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Cult of personality

February 25, 2023

For a list of cults of personality, see List of cults of personality.
"Cult of Personality" redirects here. For the song by Living Colour, see Cult of Personality (song).

A cult of personality, or a cult of the leader,[1] is the result of an effort which is made to create an idealized and heroic image of a leader by a government, often through unquestioning flattery and praise. Historically, it has developed through techniques of mass media, propaganda, fake news, spectacle, the arts, patriotism, and government-organized demonstrations and rallies. A cult of personality is similar to apotheosis, except that it is established by modern social engineering techniques, usually by the state or the party in one-party states and dominant-party states. A cult of personality often accompanies the leader of a totalitarian or authoritarian countries. It can also be seen in some monarchies, theocracies, failed democracies and even in liberal democracies.

Soviet poster in Azerbaijani language featuring Stalin, 1938

Background

See also: Imperial cult
 
Augustus of Prima Porta, 1st century CE

Throughout history, monarchs and other heads of state were often held in enormous reverence and were thought to be endowed with super-human qualities. Through the principle of the divine right of kings, notably in medieval Europe, rulers were said to hold office by the will of God or the gods. Ancient Egypt, Imperial Japan, the Inca, the Aztecs, Tibet, Siam (now Thailand), and the Roman Empire are especially noted for redefining monarchs as "god-kings". Furthermore, the Imperial cult of ancient Rome identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority (auctoritas) of the Roman State.

The spread of democratic and secular ideas in Europe and North America in the 18th and 19th centuries made it increasingly difficult for monarchs to preserve this aura. However, the subsequent development of mass media, such as radio, enabled political leaders to project a positive image of themselves onto the masses as never before. It was from these circumstances in the 20th century that the most notorious personality cults arose. Often these cults are a form of political religion.[2]

The advent of the Internet and the World Wide Web in the 21st century has renewed the personality cult phenomenon. Disinformation via social media platforms and the twenty-four hour news cycle has enabled the widespread dissemination and acceptance of deceptive information and propaganda.[3] As a result, personality cults have grown and remained popular in many places, corresponding with a marked rise in authoritarian government across the world.[4]

The term "cult of personality" probably appeared in English around 1800–1850, along with the French and German use.[5] At first, it had no political connotations, but was instead closely related to the Romanticist "cult of genius".[5] The first political use of the phrase appeared in a letter from Karl Marx to German political worker Wilhelm Blos dated to November 10, 1877:[5]

Neither of us cares a straw of popularity. Let me cite one proof of this: such was my aversion to the personality cult [orig. Personenkultus] that at the time of the International, when plagued by numerous moves ... to accord me public honor, I never allowed one of these to enter the domain of publicity ...[5][6]

 
Ho Chi Minh statue in front of the City Hall of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly known as Saigon) in Vietnam

Characteristics

There are various views about what constitutes a cult of personality in a leader. Historian Jan Plamper wrote that modern-day personality cults display five characteristics that set them apart from "their predecessors": The cults are secular and "anchored in popular sovereignty"; their objects are all males; they target the entire population, not only the well-to-do or just the ruling class; they use mass media; they exist where the mass media can be controlled enough to inhibit the introduction of "rival cults".[7]

In his 2013 paper, "What is character and why it really does matter", Thomas A. Wright stated, "The cult of personality phenomenon refers to the idealized, even god-like, public image of an individual consciously shaped and molded through constant propaganda and media exposure. As a result, one is able to manipulate others based entirely on the influence of public personality ... the cult of personality perspective focuses on the often shallow, external images that many public figures cultivate to create an idealized and heroic image."[8]

Adrian Teodor Popan defined a cult of personality as a "quantitatively exaggerated and qualitatively extravagant public demonstration of praise of the leader." He also identified three causal "necessary, but not sufficient, structural conditions, and a path-dependent chain of events which, together, lead to the cult formation: a particular combination of patrimonialism and clientelism, lack of dissidence, and systematic falsification pervading the society's culture."[9]

One underlying characteristic, as explained by John Pittman, is the nature of the cult of personalities to be a patriarch. The idea of the cult of personalities that coincides with the Marxist movements gains popular footing among the men in power with the idea that they would be the "fathers of the people".[according to whom?] By the end of the 1920s, the male features of the cults became more extreme. Pittman identifies that these features became roles including the "formal role for a [male] 'great leader' as a cultural focus of the apparatus of the regime: reliance on top-down 'administrative measures': and a pyramidal structure of authority" which was created by a single ideal.[10]

The role of mass media

The mass media have played an instrumental role in forging national leaders' cults of personality. The modern cult of personality has arisen in large part due to how the leader is presented through the media. The modern cult of personality developed alongside the media. The twentieth century brought technological advancements that made it possible for regimes to package propaganda in the form of radio broadcasts, films, and later content on the internet. Today, governments are capable of isolating citizens from the outside world and creating a monopoly of what citizens have access to, making it much easier to foster a cult of personality.[citation needed]

Writing in 2013, Thomas A. Wright observed that "[i]t is becoming evident that the charismatic leader, especially in politics, has increasingly become the product of media and self-exposure."[8] Focusing on the media in the United States, Robert N. Bellah added, "It is hard to determine the extent to which the media reflect the cult of personality in American politics and to what extent they have created it. Surely they did not create it all alone, but just as surely they have contributed to it. In any case, American politics is dominated by the personalities of political leaders to an extent rare in the modern world ... in the personalized politics of recent years the 'charisma' of the leader may be almost entirely a product of media exposure."[11]

Purpose

 
Statue of Mao Zedong in China

Often, a single leader became associated with this revolutionary transformation and came to be treated as a benevolent "guide" for the nation without whom the claimed transformation to a better future could not occur. Generally, this has been the justification for personality cults that arose in totalitarian societies, such as those of Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Mao Zedong.

