas UNPAs were established in Croatian territory which was claimed by RSK and the plan called for the withdrawal of the JNA from Croatia and for the return of refugees to their homes in the UNPAs The JNA officially withdrew from Croatia in May 1992 but much of its weaponry and many of its personnel remained in the Serb held areas and were turned over to the RSK s security forces Refugees were not allowed to return to their homes and many of the remaining Croats and other nationalities left in the RSK were expelled or killed in the following months 33 38 On 21 February 1992 the creation of the United Nations Protection Force UNPROFOR was authorised by the UN Security Council for an initial period of a year to provide security to the UNPAs The agreement effectively froze the front lines for the next three years Croatia and the RSK had effectively fought each other to a standstill The Republic of Serbian Krajina was not recognized de jure by any other country or international organization Nevertheless it gained support from Serbia s allies like Russia After the ceasefire EditUNPROFOR was deployed throughout the region to maintain the ceasefire although in practice its light armament and restricted rules of engagement meant that it was little more than an observer force It proved wholly unable to ensure that refugees returned to the RSK Indeed the rebel Croatian Serb authorities continued to make efforts to ensure that they could never return destroying villages and cultural and religious monuments to erase the previous existence of the Croatian inhabitants of the Krajina 33 Milan Babic later testified that this policy was driven from Belgrade through the Serbian secret police and ultimately Milosevic who he claimed was in control of all the administrative institutions and armed forces in the Krajina 39 This would certainly explain why the Yugoslav National Army took the side of the rebelled Croatian Serbs in spite of its claims to be acting as a peacekeeping force Milosevic denied this claiming that Babic had made it up out of fear The Army of Serbian Krajina frequently attacked neighboring Bihac enclave then in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina with heavy artillery 40 Two proposed autonomous districts of Croatia are shown in dark green With the creation of new Croatian counties on 30 December 1992 the Croatian government also set aside two autonomous regions kotar for ethnic Serbs in the areas of Krajina Autonomous District of Glina Croatian Autonomni kotar Glina Serbian Cyrillic Autonomni kotar Glina Municipalities de jure within the Autonomous District of Glina were Glina Vrginmost Hrvatska Kostajnica Dvor and Vojnic 41 Autonomous District of Knin Croatian Autonomni kotar Knin Serbian Cyrillic Autonomni kotar Knin However Serbs considered this too late as it was not the amount of autonomy they wanted and by now they had declared de facto independence The districts never actually functioned since they were located within the self proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina The existence of the Autonomous District of Glina was also provided in the draft of the Z 4 plan that was rejected After Operation Storm the application of the law which allowed autonomy would be temporarily suspended 42 In 2000 this part of the law was formally repealed 43 Decline Edit 1992 RSK president Goran Hadzic The partial implementation of the Vance Plan drove a wedge between the governments of the RSK and Serbia the RSK s principal backer and supplier of fuel arms and money Milan Babic strongly opposed the Vance Plan but was overruled by the RSK s assembly 33 On 26 February 1992 Babic was deposed and replaced as President of the RSK by Goran Hadzic a Milosevic loyalist Babic remained involved in RSK politics but as a considerably weaker figure The position of the RSK eroded steadily over the following three years On the surface the RSK had all the trappings of a state army parliament president government and ministries currency and stamps However its economy was wholly dependent on support from the rump Yugoslavia which had the effect of importing that country s hyperinflation The economic situation soon became disastrous By 1994 only 36 000 of the RSK s 430 000 citizens were employed The war had severed the RSK s trade links with the rest of Croatia leaving its few industries idle With few natural resources of its own it had to import