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Brighton

February 03, 2023

This article is about the seaside resort in England. For other uses, see Brighton (disambiguation).

Brighton (/ˈbraɪtən/) is a seaside resort and one of the two main areas of the City of Brighton and Hove in the county of East Sussex, England. It is located 47 mi (76 km) south of London.[1]

Brighton
City of Brighton and Hove
Clockwise, from top: Brighton seafront looking west from Brighton Palace Pier; the Jubilee Clock Tower; Brighton Palace Pier; the Royal Pavilion; the i360 observation tower
Brighton
Location within East Sussex
Brighton
Location within England
Brighton
Location within the United Kingdom
Brighton
Brighton (Europe)
Coordinates: 50°49′15″N 00°08′15″W / 50.82083°N 0.13750°W / 50.82083; -0.13750Coordinates: 50°49′15″N 00°08′15″W / 50.82083°N 0.13750°W / 50.82083; -0.13750
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionSouth East England
Ceremonial countyEast Sussex
Historic countySussex
Unitary authorityBrighton and Hove
Admin HQHove Town Hall
Town charter1313
Incorporated1854
Unitary authority1997
City status2000
Government
 • TypeUnitary authority
 • Governing bodyBrighton and Hove City Council
 • LeaderPhélim Mac Cafferty (Green)
 • MayorLizzie Deane
 • MPsLloyd Russell-Moyle (Labour, Kemptown)
Caroline Lucas (Green, Pavilion)
Area
 • Total31.97 sq mi (82.79 km2)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total277,103 (ranked 57th) (Brighton and Hove pop.)
 • Density8,660/sq mi (3,345/km2)
DemonymBrightonian
Time zoneUTC0 (GMT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
Postcode area
BN
Area code01273
ISO 3166-2GB-BNH
ONS code00ML (ONS)
E06000043 (GSS)
OS grid referenceTQ315065
NUTS 3UKJ21
PoliceSussex
FireEast Sussex
AmbulanceSouth East Coast
Websitewww.brighton-hove.gov.uk

Archaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates back to the Bronze Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. The ancient settlement of "Brighthelmstone" was documented in the Domesday Book (1086). The town's importance grew in the Middle Ages as the Old Town developed, but it languished in the early modern period, affected by foreign attacks, storms, a suffering economy and a declining population. Brighton began to attract more visitors following improved road transport to London and becoming a boarding point for boats travelling to France. The town also developed in popularity as a health resort for sea bathing as a purported cure for illnesses.

In the Georgian era, Brighton developed as a highly fashionable seaside resort, encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent, later King George IV, who spent much time in the town and constructed the Royal Pavilion in the Regency era. Brighton continued to grow as a major centre of tourism following the arrival of the railways in 1841, becoming a popular destination for day-trippers from London. Many of the major attractions were built in the Victorian era, including the Grand Hotel, the Hilton Brighton Metropole, the Palace Pier and the West Pier. The town continued to grow into the 20th century, expanding to incorporate more areas into the town's boundaries before joining Hove to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove in 1997, which was granted city status in 2000.[2] Today, Brighton and Hove district has a resident population of about 277,103 and the wider Brighton and Hove conurbation has a population of 474,485 (2011 census).[note 1]

Brighton's location has made it a popular destination for tourists, renowned for its diverse communities, quirky shopping areas, large and vibrant cultural, music and arts scene, and its large LGBT population, leading to its recognition as the "unofficial gay capital of the UK" and as of the 2021 census, 10.7% of the population of Brighton and Hove over the age of 18 identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual, the highest percentage in the entire UK.[3] Brighton has been called the UK's "hippest city"[4] and "the happiest place to live in the UK".[5]

Toponymy

The earliest attestation of Brighton's name is Bristelmestune, recorded in the Domesday Book. Although more than 40 variations have been documented, Brighthelmstone (or Brighthelmston) was the standard rendering between the 14th and 18th centuries.[6][7]

"Brighton" was originally an informal shortened form, first seen in 1660; it gradually supplanted the longer name and was in general use from the late 18th century, although Brighthelmstone remained the town's official name until 1810.[7] The name is of Anglo-Saxon origin. Most scholars believe that it derives from Beorthelm + tūn—the homestead of Beorthelm, a common Old English name associated with villages elsewhere in England.[7] The tūn element is common in Sussex, especially on the coast, although it occurs infrequently in combination with a personal name.[8] An alternative etymology taken from the Old English words for "stony valley" is sometimes given but has less acceptance.[7] Brighthelm gives its name to, among other things, a church,[9] a pub in Brighton,[10] some halls of residence at the University of Sussex.[11] Writing in 1950, historian Antony Dale noted that unnamed antiquaries had suggested an Old English word "brist" or "briz", meaning "divided", could have contributed the first part of the historic name Brighthelmstone. The town was originally split in half by the Wellesbourne, a winterbourne which was culverted and buried in the 18th century.[12]

Brighton has several nicknames. Poet Horace Smith called it "The Queen of Watering Places", which is still widely used,[13] and "Old Ocean's Bauble".[14] Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray referred to "Doctor Brighton", calling the town "one of the best of Physicians". "London-by-the-Sea" is well-known, reflecting Brighton's popularity with Londoners as a day-trip resort, a commuter dormitory and a desirable destination for those wanting to move out of the metropolis. "The Queen of Slaughtering Places", a pun on Smith's description, became popular when the Brighton trunk murders came to the public's attention in the 1930s.[14] The mid-19th-century nickname "School Town" referred to the remarkable number of boarding, charity and church schools in the town at the time.[15]

History

Main article: History of Brighton
See also: Timeline of Brighton

The first settlement in the Brighton area was Whitehawk Camp, a Neolithic encampment on Whitehawk Hill which has been dated to between 3500 BC and 2700 BC.[16] It is one of six causewayed enclosures in Sussex. Archaeologists have only partially explored it, but have found numerous burial mounds, tools and bones, suggesting it was a place of some importance.[17] There was also a Bronze Age settlement at Coldean. Brythonic Celts arrived in Britain in the 7th century BC,[16] and an important Brythonic settlement existed at Hollingbury Castle on Hollingbury Hill. This Celtic Iron Age encampment dates from the 3rd or 2nd century BC and is circumscribed by substantial earthwork outer walls with a diameter of c. 1,000 ft (300 m). Cissbury Ring, roughly 10 mi (16 km) from Hollingbury, is suggested to have been the tribal "capital".[18]

Later, there was a Roman villa at Preston Village, a Roman road from London ran nearby, and much physical evidence of Roman occupation has been discovered locally.[16] From the 1st century AD, the Romans built a number of villas in Brighton and Romano-British Brythonic Celts formed farming settlements in the area.[19] After the Romans left in the early 4th century AD, the Brighton area returned to the control of the native Celts. Anglo-Saxons then invaded in the late 5th century AD, and the region became part of the Kingdom of Sussex, founded in 477 AD by king Ælle.[20]

Anthony Seldon identified five phases of development in pre-20th century Brighton.[21] The village of Bristelmestune was founded by these Anglo-Saxon invaders, probably in the early Saxon period. They were attracted by the easy access for boats, sheltered areas of raised land for building and better conditions compared to the damp, cold and misty Weald to the north.[22] By the time of the Domesday survey in 1086 it was a fishing and agricultural settlement, a rent of 4,000 herring was established, and its population was about 400.[6][16] By the 14th century there was a parish church, a market and rudimentary law enforcement (the first town constable was elected in 1285).[23] Sacked and burnt by French invaders in the early 16th century—the earliest depiction of Brighton, a painting of c. 1520, shows Admiral Pregent de Bidoux's attack of June 1514—the town recovered strongly based on a thriving mackerel-fishing industry.[24] The grid of streets in the Old Town (the present Lanes area) were well developed and the town grew quickly: the population rose from c. 1,500 in 1600 to c. 4,000 in the 1640s.[16] By that time Brighton was Sussex's most populous and important town.[24]

Over the next few decades, though, events severely affected its local and national standing, such that by 1730 "it was a forlorn town decidedly down on its luck".[This quote needs a citation] More foreign attacks, storms (especially the devastating Great Storm of 1703), a declining fishing industry, and the emergence of nearby Shoreham as a significant port caused its economy to suffer.[24] By 1708 other parishes in Sussex were charged rates to alleviate poverty in Brighton, and Daniel Defoe wrote that the expected £8,000 cost of providing sea defences was "more than the whole town was worth". The population declined to 2,000 in the early 18th century.[16]

From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The contemporary fad for drinking and bathing in seawater as a purported cure for illnesses was enthusiastically encouraged by Dr Richard Russell from nearby Lewes. He sent many patients to "take the cure" in the sea at Brighton, published a popular treatise[note 2] on the subject, and moved to the town soon afterwards (the Royal Albion, one of Brighton's early hotels, occupies the site of his house).[26] Others were already visiting the town for recreational purposes before Russell became famous, and his actions coincided with other developments which made Brighton more attractive to visitors. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France; road transport to London was improved[27] when the main road via Crawley was turnpiked in 1770;[28] and spas and indoor baths were opened by other entrepreneurial physicians such as Sake Dean Mahomed and Anthony Relhan (who also wrote the town's first guidebook).[27]

 
Brighton, The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Distance by Frederick William Woledge, 1840

From 1780, the development of the Georgian terraces had started, and the fishing village developed as the fashionable resort of Brighton. The growth of the town was further encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent (later King George IV) after his first visit in 1783.[29] He spent much of his leisure time in the town and constructed the Royal Pavilion during the early part of his Regency. In this period the modern form of the name Brighton came into common use.[30] A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Preston Barracks in 1793.[31] It was rebuilt in 1830.

 
Photochrom of Brighton aquarium, 1890–1900

The population increased rapidly throughout the 19th century from 7,339 in 1801 to 46,661 in 1841,[32] and by 1901 the population had reached more than 120,000.[33] The arrival of the London and Brighton Railway in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day-trippers from London. Many of the major attractions were built during the Victorian era, such as the Grand Hotel (1864), the West Pier (1866), and the Palace Pier (1899). Prior to either of these structures, the famous Chain Pier was built, to the designs of Captain Samuel Brown. It lasted from 1823 to 1896 and is featured in paintings by both Turner and Constable.[34]

Because of boundary changes, the land area of Brighton expanded from 1,640 acres (7 km2) in 1854 to 14,347 acres (58 km2) in 1952.[35] New housing estates were established in the acquired areas, including Moulsecoomb, Bevendean, Coldean and Whitehawk. The major expansion of 1928 also incorporated the villages of Patcham, Ovingdean and Rottingdean, and much council housing was built in parts of Woodingdean after the Second World War. By the 1970s, the town had acquired a reputation as a retirement destination, with an elderly population.[36] However, this was reversed in the 1990s, as gentrification saw Brighton regain the fashionable status it held in the 18th and 19th centuries.

In 1997, the town of Brighton and its neighbouring town Hove were joined to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove, which was granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II as part of the millennium celebrations in 2000.[37]

Demography

See also: Brighton and Hove § Census, and Brighton and Hove built-up area

As of 2017, the Brighton and Hove district, of which Brighton is the largest area, has an estimated resident population of 277,103 residents.[38] It is ranked the 57th most populous district in England. Compared to the national average, Brighton has fewer children and old residents but a large proportion of adults aged 20–44.[39]

Brighton has long had an LGBT-friendly history. In a 2014 estimate, 11–15 per cent of the city's population aged 16 or over is thought to be lesbian, gay or bisexual.[40] The city also had the highest percentage of same-sex households in the UK in 2004[41] and the largest number of civil partnership registrations outside London in 2013.[42]

Religion

Brighton is identified as one of the least religious places in the UK, based upon analysis of the 2011 census which revealed that 42 per cent of the population profess no religion, far higher than the national average of 25 per cent.[43] Brighton has been described as the UK's most "Godless" city.[44] The largest religion is Christianity, with 43 per cent reporting an affiliation. The second-largest religion is Islam, with 2.2 per cent, which is lower than the national average.[43]

As part of the Jedi census phenomenon in 2001, 2.6 per cent claimed their religion was 'Jedi Knight', the largest percentage in the country.[45]

Homelessness

See also: Homelessness in the United Kingdom

In December 2021, new data released by Shelter, revealed that "one in 78 people in Brighton and Hove are homeless".[46] The report also records the city as having the third highest rate of homelessness in England, with London claiming the top spot followed by Luton.[47] In a previous charity report issued in November 2016, three areas in Brighton & Hove, East Brighton, Queen's Park, and Moulsecoomb & Bevendean ranked in the top ten per cent nationally for deprivation.[48]

 
Rough sleepers' tents in Brighton's Castle Square

Although deprivation in Brighton is distributed across the city, it is more concentrated in some areas. The highest concentration is in the Whitehawk, Moulsecoomb, and Hollingbury areas but is also found around the St. James's Street and Eastern Road areas.[49][50] A 2015 government statistic showed that the area around Brighton's Palace Pier roundabout and to the east towards St James's Street in Kemptown is the seventh-worst living environment in England.[51] On 19 January 2017, Brighton council announced they were looking at certain initiatives to try to alleviate some of the increasing homelessness seen on Brighton's streets and were hoping to open the first in-house temporary housing for homeless people in the city.[52] Homelessness figures released by Crisis in December 2018 reported a record high in the UK, with figures in Sussex, including Brighton and Hove, reported as being "high".[53][54]

At a meeting of the full B&H Council on 25 March 2021, Brighton and Hove became the first UK City to adopt the Homeless Bill of Rights.[55] The bill was passed by 31 votes to 11, with 7 abstentions.[56]

Geography

 
To the east of Brighton, chalk cliffs protected by a sea-wall rise from the beach.
 
The underground Wellesbourne can rise to the surface during heavy rain, as in November 2000 when it flooded the London Road in Preston village.