Admiration for Mao Zedong has remained widespread in China in spite of his actions. In December 2013, a Global Times poll revealed that over 85% of Chinese viewed Mao's achievements as outweighing his mistakes.[12]

Jan Plamper argues while Napoleon III made some innovations in France, it was Benito Mussolini in Italy in the 1920s who originated the model of dictator-as-cult-figure that was emulated by Hitler, Stalin and the others, using the propaganda powers of a totalitarian state.[13]

Pierre du Bois de Dunilac argues that the Stalin cult was elaborately constructed to legitimize his rule. Many deliberate distortions and falsehoods were used.[14] The Kremlin refused access to archival records that might reveal the truth, and key documents were destroyed. Photographs were altered and documents were invented.[15] People who knew Stalin were forced to provide "official" accounts to meet the ideological demands of the cult, especially as Stalin himself presented it in 1938 in Short Course on the History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), which became the official history.[16]

Historian David L. Hoffmann states "The Stalin cult was a central element of Stalinism, and as such it was one of the most salient features of Soviet rule ... Many scholars of Stalinism cite the cult as integral to Stalin's power or as evidence of Stalin's megalomania."[17]

In Latin America, Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser link the "cult of the leader" to the concept of the caudillo, a strong leader "who exercises a power that is independent of any office and free of any constraint." These populist strongmen are portrayed as "masculine and potentially violent" and enhance their authority through the use of the cult of personality. Mudde and Kaltwasser trace the linkage back to Juan Perón of Argentina.[1]

States and systems with personality cults

Main article: List of cults of personality

Argentina

 
"Shaper of the New Great Argentina" (poster 1947)
See also: Peronism and Evita Perón

Juan Perón, who was elected three times as President of Argentina, and his second wife, Eva "Evita" Perón, were immensely popular among many of the Argentine people, and to this day they are still considered icons by the leading Justicialist Party. In contrast, academics and detractors often considered him a demagogue and a dictator. Perón sympathised with the Axis powers when he was a colonel and Minister of War[18] and even served as a diplomatic envoy to Fascist Italy. During his regime he kept close ties with Francoist Spain. He ferociously persecuted dissents and potential political rivals, as political arrests were common during his first two terms. He eroded the republican principles of the country as a way to stay in power and forced statewide censorship on most media.[19] Following his election, he built a personality cult around both himself and his wife so pervasive it is still a part of Argentina's current political life.[20]

During Perón's regime, schools were forced to read Evita's biography La Razón de mi Vida, union and government jobs were only given to those who could prove themselves to be a fervent Peronist, newspapers were censored and television and radio networks were nationalized, and only state media was allowed. He often showed contempt for any opponents, regularly characterizing them as traitors and agents of foreign powers. Those who did not fall in line or were perceived as a threat to Perón's political power were subject to losing their jobs, threats, violence and harassment. Perón dismissed over 20,000 university professors and faculty members from all major public education institutions.[21] Universities were then intervened, the faculty was pressured to get in line and those who resisted were blacklisted, dismissed or exiled. Numerous prominent cultural and intellectual figures were imprisoned.[22] Thousands of artists, scientists, writers and academics left the country, migrated to North America or Europe. Union leaders and political rivals were arrested and tortured for years[23][24] and were only released after Perón was deposed.[25]

Azerbaijan

Main article: Heydar Aliyev's cult of personality

China

Mao Zedong

Main article: Mao Zedong's cult of personality

Mao Zedong's cult of personality was a prominent part of Chairman Mao Zedong's rule over the People's Republic of China from his rise in 1949 until his death in 1976. Mass media, propaganda and a series of other techniques were used by the state to elevate Mao Zedong's status to that of an infallible heroic leader, who could stand up against The West, and guide China to become a beacon of Communism. Mao himself, however, publicly criticized the personality cult which was formed around him.[26]

During the period of Cultural Revolution, Mao's personality cult soared to an unprecedented height. Mao's face was firmly established on the front page of People's Daily, where a column of his quotes was also printed every day. Mao's Selected Works were later printed in even greater circulation; the number of his portraits (1.2 billion) was more than the inhabitants in China. And soon Chairman Mao badges began to appear; in total, about 4.8 billion were manufactured.[27] Every Chinese citizen was presented with the Little Red Book - a selection of quotes from Mao. It was prescribed to be carried everywhere and displayed at all public events, and citizens were expected to quote the contents of the book daily.[28]

After the Cultural Revolution, Deng Xiaoping and others launched the "Boluan Fanzheng" program which invalidated the Cultural Revolution and abandoned (and forbade) the use of a personality cult.[29][30][31] However, since Xi Jinping succeeded as the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012, the cult of personality has been promoted again in China.[32][33]

Xi Jinping

Main article: Xi Jinping's cult of personality

A cult of personality has been developing around Xi Jinping since he became General Secretary of the ruling Chinese Communist Party and the regime's paramount leader in 2012.[34][35][36][37][38]

Fascist Italy

Main article: Propaganda of Fascist Italy
 
"Kids, you have to love Benito Mussolini. He always works for the good of the Fatherland and the Italian people. You have heard this many times, from your dad, mom, or teacher: If Italy is now far more powerful than before, we owe it to Him." (1936 textbook)

Benito Mussolini was portrayed as the embodiment of Italian Fascism and was keen to be seen as such.[39] Mussolini was styled by other Italian fascists[who?] as Il Duce ("The Leader"). Since Mussolini was represented as an almost omniscient leader, a common saying in Italy during Mussolini's rule was "The Duce is always right" (Italian: Il Duce ha sempre ragione).[40] Mussolini became a unifying force in Italy in order for ordinary Italians to put their difference to one side with local officials. The personality cult surrounding Mussolini became a way for him to justify his personal rule and it acted as a way to enable social and political integration.