most of the goods and fuel it required Agriculture was devastated and operated at little more than a subsistence level 4 Professionals went to Serbia or elsewhere to escape the republic s economic hardships To make matters worse the RSK s government was grossly corrupt and the region became a haven for black marketeering and other criminal activity It was clear by the mid 1990s that without a peace deal or support from Yugoslavia the RSK was not economically viable 44 This was especially evident in Belgrade where the RSK had become an unwanted economic and political burden for Milosevic Much to his frustration the rebel Croatian Serbs rebuffed his government s demands to settle the conflict 33 In July 1992 the RSK issued its own currency the Krajina dinar HRKR in parallel with the Yugoslav dinar This was followed by the October dinar HRKO first issued on 1 October 1993 and equal to 1 000 000 Reformed Dinar and the 1994 dinar first issued on 1 January 1994 and equal to 1 000 000 000 October dinar The RSK s weakness also adversely affected its armed forces the Vojska Srpske Krajine VSK Since the 1992 ceasefire agreement Croatia had spent heavily on importing weapons and training its armed forces with assistance from American contractors In contrast the VSK had grown steadily weaker with its soldiers poorly motivated trained and equipped 33 45 There were only about 55 000 of them to cover a front of some 600 km in Croatia plus 100 km along the border with the Bihac pocket in Bosnia With 16 000 stationed in eastern Slavonia only about 39 000 were left to defend the main part of the RSK Overall only 30 000 were capable of full mobilization yet they faced a far stronger Croatian army Also political divisions between Hadzic and Babic occasionally led to physical and sometimes even armed confrontations between their supporters Babic himself was assaulted and beaten in an incident in Benkovac 46 47 In January 1993 the revitalized Croatian army attacked the Serbian positions around Maslenica in southern Croatia which curtailed their access to the sea via Novigrad In mid 1993 the RSK authorities started a campaign to formally create a United Serbian Republic In a second offensive in mid September 1993 the Croatian army overran the Medak pocket in southern Krajina in a push to regain Serb held Croatian territory The rebel Croatian Serbs brought reinforcements forward fairly quickly but the strength of the Croatian forces proved superior The Croatian offensive was halted by a combination of a battalion of Canadian peacekeepers from the second battalion of Princess Patricia s Canadian Light Infantry PPCLI reinforced by a Company of French peacekeepers combined with international diplomacy Hadzic sent an urgent request to Belgrade for reinforcements arms and equipment In response around 4 000 paramilitaries under the command of Vojislav Seselj the White Eagles and Arkan the Serb Volunteer Guard arrived to bolster the VSK Operation Flash and Storm EditMain articles Operation Flash and Operation Storm The order to evacuate ethnic Serbs from RSK territory issued by the Krajina Defence Council and signed by Milan Martic 4 August 1995 Following the rejection by both sides of the Z 4 plan for reintegration the RSK s end came in 1995 when Croatian forces gained control of SAO Western Slavonia in Operation Flash May followed by the biggest part of occupied Croatia in Operation Storm August The Krajina Serb Supreme Defence Council met under president Milan Martic to discuss the situation A decision was reached at 16 45 to start evacuating the population unfit for military service from the municipalities of Knin Benkovac Obrovac Drnis and Gracac The RSK was disbanded and most of its Serb population from 150 000 to 200 000 people fled 33 48 Only 5 000 to 6 000 people remained mostly the elderly 49 Croatian historian Ivo Goldstein wrote The reasons for the Serb exodus are complex Some had to leave because the Serb army had forced them to while others feared the revenge of the Croatian army or of their former Croat neighbors whom they had driven away and whose homes they had mostly looted and it was later shown that this fear was far from groundless 49 Most of the refugees fled to today s Serbia Bosnia and eastern Slavonia Some of those who refused to leave were murdered tortured and forcibly expelled by the Croatian Army and police 48 Between 2001 and 2012 the ICTY had prosecuted