Brighton lies between the South Downs and the English Channel to the north and south, respectively. The Sussex coast forms a wide, shallow bay between the headlands of Selsey Bill and Beachy Head; Brighton developed near the centre of this bay around a seasonal river, the Wellesbourne (or Whalesbone), which flowed from the South Downs above Patcham.[6][57] This emptied into the English Channel at the beach near the East Cliff, forming "the natural drainage point for Brighton".[58]

Behind the estuary was a stagnant pond called the Pool or Poole, so named since the medieval era.[note 3] This was built over with houses and shops from 1793, when the Wellesbourne was culverted to prevent flooding,[58][59] and only the name of the road (Pool Valley, originally Pool Lane)[60] marks its site. One original house survives from the time of the pool's enclosure.[6] Behind Pool Valley is Old Steine (historically The Steyne), originally a flat and marshy area where fishermen dried their nets. The Wellesbourne occasionally reappears during times of prolonged heavy rain; author Mark Antony Lower referred to an early 19th-century drawing of the Royal Pavilion showing "quite a pool of water across the Steyne."[61]

Despite 16th-century writer Andrew Boorde's claim that "Bryght-Hempston [is] among the noble ports and havens of the realm",[62] Brighton never developed as a significant port: rather, it was considered as part of Shoreham. Nevertheless, the descriptions "Port of Brighthelmston" or "Port of Brighton" were sometimes used between the 14th and 19th centuries, as for example in 1766 when its notional limits were defined for customs purposes.[63]

The East Cliff runs for several miles from Pool Valley towards Rottingdean and Saltdean, reaching 24 m (80 ft) above sea level. The soil beneath it, a mixture of alluvium and clay with some flint and chalk rubble, has experienced erosion for many years.[64] The cliff itself, like the rest of Brighton's soil, is chalk.[6] Below this are thin layers of Upper and Lower Greensand separated by a thicker band of Gault clay.[65] The land slopes upwards gradually from south to north towards the top of the Downs.

Main transport links developed along the floor of the Wellesbourne valley, from which the land climbs steeply—particularly on the east side. The earliest settlement was by the beach at the bottom of the valley,[57] which was partly protected from erosion by an underwater shale-bar. Changes in sea level affected the foreshore several times: 40 acres (16 ha) disappeared in the first half of the 14th century,[66] and the Great Storm of 1703 caused widespread destruction. The first sea defences were erected in 1723,[66] and a century later a long sea wall was built.[64]

 
Brighton seafront from the Palace Pier

Climate

See also: Climate of the United Kingdom

Brighton has a temperate climate: its Köppen climate classification is Cfb. It is characterised by cool summers and cool winters with frequent cloudy and rainy periods.[67] Average rainfall levels increase as the land rises: the 1958–1990 mean was 740 mm (29 in) on the seafront and about 1,000 mm (39 in) at the top of the South Downs above Brighton.[67] Storms caused serious damage in 1703, 1806, 1824, 1836, 1848, 1850, 1896, 1910 and 1987. Heavy snow is rare, but particularly severe falls were recorded in 1881 and 1967.[67]

Climate data for Brighton
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 8
(46) 		8
(46) 		9
(49) 		12
(53) 		16
(60) 		19
(66) 		22
(71) 		22
(72) 		18
(65) 		15
(59) 		11
(52) 		9
(48) 		14
(57)
Average low °C (°F) 3
(38) 		3
(38) 		4
(40) 		6
(43) 		9
(48) 		12
(53) 		14
(58) 		14
(58) 		12
(54) 		9
(49) 		6
(43) 		4
(40) 		8
(47)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 88
(3.5) 		60
(2.4) 		51
(2.0) 		58
(2.3) 		56
(2.2) 		50
(2.0) 		54
(2.1) 		62
(2.4) 		67
(2.6) 		105
(4.1) 		103
(4.1) 		97
(3.8) 		851
(33.5)
Source: Met Office[citation needed]
Average sea temperature[68]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
9.2 °C (48.6 °F) 8.7 °C (47.7 °F) 8.2 °C (46.8 °F) 9.6 °C (49.3 °F) 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) 13.6 °C (56.5 °F) 15.4 °C (59.7 °F) 16.9 °C (62.4 °F) 17.3 °C (63.1 °F) 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) 14.7 °C (58.5 °F) 12.0 °C (53.6 °F) 12.8 °C (55.0 °F)

Boundaries and areas

Date from Parish area[69]
c. 11th century 1,640 acres (660 ha)
31 October 1873 1,640 acres (660 ha)
1 October 1923 1,640 acres (660 ha)
1 April 1928 12,503 acres (5,060 ha)
1 April 1952 14,347 acres (5,806 ha)
31 March 1972 15,041 acres (6,087 ha)
1 April 1993 15,140 acres (6,130 ha)
1 April 1997[note 4] 21,632 acres (8,754 ha)

At the time of the Domesday survey in 1086, Brighton was in the Rape of Lewes and the Hundred of Welesmere. The new Hundred of Whalesbone, which covered the parishes of Brighton, West Blatchington, Preston and Hove, was formed in 1296. Parishes moved in and out several times, and by 1801 only Brighton and West Blatchington were included in the Hundred.[71]

In its original form, Brighton parish covered about 1,640 acres (660 ha) between the English Channel, Hove, Preston, Ovingdean and Rottingdean. The borough (but not the civil parish) was first extended from 31 October 1873, when 905 acres (366 ha) was annexed from Preston civil parish. In 1894 the part outside the borough became Preston Rural civil parish and Preston civil parish continued in the borough. On 1 April 1889 Brighton became a county borough.

On 1 October 1923, 94 acres (38 ha) were added to Brighton borough and to Preston civil parish from Patcham parish: Brighton Corporation was developing the Moulsecoomb estate there at the time. On 1 April 1928, Brighton civil parish was extended to include Preston civil parish. On the same date the borough grew by nearly five times by adding Ovingdean and Rottingdean parishes in their entirety and parts of Falmer, Patcham and West Blatchington; it also exchanged small parts with Hove municipal borough. All the areas added to the borough became part of Brighton civil parish.[72] From 1 April 1952, more of Falmer and part of the adjacent Stanmer parish were added; 20 years later, land and marine territory associated with the new Brighton Marina development also became part of Brighton. Except for a small addition of rural land in 1993 (from Pyecombe parish), Brighton Borough's boundaries remained the same until it was joined to Hove Borough in 1997 to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove.[70]

The old boundary between Brighton and Hove is most clearly seen on the seafront, where the King Edward Peace Statue (1912) straddles the border, and in a twitten called Boundary Passage which runs northwards from Western Road to Montpelier Road.[73] There is a Grade II-listed parish boundary marker stone in this passageway.[74] Between Western Road and the seafront, the boundary runs up Little Western Street (pavement on eastern side, in Brighton), but it is not visible.[73] Northwards from Western Road, it runs to the west of Norfolk Road, Norfolk Terrace, Windlesham Road and Windlesham Gardens in the Montpelier area, then along the south side of Davigdor Road to Seven Dials. From there it runs along the west side of Dyke Road as far as Withdean Road in Withdean, at which point it crosses Dyke Road so that the section north of that is part of Hove parish. The boundary continues to follow Dyke Road towards Devil's Dyke on the South Downs.[75]

Governance and politics

See also: Public services in Brighton and Hove
 
Brighton Pavilion MP Caroline Lucas is the only Green MP in the UK Parliament.

Brighton is covered by two constituencies in the Parliament of the United Kingdom: Brighton Kemptown and Brighton Pavilion. In the 2017 general election, Brighton Kemptown elected the Labour MP Lloyd Russell-Moyle, replacing a Conservative MP; he was re-elected in the 2019 general election. In the 2010 general election Brighton Pavilion elected Caroline Lucas, the first and only Green Party MP; she was re-elected in 2015, 2017 and again at the 2019 general election, with an increased majority.

There are 21 wards in the city of Brighton and Hove, of which 12 are in Brighton. Regency, St Peter's & North Laine, Preston Park, Withdean, Patcham, Hollingdean & Stanmer and Hanover & Elm Grove are part of the Brighton Pavilion constituency; Moulsecoomb & Bevendean, Queen's Park, East Brighton, Woodingdean and Rottingdean Coastal are covered by the Brighton Kemptown constituency.[76]

The newly created Borough of Brighton consisted of six wards in 1854: St Nicholas, St Peter, Pier, Park, Pavilion and West. When the territory was extended to include part of Preston parish in 1873, the new area became a seventh ward named Preston. The seven were split into 14 in 1894: Hanover, Kemp Town (renamed King's Cliff in 1908), Lewes Road, Montpelier, Pavilion, Pier, Preston, Preston Park, Queen's Park, Regency, St John, St Nicholas, St Peter, and West. Preston ward was extended in 1923 to incorporate the area taken into the borough from Patcham parish in 1923 for the construction of the Moulsecoomb estate, and in 1928 the ward was divided into four: Hollingbury, Moulsecoomb, Preston and Preston Park. Elm Grove and Patcham wards were created at the same time, bringing the total to 19. There were further changes in 1952, 1955 and 1983, at which time there were 16 wards.[77] This situation continued until 1 April 1997, when Hove and its wards became part of the new unitary authority of Brighton and Hove.[78]

 
Brighton Town Hall dates from 1830.

Brighton Town Hall occupies a large site in the Lanes. Medieval Brighthelmston had a town hall, although it was called the Townhouse and functioned more like a market hall. A later building (1727) known as the Town Hall was principally used as a workhouse. Work on the first purpose-built town hall began in 1830; Thomas Read Kemp laid the first stone, and Thomas Cooper designed it on behalf of the Brighton Town Commissioners (of which he was a member). Brighton Corporation spent £40,000 to extend it in 1897–99 to the Classical design of Brighton Borough Surveyor Francis May. Despite this, the building was too small for municipal requirements by the mid-20th century, and extra council buildings were built in locations throughout Brighton Borough Council's existence: the most recent, Bartholomew House and Priory House next to the town hall, were finished in 1987.[79][80] The town hall ceased to be responsible solely for Brighton's affairs when Brighton and Hove were united in 1997, but it is still used by Brighton & Hove City Council—particularly for weddings and civil ceremonies.[81]

The presence of a British subsidiary of the United States arms company EDO Corporation on the Home Farm Industrial Estate in Moulsecoomb has been the cause of protests since 2004. The premises were significantly damaged in January 2009 when protesters broke in.[82]

Economy

In 1985, the Borough Council described three "myths" about Brighton's economy. Common beliefs were that most of the working population commuted to London every day; that tourism provided most of Brighton's jobs and income; or that the borough's residents were "composed entirely of wealthy theatricals and retired business people" rather than workers.[36] Brighton has been an important centre for commerce and employment since the 18th century. It is home to several major companies, some of which employ thousands of people locally; as a retail centre it is of regional importance; creative, digital and new media businesses are increasingly significant; and, although Brighton was never a major industrial centre, its railway works contributed to Britain's rail industry in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly in the manufacture of steam locomotives.

Since the amalgamation of Brighton and Hove, economic and retail data has been produced at a citywide level only. Examples of statistics include: Brighton and Hove's tourism industry contributes £380m to the economy and employs 20,000 people directly or indirectly; the city has 9,600 registered companies; and a 2001 report identified it as one of five "supercities for the future".[83] In the past couple of years tourists to Brighton and Hove have fallen in numbers. Over 2016, day visitors to Brighton and Hove dropped by an average of 2,400 per day.[84][85] In August 2017, new figures for the year showed Brighton's tourism had fallen by a further 1 per cent on the previous year.[86]

Commerce and industry

 
Events at the Brighton Centre are important to Brighton's economy.

Brighton's largest private sector employer is American Express, whose European headquarters are at John Street.[87] As of 2012, about 3,000 people work there.[88] Planning permission to demolish the old Amex offices and build a replacement was granted in 2009, and work started in March 2010. Other major employers include Lloyds Bank, Legal & General, Asda (which has hypermarkets at Hollingbury and Brighton Marina), Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company and call-centre operator Inkfish.[83] In 2012, it was reported that about 1,500 of Gatwick Airport's 21,000 workers lived in the city of Brighton and Hove.[89]

Brighton is a popular destination for conferences, exhibitions and trade fairs, and has had a purpose-built conference centre—the Brighton Centre—since 1977. Direct income from the Brighton Centre's 160 events per year is £8 million,[note 5] and a further £50 million is generated indirectly by visitors spending money during their stay. Events range from political party conferences to concerts.[90]

 
 
The Hollingbury Industrial Estate has large industrial, commercial and retail buildings such as Sussex House (left) and Exion 27 (right).

The Hollingbury Industrial Estate is one of the largest such facilities in Brighton; in its early days about 6,000 people were employed, principally in industrial jobs, but in the late 20th and early 21st centuries its focus has switched to commercial and retail development,[91] limiting Brighton's potential for industrial growth. Brighton Corporation laid out the estate on 18 acres (7.3 ha) of land around Crowhurst Road in 1950. By 1956, large-scale employment was provided at a bakery, a typewriter factory and a machine tools manufacturer among others. Most of the large factories closed during the recessions of the 1980s and 1990s, employment fell to 1,000, and structural changes started in the mid-1980s with a move towards small-scale industrial units (the Enterprise Estate was finished in October 1985) and then retail warehouses. Asda's superstore opened in November 1987, MFI followed two years later, and other retail units were built in the 1990s.[92] Two large headquarters buildings were vacated in quick succession when British Bookshops left in March 2011[93] and The Argus newspaper moved out of its headquarters in 2012—although the Brighton & Hove Bus and Coach Company signed a contract to move its 1,250 employees into the latter building.[94]

Brighton has a high density of businesses involved in the media sector, particularly digital or "new media", and since the 1990s has been referred to as "Silicon Beach".[95] By 2007, over 250 new media business had been founded in Brighton. Brandwatch is a social media monitoring company based in offices near Brighton station. Computer game design company Black Rock Studio was founded in 1998 and was taken over by Disney Interactive Studios,[83][95] who closed it down in 2011.[96] The Gamer Network, whose portfolio of websites relating to computer gaming (including Eurogamer) and creative industries was founded in 1999, is based in Brighton.[97]

By the early 21st century, the market for office accommodation in the city was characterised by fluctuating demand and a lack of supply of high-quality buildings. As an example, the Trafalgar Place development (c. 1990), "now considered a prime office location", stood partly empty for a decade.[98] Exion 27 (built in 2001), a high-tech, energy-efficient office development at Hollingbury, remained empty for several years and is still not in commercial use: it houses some administrative departments of the University of Brighton. It was Brighton's first ultramodern commercial property and was intended for mixed commercial and industrial use, but its completion coincided with a slump in demand for high-tech premises.[99][100]

Retail and shopping

Brighton is well known for the great shopping, with a high number of independent shops, which add to the character of the city.

Walking from Brighton station towards the seafront, first, is the North Laine area, stretching from Trafalgar Street, Kensington Gardens, Sydney Street, Gardner Street and Bond Street and is mostly pedestrianised. The North Laine area is a retail, leisure and the residential area immediately north of the Lanes. Its name derives from the Anglo-Saxon "Laine" meaning "fields", although the misnomer "North Lanes" is often used to describe the area. The North Laine contains a mix of businesses dominated by cafés, bars, theatres, and over 400 shops independent and avant-garde shops including an erotic shop and indoor flea markets.

 
The Lanes is a tourist attraction occupied by small independent shops.

The Lanes which is characterised by a labyrinth of narrow alleyways form a retail, leisure and residential area near the seafront, following the street pattern of the original fishing village. The Lanes contain predominantly clothing stores, jewellers, antique shops, restaurants and pubs.