Mussolini's military service in World War I and survival of failed assassination attempts were used to convey a mysterious aura around him.[41] Fascist propaganda stated that Mussolini's body had been pierced by shrapnel just like St. Sebastian had been pierced by arrows, the difference being that Mussolini had survived this ordeal.[41] Mussolini was also compared to St. Francis of Assisi, who had, like Mussolini, "suffered and sacrificed himself for others".[42]

The press were given instructions on what and what not to write about Mussolini.[39] Mussolini himself authorized which photographs of him were allowed to be published and rejected any photographs which made him appear weak or less prominent than he wanted to be portrayed as in a particular group.[43]

Italy's war against Ethiopia (1935–37) was portrayed in propaganda as a revival of the Roman Empire, with Mussolini as the first Roman emperor Augustus.[44] To improve his own image, as well as the image of Fascism in the Arab world, Mussolini declared himself to be the "Protector of Islam" during an official visit to Libya in 1937.[45]

India

Main article: Premiership of Narendra Modi

India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru was known to foster a personality cult around himself. Many leaders opposed Nehru's style of functioning, his economic policies, and his socialist agenda. C Rajagopalachari criticized the personality cult surrounding Nehru, saying that there should be an opposition group within the Congress because it was running with "accelerators and no brakes" without a true opposition. Rajagopalachari later formed the liberal Swatantra Party because of his opposition to Nehru's style of functioning.[46] The expression 'Nehruvian consensus' reflects the dominance of Nehruvian ideals, a product of Nehru's personality cult and the associated statism, i.e. the overarching faith in the state and the leadership.[47] The Congress party has been accused of propagating a personality cult centered around Nehru, his daughter Indira Gandhi & the Nehru-Gandhi family.[48]

Current Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is often criticized for creating a personality cult around him.[49][50] Despite some setbacks and criticism,[51][52][53] Modi's charisma and popularity was a key factor that helped the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) return to power in the 2019 Parliament elections.[54] Shivraj Singh Chouhan, the chief minister of the country's second largest state, said in 2022, "He is superhuman and has traces of god in him."[55] Opposition often accused Modi for spreading propaganda using popular media such as movies, television and web series,[56][57][58][59] while the BJP has protested against a reality show in Tamil Nadu in which two children performed a skit about a vain and foppish king.[55]

Nazi Germany

Main article: Adolf Hitler's cult of personality
 
Adolf Hitler at the Nuremberg Rally in 1936

Starting in the 1920s, during the early years of the Nazi Party, Nazi propaganda began to depict the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler as a demagogue figure who was the almighty defender and savior of Germany. After the end of World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, the German people were left in turmoil under the Weimar Republic, and, according to Nazi propaganda, only Hitler could save them and restore Germany's greatness, which in turn gave rise to the "Führer-cult".[60] During the five election campaigns in 1932, the Nazi newspaper Völkischer Beobachter portrayed Hitler as a man who had a mass movement united behind him, a man with one mission to solely save Germany as the 'Leader of the coming Germany'.[61] The Night of the Long Knives in 1934 – after which Hitler referred to himself as being single-handedly "responsible for the fate of the German people" – also helped to reinforce the myth that Hitler was the sole protector of the Volksgemeinschaft, the ethnic community of the German people.[62]

Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels cultivated an image of Hitler as a "heroic genius".[60] The myth also gave rise to the saying and concept, "If only the Führer knew". Germans thought that problems which they ascribed to the Nazi hierarchy would not have occurred if Hitler had been aware of the situation; thus Nazi bigwigs were blamed, and Hitler escaped criticism.[62]

British historian Ian Kershaw published his book The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich in 1987 and wrote:

Hitler stood for at least some things they [German people] admired, and for many had become the symbol and embodiment of the national revival which the Third Reich had in many respects been perceived to accomplish.[63]

During the early 1930s, the myth was given credence due to Hitler's perceived ability to revive the German economy during the Great Depression. However, Albert Speer wrote that by 1939, the myth was under threat and the Nazis had to organize cheering crowds to turn up to events. Speer wrote:

The shift in the mood of the population, the drooping morale which began to be felt throughout Germany in 1939, was evident in the necessity to organize cheering crowds where two years earlier Hitler had been able to count on spontaneity. What is more, he himself had meanwhile moved away from the admiring masses. He tended to be angry and impatient more often than in the past when, as still occasionally happened, a crowd on Wilhelmsplatz began clamoring for him to appear. Two years before he had often stepped out on the "historic balcony." Now he sometimes snapped at his adjutants when they came to him with the request that he show himself: "Stop bothering me with that!"[64]

The myth helped to unite the German people during World War II, especially against the Soviet Union and the Western Allies. During Hitler's early victories against Poland and Western Europe the myth was at its peak, but when it became obvious to most Germans that the war was lost then the myth was exposed and Hitler's popularity declined.