Croatian generals Ante Gotovina Mladen Markac and Ivan Cermak in the Trial of Gotovina et al for their involvement in crimes committed during and in the aftermath of Operation Storm The indictment and the subsequent trial on charges of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war described several killings widespread arson and looting committed by Croatian soldiers 50 In April 2011 Gotovina and Markac were convicted and given prison sentences while Cermak was acquitted 50 Gotovina and Markac appealed the verdict and in November 2012 the Appeals Chamber of the ICTY overturned their convictions acquitting them 51 Later events Edit Map of the remaining Krajina territory in eastern Croatia The parts of the former RSK in eastern Croatia along with the Danube remained in place in what was previously the SAO Eastern Slavonia Baranja and Western Syrmia In 1995 Milan Milanovic formerly a Republic of Serbian Krajina official signed the Erdut Agreement as a representative of the Serbian side This agreement co signed by the representative of the Croatian Government was sponsored by the United Nations and it set up a transitional period during which the United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia Baranja and Western Sirmium UNTAES peacekeeping mission would oversee a peaceful reintegration of this territory into Croatia starting on 15 January 1996 In 1998 the UNTAES mission was complete and the territory was formally returned to Croatia Based on the Erdut Agreement the Joint Council of Municipalities was established in the region in 1997 After the peaceful reintegration two Croatian islands on the Danube the Island of Sarengrad and the Island of Vukovar remained under Serbian military control In 2004 the Serbian military was withdrawn from the islands and replaced with Serbian police The islands remain an open question as the Croatian side insists on applying Badinter Arbitration Committee decisions 52 In 1995 a Croatian court sentenced former RSK president Goran Hadzic in absentia to 20 years in prison for rocket attacks on Sibenik and Vodice In 1999 he was sentenced to an additional 20 years for war crimes in Tenja near Osijek 53 and in 2002 Croatia s state attorney brought another indictment against him for the murder of almost 1 300 Croats in Vukovar Osijek Vinkovci Zupanja and elsewhere 53 On 4 June 2004 the ICTY indicted him on 14 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity 54 In 2011 he was arrested and extradited to the Hague where his initial trial hearing was held on 25 July the same year 55 After the war a number of towns and municipalities that had comprised the RSK were designated Areas of Special State Concern Demographics EditAccording to the indictment of prosecutor Carla Del Ponte against Slobodan Milosevic at the ICTY the Croat and non Serb population from the 1991 census was approximately as follows 56 Census 1991 Serbs Croats Others TotalLater RSK total 245 800 52 3 168 000 35 8 55 900 11 9 469 700UNPA Sector North and South 170 100 67 70 700 28 13 100 5 253 900SAO Western Slavonia 14 200 60 6 900 29 2 600 11 23 700SAO SBWS 61 500 32 90 500 47 40 200 21 192 200Thus Serbs comprised 52 3 and Croats 35 8 of the population of SAO Krajina respectively in 1991 According to data set forth at the meeting of the Government of the RSK in July 1992 its ethnic composition was 88 Serbs 7 Croats 5 others 46 As of November 1993 less than 400 ethnic Croats still resided in UNPA Sector South 57 and between 1 500 and 2 000 remained in UNPA Sector North 58 Towns Edit Towns which were at one point part of RSK or occupied by the RSK s army citation needed Beli Manastir Benkovac Biskupija Boricevac Borovo Cetingrad Donji Lapac Drnis Dubica Dvor Erdut Ervenik Glina Gracac Gvozd Jagodnjak Jasenovac Kistanje Knin Korenica Kostajnica Krnjak Lovinac Majur Markusica Maslenica Negoslavci Nunic Obrovac Okucani Petrinja Plitvicka Jezera Plaski Rakovica Saborsko Slunj Sveti Rok Sodolovci Strmica Sunja Topusko Trpinja Udbina Vojnic Vrhovine Vrlika VukovarStatus EditSerbian Krajina has been described as a proto state 59 60 and parastate 61 Legal status Edit Republic of Serbian Krajina documents During its existence this entity did not achieve international recognition On 29 November 1991 the Badinter commission concluded that Yugoslavia was in dissolution and that the republics including Croatia should be recognized as independent