Churchill Square is a shopping centre with a floor space of 470,000 sq ft (44,000 m2) and over 80 shops, several restaurants and 1,600 car-parking spaces.[101] It was built in the 1960s as an open-air, multi-level pedestrianised shopping centre, but was rebuilt and enlarged in 1998 and is no longer open-air. Further retail areas include Western Road and London Road, the latter of which is undergoing extensive regeneration in the form of new housing and commercial properties.[102]

There are two weekly flea market / bootfairs in Brighton on Sunday mornings, one at Brighton Marina on the top open-air level of the carpark, and another at Brighton Racecourse.

Landmarks

Main articles: Buildings and architecture of Brighton and Hove, List of landmarks and buildings of Brighton and Hove, Grade I listed buildings in Brighton and Hove, and Grade II*listed buildings in Brighton and Hove
 
Palace Pier at dusk

The Royal Pavilion, a Grade I listed building,[103] is a former royal palace built as a home for the Prince Regent during the early 19th century, under the direction of the architect John Nash. It is notable for its Indo-Saracenic architecture and Oriental interior. Other Indo-Saracenic buildings in Brighton include the Sassoon Mausoleum, now, with the bodies reburied elsewhere, in use as a chic supper club.

Brighton Marine Palace and Pier (long known as the Palace Pier) opened in 1899, it was meant to be a replacement for the Royal Suspension Chain Pier, but became a pleasure pier instead. It features a funfair, restaurants and arcade halls.[104] The West Pier was built in 1866 and is one of only two Grade I listed piers in the United Kingdom; it has been closed since 1975. For some time it was under consideration for restoration, but two fires in 2003, and other setbacks, led to these plans being abandoned.[105] Nevertheless, publicity material presented in question-and-answer form during the building of the British Airways i360 observation tower (see below) maintained that the building of the tower would not prove prejudicial to the eventual restoration of the pier. The first of Brighton's 3 piers was the Royal Suspension Chain Pier, which was destroyed in a storm in 1896. All that remains of the pier are small lumps of wood and stone, which are only visible at low tide. It was primarily intended as a landing stage for packet boats to Dieppe, France, but it also featured a small number of attractions including a camera obscura.

The i360, an observation tower located at the shore end of the West Pier, opened on 4 August 2016.[106] At 162 m (531 ft) high, and with an observation pod rising to 138 m (453 ft), it is Britain's highest observation tower outside London – taller even than the London Eye.[107] With a diameter of 12.7 ft (3.9 m), it is also the thinnest tower in the world, with a height-to-width ratio of 41.15 to one.[108]

Brighton Clock Tower, built in 1888 for Queen Victoria's jubilee,[109] stands at the intersection of Brighton's busiest thoroughfares.

Volk's Electric Railway runs along the inland edge of the beach from Palace Pier to Black Rock and Brighton Marina. It was created in 1883 and is the world's oldest operating electric railway.[110]

The Grand Hotel was built in 1864. The Brighton hotel bombing occurred there. Its nighttime blue lighting is particularly prominent along the foreshore.[111]

Churches and other places of worship

Further information: List of places of worship in Brighton and Hove
 
St Nicholas Church, Brighton's original parish church (April 2018)

St Nicholas Church may be the oldest building in Brighton (the Domesday Book records the presence of an Anglo-Saxon church, valued at £12)[112] and is commonly known as "The Mother Church".[113] Other notable Anglican churches include the very tall (the highest church interior in Britain) brick-built St Bartholomew's (1874) designed by the architect Edmund Scott;[114] St Peter's (1828); and St Martin's (1875), noted for its ornate interior. Brighton's Quakers run the Friends Meeting House in the Lanes.[115] There is an active Unitarian community based in a Grade II listed building in New Road.[116] Brighton has six listed Roman Catholic churches; St John the Baptist's Church (1835) in Kemptown is the earliest surviving Roman Catholic church in the city.[117]

Brighton and Hove has five synagogues: New Church Road Synagogue; Holland Road Synagogue; Brighton and Hove Progressive Synagogue; Brighton and Hove Reform Synagogue; and Middle Street Synagogue. The Middle Street Synagogue is a Grade II listed building built in 1874–75; it is being gradually restored by English Heritage. There are also several mosques[118] and Buddhist centres.[119]

Beaches

 
Brighton Beach, looking from the Palace Pier eastwards. The spiral tower is a Zip line ride. (June 2018)
 
Cliff Beach, Britain's first naturist beach

Brighton has a 5.4 mi (8.7 km) expanse of shingle beach,[66] part of the unbroken 8 mi (13 km) section within the city limits.[note 6] Neighbouring Hove is known for its hundreds of painted timber beach huts, but brick-walled chalets are also available on Brighton seafront, especially towards Rottingdean and Saltdean.[120] Especially east of the Palace Pier, a flat sandy foreshore is exposed at low tide.[66] The Palace Pier section of the beach has been awarded blue flag status.[121] Part of the beach adjoining Madeira Drive, to the east of the city centre, has been redeveloped into a sports complex and opened to the public in March 2007, with courts for pursuits such as beach volleyball and ultimate Frisbee among others.

The city council owns all the beaches, which are divided into named sections by groynes—the first of which were completed in 1724. Eastwards from the Hove boundary, the names are Boundary, Norfolk, Bedford, Metropole, Grand (referring to the four hotels with those names), Centre, King's, Old Ship, Volk's, Albion, Palace Pier, Aquarium, Athina (where the MS Athina B ran aground), Paston, Banjo, Duke's, Cliff, Crescent and Black Rock. Cliff Beach is a nudist beach.[122] Beyond Black Rock, the cliffs (part of the Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs Site of Special Scientific Interest) rise to more than 100 ft (30 m) and there are three small beaches at Ovingdean Gap, Rottingdean Gap and Saltdean Gap. All are connected by the Undercliff Walk,[66] which has been affected by several cliff falls since 2000.[123]

Since the demolition in 1978 of the Black Rock open-air lido at the eastern end of Brighton's seafront, the area has been developed and now features one of Europe's largest marinas. However, the site of the pool itself remains empty except for a skate park and graffiti wall. Since 2003 a series of developments have been proposed but have come to nothing, including housing, a five-star hotel with a winter garden, and an 11,000-seat sports arena.[124]

The seafront is also home to many restaurants, sports facilities, amusement arcades, nightclubs and bars.[125]

Liz Williams Butterfly Haven

 
Small blue butterfly in the Liz Williams Butterfly Haven on a horseshoe vetch flower

The Liz Williams Butterfly haven (TQ 309 072) is a purpose-built area that has been created to attract and provide a habitat for butterflies. It is situated between Dorothy Stringer and Varndean College, north of Stringer Way. It was the brainchild of Dr Dan Danahar with funding from the BBC, in conjunction with the National Lottery, through the Breathing Places scheme.[126] This site was created between 2006 and 2007, and by September 2008 the late Liz Williams, botanist, had recorded 97 wildflower species and 10 species of grass. This was an order of magnitude increase in the floral diversity of the site within one year. As a tribute to her work, the site will be renamed the Liz Williams Butterfly Haven during 2011.[126] Since its creation to 2021 an amazing twenty seven species of butterfly have been recorded here including Adonis blue, chalkhill blue, green hairstreak, dingy and chequered skipper.[127]

The Woodvale Cemeteries

Main article: Cemeteries and crematoria in Brighton and Hove

Woodvale (TQ 326 056) is actually five linked cemeteries that cover the western side of Race Hill. The cemeteries are east of Lewes Road and either side of Bear Road. Their cultural significance and importance to wildlife to the city were described evocatively by the Sussex field naturalist, David Bangs (p. 303).

"They are a profoundly peaceful place of little woods and glades, sunny banks and shady paths. They have become, in the last 150 years, reservoirs for much of the wildlife of the surrounding countryside. Some of the big beech trees down in Woodvale are as old as the cemeteries. The marbles, limestones, and granites of the memorials are a detective story for geologists. Yaffles call across the trees. The rare greater horseshoe bat has hibernated in the funerary buildings. Badgers pit the mossy turf in their search for earthworms, and violet and celandine cheer the turf in early spring"[128]

Culture

Cafes and restaurants

Brighton is characterised by small dining establishments and independent coffeehouses. Brighton has about 250 restaurants.[129]

Media

Brighton receives news and television programmes from BBC South East and ITV Meridian from the Whitehawk Hill transmitting station.

Cinema

For a more comprehensive list, see List of films set in Brighton.
 
Odeon Kingswest on Brighton seafront opened in 1973.

Brighton featured in a number of popular movies including Carry on at Your Convenience (1971), Quadrophenia (1979), The End of the Affair (1999), Wimbledon (2004), MirrorMask (2005), Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging (2008), The Young Victoria (2009), Brighton Rock (2010 and 1947) and The Boat that Rocked (2009).[130]

The Duke of York's Picturehouse,[131] dating from 1910,[132] was opened by Violet Melnotte-Wyatt. It is the country's oldest purpose-built cinema and was Brighton's first Electric Bioscope, which still operates as an arthouse cinema. The Duke of York's Picturehouse expanded in 2012, adding two additional screens in a different location. The company now occupies the upstairs of Komedia, situated on Gardner Street, central Brighton.[133] There are two multiplex cinemas, the Odeon on North Street and Cineworld in the Marina.[132]

Festivals and rallies

Main articles: Brighton Festival and Brighton Fringe
 
Brighton Pride 2014 bus

Each May the city hosts the Brighton Festival and Brighton Fringe, the second largest arts festival in the UK (after Edinburgh). This includes processions such as the Children's Parade, outdoor spectaculars often involving pyrotechnics, and theatre, music and visual arts in venues throughout the city, some brought into this use exclusively for the festival. The earliest feature of the festival, the Artists' Open Houses, are homes of artists and craftspeople opened to the public as galleries, and usually selling the work of the occupants. Since 2002, these have been organised independently of the official Festival and Fringe.[citation needed]

Brighton Fringe runs alongside Brighton Festival, and has grown to be one of the largest fringe festivals in the world.[134] Together with the street performers from Brighton Festival's "Streets of Brighton" events, and the Royal Mile-esque outdoor performances that make up "Fringe City", outdoor spectacles and events more than double during May.[135]

In 1974, the city was host to the 19th Eurovision Song Contest on 6 April 1974, where ABBA won in the Brighton Dome with their song Waterloo.[136]

Other festivals include The Great Escape, featuring three nights of live music in venues across the city; the Soundwaves Festival in June, which shows classical music composed in the 21st Century, and involves both amateur and professional performers; Paddle Round the Pier; Brighton Live which each September stages a week of free gigs in pubs to show local bands; Burning the Clocks, a winter solstice celebration; Brighton Digital Festival, annually exploring digital technology and culture; and Brighton Pride, the first of its kind in the UK,[137] which attracts 450,000 to the city over the Pride weekend.[138] Disability Pride Brighton promotes acceptance and visibility for area residents who are disabled.[139][140][141][142]

The Kemptown area has its own small annual street festival, the Kemptown Carnival, and the Hanover area similarly has a "Hanover Day".

 
"The Big Beach Boutique II": over 250,000 watched Fatboy Slim (July 2002).

Local resident Fatboy Slim has put on three "Big Beach Boutique" shows, in 2002,[143] 2006[144] and 2008.[145] An inaugural White Nights (Nuit Blanche) all-night arts festival took place in October 2008 and continued for 4 years until it was postponed in 2012 due to a lack of European funding.[146] 2009 saw the first Brighton Zine Fest[147] celebrating zine and DIY culture within the city.

 
Seafront display of Minis after a London-to-Brighton drive

Brighton is the terminus of a number of London-to-Brighton rides and runs, such as the veteran car run and bike ride. Transport rallies are also hosted on the seafront. Groups of mods and rockers still bring their scooters and motorbikes to the city, but their gatherings are now much more sedate than the violent 1960s confrontations depicted in Quadrophenia.

Food and drink related festivals include the traditional Blessing of the Fisheries, where barbecued mackerel are eaten on the beach and the more recent Fiery Foods Chilli Festival.[148] There is also a twice-yearly general food festival.[149] The main Sussex beer festival is held in nearby Hove, and there is a smaller beer festival in the Hanover area.

Brighton is the home of the UK's first Walk of Fame which celebrates the many rich and famous people associated with the city.[150]

LGBT community

Main article: LGBT community of Brighton and Hove
 
Rainbow flags in St James's Street, Kemptown

The lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) community in Brighton is one of the largest and most prominent in the UK, and Brighton has been named the "gay capital of the UK".[151] There is record of LGBT history in the city dating to the 19th century.[152] Many LGBT pubs, clubs, bars and shops are located around Brighton and in particular around St James's Street in Kemptown, including Club Revenge.[153][154] Several LGBT charities, publishers, social and support groups are also based in the city. Brighton Pride is usually celebrated at the start of August.[155][156]

Museums and galleries

Further information: List of landmarks and notable buildings of Brighton and Hove

Brighton museums include Brighton Museum & Art Gallery, which forms part of the pavilion Preston Manor, Booth Museum of Natural History, Brighton Toy and Model Museum, and Brighton Fishing Museum, which includes artefacts from the West Pier. The Royal Pavilion is also open to the public, serving as a museum to the British Regency.

Brighton has many galleries,[157] including the Brighton Centre for Contemporary Arts (Brighton CCA) based at the University of Brighton, Phoenix Art Space, and ONCA.

Night-life and popular music

Brighton has many night-life hotspots[158] and is associated with popular musicians including Fatboy Slim, Omar, Kirk Brandon, Tim Booth, Nick Cave, David Van Day from Dollar, Adam Freeland, Orbital and Robert Smith. Live music venues include the Concorde2,[159] Brighton Centre and the Brighton Dome, where ABBA received a substantial boost to their career when they won the Eurovision Song Contest 1974. Many events and performance companies operate in the city. Brighton also has the most electronic music events in the UK.[160] Brighton is also host to The Great Escape music festival every May. Brighton has produced several successful bands and music artists including Beats International, Norman Cook, Carl Cox, Dave Clarke, Krafty Kuts, Ed Solo, Evil Nine, Electrelane, Frazier Chorus, Peter and the Test Tube Babies, the Levellers, The Maccabees, Electric Soft Parade, British Sea Power, the Eighties Matchbox B-Line Disaster, The Xcerts, Architects, The Go! Team, Royal Blood, The Kooks, Freemasons, Blood Red Shoes, Lovejoy, Birdeatsbaby and Rizzle Kicks. Brighton is also home to several independent record labels. The second half of 1973 rock opera Quadrophenia by The Who takes place at Brighton Beach.