A report is given in the little Bavarian town of Markt Schellenberg on March 11, 1945:

When the leader of the Wehrmacht unit at the end of his speech called for a Sieg Heil for the Führer, it was returned neither by the Wehrmacht present, nor by the Volkssturm, nor by the spectators of the civilian population who had turned up. This silence of the masses ... probably reflects better than anything else, the attitudes of the population.[65]

North Korea

Main article: North Korean cult of personality
 
North Korean poster featuring Kim Il-Sung

The North Korean cult of personality surrounding its ruling family, the Kim family,[66] has existed for decades and can be found in many examples of North Korean culture.[67] Although not acknowledged by the North Korean government, many defectors and Western visitors state there are often stiff penalties for those who criticize or do not show "proper" respect for the regime.[68][69] The personality cult began soon after Kim Il-sung took power in 1948, and was greatly expanded after his death in 1994.

The pervasiveness and extreme nature of North Korea's personality cult surpasses that of even Joseph Stalin or Mao Zedong.[70] The cult is also marked by the intensity of the people's feelings for and devotion to their leaders,[71] and the key role played by a Confucianized ideology of familism both in maintaining the cult and thereby in sustaining the regime itself. The North Korean cult of personality is a large part of Juche and totalitarianism.

Peru

Main article: Fujimorism

Philippines

Main articles: Diehard Duterte Supporters and Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality
This section is an excerpt from Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality.[edit]

Ferdinand Marcos developed a cult of personality as a way of remaining President of the Philippines for 20 years,[72][73] in a way that political scientists have compared to other authoritarian and totalitarian leaders such as Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler,[74] but also to more contemporary dictators such as Suharto in Indonesia, Saddam Hussein in Iraq, and the Kim dynasty of North Korea.[75]: p114 

The propaganda techniques used, either by himself or by others, to mythologize Ferdinand Marcos, began with local political machinations in Ilocos Norte while Ferdinand was still the young son of politician and Japanese collaborator Mariano Marcos,[76] and persist today in the efforts to revise the way Marcos is portrayed in Philippine history.[77] According to members of his administration, such as Adrian Cristobal, Marcos's intent was to project an image of himself "the only patron, the king" of Philippine society, which he still saw as a society of tribes."[78] Cristobal furthers that "Marcos and the First Lady wanted more than anything else [...] to be king and queen. They wished to shape the kingdom in their own image; [...] Marcos wanted to be able to say, 'L'état c'est moi.'"[78] In some extreme cases where Marcos encouraged the formation of cults so that they could serve as a political weapon, Marcos came to be thought of as a God.[79]

These propaganda narratives and techniques include: using red scare tactics such as red-tagging to portray activists as communists and to exaggerate the threat represented by the Communist Party of the Philippines;[80]: "43"  using martial law to take control of mass media and silence criticism;[81] the use of foreign-funded government development projects and construction projects as propaganda tools;[82] creating an entire propaganda framework around a "new society" in which he would rule under a system of "constitutional authoritarianism";[83][77][84] the perpetuation of hagiographical books and films;[85][86] the perpetuation of propaganda narratives about Marcos's activities during World War II, which have since been proven false by historical documents;[87][88] the creation of myths and stories around himself and his family;[89][90] and portrayals of himself in coinage and even a Mount Rushmore type monument;[91] among others.”

Since Ferdinand Marcos's death, propaganda efforts have been made to whitewash his place in Philippine history,[92][93] an act of historical negationism[94] commonly referred to using the more popular term "historical revisionism."[95]

Poland

Main article: Józef Piłsudski's cult of personality

Romania

Main articles: Carol II of Romania's cult of personality and Nicolae Ceaușescu's cult of personality

Russia

Main articles: Public image of Vladimir Putin and Russia under Vladimir Putin

Soviet Union

Main article: Stalin's cult of personality
 
Propaganda poster of Lenin and Stalin

The first cult of personality to take shape in the USSR was Vladimir Lenin. Up until the dissolution of the USSR, Lenin's portrait and quotes were a ubiquitous part of the culture. However, during his lifetime, Lenin vehemently denounced any effort to build a cult of personality as in his eyes the cult of personality was antithetical to Marxism.[96] Despite this, members of the Communist Party further used Lenin's image as the all knowing revolutionary who would liberate the proletariat. Lenin attempted to take action against this; however it was halted as Lenin was nearly assassinated in August 1918. His health would only further decline as he suffered numerous severe strokes with the worst in May 1922 and March 1923. In this state Lenin would lose the ability to walk and speak. It was during this time that the Communist Party began to promote the accomplishments of Lenin as the basis for his cult of personality, using him as an image of morality and revolutionary ideas.[10]

After Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924 and the exile of Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin came to embody the Soviet Union. Once Lenin's cult of personality had risen in power, creating enough influence, Stalin integrated his ideals into his own cult.[96] Unlike other cults of personalities, the Lenin and Stalin cults were not created to give the leaders power, they were created to give power and validation to the Communist Party. Stalin initially spoke out against the cult and other outrageous and false claims centered around him. However Stalin's attitude began to shift in favor of the cult in the 1930s and he began to encourage it following the Great Purge.[97] Seldom did Stalin object to state actions that furthered his cult of personality, however he did oppose some initiatives from Soviet propagandists. When Nikolai Yezhov proposed to rename Moscow to "Stalinodar", which translates to "gift of Stalin", Stalin objected.[98] To merge the idea of the Lenin and Stalin cults together, Stalin changed aspects of Lenin's life in the public's eye in order to place himself in power. This kept the two cults in a line that showed that both Lenin and Stalin had the same ideas and that Stalin was the rightful successor of Lenin, leading the USSR in the fashion Lenin would have.[96]