states when they asked so 62 63 They also assigned these republics territorial integrity For most of the world this was a reason to recognize Croatia However Serbia did not accept the conclusions of the commission in that period and recognized Croatia only after Croatian military actions Oluja and Bljesak and the Dayton agreement On 20 November 1991 Lord Carrington asked Badinter commission Does the Serbian population in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina as one of the constituent peoples of Yugoslavia have the right to self determination The commission concluded on 11 January 1992 that the Serbian population in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia is entitled to all the rights concerned to minorities and ethnic groups and that the Republics must afford the members of those minorities and ethnic groups all the human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized in international law including where appropriate the right to choose their nationality 64 Krajina dinar Support and funding Edit Milan Babic former President of Serbian Krajina testified to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ICTY that Krajina was provided with weapons by Slobodan Milosevic s government in Serbia and that Krajina was economically and financially dependent upon Serbia 65 Babic testified that Milosevic held de facto control over both the Army of Serbian Krajina and the Yugoslav People s Army JNA during its actions in Krajina via an alternate chain of command through the Serbian police Government EditPresidents Edit Milan Babic 19 December 1991 16 February 1992 Mile Paspalj 16 February 1992 26 February 1992 acting Goran Hadzic 26 February 1992 12 December 1993 Milan Babic 12 December 1993 23 January 1994 Milan Martic 23 January 1994 7 August 1995 Prime Ministers Edit Dusan Vjestica 19 December 1991 16 February 1992 Risto Matkovic 16 February 1992 26 February 1992 acting Zdravko Zecevic 26 February 1992 21 April 1993 Đorđe Bjegovic 21 April 1993 27 March 1994 Borislav Mikelic 27 March 1994 27 July 1995 Milan Babic 27 July 1995 7 August 1995 Speaker of the National Assembly Edit Mile PaspaljSee also EditMilitary of Serbian Krajina Republika Srpska Serbs of CroatiaAnnotations Edit The proper translation from Serbian Srpska Krajina is Serb Krajina 66 References Edit Prosecutor v Milan Martic Judgement Archived 4 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine p 46 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Retrieved 13 September 2009 On 16 March 1991 another referendum was held which asked Are you in favour of the SAO Krajina joining the Republic of Serbia and staying in Yugoslavia with Serbia Montenegro and others who wish to preserve Yugoslavia With 99 8 voting in favour the referendum was approved and the Krajina assembly declared that the territory of the SAO Krajina is a constitutive part of the unified state territory of the Republic of Serbia a b Croatia Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 Retrieved 26 December 2014 a b Klajn Lajco 2007 The Past in Present Times The Yugoslav Saga p 199 University Press of America ISBN 0 7618 3647 0 a b Svarm Filip 15 August 1994 The Krajina Economy Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine Vreme News Digest Agency Retrieved 8 July 2009 HIC VJESNIK Podlistak 16 i 17 travnja 2005 VELIKOSRPSKA TVOREVINA NA HRVATSKOM TLU IZVORNI DOKUMENTI O DJELOVANJU REPUBLIKE SRPSKE KRAJINE XXIX Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 31 August 2015 Godisnjica Oluje Hrvatska slavi Srbija zali Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 31 August 2015 DOKUMENTI INSTITUCIJA POBUNJENIH SRBA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ sijecanj lipanj 1993 edicija REPUBLIKA HRVATSKA I DOMOVINSKI RAT 1990 1995 DOKUMENTI Knjiga 7 str 14 16 21 24 35 42 52 59 103 130 155 161 180 182 197 351 378 414 524 605 614 632 637 a b Kolar Dimitrijevic Mira 2018 The history of Money in Croatia 1527 1941 Croatian National Bank p 38 Frucht Richard 2004 Eastern Europe An Introduction to the People Lands and Culture ABC CLIO p 422 ISBN 1576078000 Stoianovich Traian 1992 Balkan Worlds The First and Last Europe Routledge p 152 ISBN 1563240335 Halfdanarson Gudmundur 2003 Racial Discrimination and Ethnicity in European History ISBN 9788884922809 Horvat 1906 pp 289 290 sfn error no target CITEREFHorvat1906 help Ramet 2006 p 114 Baker 2015 p 18 sfn