Theatre

 
The Theatre Royal presents a range of West End and touring musicals and plays, along with performances of opera and ballet.

Theatres include the Brighton Dome and associated Pavilion Theatre, the expanded Komedia (primarily a comedy and music venue but also a theatre), the Old Market which was renovated and re-opened in 2010 and the Theatre Royal[161] which celebrated its 200th anniversary in 2007. The Attenborough Centre for the Creative arts is nearby, part of the University of Sussex campus. There are also smaller theatres such as the Marlborough Theatre, the New Venture, and the Brighton Little Theatre. The city has the purpose built Brighton Open Air Theatre, or B•O•A•T, which opened for the Brighton Festival in May 2015.[162]

Parks

Stanmer Park sits on the northern edge of Brighton and extends into the South Downs. The largest urban park in the city is Preston Park and The Level was recently developed. Other parks include East Brighton Park, Queen's Park and Wild Park.[163]

Education

The University of Brighton has been part of the city of Brighton & Hove since 1859, starting as a school of art in the kitchens of the Royal Pavilion.[164] It was granted university status in 1992,[165] and now has a student population of around 18,000 of which 79 per cent are undergraduates.[166] The university is based on four campuses - City campus in the heart of Brighton; Falmer campus set in the South Downs; Moulsecoomb campus on Lewes Road and Eastbourne campus.[167]

The University of Sussex, established in 1961 as the first of the plate-glass universities, is a campus research intensive university between Stanmer Park and Falmer, four miles (6 km) from the city centre. The university is home to the Institute of Development Studies and the Science Policy Research Unit, amongst over 40 other established research centres, and has been ranked first in the world for Development studies by the World University Rankings.[168][169][170] Served by trains (to Falmer railway station) and 24-hour buses, it has a student population of around 20,000 students of which about a quarter are postgraduates.[171] The university has been ranked 41st in the UK by the Complete University Guide in its 2022 rankings[172] and 246th in the world by the World University Rankings of 2021.[173]

In 2001 the music college BIMM (British and Irish Modern Music Institute) opened in Brighton under the name The Brighton Institute of Modern Music. The college has approximately 1500 students across Brighton, its degree courses at BIMM are validated by the University of Sussex and diploma courses are taught at the Brighton Aldridge Community Academy. Notable alumni have included James Bay, The Kooks and Tom Odell. Since the college opened it has expanded to become Europe's largest music college with 6500 students studying at eight campuses across Europe including Bristol, London, Manchester, Berlin, Dublin, Hamburg and Birmingham.

In 2003, the universities of Brighton and Sussex formed a medical school, known as Brighton and Sussex Medical School. The school was one of four new medical schools to be created as part of a government programme to increase the number of NHS doctors. The school is based at the University of Sussex campus and works closely with the Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust.

Brighton & Hove City Council is responsible for 80 schools, of which 54 are in Brighton.[174]

A range of non-university courses for students over 16, mainly in vocational education subjects, is provided at the further education college, Greater Brighton Metropolitan College (previously City College). More academic subjects can be studied by 16–18-year-olds at Brighton Hove & Sussex Sixth Form College (BHASVIC) in the Seven Dials area. Varndean College in North Brighton occupies a commanding position. The 1920s building is celebrated for its façade and internal quads. The college offers academic A levels, The International Baccalaureate and vocational courses.

As Brighton is home to public universities and colleges, it also home to private colleges such as Hove College located near the County Cricket Ground, the college was established in 1977 and offers higher educational courses such as vocational, certificate, professional, diploma and Advanced Diploma qualifications and has a close partnership with the University of Brighton.

There are state schools and some faith schools. Notable state schools include[175] Longhill High School, Varndean School, Patcham High School, Dorothy Stringer School, Blatchington Mill School and Sixth Form College, Hove Park School, Brighton Aldridge Community Academy and Kings School Hove.

There are a number of independent schools, including Brighton College, Roedean School, Steiner School, BHHS and a Montessori School. As with the state schools, some independents are faith-based; Torah Academy, the last Jewish primary school, became a Pre-K/Nursery School at the end of the 2007. The Brighton Institute of Modern Music, a fully accredited music college, opened in 2001 and has since expanded to five locations throughout Britain.[176]

Brighton has been ranked a top 10 student city in the UK, by QS rankings.[177]

Sport

 
Brighton Marina

Brighton & Hove Albion Football Club is the city's professional association football team. After playing at the Goldstone Ground for 95 years, the club spent 2 years ground-sharing 70 miles away at Gillingham F.C. before returning to the town as tenants of the Withdean Stadium.[178] At the start of the 2011–12 season the club moved permanently to Falmer Stadium, a Premier League level stadium colloquially known as 'the Amex'. Notable achievements include winning promotion to the Football League First Division in 1979 and staying there for 4 seasons. They reached the 1983 FA Cup Final drawing 2–2 with Manchester United before losing in the replay 5 days later. The 2017–18 football season saw Brighton's debut in the Premier League after a win against Wigan Athletic guaranteed automatic promotion to the top flight.[179]

Whitehawk Football Club is a semi-professional association football club based in a suburb in east Brighton.[180] They play in the Isthmian League South East having won promotion three times in the space four years between 2009 and 2013, before getting relegated twice in quick succession in the 2017–18 and 2018–19 season. Games are played at The Enclosed Ground,[180] which is set into the South Downs close to Brighton Marina.

Brighton Football Club (RFU) is one of the oldest Rugby Clubs in England founded in 1868 before the RFU. They currently play in the Premier division of London and South-East RFU League.[181] Brighton was chosen as one of the 13 Rugby World Cup 2015 host cities,[182] with two games being played at the 30,750 capacity Falmer Stadium. (Although it was named the "Brighton Community Stadium" throughout the tournament for sponsorship reasons.) One of the two games played was one of the biggest shocks in the history of Rugby Union,[183] with Japan defeating South Africa 34 points to 32, with a try in the dying minutes of the game. The other game was between Samoa and the United States.

Brighton & Hove Hockey Club is a large hockey club that train and play their matches at Blatchington Mill School. The men's 1XI gained promotion in 2013 to the England Hockey League system, Conference East.[184]

Sussex County Cricket Club play at Eaton Road in Hove.[citation needed]

Motoring events take place on Madeira Drive, a piece of roadway on Brighton's seafront, throughout the year. It was originally constructed to host what is commonly held to be the world's oldest motor race, the Brighton Speed Trials, which has been running since 1905. The event is organised by the Brighton and Hove Motor Club and normally takes place on the second Saturday in September each year.[citation needed]

Brighton has a horse-racing course, Brighton Racecourse, with the unusual feature that when the full length of the course is to be used, some of the grass turf of the track has to be laid over the tar at the top of Wilson Avenue, a public road, which therefore has to be closed for the races. A greyhound racing circuit – the Brighton & Hove Greyhound Stadium – in Hove is run by Coral, at which Motorcycle speedway racing was staged in 1928.[citation needed]

Brighton Sailing Club has been operating since the 1870s.[citation needed]

The Brighton and Hove Pétanque Club runs an annual triples, doubles and singles competition, informal KOs, winter and summer league, plus Open competitions with other clubs. The club is affiliated to Sussex Pétanque, the local region of the English Pétanque Association, so they can also play at a Regional and National level. The Peace Statue terrain is the official pétanque terrain situated on the seafront near the West Pier.[185]

Brighton has two competitive swimming clubs: Brighton SC[186] formed in 1860 claims to be the oldest swimming club in England; and Brighton Dolphin SC[187] was formed in 1891 as Brighton Ladies Swimming. Casual sea swimming is also a popular activity in Brighton, rising in popularity since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Amateur track cycling is held at the Preston Park Velodrome,[188] the oldest velodrome in the UK, built in 1877.

There are three recognised surfing breaks close to Brighton, including East of the Marina, by the West Pier and at Shoreham harbour.[189]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Brighton and Hove
 
The Brighton Main Line railway (left) and A23 road link Brighton with London.

Brighton has several railway stations, many bus routes, coach services and taxis. A Rapid Transport System has been under consideration for some years.[190] Trolleybuses, trams, ferries and hydrofoil services have operated in the past.

Roads

Brighton is connected to the trunk road network by the A23 (London Road) northwards, and by two east–west routes: the A259 along the coast and the A27 trunk route inland which joins the M27 motorway near Portsmouth. The A23 joins the M23 motorway at Pease Pottage near Gatwick Airport.[191] The A27 originally ran through the urban area along Old Shoreham Road and Lewes Road, but it now follows the route of the Brighton Bypass (final section opened in 1992) and the old alignment has become the A270. A bypass was first proposed in 1932, six routes were submitted for approval in 1973, and the Department of the Environment published its recommended route in 1980. Public inquiries took place in 1983 and 1987, construction started in 1989 and the first section—between London Road at Patcham and the road to Devil's Dyke—opened in summer 1991.[192]

By 1985, there were about 5,000 parking spaces in central Brighton. The largest car parks are at London Road, King Street and the Churchill Square/Regency Road/Russell Road complex.[193] In 1969, a 520-space multi-storey car park was built beneath the central gardens of Regency Square.[193][194]

Railway

 
Brighton station concourse

Frequent trains operate from Brighton railway station. Many Brighton residents commute to work in London[195] and destinations include London Victoria, London Bridge and St Pancras International. Most trains serve Gatwick Airport and those operated by Thameslink continue to St Albans, Luton, Luton Airport Parkway and Bedford. The fastest service from London Victoria takes 51 minutes.[196] The West Coastway Line serves stations to Hove, Worthing, Portsmouth and Southampton; the East Coastway Line runs via Lewes to Newhaven, Eastbourne and Hastings, crossing the landmark London Road viaduct en route and providing "a dramatic high-level view" of Brighton.[196] A wider range of long-distance destinations was served until 2007–08 when rationalisation caused the ending of InterCity services via Kensington (Olympia) and Reading to Birmingham, Manchester and Edinburgh.[196] Twice-daily long-distance services to Bristol and Great Malvern are operated by Great Western Railway via the West Coastway Line.

Buses

Until deregulation in 1986, bus services in Brighton were provided by Southdown Motor Services and Brighton Borough Transport under a joint arrangement called Brighton Area Transport Services. Southdown were part of the nationalised NBC group and were based at Freshfield Road in the Kemptown area; Brighton Borough Transport were owned by the council and used the former tram depot at Lewes Road as their headquarters. Joint tickets were available and revenue was shared.[197] The Brighton & Hove Bus Company, owned by the Go-Ahead Group since 1993, now runs most bus services in Brighton. It has a fleet of about 280 buses.[198] Compass Travel, The Big Lemon, Metrobus, Stagecoach South operate services to central Brighton. The city had 1,184 bus stops in 2012, 456 of which had a shelter.[199] Real-time travel information displays are provided at many stops.[198]

 
A Brighton & Hove bus service to East Moulsecoomb

The only park and ride facility in Brighton is based at the Withdean Stadium. It does not offer a dedicated shuttle bus service: intending passengers must join the Brighton & Hove Bus Company's route 27 service to Saltdean—which travels via Brighton railway station, the Clock Tower and Old Steine—and pay standard fares.[200] The 20-year City Plan released in January 2013 ruled out an official park-and-ride facility, stating it would be an "inefficient use of public money, particularly in an era of declining car use." Councillors and residents in Woodingdean and Rottingdean have claimed that streets and car parks in those areas have become unofficial park-and-ride sites: drivers park for free and take buses into the city centre.[201]

Air

Shoreham Airport, which offers chartered and scheduled flights using light aircraft,[202] is 9 mi (14 km) west of Brighton near the town of Shoreham-by-Sea. In 1971, the borough councils of Worthing, Hove and Brighton bought it and operated it jointly as a municipal airport,[191][203] but since 2006 it has been privately owned.[204] Gatwick Airport, one of Britain's major international airports, is 30 mi (48 km) north on the A23; regular coach and rail services operate from Brighton.[191]

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ For statistical purposes, Brighton and Hove are grouped together. The larger conurbation also includes Worthing and Littlehampton.
  2. ^ De Tabe Glandulari, sive, De usu aquæ marinæ in morbis glandularum dissertatio (1750); translated into English in 1753 as Glandular Diseases, or a Dissertation on the Use of Sea Water in the Affections of the Glands.[25]
  3. ^ The name was documented as Poole in 1296 and 1497.[58]
  4. ^ Area of the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove.[70]
  5. ^ 2009 figures.[90]
  6. ^ Until the extension of Brighton's boundaries to include Rottingdean and Saltdean in 1928, the coastline between the Hove and Rottingdean parish boundaries measured 2.2 mi (3.5 km).[66]

References

Citations

  1. ^ OS Explorer map 122: Brighton and Hove. Scale: 1:25 000. Publisher:Ordnance Survey – Southampton B2 edition. Publishing date: 2009. ISBN 978-0319240816
  2. ^ "City Deal; The beginning of a great city region". Brighton and Hove City Council. from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  3. ^ "Sorry Bristol, Brighton is probably the best city in the UK – Metro News". Metro. 25 March 2014. from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  4. ^ Petridis, Alexis (19 May 2010). "Is Brighton Britain's hippest city?". The Guardian. from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  5. ^ . Sky News. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d e Salzman, L. F., ed. (1940). "A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 7 – The Rape of Lewes. The Borough of Brighton". Victoria County History of Sussex. British History Online. pp. 244–263. from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  7. ^ a b c d Collis 2010, p. 44.
  8. ^ Leslie & Short 1999, pp. 32–33.
  9. ^ Collis 2010, p. 39.
  10. ^ . J D Wetherspoon plc. 2009–2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  11. ^ . University of Sussex. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  12. ^ Dale 1950, pp. 10, 34.
  13. ^ Antram & Morrice 2008, p. 3.
  14. ^ a b Carder 1990, §. 16.
  15. ^ Sampson 1994, p. 56.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Carder 1990, §. 17.
  17. ^ . Brighton and Hove City Council. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on 26 October 2009.
  19. ^ Current Archaeology, 13 March 2014, . Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2014.. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  20. ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Parker MS) (E-text) 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Seldon 2002, Ch. 2.
  22. ^ Musgrave 1981, p. 21.
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Sources

Works cited
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  • Sampson, Mark (1994). Brighton: History and Guide. Stroud: Alan Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-0476-6.
  • Seldon, Anthony (2002). Brave New City: Brighton & Hove Past, Present, Future. Lewes: Pomegranate Press. ISBN 978-0-9542587-1-9.
General references
  • Robinson, L.J. (1966). The Lanes of Brighton: a Brief Account of the Origins of the Ancient Town of Brighthelmstone. Brighton: The Southern Publishing Co.
  • s.n. (1998). A selection of notes on the History of Hove and Brighton including a History of Hove street names and early maps of Hove. Brighton: Brighton & Hove Libraries.
  • The Daniel Wakeford song "It's a wonderful city" is filmed in the center of Brighton City, and often mentions Brighton with the phrase 'I'm in the Brighton'.