In December 1929, Stalin celebrated his 50th birthday which made Stalin become a prominent feature in the Soviet press.[99] The Soviet press used positive adjectives like, "Great", "Beloved", "Bold", "Wise", "Inspirer", and "Genius" to describe him.[100] Similarly, speeches that were given by people to the peasants described Stalin as "Our Best Collective Farm Worker", "Our Shockworker, Our Best of Best", and "Our Darling, Our Guiding Star".[100] By 1934, under Stalin's full control of the country, socialist realism became the endorsed method of art and literature.[97] Even under the communist regime, the Stalin cult of personality portrayed Stalin's leadership as patriarchy under the features laid out during Khrushchev's speech.[10] After 1936, the Soviet press described Stalin as the "Father of Nations".[101]

One key element of Soviet propaganda was interactions between Stalin and the children of the Soviet Union. He was often photographed with children of different ethnic backgrounds of the Soviet Union and was often photographed giving gifts to children. In 1935 the phrase, "Thank You, Dear Comrade Stalin, for a Happy Childhood!" started to appear above doorways at nurseries, orphanages, and schools; children also chanted this slogan at festivals.[102] Another key element of Soviet propaganda was imagery of Stalin and Lenin. In many posters, Stalin and Lenin were placed together to show their camaraderie and that their ideals were one. Throughout the 1930s, posters with both images were used as a way to bring the nation and the military together under the policies of the Communist Party during World War II, with the idea of Lenin as the father of the revolutionary ideas and Stalin as the disciple who would fulfill the communist ideals.[97] Stalin was also portrayed in numerous films produced by Mosfilm, which remained a Soviet-led company until the fall of the Soviet Union.

Turkey

Main articles: List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Neo-Ottomanism, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality, Kemalism, Public image of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and Erdoğanism
This section is an excerpt from List of cults of personality § Turkey.[edit]
 
Monument to Atatürk in Kadıköy, Istanbul

In Turkey, founder of the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is commemorated by a myriad of memorials throughout the country, such as the Atatürk International Airport in Istanbul, the Atatürk Bridge over the Golden Horn (Haliç), the Atatürk Dam, and Atatürk Stadium. His titles include Great Leader (Ulu Önder), Eternal Commander (Ebedî Başkomutan), Head Teacher (Başöğretmen), and Eternal Chief (Ebedî Şef). Atatürk statues have been erected in all Turkish cities by the Turkish Government, and most towns have their own memorial to him. His face and name are seen and heard everywhere in Turkey; his portrait can be seen in all public buildings, in all schools and classrooms, on all school textbooks, on all Turkish lira banknotes, and in the homes of many Turkish families.[103]

 
A wall rug of Erdoğan at a rally of his party

At the exact time of Atatürk's death, on every 10 November, at 09:05, most vehicles and people in the country's streets pause for one minute in remembrance.[104] In 1951, the Turkish Parliament issued a law (5816) outlawing insults to his reminiscence (Turkish: hatırasına alenen hakaret) or destruction of objects representing him, which is still in force.[105] A government website[106] was created to denounce the websites that violate this law, and the Turkish government as of 2011 has filters in place to block websites deemed to contain materials insulting to his memory.

The start of Atatürk's cult of personality is placed in the 1920s when the first statues started being built.[107] The idea of Atatürk as the "father of the Turks" is ingrained in Turkish politics and politicians in that country are evaluated in relation to his cult of personality.[108] The persistence of the phenomenon of Atatürk's personality cult has become an area of deep interest to scholars.[109]

Atatürk impersonators are also seen around Turkey much after Atatürk's death to preserve what is called the "world's longest-running personality cult".[110]

Ottoman sultans Mehmed the Conqueror and Abdul Hamid II have cults of personality created by religious conservatives and Islamists. They associate the policies of these statesmen with their "piety".

In recent years there has been a growing cult of personality in modern Turkey around current President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

The cults created for the sultans and Erdoğan are kept alive by devout Muslims who oppose secular lifestyle and secularist ideas.

United Kingdom

Main article: Personality and image of Elizabeth II

United States

Main article: Trumpism

Venezuela

Main article: Hugo Chávez's cult of personality

See also

References

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Sources

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  • Gill, Graeme (1980). "The Soviet Leader Cult: Reflections on the Structure of Leadership in the Soviet Union". British Journal of Political Science. 10 (167): 167–186. doi:10.1017/S0007123400002088. S2CID 155049543.
  • Gundle, Stephen; Duggan, Christopher; Pieri, Giuliana (2015). The cult of the Duce: Mussolini and the Italians. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1526101419.
  • Gunther, John (1936). Inside Europe. Harper & brothers.
  • Hamilton, Alastair (1973). Appeal of Fascism. Harper Mass Market Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0380010257.
  • Kelly, Catriona (2005). "Riding the Magic Carpet: Children and Leader Cult in the Stalin Era". The Slavic and East European Journal. 49 (2): 199–224. doi:10.2307/20058260. JSTOR 20058260.
  • Kershaw, Ian (1998). The 'Hitler Myth'. Image and Reality in the Third Reich.
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  • Speer, Albert (2009). Inside The Third Reich. Orion. ISBN 978-1842127353.
  • Williams, Manuela (2006). Mussolini's Propaganda Abroad: Subversion in the Mediterranean and the Middle East, 1935–1940. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0203004777.