error no target CITEREFBaker2015 help Cooke Philip Shepherd Ben H 2013 European Resistance in the Second World War Pen and Sword p 222 ISBN 9781473833043 Glaurdic Josip 2011 The Hour of Europe Western Powers and the Breakup of Yugoslavia London Yale University Press pp 17 18 ISBN 978 0300166293 Glaurdic Josip 2011 The Hour of Europe Western Powers and the Breakup of Yugoslavia London Yale University Press p 51 ISBN 978 0300166293 Kovjanic Aleksandar 20 December 2021 Impact of the War in Croatia 1991 1995 on the Differentiation of Age Structure between Serbs and Croats A Case Study of the Banija Region Cambridge University Press AleksandarKovjanic Ramet Sabrina 2006 The Three Yugoslavias State Building And Legitimation 1918 2005 Indiana University Press pp 383 384 ISBN 0253346568 Milan Babic Sentencing Judgement Archived 12 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Retrieved 8 July 2009 Prosecutor v Milan Martic Judgement Archived 4 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine p 46 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Retrieved 13 September 2009 Prosecutor v Milan Martic Judgement p 46 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Accessed 13 September 2009 On 16 March 1991 another referendum was held which asked Are you in favour of the SAO Krajina joining the Republic of Serbia and staying in Yugoslavia with Serbia Montenegro and others who wish to preserve Yugoslavia With 99 8 voting in favour the referendum was approved and the Krajina assembly declared that the territory of the SAO Krajina is a constitutive part of the unified state territory of the Republic of Serbia Prosecutor v Milan Martic Judgement Archived 4 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine p 46 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Retrieved 13 September 2009 Chuck Sudetic 2 April 1991 Rebel Serbs Complicate Rift on Yugoslav Unity The New York Times Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 Retrieved 11 December 2010 Judge Rodrigues confirms Indictment charging Slobodan Milosevic with Crimes committed in Croatia Archived 27 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Retrieved 13 September 2009 Judith Armatta Twilight of Impunity The War Crimes Trial of Slobodan Milosevic Duke University Press 2010 Pp 160 164 ICTY TPIY Archived from the original on 7 March 2009 Retrieved 26 December 2014 a b ICTY evidence Babic pleads guilty to crimes Archived 9 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine Croatian refugees Archived 15 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine Marlise Simons 10 October 2001 Milosevic Indicted Again Is Charged With Crimes in Croatia The New York Times Archived from the original on 20 May 2013 Retrieved 26 December 2010 Milosevic Important New Charges on Croatia Human Rights Watch 21 October 2001 Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 Retrieved 29 October 2010 Sibenik theatre destroyed Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine a b c d e f g Tanner Marcus 1997 Croatia A Nation Forged in War Institute for War and Peace Reporting Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 Retrieved 26 December 2014 Croatia marks massacre in Vukovar Archived 17 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine BBC 18 November 2006 Retrieved 13 September 2009 Partos Gabriel 13 June 2003 Vukovar massacre What happened Archived 9 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine BBC Retrieved 13 September 2009 Text of the Constitution Archived 13 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine in Serbian Babic admits persecuting Croats BBC News 27 January 2004 Archived from the original on 20 November 2011 Retrieved 22 May 2010 Institute for War and Peace Reporting Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 Retrieved 26 December 2014 The Daily Gazette Google News Archive Search 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Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Judith Armatta Twilight of Impunity The War Crimes Trial of Slobodan Milosevic Duke University Press 2010 Pp 160 163 Radan amp Pavkovic 2000harvnb error no target CITEREFRadanPavkovic2000 help Pavkovic 2000 Raskovic 1998Sources EditBooksRaskovic Jovo 1998 Srpska Krajina avgust 1995 izgon zrtve agresije Hrvatske vojske na Republiku Srpsku Krajinu Oluja Sjeverna Dalmacija Lika Banija i Kordun Serb Krajina August 1995 exodus