External links

 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Brighton (England)".
  • "Brighton & Hove City Council". Retrieved 20 August 2007.
  • "VisitBrighton".

February 03, 2023
brighton, this, article, about, seaside, resort, england, other, uses, disambiguation, seaside, resort, main, areas, city, hove, county, east, sussex, england, located, south, london, city, hoveclockwise, from, seafront, looking, west, from, palace, pier, jubi. This article is about the seaside resort in England For other uses see Brighton disambiguation Brighton ˈ b r aɪ t en is a seaside resort and one of the two main areas of the City of Brighton and Hove in the county of East Sussex England It is located 47 mi 76 km south of London 1 BrightonCity of Brighton and HoveClockwise from top Brighton seafront looking west from Brighton Palace Pier the Jubilee Clock Tower Brighton Palace Pier the Royal Pavilion the i360 observation towerBrightonLocation within East SussexShow map of East SussexBrightonLocation within EnglandShow map of EnglandBrightonLocation within the United KingdomShow map of the United KingdomBrightonBrighton Europe Show map of EuropeCoordinates 50 49 15 N 00 08 15 W 50 82083 N 0 13750 W 50 82083 0 13750 Coordinates 50 49 15 N 00 08 15 W 50 82083 N 0 13750 W 50 82083 0 13750Sovereign stateUnited KingdomConstituent countryEnglandRegionSouth East EnglandCeremonial countyEast SussexHistoric countySussexUnitary authorityBrighton and HoveAdmin HQHove Town HallTown charter1313Incorporated1854Unitary authority1997City status2000Government TypeUnitary authority Governing bodyBrighton and Hove City Council LeaderPhelim Mac Cafferty Green MayorLizzie Deane MPsLloyd Russell Moyle Labour Kemptown Caroline Lucas Green Pavilion Area Total31 97 sq mi 82 79 km2 Population 2021 Total277 103 ranked 57th Brighton and Hove pop Density8 660 sq mi 3 345 km2 DemonymBrightonianTime zoneUTC0 GMT Summer DST UTC 1 BST Postcode areaBNArea code01273ISO 3166 2GB BNHONS code00ML ONS E06000043 GSS OS grid referenceTQ315065NUTS 3UKJ21PoliceSussexFireEast SussexAmbulanceSouth East CoastWebsitewww wbr brighton hove wbr gov wbr ukArchaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates back to the Bronze Age Roman and Anglo Saxon periods The ancient settlement of Brighthelmstone was documented in the Domesday Book 1086 The town s importance grew in the Middle Ages as the Old Town developed but it languished in the early modern period affected by foreign attacks storms a suffering economy and a declining population Brighton began to attract more visitors following improved road transport to London and becoming a boarding point for boats travelling to France The town also developed in popularity as a health resort for sea bathing as a purported cure for illnesses In the Georgian era Brighton developed as a highly fashionable seaside resort encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent later King George IV who spent much time in the town and constructed the Royal Pavilion in the Regency era Brighton continued to grow as a major centre of tourism following the arrival of the railways in 1841 becoming a popular destination for day trippers from London Many of the major attractions were built in the Victorian era including the Grand Hotel the Hilton Brighton Metropole the Palace Pier and the West Pier The town continued to grow into the 20th century expanding to incorporate more areas into the town s boundaries before joining Hove to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove in 1997 which was granted city status in 2000 2 Today Brighton and Hove district has a resident population of about 277 103 and the wider Brighton and Hove conurbation has a population of 474 485 2011 census note 1 Brighton s location has made it a popular destination for tourists renowned for its diverse communities quirky shopping areas large and vibrant cultural music and arts scene and its large LGBT population leading to its recognition as the unofficial gay capital of the UK and as of the 2021 census 10 7 of the population of Brighton and Hove over the age of 18 identify as gay lesbian or bisexual the highest percentage in the entire UK 3 Brighton has been called the UK s hippest city 4 and the happiest place to live in the UK 5 Contents 1 Toponymy 2 History 3 Demography 3 1 Religion 3 2 Homelessness 4 Geography 4 1 Climate 4 2 Boundaries and areas 5 Governance and politics 6 Economy 6 1 Commerce and industry 6 2 Retail and shopping 7 Landmarks 7 1 Churches and other places of worship 7 2 Beaches 7 3 Liz Williams Butterfly Haven 7 4 The Woodvale Cemeteries 8 Culture 8 1 Cafes and restaurants 8 2 Media 8 3 Cinema 8 4 Festivals and rallies 8 5 LGBT community 8 6 Museums and galleries 8 7 Night life and popular music 8 8 Theatre 8 9 Parks 9 Education 10 Sport 11 Transport 11 1 Roads 11 2 Railway 11 3 Buses 11 4 Air 12 Notable people 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 15 1 Citations 15 2 Sources 16 External linksToponymy EditThe earliest attestation of Brighton s name is Bristelmestune recorded in the Domesday Book Although more than 40 variations have been documented Brighthelmstone or Brighthelmston was the standard rendering between the 14th and 18th centuries 6 7 Brighton was originally an informal shortened form first seen in 1660 it gradually supplanted the longer name and was in general use from the late 18th century although Brighthelmstone remained the town s official name until 1810 7 The name is of Anglo Saxon origin Most scholars believe that it derives from Beorthelm tun the homestead of Beorthelm a common Old English name associated with villages elsewhere in England 7 The tun element is common in Sussex especially on the coast although it occurs infrequently in combination with a personal name 8 An alternative etymology taken from the Old English words for stony valley is sometimes given but has less acceptance 7 Brighthelm gives its name to among other things a church 9 a pub in Brighton 10 some halls of residence at the University of Sussex 11 Writing in 1950 historian Antony Dale noted that unnamed antiquaries had suggested an Old English word brist or briz meaning divided could have contributed the first part of the historic name Brighthelmstone The town was originally split in half by the Wellesbourne a winterbourne which was culverted and buried in the 18th century 12 Brighton has several nicknames Poet Horace Smith called it The Queen of Watering Places which is still widely used 13 and Old Ocean s Bauble 14 Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray referred to Doctor Brighton calling the town one of the best of Physicians London by the Sea is well known reflecting Brighton s popularity with Londoners as a day trip resort a commuter dormitory and a desirable destination for those wanting to move out of the metropolis The Queen of Slaughtering Places a pun on Smith s description became popular when the Brighton trunk murders came to the public s attention in the 1930s 14 The mid 19th century nickname School Town referred to the remarkable number of boarding charity and church schools in the town at the time 15 History EditMain article History of Brighton See also Timeline of Brighton The first settlement in the Brighton area was Whitehawk Camp a Neolithic encampment on Whitehawk Hill which has been dated to between 3500 BC and 2700 BC 16 It is one of six causewayed enclosures in Sussex Archaeologists have only partially explored it but have found numerous burial mounds tools and bones suggesting it was a place of some importance 17 There was also a Bronze Age settlement at Coldean Brythonic Celts arrived in Britain in the 7th century BC 16 and an important Brythonic settlement existed at Hollingbury Castle on Hollingbury Hill This Celtic Iron Age encampment dates from the 3rd or 2nd century BC and is circumscribed by substantial earthwork outer walls with a diameter of c 1 000 ft 300 m Cissbury Ring roughly 10 mi 16 km from Hollingbury is suggested to have been the tribal capital 18 Later there was a Roman villa at Preston Village a Roman road from London ran nearby and much physical evidence of Roman occupation has been discovered locally 16 From the 1st century AD the Romans built a number of villas in Brighton and Romano British Brythonic Celts formed farming settlements in the area 19 After the Romans left in the early 4th century AD the Brighton area returned to the control of the native Celts Anglo Saxons then invaded in the late 5th century AD and the region became part of the Kingdom of Sussex founded in 477 AD by king AElle 20 Anthony Seldon identified five phases of development in pre 20th century Brighton 21 The village of Bristelmestune was founded by these Anglo Saxon invaders probably in the early Saxon period They were attracted by the easy access for boats sheltered areas of raised land for building and better conditions compared to the damp cold and misty Weald to the north 22 By the time of the Domesday survey in 1086 it was a fishing and agricultural settlement a rent of 4 000 herring was established and its population was about 400 6 16 By the 14th century there was a parish church a market and rudimentary law enforcement the first town constable was elected in 1285 23 Sacked and burnt by French invaders in the early 16th century the earliest depiction of Brighton a painting of c 1520 shows Admiral Pregent de Bidoux s attack of June 1514 the town recovered strongly based on a thriving mackerel fishing industry 24 The grid of streets in the Old Town the present Lanes area were well developed and the town grew quickly the population rose from c 1 500 in 1600 to c 4 000 in the 1640s 16 By that time Brighton was Sussex s most populous and important town 24 Over the next few decades though events severely affected its local and national standing such that by 1730 it was a forlorn town decidedly down on its luck This quote needs a citation More foreign attacks storms especially the devastating Great Storm of 1703 a declining fishing industry and the emergence of nearby Shoreham as a significant port caused its economy to suffer 24 By 1708 other parishes in Sussex were charged rates to alleviate poverty in Brighton and Daniel Defoe wrote that the expected 8 000 cost of providing sea defences was more than the whole town was worth The population declined to 2 000 in the early 18th century 16 From the 1730s Brighton entered its second phase of development one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes The contemporary fad for drinking and bathing in seawater as a purported cure for illnesses was enthusiastically encouraged by Dr Richard Russell from nearby Lewes He sent many patients to take the cure in the sea at Brighton published a popular treatise note 2 on the subject and moved to the town soon afterwards the Royal Albion one of Brighton s early hotels occupies the site of his house 26 Others were already visiting the town for recreational purposes before Russell became famous and his actions coincided with other developments which made Brighton more attractive to visitors From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France road transport to London was improved 27 when the main road via Crawley was turnpiked in 1770 28 and spas and indoor baths were opened by other entrepreneurial physicians such as Sake Dean Mahomed and Anthony Relhan who also wrote the town s first guidebook 27 Royal Pavilion by Augustus Pugin 1824 Brighton The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Distance by Frederick William Woledge 1840 From 1780 the development of the Georgian terraces had started and the fishing village developed as the fashionable resort of Brighton The growth of the town was further encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent later King George IV after his first visit in 1783 29 He spent much of his leisure time in the town and constructed the Royal Pavilion during the early part of his Regency In this period the modern form of the name Brighton came into common use 30 A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Preston Barracks in 1793 31 It was rebuilt in 1830 Photochrom of Brighton aquarium 1890 1900 The population increased rapidly throughout the 19th century from 7 339 in 1801 to 46 661 in 1841 32 and by 1901 the population had reached more than 120 000 33 The arrival of the London and Brighton Railway in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day trippers from London Many of the major attractions were built during the Victorian era such as the Grand Hotel 1864 the West Pier 1866 and the Palace Pier 1899 Prior to either of these structures the famous Chain Pier was built to the designs of Captain Samuel Brown It lasted from 1823 to 1896 and is featured in paintings by both Turner and Constable 34 Because of boundary changes the land area of Brighton expanded from 1 640 acres 7 km2 in 1854 to 14 347 acres 58 km2 in 1952 35 New housing estates were established in the acquired areas including Moulsecoomb Bevendean Coldean and Whitehawk The major expansion of 1928 also incorporated the villages of Patcham Ovingdean and Rottingdean and much council housing was built in parts of Woodingdean after the Second World War By the 1970s the town had acquired a reputation as a retirement destination with an elderly population 36 However this was reversed in the 1990s as gentrification saw Brighton regain the fashionable status it held in the 18th and 19th centuries In 1997 the town of Brighton and its neighbouring town Hove were joined to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove which was granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II as part of the millennium celebrations in 2000 37 Demography EditSee also Brighton and Hove Census and Brighton and Hove built up area As of 2017 update the Brighton and Hove district of which Brighton is the largest area has an estimated resident population of 277 103 residents 38 It is ranked the 57th most populous district in England Compared to the national average Brighton has fewer children and old residents but a large proportion of adults aged 20 44 39 Brighton has long had an LGBT friendly history In a 2014 estimate 11 15 per cent of the city s population aged 16 or over is thought to be lesbian gay or bisexual 40 The city also had the highest percentage of same sex households in the UK in 2004 41 and the largest number of civil partnership registrations outside London in 2013 42 Religion Edit Brighton is identified as one of the least religious places in the UK based upon analysis of the 2011 census which revealed that 42 per cent of the population profess no religion far higher than the national average of 25 per cent 43 Brighton has been described as the UK s most Godless city 44 The largest religion is Christianity with 43 per cent reporting an affiliation The second largest religion is Islam with 2 2 per cent which is lower than the national average 43 As part of the Jedi census phenomenon in 2001 2 6 per cent claimed their religion was Jedi Knight the largest percentage in the country 45 Homelessness Edit See also Homelessness in the United Kingdom In December 2021 new data released by Shelter revealed that one in 78 people in Brighton and Hove are homeless 46 The report also records the city as having the third highest rate of homelessness in England with London claiming the top spot followed by Luton 47 In a previous charity report issued in November 2016 three areas in Brighton amp Hove East Brighton Queen s Park and Moulsecoomb amp Bevendean ranked in the top ten per cent nationally for deprivation 48 Rough sleepers tents in Brighton s Castle Square Although deprivation in Brighton is distributed across the city it is more concentrated in some areas The highest concentration is in the Whitehawk Moulsecoomb and Hollingbury areas but is also found around the St James s Street and Eastern Road areas 49 50 A 2015 government statistic showed that the area around Brighton s Palace Pier roundabout and to the east towards St James s Street in Kemptown is the seventh worst living environment in England 51 On 19 January 2017 Brighton council announced they were looking at certain initiatives to try to alleviate some of the increasing homelessness seen on Brighton s streets and were hoping to open the first in house temporary housing for homeless people in the city 52 Homelessness figures released by Crisis in December 2018 reported a record high in the UK with figures in Sussex including Brighton and Hove reported as being high 53 54 At a meeting of the full B amp H Council on 25 March 2021 Brighton and Hove became the first UK City to adopt the Homeless Bill of Rights 55 The bill was passed by 31 votes to 11 with 7 abstentions 56 Geography Edit To the east of Brighton chalk cliffs protected by a sea wall rise from the beach The underground Wellesbourne can rise to the surface during heavy rain as in November 2000 when it flooded the London Road in Preston village Brighton lies between the South Downs and the English Channel to the north and south respectively The Sussex coast forms a wide shallow bay between