Further reading

  • Apor, Balázs; Behrends, Jan C.; Jones, Polly; and Rees, E. A. (2004) eds. The Leader Cult in Communist Dictatorships: Stalin and the Eastern Bloc. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403934436.
  • Cohen, Yves (2007). "The cult of number one in an age of leaders". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 8 (3): 597–634. doi:10.1353/kri.2007.0032. S2CID 144730066. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
  • Dikötter, Frank (2020). Dictators: The Cult of Personality in the Twentieth Century. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1526626981.
  • Gill, Graeme (1984). "Personality cult, political culture and party structure". Studies in Comparative Communism. 17 (2): 111–121. doi:10.1016/0039-3592(84)90008-5.
  • Melograni, Piero (1976). "The Cult of the Duce in Mussolini's Italy" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary History. 11 (4): 221–237. doi:10.1177/002200947601100411. S2CID 150787157. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
  • Morgan, Kevin (2017) International Communism and the Cult of the Individual Leaders, Tribunes and Martyrs under Lenin and Stalin. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1349953370
  • Paltiel, Jeremy (1983). "The Cult of Personality: Some Comparative Reflections on Political Culture in Leninist Regimes". Studies in Comparative Communism. 16 (1–2): 49–64. doi:10.1016/0039-3592(83)90043-1.
  • Petrone, Karen (2004) "Cult of Personality" in Millar, J. R. ed. Encyclopedia of Russian History. v. 1, pp. 348–350
  • Polese, Abel; Horák, Slavomir (2015). "A tale of two presidents: personality cult and symbolic nation-building in Turkmenistan". Nationalities Papers. 43 (3): 457–478. doi:10.1080/00905992.2015.1028913. S2CID 142510277.
  • Rutland, P. (2011) "Cult of Personality" i. Kurian, G. T. ed, The Encyclopedia of Political Science. Washington. D.C.: CQ Press. v. 1, p. 365
  • Vassilev, Rossen (2008) "Cult of Personality" in Darity, W. A., Jr. ed. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences.