victims of Croat aggression to the Republic of Serb Krajina Operation Storm North Dalmatia Lika Banija and Kordun Svetigora ISBN 978 86 7092 003 3 Radan Peter Pavkovic Aleksandar 2013 The Ashgate Research Companion to Secession Ashgate Publishing Ltd ISBN 978 1 4094 7652 8 Jovan Ilic 1995 The Serbian question in the Balkans Faculty of Geography University of Belgrade ISBN 9788682657019 Pavkovic Aleksandar 2000 The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia Nationalism and War in the Balkans Springer ISBN 978 0 230 28584 2 Strbac Savo 2015 Gone with the Storm A Chronicle of Ethnic Cleansing of Serbs from Croatia Knin Banja Luka Beograd Grafid DIC Veritas ISBN 9789995589806 Baric Nikica 2005 Srpska pobuna u Hrvatskoj 1990 1995 in Croatian Zagreb Golden marketing Tehnicka knjiga ISBN 953 212 249 4 Dakic M Macura L Zutic N 1994 Srpska Krajina istorijski temeљi i nastanak Knin Iskra ISBN 86 82393 01 8 Novakovic Kosta 2009 Srpska Krajina usponi padovi uzdizaњa Knin SKD Zora ISBN 978 86 83809 54 7 Sekulic Milisav 2000 Knin je pao u Beogradu Nidda Verlag Republika Srpska Krajina 1996 Krestic V 1996 Republika Srpska Krajina Drzavno i istorijsko pravo Hrvatske koreni zla i sukoba sa Srbima Topusko SKD Sava Mrkalj pp 95 102 JournalsPavlakovic V 2013 Symbols and the culture of memory in Republika Srpska Krajina Nationalities Papers 41 6 893 909 doi 10 1080 00905992 2012 743511 S2CID 153965465 Kolsto P Paukovic D 2014 The Short and Brutish Life of Republika Srpska Krajina Failure of a De Facto State Ethnopolitics 13 4 309 327 doi 10 1080 17449057 2013 864805 S2CID 144097806 Vego Marko October 1993 The Army of Serbian Krajina Jane s Intelligence Review 5 10 493 Cigar N 1993 The Serbo Croatian war 1991 Political and military dimensions The Journal of Strategic Studies 16 3 297 338 doi 10 1080 01402399308437521 Grandits H Leutloff C 2003 Discourses Actors Violence The Organisation of War escalation in the Krajina region of Croatia 1990 91 Potentials of Disorder Explaining Conflict and Stability in the Caucasus and in the Former Yugoslavia 23 45 Doder D 1993 Yugoslavia new war old hatreds Foreign Policy 91 91 3 23 doi 10 2307 1149057 JSTOR 1149057 Ashbrook J Bakich S D 2010 Storming to Partition Croatia the United States and Krajina in the Yugoslav War Small Wars amp Insurgencies 21 4 537 560 doi 10 1080 09592318 2010 518852 S2CID 143824950 DocumentsJarcevic S ed 2005 Republika Srpska Krajina drzavna dokumenta Agencija Miroslav Kosmos Final Report of the United Nations Commission of Experts 28 December 1994 The military structure strategy and tactics of the warring factions UN Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 Cleanup Operation Storm Attack on the Krajina Jane s Intelligence Review 1 November 1995 in Serbian Dakiћ M Kraјina kroz viјekove iz istorije politichkih nacionalnih i љudskih prava srpskog naroda u Hrvatskoj Beograd 2002 in Serbian Raduloviħ S Sudbina Krajine Beograd Dan Graf 1996 189 s in Serbian Radoslav I Chubrilo Biљana R Ivkoviћ Dushan Ђakoviћ Јovan Adamoviћ Milan Ђ Rodiћ i dr Srpska Kraјina Beograd Matiћ 2011 742 s in Serbian Republika Srpska Krajina deset godina poslije urednik Veљko Ђuriћ Mishina Beograd Dobra Vola 2005 342 s ISBN 86 83905 04 7 in Serbian Republika Srpska Krajina deset godina poslije Kњ 2 urednik Veљko Ђuriћ Mishina Beograd Dobra Vola 2005 250 s ISBN 86 83905 05 5 in Serbian Shtrbac Savo Rat i riјech Baњa Luka Grafid 2011 190 s ISBN 9789993853749External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic of Serbian Krajina The Homeland War in Croatian Slobodna Dalmacija Granic kaze da Haag nema dokumente o agresiji na Hrvatsku English Resolution adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations permanent dead link A RES 49 43 The situation in the occupied territories of Croatia Map permanent dead link from a site run by minister of intelligence of RSK The Thorny Issue of Ethnic Autonomy in Croatia Serb Leaders and Proposals for Autonomy Nina Caspersen 1 London School of Economics and Political Science http www ecmi de fileadmin downloads publications JEMIE 2003 nr3 Focus3 2003 Caspersen pdf Notes Edit Richardson Institute for Peace Studies at Lancaster University Retrieved 26 December 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Republic of Serbian Krajina amp oldid 1134341342, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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