the headlands of Selsey Bill and Beachy Head Brighton developed near the centre of this bay around a seasonal river the Wellesbourne or Whalesbone which flowed from the South Downs above Patcham 6 57 This emptied into the English Channel at the beach near the East Cliff forming the natural drainage point for Brighton 58 Behind the estuary was a stagnant pond called the Pool or Poole so named since the medieval era note 3 This was built over with houses and shops from 1793 when the Wellesbourne was culverted to prevent flooding 58 59 and only the name of the road Pool Valley originally Pool Lane 60 marks its site One original house survives from the time of the pool s enclosure 6 Behind Pool Valley is Old Steine historically The Steyne originally a flat and marshy area where fishermen dried their nets The Wellesbourne occasionally reappears during times of prolonged heavy rain author Mark Antony Lower referred to an early 19th century drawing of the Royal Pavilion showing quite a pool of water across the Steyne 61 Despite 16th century writer Andrew Boorde s claim that Bryght Hempston is among the noble ports and havens of the realm 62 Brighton never developed as a significant port rather it was considered as part of Shoreham Nevertheless the descriptions Port of Brighthelmston or Port of Brighton were sometimes used between the 14th and 19th centuries as for example in 1766 when its notional limits were defined for customs purposes 63 The East Cliff runs for several miles from Pool Valley towards Rottingdean and Saltdean reaching 24 m 80 ft above sea level The soil beneath it a mixture of alluvium and clay with some flint and chalk rubble has experienced erosion for many years 64 The cliff itself like the rest of Brighton s soil is chalk 6 Below this are thin layers of Upper and Lower Greensand separated by a thicker band of Gault clay 65 The land slopes upwards gradually from south to north towards the top of the Downs Main transport links developed along the floor of the Wellesbourne valley from which the land climbs steeply particularly on the east side The earliest settlement was by the beach at the bottom of the valley 57 which was partly protected from erosion by an underwater shale bar Changes in sea level affected the foreshore several times 40 acres 16 ha disappeared in the first half of the 14th century 66 and the Great Storm of 1703 caused widespread destruction The first sea defences were erected in 1723 66 and a century later a long sea wall was built 64 Brighton seafront from the Palace Pier Climate Edit See also Climate of the United Kingdom Brighton has a temperate climate its Koppen climate classification is Cfb It is characterised by cool summers and cool winters with frequent cloudy and rainy periods 67 Average rainfall levels increase as the land rises the 1958 1990 mean was 740 mm 29 in on the seafront and about 1 000 mm 39 in at the top of the South Downs above Brighton 67 Storms caused serious damage in 1703 1806 1824 1836 1848 1850 1896 1910 and 1987 Heavy snow is rare but particularly severe falls were recorded in 1881 and 1967 67 Climate data for BrightonMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage high C F 8 46 8 46 9 49 12 53 16 60 19 66 22 71 22 72 18 65 15 59 11 52 9 48 14 57 Average low C F 3 38 3 38 4 40 6 43 9 48 12 53 14 58 14 58 12 54 9 49 6 43 4 40 8 47 Average precipitation mm inches 88 3 5 60 2 4 51 2 0 58 2 3 56 2 2 50 2 0 54 2 1 62 2 4 67 2 6 105 4 1 103 4 1 97 3 8 851 33 5 Source Met Office citation needed Average sea temperature 68 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year9 2 C 48 6 F 8 7 C 47 7 F 8 2 C 46 8 F 9 6 C 49 3 F 11 4 C 52 5 F 13 6 C 56 5 F 15 4 C 59 7 F 16 9 C 62 4 F 17 3 C 63 1 F 16 3 C 61 3 F 14 7 C 58 5 F 12 0 C 53 6 F 12 8 C 55 0 F Boundaries and areas Edit Date from Parish area 69 c 11th century 1 640 acres 660 ha 31 October 1873 1 640 acres 660 ha 1 October 1923 1 640 acres 660 ha 1 April 1928 12 503 acres 5 060 ha 1 April 1952 14 347 acres 5 806 ha 31 March 1972 15 041 acres 6 087 ha 1 April 1993 15 140 acres 6 130 ha 1 April 1997 note 4 21 632 acres 8 754 ha At the time of the Domesday survey in 1086 Brighton was in the Rape of Lewes and the Hundred of Welesmere The new Hundred of Whalesbone which covered the parishes of Brighton West Blatchington Preston and Hove was formed in 1296 Parishes moved in and out several times and by 1801 only Brighton and West Blatchington were included in the Hundred 71 In its original form Brighton parish covered about 1 640 acres 660 ha between the English Channel Hove Preston Ovingdean and Rottingdean The borough but not the civil parish was first extended from 31 October 1873 when 905 acres 366 ha was annexed from Preston civil parish In 1894 the part outside the borough became Preston Rural civil parish and Preston civil parish continued in the borough On 1 April 1889 Brighton became a county borough On 1 October 1923 94 acres 38 ha were added to Brighton borough and to Preston civil parish from Patcham parish Brighton Corporation was developing the Moulsecoomb estate there at the time On 1 April 1928 Brighton civil parish was extended to include Preston civil parish On the same date the borough grew by nearly five times by adding Ovingdean and Rottingdean parishes in their entirety and parts of Falmer Patcham and West Blatchington it also exchanged small parts with Hove municipal borough All the areas added to the borough became part of Brighton civil parish 72 From 1 April 1952 more of Falmer and part of the adjacent Stanmer parish were added 20 years later land and marine territory associated with the new Brighton Marina development also became part of Brighton Except for a small addition of rural land in 1993 from Pyecombe parish Brighton Borough s boundaries remained the same until it was joined to Hove Borough in 1997 to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove 70 The old boundary between Brighton and Hove is most clearly seen on the seafront where the King Edward Peace Statue 1912 straddles the border and in a twitten called Boundary Passage which runs northwards from Western Road to Montpelier Road 73 There is a Grade II listed parish boundary marker stone in this passageway 74 Between Western Road and the seafront the boundary runs up Little Western Street pavement on eastern side in Brighton but it is not visible 73 Northwards from Western Road it runs to the west of Norfolk Road Norfolk Terrace Windlesham Road and Windlesham Gardens in the Montpelier area then along the south side of Davigdor Road to Seven Dials From there it runs along the west side of Dyke Road as far as Withdean Road in Withdean at which point it crosses Dyke Road so that the section north of that is part of Hove parish The boundary continues to follow Dyke Road towards Devil s Dyke on the South Downs 75 Governance and politics EditSee also Public services in Brighton and Hove Brighton Pavilion MP Caroline Lucas is the only Green MP in the UK Parliament Brighton is covered by two constituencies in the Parliament of the United Kingdom Brighton Kemptown and Brighton Pavilion In the 2017 general election Brighton Kemptown elected the Labour MP Lloyd Russell Moyle replacing a Conservative MP he was re elected in the 2019 general election In the 2010 general election Brighton Pavilion elected Caroline Lucas the first and only Green Party MP she was re elected in 2015 2017 and again at the 2019 general election with an increased majority There are 21 wards in the city of Brighton and Hove of which 12 are in Brighton Regency St Peter s amp North Laine Preston Park Withdean Patcham Hollingdean amp Stanmer and Hanover amp Elm Grove are part of the Brighton Pavilion constituency Moulsecoomb amp Bevendean Queen s Park East Brighton Woodingdean and Rottingdean Coastal are covered by the Brighton Kemptown constituency 76 The newly created Borough of Brighton consisted of six wards in 1854 St Nicholas St Peter Pier Park Pavilion and West When the territory was extended to include part of Preston parish in 1873 the new area became a seventh ward named Preston The seven were split into 14 in 1894 Hanover Kemp Town renamed King s Cliff in 1908 Lewes Road Montpelier Pavilion Pier Preston Preston Park Queen s Park Regency St John St Nicholas St Peter and West Preston ward was extended in 1923 to incorporate the area taken into the borough from Patcham parish in 1923 for the construction of the Moulsecoomb estate and in 1928 the ward was divided into four Hollingbury Moulsecoomb Preston and Preston Park Elm Grove and Patcham wards were created at the same time bringing the total to 19 There were further changes in 1952 1955 and 1983 at which time there were 16 wards 77 This situation continued until 1 April 1997 when Hove and its wards became part of the new unitary authority of Brighton and Hove 78 Brighton Town Hall dates from 1830 Brighton Town Hall occupies a large site in the Lanes Medieval Brighthelmston had a town hall although it was called the Townhouse and functioned more like a market hall A later building 1727 known as the Town Hall was principally used as a workhouse Work on the first purpose built town hall began in 1830 Thomas Read Kemp laid the first stone and Thomas Cooper designed it on behalf of the Brighton Town Commissioners of which he was a member Brighton Corporation spent 40 000 to extend it in 1897 99 to the Classical design of Brighton Borough Surveyor Francis May Despite this the building was too small for municipal requirements by the mid 20th century and extra council buildings were built in locations throughout Brighton Borough Council s existence the most recent Bartholomew House and Priory House next to the town hall were finished in 1987 79 80 The town hall ceased to be responsible solely for Brighton s affairs when Brighton and Hove were united in 1997 but it is still used by Brighton amp Hove City Council particularly for weddings and civil ceremonies 81 The presence of a British subsidiary of the United States arms company EDO Corporation on the Home Farm Industrial Estate in Moulsecoomb has been the cause of protests since 2004 The premises were significantly damaged in January 2009 when protesters broke in 82 Economy EditIn 1985 the Borough Council described three myths about Brighton s economy Common beliefs were that most of the working population commuted to London every day that tourism provided most of Brighton s jobs and income or that the borough s residents were composed entirely of wealthy theatricals and retired business people rather than workers 36 Brighton has been an important centre for commerce and employment since the 18th century It is home to several major companies some of which employ thousands of people locally as a retail centre it is of regional importance creative digital and new media businesses are increasingly significant and although Brighton was never a major industrial centre its railway works contributed to Britain s rail industry in the 19th and 20th centuries particularly in the manufacture of steam locomotives Since the amalgamation of Brighton and Hove economic and retail data has been produced at a citywide level only Examples of statistics include Brighton and Hove s tourism industry contributes 380m to the economy and employs 20 000 people directly or indirectly the city has 9 600 registered companies and a 2001 report identified it as one of five supercities for the future 83 In the past couple of years tourists to Brighton and Hove have fallen in numbers Over 2016 day visitors to Brighton and Hove dropped by an average of 2 400 per day 84 85 In August 2017 new figures for the year showed Brighton s tourism had fallen by a further 1 per cent on the previous year 86 Commerce and industry Edit Events at the Brighton Centre are important to Brighton s economy Brighton s largest private sector employer is American Express whose European headquarters are at John Street 87 As of 2012 about 3 000 people work there 88 Planning permission to demolish the old Amex offices and build a replacement was granted in 2009 and work started in March 2010 Other major employers include Lloyds Bank Legal amp General Asda which has hypermarkets at Hollingbury and Brighton Marina Brighton amp Hove Bus and Coach Company and call centre operator Inkfish 83 In 2012 it was reported that about 1 500 of Gatwick Airport s 21 000 workers lived in the city of Brighton and Hove 89 Brighton is a popular destination for conferences exhibitions and trade fairs and has had a purpose built conference centre the Brighton Centre since 1977 Direct income from the Brighton Centre s 160 events per year is 8 million note 5 and a further 50 million is generated indirectly by visitors spending money during their stay Events range from political party conferences to concerts 90 The Hollingbury Industrial Estate has large industrial commercial and retail buildings such as Sussex House left and Exion 27 right The Hollingbury Industrial Estate is one of the largest such facilities in Brighton in its early days about 6 000 people were employed principally in industrial jobs but in the late 20th and early 21st centuries its focus has switched to commercial and retail development 91 limiting Brighton s potential for industrial growth Brighton Corporation laid out the estate on 18 acres 7 3 ha of land around Crowhurst Road in 1950 By 1956 large scale employment was provided at a bakery a typewriter factory and a machine tools manufacturer among others Most of the large factories closed during the recessions of the 1980s and 1990s employment fell to 1 000 and structural changes started in the mid 1980s with a move towards small scale industrial units the Enterprise Estate was finished in October 1985 and then retail warehouses Asda s superstore opened in November 1987 MFI followed two years later and other retail units were built in the 1990s 92 Two large headquarters buildings were vacated in quick succession when British Bookshops left in March 2011 93 and The Argus newspaper moved out of its headquarters in 2012 although the Brighton amp Hove Bus and Coach Company signed a contract to move its 1 250 employees into the latter building 94 Brighton has a high density of businesses involved in the media sector particularly digital or new media and since the 1990s has been referred to as Silicon Beach 95 By 2007 over 250 new media business had been founded in Brighton Brandwatch is a social media monitoring company based in offices near Brighton station Computer game design company Black Rock Studio was founded in 1998 and was taken over by Disney Interactive Studios 83 95 who closed it down in 2011 96 The Gamer Network whose portfolio of websites relating to computer gaming including Eurogamer and creative industries was founded in 1999 is based in Brighton 97 By the early 21st century the market for office accommodation in the city was characterised by fluctuating demand and a lack of supply of high quality buildings As an example the Trafalgar Place development c 1990 now considered a prime office location stood partly empty for a decade 98 Exion 27 built in 2001 a high tech energy efficient office development at Hollingbury remained empty for several years and is still not in commercial use it houses some administrative departments of the University of Brighton It was Brighton s first ultramodern commercial property and was intended for mixed commercial and industrial use but its completion coincided with a slump in demand for high tech premises 99 100 Retail and shopping Edit Brighton is well known for the great shopping with a high number of independent shops which add to the character of the city Walking from Brighton station towards the seafront first is the North Laine area stretching from Trafalgar Street Kensington Gardens Sydney Street Gardner Street and Bond Street and is mostly pedestrianised The North Laine area is a retail leisure and the residential area immediately north of the Lanes Its name derives from the Anglo Saxon Laine meaning fields although the misnomer North Lanes is often used to describe the area The North Laine contains a mix of businesses dominated by cafes bars theatres and over 400 shops independent and avant garde shops including an erotic shop and indoor flea markets The Lanes is a tourist attraction occupied by small independent shops The Lanes which is characterised by a labyrinth of narrow alleyways form a retail leisure and residential area near the seafront following the street pattern of the original fishing village The Lanes contain predominantly clothing stores jewellers antique shops restaurants and pubs Churchill Square is a shopping centre with a floor space of 470 000 sq ft 44 000 m2 and over 80 shops several restaurants and 1 600 car parking spaces 101 It was built in the 1960s as an open air multi level pedestrianised shopping centre but was rebuilt and enlarged in 1998 and is no longer open air Further retail areas include Western Road and London Road the latter of which is undergoing extensive regeneration in the form of new housing and commercial properties 102 There are two weekly flea market