External links

February 25, 2023
cult, personality, list, cults, personality, list, cults, personality, cult, personality, redirects, here, song, living, colour, cult, personality, song, this, article, expanded, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, finnish, july, 2021, click,. For a list of cults of personality see List of cults of personality Cult of Personality redirects here For the song by Living Colour see Cult of Personality song This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Finnish July 2021 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Finnish article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 550 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Finnish Wikipedia article at fi Henkilopalvonta politiikka see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fi Henkilopalvonta politiikka to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation A cult of personality or a cult of the leader 1 is the result of an effort which is made to create an idealized and heroic image of a leader by a government often through unquestioning flattery and praise Historically it has developed through techniques of mass media propaganda fake news spectacle the arts patriotism and government organized demonstrations and rallies A cult of personality is similar to apotheosis except that it is established by modern social engineering techniques usually by the state or the party in one party states and dominant party states A cult of personality often accompanies the leader of a totalitarian or authoritarian countries It can also be seen in some monarchies theocracies failed democracies and even in liberal democracies Soviet poster in Azerbaijani language featuring Stalin 1938 Contents 1 Background 2 Characteristics 3 The role of mass media 4 Purpose 5 States and systems with personality cults 5 1 Argentina 5 2 Azerbaijan 5 3 China 5 3 1 Mao Zedong 5 3 2 Xi Jinping 5 4 Fascist Italy 5 5 India 5 6 Nazi Germany 5 7 North Korea 5 8 Peru 5 9 Philippines 5 10 Poland 5 11 Romania 5 12 Russia 5 13 Soviet Union 5 14 Turkey 5 15 United Kingdom 5 16 United States 5 17 Venezuela 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External linksBackground EditSee also Imperial cult Augustus of Prima Porta 1st century CE Throughout history monarchs and other heads of state were often held in enormous reverence and were thought to be endowed with super human qualities Through the principle of the divine right of kings notably in medieval Europe rulers were said to hold office by the will of God or the gods Ancient Egypt Imperial Japan the Inca the Aztecs Tibet Siam now Thailand and the Roman Empire are especially noted for redefining monarchs as god kings Furthermore the Imperial cult of ancient Rome identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority auctoritas of the Roman State The spread of democratic and secular ideas in Europe and North America in the 18th and 19th centuries made it increasingly difficult for monarchs to preserve this aura However the subsequent development of mass media such as radio enabled political leaders to project a positive image of themselves onto the masses as never before It was from these circumstances in the 20th century that the most notorious personality cults arose Often these cults are a form of political religion 2 The advent of the Internet and the World Wide Web in the 21st century has renewed the personality cult phenomenon Disinformation via social media platforms and the twenty four hour news cycle has enabled the widespread dissemination and acceptance of deceptive information and propaganda 3 As a result personality cults have grown and remained popular in many places corresponding with a marked rise in authoritarian government across the world 4 The term cult of personality probably appeared in English around 1800 1850 along with the French and German use 5 At first it had no political connotations but was instead closely related to the Romanticist cult of genius 5 The first political use of the phrase appeared in a letter from Karl Marx to German political worker Wilhelm Blos dated to November 10 1877 5 Neither of us cares a straw of popularity Let me cite one proof of this such was my aversion to the personality cult orig Personenkultus that at the time of the International when plagued by numerous moves to accord me public honor I never allowed one of these to enter the domain of publicity 5 6 Ho Chi Minh statue in front of the City Hall of Ho Chi Minh City formerly known as Saigon in VietnamCharacteristics EditThere are various views about what constitutes a cult of personality in a leader Historian Jan Plamper wrote that modern day personality cults display five characteristics that set them apart from their predecessors The cults are secular and anchored in popular sovereignty their objects are all males they target the entire population not only the well to do or just the ruling class they use mass media they exist where the mass media can be controlled enough to inhibit the introduction of rival cults 7 In his 2013 paper What is character and why it really does matter Thomas A Wright stated The cult of personality phenomenon refers to the idealized even god like public image of an individual consciously shaped and molded through constant propaganda and media exposure As a result one is able to manipulate others based entirely on the influence of public personality the cult of personality perspective focuses on the often shallow external images that many public figures cultivate to create an idealized and heroic image 8 Adrian Teodor Popan defined a cult of personality as a quantitatively exaggerated and qualitatively extravagant public demonstration of praise of the leader He also identified three causal necessary but not sufficient structural conditions and a path dependent chain of events which together lead to the cult formation a particular combination of patrimonialism and clientelism lack of dissidence and systematic falsification pervading the society s culture 9 One underlying characteristic as explained by John Pittman is the nature of the cult of personalities to be a patriarch The idea of the cult of personalities that coincides with the Marxist movements gains popular footing among the men in power with the idea that they would be the fathers of the people according to whom By the end of the 1920s the male features of the cults became more extreme Pittman identifies that these features became roles including the formal role for a male great leader as a cultural focus of the apparatus of the regime reliance on top down administrative measures and a pyramidal structure of authority which was created by a single ideal 10 The role of mass media EditThe mass media have played an instrumental role in forging national leaders cults of personality The modern cult of personality has arisen in large part due to how the leader is presented through the media The modern cult of personality developed alongside the media The twentieth century brought technological advancements that made it possible for regimes to package propaganda in the form of radio broadcasts films and later content on the internet Today governments are capable of isolating citizens from the outside world and creating a monopoly of what citizens have access to making it much easier to foster a cult of personality citation needed Writing in 2013 Thomas A Wright observed that i t is becoming evident that the charismatic leader especially in politics has increasingly become the product of media and self exposure 8 Focusing on the media in the United States Robert N Bellah added It is hard to determine the extent to which the media reflect the cult of personality in American politics and to what extent they have created it Surely they did not create it all alone but just as surely they have contributed to it In any case American politics is dominated by the personalities of political leaders to an extent rare in the modern world in the personalized politics of recent years the charisma of the leader may be almost entirely a product of media exposure 11 Purpose Edit Statue of Mao Zedong in China Often a single leader became associated with this revolutionary transformation and came to be treated as a benevolent guide for the nation without whom the claimed transformation to a better future could not occur Generally this has been the justification for personality cults that arose in totalitarian societies such as those of Adolf Hitler Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong Admiration for Mao Zedong has remained widespread in China in spite of his actions In December 2013 a Global Times poll revealed that over 85 of Chinese viewed Mao s achievements as outweighing his mistakes 12 Jan Plamper argues while Napoleon III made some innovations in France it was Benito Mussolini in Italy in the 1920s who originated the model of dictator as cult figure that was emulated by Hitler Stalin and the others using the propaganda powers of a totalitarian state 13 Pierre du Bois de Dunilac argues that the Stalin cult was elaborately constructed to legitimize his rule Many deliberate distortions and falsehoods were used 14 The Kremlin refused access to archival records that might reveal the truth and