bootfairs in Brighton on Sunday mornings one at Brighton Marina on the top open air level of the carpark and another at Brighton Racecourse Landmarks EditMain articles Buildings and architecture of Brighton and Hove List of landmarks and buildings of Brighton and Hove Grade I listed buildings in Brighton and Hove and Grade II listed buildings in Brighton and Hove Palace Pier at dusk The Royal Pavilion a Grade I listed building 103 is a former royal palace built as a home for the Prince Regent during the early 19th century under the direction of the architect John Nash It is notable for its Indo Saracenic architecture and Oriental interior Other Indo Saracenic buildings in Brighton include the Sassoon Mausoleum now with the bodies reburied elsewhere in use as a chic supper club Brighton Marine Palace and Pier long known as the Palace Pier opened in 1899 it was meant to be a replacement for the Royal Suspension Chain Pier but became a pleasure pier instead It features a funfair restaurants and arcade halls 104 The West Pier was built in 1866 and is one of only two Grade I listed piers in the United Kingdom it has been closed since 1975 For some time it was under consideration for restoration but two fires in 2003 and other setbacks led to these plans being abandoned 105 Nevertheless publicity material presented in question and answer form during the building of the British Airways i360 observation tower see below maintained that the building of the tower would not prove prejudicial to the eventual restoration of the pier The first of Brighton s 3 piers was the Royal Suspension Chain Pier which was destroyed in a storm in 1896 All that remains of the pier are small lumps of wood and stone which are only visible at low tide It was primarily intended as a landing stage for packet boats to Dieppe France but it also featured a small number of attractions including a camera obscura The i360 an observation tower located at the shore end of the West Pier opened on 4 August 2016 106 At 162 m 531 ft high and with an observation pod rising to 138 m 453 ft it is Britain s highest observation tower outside London taller even than the London Eye 107 With a diameter of 12 7 ft 3 9 m it is also the thinnest tower in the world with a height to width ratio of 41 15 to one 108 Brighton Clock Tower built in 1888 for Queen Victoria s jubilee 109 stands at the intersection of Brighton s busiest thoroughfares Volk s Electric Railway runs along the inland edge of the beach from Palace Pier to Black Rock and Brighton Marina It was created in 1883 and is the world s oldest operating electric railway 110 The Grand Hotel was built in 1864 The Brighton hotel bombing occurred there Its nighttime blue lighting is particularly prominent along the foreshore 111 Churches and other places of worship Edit Further information List of places of worship in Brighton and Hove St Nicholas Church Brighton s original parish church April 2018 St Nicholas Church may be the oldest building in Brighton the Domesday Book records the presence of an Anglo Saxon church valued at 12 112 and is commonly known as The Mother Church 113 Other notable Anglican churches include the very tall the highest church interior in Britain brick built St Bartholomew s 1874 designed by the architect Edmund Scott 114 St Peter s 1828 and St Martin s 1875 noted for its ornate interior Brighton s Quakers run the Friends Meeting House in the Lanes 115 There is an active Unitarian community based in a Grade II listed building in New Road 116 Brighton has six listed Roman Catholic churches St John the Baptist s Church 1835 in Kemptown is the earliest surviving Roman Catholic church in the city 117 Brighton and Hove has five synagogues New Church Road Synagogue Holland Road Synagogue Brighton and Hove Progressive Synagogue Brighton and Hove Reform Synagogue and Middle Street Synagogue The Middle Street Synagogue is a Grade II listed building built in 1874 75 it is being gradually restored by English Heritage There are also several mosques 118 and Buddhist centres 119 Beaches Edit Brighton Beach looking from the Palace Pier eastwards The spiral tower is a Zip line ride June 2018 Cliff Beach Britain s first naturist beach Brighton has a 5 4 mi 8 7 km expanse of shingle beach 66 part of the unbroken 8 mi 13 km section within the city limits note 6 Neighbouring Hove is known for its hundreds of painted timber beach huts but brick walled chalets are also available on Brighton seafront especially towards Rottingdean and Saltdean 120 Especially east of the Palace Pier a flat sandy foreshore is exposed at low tide 66 The Palace Pier section of the beach has been awarded blue flag status 121 Part of the beach adjoining Madeira Drive to the east of the city centre has been redeveloped into a sports complex and opened to the public in March 2007 with courts for pursuits such as beach volleyball and ultimate Frisbee among others The city council owns all the beaches which are divided into named sections by groynes the first of which were completed in 1724 Eastwards from the Hove boundary the names are Boundary Norfolk Bedford Metropole Grand referring to the four hotels with those names Centre King s Old Ship Volk s Albion Palace Pier Aquarium Athina where the MS Athina B ran aground Paston Banjo Duke s Cliff Crescent and Black Rock Cliff Beach is a nudist beach 122 Beyond Black Rock the cliffs part of the Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs Site of Special Scientific Interest rise to more than 100 ft 30 m and there are three small beaches at Ovingdean Gap Rottingdean Gap and Saltdean Gap All are connected by the Undercliff Walk 66 which has been affected by several cliff falls since 2000 123 Since the demolition in 1978 of the Black Rock open air lido at the eastern end of Brighton s seafront the area has been developed and now features one of Europe s largest marinas However the site of the pool itself remains empty except for a skate park and graffiti wall Since 2003 a series of developments have been proposed but have come to nothing including housing a five star hotel with a winter garden and an 11 000 seat sports arena 124 The seafront is also home to many restaurants sports facilities amusement arcades nightclubs and bars 125 Liz Williams Butterfly Haven Edit Small blue butterfly in the Liz Williams Butterfly Haven on a horseshoe vetch flower The Liz Williams Butterfly haven TQ 309 072 is a purpose built area that has been created to attract and provide a habitat for butterflies It is situated between Dorothy Stringer and Varndean College north of Stringer Way It was the brainchild of Dr Dan Danahar with funding from the BBC in conjunction with the National Lottery through the Breathing Places scheme 126 This site was created between 2006 and 2007 and by September 2008 the late Liz Williams botanist had recorded 97 wildflower species and 10 species of grass This was an order of magnitude increase in the floral diversity of the site within one year As a tribute to her work the site will be renamed the Liz Williams Butterfly Haven during 2011 126 Since its creation to 2021 an amazing twenty seven species of butterfly have been recorded here including Adonis blue chalkhill blue green hairstreak dingy and chequered skipper 127 The Woodvale Cemeteries Edit Main article Cemeteries and crematoria in Brighton and HoveWoodvale TQ 326 056 is actually five linked cemeteries that cover the western side of Race Hill The cemeteries are east of Lewes Road and either side of Bear Road Their cultural significance and importance to wildlife to the city were described evocatively by the Sussex field naturalist David Bangs p 303 They are a profoundly peaceful place of little woods and glades sunny banks and shady paths They have become in the last 150 years reservoirs for much of the wildlife of the surrounding countryside Some of the big beech trees down in Woodvale are as old as the cemeteries The marbles limestones and granites of the memorials are a detective story for geologists Yaffles call across the trees The rare greater horseshoe bat has hibernated in the funerary buildings Badgers pit the mossy turf in their search for earthworms and violet and celandine cheer the turf in early spring 128 Culture EditCafes and restaurants Edit Brighton is characterised by small dining establishments and independent coffeehouses Brighton has about 250 restaurants 129 Media Edit Brighton receives news and television programmes from BBC South East and ITV Meridian from the Whitehawk Hill transmitting station Cinema Edit For a more comprehensive list see List of films set in Brighton Odeon Kingswest on Brighton seafront opened in 1973 Brighton featured in a number of popular movies including Carry on at Your Convenience 1971 Quadrophenia 1979 The End of the Affair 1999 Wimbledon 2004 MirrorMask 2005 Angus Thongs and Perfect Snogging 2008 The Young Victoria 2009 Brighton Rock 2010 and 1947 and The Boat that Rocked 2009 130 The Duke of York s Picturehouse 131 dating from 1910 132 was opened by Violet Melnotte Wyatt It is the country s oldest purpose built cinema and was Brighton s first Electric Bioscope which still operates as an arthouse cinema The Duke of York s Picturehouse expanded in 2012 adding two additional screens in a different location The company now occupies the upstairs of Komedia situated on Gardner Street central Brighton 133 There are two multiplex cinemas the Odeon on North Street and Cineworld in the Marina 132 Festivals and rallies Edit Main articles Brighton Festival and Brighton Fringe Brighton Pride 2014 bus Each May the city hosts the Brighton Festival and Brighton Fringe the second largest arts festival in the UK after Edinburgh This includes processions such as the Children s Parade outdoor spectaculars often involving pyrotechnics and theatre music and visual arts in venues throughout the city some brought into this use exclusively for the festival The earliest feature of the festival the Artists Open Houses are homes of artists and craftspeople opened to the public as galleries and usually selling the work of the occupants Since 2002 these have been organised independently of the official Festival and Fringe citation needed Brighton Fringe runs alongside Brighton Festival and has grown to be one of the largest fringe festivals in the world 134 Together with the street performers from Brighton Festival s Streets of Brighton events and the Royal Mile esque outdoor performances that make up Fringe City outdoor spectacles and events more than double during May 135 In 1974 the city was host to the 19th Eurovision Song Contest on 6 April 1974 where ABBA won in the Brighton Dome with their song Waterloo 136 Other festivals include The Great Escape featuring three nights of live music in venues across the city the Soundwaves Festival in June which shows classical music composed in the 21st Century and involves both amateur and professional performers Paddle Round the Pier Brighton Live which each September stages a week of free gigs in pubs to show local bands Burning the Clocks a winter solstice celebration Brighton Digital Festival annually exploring digital technology and culture and Brighton Pride the first of its kind in the UK 137 which attracts 450 000 to the city over the Pride weekend 138 Disability Pride Brighton promotes acceptance and visibility for area residents who are disabled 139 140 141 142 The Kemptown area has its own small annual street festival the Kemptown Carnival and the Hanover area similarly has a Hanover Day The Big Beach Boutique II over 250 000 watched Fatboy Slim July 2002 Local resident Fatboy Slim has put on three Big Beach Boutique shows in 2002 143 2006 144 and 2008 145 An inaugural White Nights Nuit Blanche all night arts festival took place in October 2008 and continued for 4 years until it was postponed in 2012 due to a lack of European funding 146 2009 saw the first Brighton Zine Fest 147 celebrating zine and DIY culture within the city Seafront display of Minis after a London to Brighton drive Brighton is the terminus of a number of London to Brighton rides and runs such as the veteran car run and bike ride Transport rallies are also hosted on the seafront Groups of mods and rockers still bring their scooters and motorbikes to the city but their gatherings are now much more sedate than the violent 1960s confrontations depicted in Quadrophenia Food and drink related festivals include the traditional Blessing of the Fisheries where barbecued mackerel are eaten on the beach and the more recent Fiery Foods Chilli Festival 148 There is also a twice yearly general food festival 149 The main Sussex beer festival is held in nearby Hove and there is a smaller beer festival in the Hanover area Brighton is the home of the UK s first Walk of Fame which celebrates the many rich and famous people associated with the city 150 LGBT community Edit Main article LGBT community of Brighton and Hove Rainbow flags in St James s Street Kemptown The lesbian gay bisexual and trans LGBT community in Brighton is one of the largest and most prominent in the UK and Brighton has been named the gay capital of the UK 151 There is record of LGBT history in the city dating to the 19th century 152 Many LGBT pubs clubs bars and shops are located around Brighton and in particular around St James s Street in Kemptown including Club Revenge 153 154 Several LGBT charities publishers social and support groups are also based in the city Brighton Pride is usually celebrated at the start of August 155 156 Museums and galleries Edit Further information List of landmarks and notable buildings of Brighton and Hove Brighton museums include Brighton Museum amp Art Gallery which forms part of the pavilion Preston Manor Booth Museum of Natural History Brighton Toy and Model Museum and Brighton Fishing Museum which includes artefacts from the West Pier The Royal Pavilion is also open to the public serving as a museum to the British Regency Brighton has many galleries 157 including the Brighton Centre for Contemporary Arts Brighton CCA based at the University of Brighton Phoenix Art Space and ONCA Night life and popular music Edit Brighton has many night life hotspots 158 and is associated with popular musicians including Fatboy Slim Omar Kirk Brandon Tim Booth Nick Cave David Van Day from Dollar Adam Freeland Orbital and Robert Smith Live music venues include the Concorde2 159 Brighton Centre and the Brighton Dome where ABBA received a substantial boost to their career when they won the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 Many events and performance companies operate in the city Brighton also has the most electronic music events in the UK 160 Brighton is also host to The Great Escape music festival every May Brighton has produced several successful bands and music artists including Beats International Norman Cook Carl Cox Dave Clarke Krafty Kuts Ed Solo Evil Nine Electrelane Frazier Chorus Peter and the Test Tube Babies the Levellers The Maccabees Electric Soft Parade British Sea Power the Eighties Matchbox B Line Disaster The Xcerts Architects The Go Team Royal Blood The Kooks Freemasons Blood Red Shoes Lovejoy Birdeatsbaby and Rizzle Kicks Brighton is also home to several independent record labels The second half of 1973 rock opera Quadrophenia by The Who takes place at Brighton Beach Theatre Edit The Theatre Royal presents a range of West End and touring musicals and plays along with performances of opera and ballet Theatres include the Brighton Dome and associated Pavilion Theatre the expanded Komedia primarily a comedy and music venue but also a theatre the Old Market which was renovated and re opened in 2010 and the Theatre Royal 161 which celebrated its 200th anniversary in 2007 The Attenborough Centre for the Creative arts is nearby part of the University of Sussex campus There are also smaller theatres such as the Marlborough Theatre the New Venture and the Brighton Little Theatre The city has the purpose built Brighton Open Air Theatre or B O A T which opened for the Brighton Festival in May 2015 162 Parks Edit Stanmer Park sits on the northern edge of Brighton and extends into the South Downs The largest urban park in the city is Preston Park and The Level was recently developed Other parks include East Brighton Park Queen s Park and Wild Park 163 Education EditThe University of Brighton has been part of the city of Brighton amp Hove since 1859 starting as a school of art in the kitchens of the Royal Pavilion 164 It was granted university status in 1992 165 and now has a student population of around 18 000 of which 79 per cent are undergraduates 166 The university is based on four campuses City campus in the heart of Brighton Falmer campus set in the South Downs Moulsecoomb campus on Lewes Road and Eastbourne campus 167 The University of Sussex established in 1961 as the first of the plate glass universities is a campus research intensive university between Stanmer Park and Falmer four miles 6 km from the city centre The university is home to the Institute of Development Studies and the Science Policy Research Unit amongst over 40 other established research centres and has been ranked first in the world for Development studies by the World University Rankings 168 169 170 Served by trains to Falmer railway station and 24 hour buses it has a student population of around 20 000 students of which about a quarter are postgraduates 171 The university has been ranked 41st in the UK by the Complete University Guide in its 2022 rankings 172 and 246th in the world by the World University Rankings of 2021 173 In 2001 the music college BIMM British and Irish Modern Music Institute opened in Brighton under the name The Brighton Institute of Modern Music The college has approximately 1500 students across Brighton its degree courses at BIMM are validated by the University of Sussex and diploma courses are taught at the Brighton Aldridge Community Academy Notable alumni have included James Bay The Kooks and Tom Odell Since the college opened it has expanded to become Europe s largest music college with 6500 students studying at eight campuses across Europe including Bristol London Manchester Berlin Dublin Hamburg and Birmingham In 2003 the universities of Brighton and Sussex formed a medical school known as Brighton and Sussex Medical School The school was one of four new medical schools to be created as part of a government programme to increase the number of NHS doctors The school is based at the University of Sussex campus and works closely with the Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust Brighton amp Hove City Council is responsible for 80 schools of which 54 are in Brighton 174 A range of non university courses for students over 16 mainly in vocational education subjects is provided at the further education college Greater Brighton Metropolitan College previously City College More academic subjects can be studied by 16 18 year olds at Brighton Hove amp Sussex Sixth Form College BHASVIC in the Seven Dials area Varndean College in North Brighton occupies a commanding position The 1920s building is celebrated for its facade and internal quads The college offers academic A levels The International Baccalaureate and vocational courses As Brighton is home to public universities and colleges it also home to private colleges such as Hove College located near the County Cricket Ground the college was established in 1977 and offers higher educational courses such as vocational certificate professional diploma and Advanced Diploma qualifications and has a close partnership with the University of Brighton There are state schools and some faith schools Notable state schools include 175 Longhill High School Varndean School Patcham High School Dorothy Stringer School Blatchington Mill School and Sixth Form College Hove Park School Brighton Aldridge Community Academy and Kings School Hove There are a number of independent schools including Brighton College Roedean School Steiner School BHHS and a Montessori School As with the state schools some independents are faith based Torah Academy the last Jewish primary school became a Pre K Nursery School at the end of the 2007 The Brighton Institute of Modern Music a fully accredited music college opened in 2001 and has since expanded to five locations throughout Britain 176 Brighton has been ranked a top 10 student city in the UK by QS rankings 177 Sport Edit Falmer Stadium home of Brighton amp Hove Albion Football Club Brighton Marina Brighton amp Hove Albion Football Club is the city s professional association football team After playing at the Goldstone Ground for 95 years the club spent 2 years ground sharing 70 miles away at Gillingham F C before returning to the town as tenants of the Withdean Stadium 178 At the start of the 2011 12 season the club moved permanently to Falmer Stadium a Premier League level stadium colloquially known as the Amex Notable achievements include winning promotion to the Football League First Division in 1979 and staying there for 4 seasons They reached the 1983 FA Cup Final drawing 2 2 with Manchester United before losing in the replay 5 days later The 2017 18 football season saw Brighton s debut in the Premier League after a win against Wigan Athletic guaranteed automatic promotion to the top flight 179 Whitehawk Football Club is a semi professional association football club based in a suburb in east Brighton 180 They play in the Isthmian League South East having won promotion three times in the space four years between 2009 and 2013 before getting relegated twice in quick succession in the 2017 18 and 2018 19 season Games are played at The Enclosed Ground 180 which is set into the South Downs close to Brighton Marina Brighton Football Club RFU is one of the oldest Rugby Clubs in England founded in 1868 before the RFU They currently play in the Premier division of London and South East RFU League 181 Brighton was chosen as one of the 13 Rugby World Cup 2015 host cities 182 with two games being played at the 30 750 capacity Falmer Stadium Although it was named the Brighton Community Stadium throughout the tournament for sponsorship reasons One of the two games played was one of the biggest shocks in the history of Rugby Union 183 with Japan defeating South Africa 34 points to 32 with a try in the dying minutes of the game The other game was between Samoa and the United States Brighton amp Hove Hockey Club is a large hockey club that train and play their matches at Blatchington Mill School The men s 1XI gained promotion in 2013 to the England Hockey League system Conference East 184 Sussex County Cricket Club play at Eaton Road in Hove citation needed Motoring events take place on Madeira Drive a piece of roadway on Brighton s seafront throughout the year It was originally constructed to host what is commonly held to be the world s oldest motor race the Brighton Speed Trials which has been running since 1905 The event is organised by the Brighton and Hove Motor Club and normally takes place on the second Saturday in September each year citation needed Brighton has a horse racing course Brighton Racecourse with the unusual feature that when the full length of the course is to be used some of the grass turf of the track has to be laid over the tar at the top of Wilson Avenue a public road which therefore has to be closed for the races A greyhound racing circuit the Brighton amp Hove Greyhound Stadium in Hove is run by Coral at which Motorcycle speedway racing was staged in 1928 citation needed Brighton Sailing Club has been operating since the 1870s citation needed The Brighton and Hove Petanque Club runs an annual triples doubles and singles competition informal KOs winter and summer league plus Open competitions with other clubs The club is affiliated to Sussex Petanque the local region of the English Petanque Association so they can also play at a Regional and National level The Peace Statue terrain is the official petanque terrain situated on the seafront near the West Pier 185 Brighton has two competitive swimming clubs Brighton SC 186 formed in 1860 claims to be the oldest swimming club in England and Brighton Dolphin SC 187 was formed in 1891 as Brighton Ladies Swimming Casual sea swimming is also a popular activity in Brighton rising in popularity since the outbreak of the COVID 19 pandemic Amateur track cycling is held at the Preston Park Velodrome 188 the oldest velodrome in the UK built in 1877 There are three recognised surfing breaks close to Brighton including East of the Marina by the West Pier and at Shoreham harbour 189 Transport EditMain article Transport in Brighton and Hove The Brighton Main Line railway left and A23 road link Brighton with London Brighton has several railway stations many bus routes coach services and taxis A Rapid Transport System has been under consideration for some years 190 Trolleybuses trams ferries and hydrofoil services have operated in the past Roads Edit Brighton is connected to the trunk road network by the A23 London Road northwards and by two east west routes the A259 along the coast and the A27 trunk route inland which joins the M27 motorway near Portsmouth The A23 joins the M23 motorway at Pease Pottage near Gatwick Airport 191 The A27 originally ran through the urban area along Old Shoreham Road and Lewes Road but it now follows the route of the Brighton Bypass final section opened in 1992 and the old alignment has become the A270 A bypass was first proposed in 1932 six routes were submitted for approval in 1973 and the Department of the Environment published its recommended route in 1980 Public inquiries took place in 1983 and 1987 construction started in 1989 and the first section between London Road at Patcham and the road to Devil s Dyke opened in summer 1991 192 By 1985 there were about 5 000 parking spaces in central Brighton The largest car parks are at London Road King Street and the Churchill Square Regency Road Russell Road complex 193 In 1969 a 520 space multi storey car park was built beneath the central gardens of Regency Square 193 194 Railway Edit Brighton station concourse Frequent trains operate from Brighton railway station Many Brighton residents commute to work in London 195 and destinations include London Victoria London Bridge and St Pancras International Most trains serve Gatwick Airport and those operated by Thameslink continue to St Albans Luton Luton Airport Parkway and Bedford The fastest service from London Victoria takes 51 minutes 196 The West Coastway Line serves stations to Hove Worthing Portsmouth and Southampton the East Coastway Line runs via Lewes to Newhaven Eastbourne and Hastings crossing the landmark London Road viaduct en route and providing a dramatic high level view of Brighton 196 A wider range of long distance destinations was served until 2007 08 when rationalisation caused the ending of InterCity services via Kensington Olympia and Reading to Birmingham Manchester and Edinburgh 196 Twice daily long distance services to Bristol and Great Malvern are operated by Great Western Railway via the West Coastway Line Buses Edit Until deregulation in 1986 bus services in Brighton were provided by Southdown Motor Services and Brighton Borough Transport under a joint arrangement called Brighton Area Transport Services Southdown were part of the nationalised NBC group and were based at Freshfield Road in the Kemptown area Brighton Borough Transport were owned by the council and used the former tram depot at Lewes Road as their headquarters Joint tickets were available and revenue was shared 197 The Brighton amp Hove Bus Company owned by the Go Ahead Group since 1993 now runs most bus services in Brighton It has a fleet of about 280 buses 198 Compass Travel The Big Lemon Metrobus Stagecoach South operate services to central Brighton The city had 1 184 bus stops in 2012 456 of which had a shelter 199 Real time travel information displays are provided at many stops 198 A Brighton amp Hove bus service to East Moulsecoomb The only park and ride facility in Brighton is based at the Withdean Stadium It does not offer a dedicated shuttle bus service intending passengers must join the Brighton amp Hove Bus Company s route 27 service to Saltdean which travels via Brighton railway station the Clock Tower and Old Steine and pay standard fares 200 The 20 year City Plan released in January 2013 ruled out an official park and ride facility stating it would be an inefficient use of public money particularly in an era of declining car use Councillors and residents in Woodingdean and Rottingdean have claimed that streets and car parks in those areas have become unofficial park and ride sites drivers park for free and take buses into the city centre 201 Air Edit Shoreham Airport which offers chartered and scheduled flights using light aircraft 202 is 9 mi 14 km west of Brighton near the town of Shoreham by Sea In 1971 the borough councils of Worthing Hove and Brighton bought it and operated it jointly as a municipal airport 191 203 but since 2006 it has been privately owned 204 Gatwick Airport one of Britain s major international airports is 30 mi 48 km north on the A23 regular coach and rail services operate from Brighton 191 Notable people EditArrDee British rapper Dave Greenfield musician Norman Cook Fatboy Slim DJ Peter James bestselling author The Prince Regent George IV royal Nick Cave musician Raymond Briggs illustrator Dora Bryan actress Joe Wilkinson comedian Rudyard Kipling author Charles Dickens author Maude Dickinson inventor Luke Cresswell percussionist Ben Hawes Triple Olympian PewDiePie Swedish YouTuber Philip Proudfoot anthropologist and politician Marzia Kjellberg Italian internet personality Joan Lazzarani sculptor musician intermedia performance artist Charles Leggett music cornetist Jacksepticeye Irish YouTuber Lewis Dunk footballer Frank Thewlis Methodist minister Zoella British YouTuber Pointlessblog British YouTuber KickThePj British Italian YouTuber and film producer Ben Thatcher musician Mike Kerr musician Anubis Finch Drag Queen Wilbur Soot British YouTuber and musician TommyInnit British YouTuber and streamer Bald and Bankrupt British travel vlogger David Pearce transhumanist philosopher Garnt Maneetapho Youtuber known online as Gigguk Johnny Wakelin musicianSee also Edit England portalList of people from Brighton and Hove The Argus Brighton Category Musicians from Brighton and Hove Brighton Borough Council elections for the political history of the former borough council which governed the town from 1974 to 1997 Notes Edit For statistical purposes Brighton and Hove are grouped together The larger conurbation also includes Worthing and Littlehampton De Tabe Glandulari sive De usu aquae marinae in morbis glandularum dissertatio 1750 translated into English in 1753 as Glandular Diseases or a Dissertation on the Use of Sea Water in the Affections of the Glands 25 The name was documented as Poole in 1296 and 1497 58 Area of the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove 70 2009 figures 90 Until the extension of Brighton s boundaries to include Rottingdean and Saltdean in 1928 the coastline between the Hove and Rottingdean parish boundaries measured 2 2 mi 3 5 km 66 References EditCitations Edit OS Explorer map 122 Brighton and Hove Scale 1 25 000 Publisher Ordnance Survey Southampton B2 edition Publishing date 2009 ISBN 978 0319240816 City Deal The beginning of a great city region Brighton and Hove City Council Archived from the original on 6 January 2016 Retrieved 14 September 2015 Sorry Bristol Brighton is probably the best city in the UK Metro News Metro 25 March 2014 Archived from the original on 28 July 2015 Retrieved 10 August 2015 Petridis Alexis 19 May 2010 Is Brighton Britain s hippest city The Guardian Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 Retrieved 10 August 2015 Brighton The Happiest Place In The UK Sky News Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 Retrieved 10 August 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Lewes East Sussex County Libraries ISBN 978 0 861 47315 1 Collis Rose 2010 The New Encyclopaedia of Brighton based on the original by Tim Carder 1st ed Brighton Brighton amp Hove Libraries ISBN 978 0 9564664 0 2 Dale Antony 1950 The History and Architecture of Brighton Brighton Bredin amp Heginbothom Ltd Dale Antony 1976 Brighton Town and Brighton People Chichester Phillimore amp Co ISBN 978 0 85033 219 3 Dale Antony 1986 1951 About Brighton A Guide to the Buildings and Byways of Brighton and Hove 2nd Revised ed Brighton The Regency Society of Brighton and Hove Gwynne Peter 1990 A History of Crawley 1st ed Chichester Phillimore amp Co ISBN 978 0 85033 718 1 Leslie Kim Short Brian eds 1999 An Historical Atlas of Sussex Chichester Phillimore amp Co ISBN 978 1 86077 112 5 Lower Mark Antony 1864 The Rivers of Sussex Part II Sussex Archaeological Collections 16 doi 10 5284 1085282 Mawer A Stenton F M Gover J E B 1930 The Place Names of Sussex Vol 2 Cambridge England Cambridge University Press Musgrave Clifford 1981 Life in Brighton Rochester Rochester Press ISBN 978 0 571 09285 7 Sampson Mark 1994 Brighton History and Guide Stroud Alan Sutton Publishing ISBN 978 0 7509 0476 6 Seldon Anthony 2002 Brave New City Brighton amp Hove Past Present Future Lewes Pomegranate Press ISBN 978 0 9542587 1 9 General referencesRobinson L J 1966 The Lanes of Brighton a Brief Account of the Origins of the Ancient Town of Brighthelmstone Brighton The Southern Publishing Co s n 1998 A selection of notes on the History of Hove and Brighton including a History of Hove street names and early maps of Hove Brighton Brighton amp Hove Libraries The Daniel Wakeford song It s a wonderful city is filmed in the center of Brighton City and often mentions Brighton with the phrase I m in the Brighton External links EditBrighton at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Travel information from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Brighton England Brighton amp Hove City Council Retrieved 20 August 2007 VisitBrighton Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brighton amp oldid 1136874287, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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