key documents were destroyed Photographs were altered and documents were invented 15 People who knew Stalin were forced to provide official accounts to meet the ideological demands of the cult especially as Stalin himself presented it in 1938 in Short Course on the History of the All Union Communist Party Bolsheviks which became the official history 16 Historian David L Hoffmann states The Stalin cult was a central element of Stalinism and as such it was one of the most salient features of Soviet rule Many scholars of Stalinism cite the cult as integral to Stalin s power or as evidence of Stalin s megalomania 17 In Latin America Cas Mudde and Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser link the cult of the leader to the concept of the caudillo a strong leader who exercises a power that is independent of any office and free of any constraint These populist strongmen are portrayed as masculine and potentially violent and enhance their authority through the use of the cult of personality Mudde and Kaltwasser trace the linkage back to Juan Peron of Argentina 1 States and systems with personality cults EditMain article List of cults of personality Argentina Edit Shaper of the New Great Argentina poster 1947 See also Peronism and Evita Peron Juan Peron who was elected three times as President of Argentina and his second wife Eva Evita Peron were immensely popular among many of the Argentine people and to this day they are still considered icons by the leading Justicialist Party In contrast academics and detractors often considered him a demagogue and a dictator Peron sympathised with the Axis powers when he was a colonel and Minister of War 18 and even served as a diplomatic envoy to Fascist Italy During his regime he kept close ties with Francoist Spain He ferociously persecuted dissents and potential political rivals as political arrests were common during his first two terms He eroded the republican principles of the country as a way to stay in power and forced statewide censorship on most media 19 Following his election he built a personality cult around both himself and his wife so pervasive it is still a part of Argentina s current political life 20 During Peron s regime schools were forced to read Evita s biography La Razon de mi Vida union and government jobs were only given to those who could prove themselves to be a fervent Peronist newspapers were censored and television and radio networks were nationalized and only state media was allowed He often showed contempt for any opponents regularly characterizing them as traitors and agents of foreign powers Those who did not fall in line or were perceived as a threat to Peron s political power were subject to losing their jobs threats violence and harassment Peron dismissed over 20 000 university professors and faculty members from all major public education institutions 21 Universities were then intervened the faculty was pressured to get in line and those who resisted were blacklisted dismissed or exiled Numerous prominent cultural and intellectual figures were imprisoned 22 Thousands of artists scientists writers and academics left the country migrated to North America or Europe Union leaders and political rivals were arrested and tortured for years 23 24 and were only released after Peron was deposed 25 Azerbaijan Edit Main article Heydar Aliyev s cult of personality China Edit Mao Zedong Edit Main article Mao Zedong s cult of personality Mao Zedong s cult of personality was a prominent part of Chairman Mao Zedong s rule over the People s Republic of China from his rise in 1949 until his death in 1976 Mass media propaganda and a series of other techniques were used by the state to elevate Mao Zedong s status to that of an infallible heroic leader who could stand up against The West and guide China to become a beacon of Communism Mao himself however publicly criticized the personality cult which was formed around him 26 During the period of Cultural Revolution Mao s personality cult soared to an unprecedented height Mao s face was firmly established on the front page of People s Daily where a column of his quotes was also printed every day Mao s Selected Works were later printed in even greater circulation the number of his portraits 1 2 billion was more than the inhabitants in China And soon Chairman Mao badges began to appear in total about 4 8 billion were manufactured 27 Every Chinese citizen was presented with the Little Red Book a selection of quotes from Mao It was prescribed to be carried everywhere and displayed at all public events and citizens were expected to quote the contents of the book daily 28 After the Cultural Revolution Deng Xiaoping and others launched the Boluan Fanzheng program which invalidated the Cultural Revolution and abandoned and forbade the use of a personality cult 29 30 31 However since Xi Jinping succeeded as the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012 the cult of personality has been promoted again in China 32 33 Xi Jinping Edit Main article Xi Jinping s cult of personality A cult of personality has been developing around Xi Jinping since he became General Secretary of the ruling Chinese Communist Party and the regime s paramount leader in 2012 34 35 36 37 38 Fascist Italy Edit Main article Propaganda of Fascist Italy Kids you have to love Benito Mussolini He always works for the good of the Fatherland and the Italian people You have heard this many times from your dad mom or teacher If Italy is now far more powerful than before we owe it to Him 1936 textbook Benito Mussolini was portrayed as the embodiment of Italian Fascism and was keen to be seen as such 39 Mussolini was styled by other Italian fascists who as Il Duce The Leader Since Mussolini was represented as an almost omniscient leader a common saying in Italy during Mussolini s rule was The Duce is always right Italian Il Duce ha sempre ragione 40 Mussolini became a unifying force in Italy in order for ordinary Italians to put their difference to one side with local officials The personality cult surrounding Mussolini became a way for him to justify his personal rule and it acted as a way to enable social and political integration Mussolini s military service in World War I and survival of failed assassination attempts were used to convey a mysterious aura around him 41 Fascist propaganda stated that Mussolini s body had been pierced by shrapnel just like St Sebastian had been pierced by arrows the difference being that Mussolini had survived this ordeal 41 Mussolini was also compared to St Francis of Assisi who had like Mussolini suffered and sacrificed himself for others 42 The press were given instructions on what and what not to write about Mussolini 39 Mussolini himself authorized which photographs of him were allowed to be published and rejected any photographs which made him appear weak or less prominent than he wanted to be portrayed as in a particular group 43 Italy s war against Ethiopia 1935 37 was portrayed in propaganda as a revival of the Roman Empire with Mussolini as the first Roman emperor Augustus 44 To improve his own image as well as the image of Fascism in the Arab world Mussolini declared himself to be the Protector of Islam during an official visit to Libya in 1937 45 India Edit Main article Premiership of Narendra Modi India s first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru was known to foster a personality cult around himself Many leaders opposed Nehru s style of functioning his economic policies and his socialist agenda C Rajagopalachari criticized the personality cult surrounding Nehru saying that there should be an opposition group within the Congress because it was running with accelerators and no brakes without a true opposition Rajagopalachari later formed the liberal Swatantra Party because of his opposition to Nehru s style of functioning 46 The expression Nehruvian consensus reflects the dominance of Nehruvian ideals a product of Nehru s personality cult and the associated statism i e the overarching faith in the state and the leadership 47 The Congress party has been accused of propagating a personality cult centered around Nehru his daughter Indira Gandhi amp the Nehru Gandhi family 48 Current Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is often criticized for creating a personality cult around him 49 50 Despite some setbacks and criticism 51 52 53 Modi s charisma and popularity was a key factor that helped the Bharatiya Janata Party BJP return to power in the 2019 Parliament elections 54 Shivraj Singh Chouhan the chief minister of the country s second largest state said in 2022 He is superhuman and has traces of god in him 55 Opposition often accused Modi for spreading propaganda using popular media such as movies television and web series 56 57 58 59 while the BJP has protested against a reality show in Tamil Nadu in which two children performed a skit about a vain and foppish king 55 Nazi Germany Edit Main article Adolf Hitler s cult of personality Adolf Hitler at the Nuremberg Rally in 1936 Starting in the 1920s during the early years of the Nazi Party Nazi propaganda began to depict the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler as a demagogue figure who was the almighty defender and savior of Germany After the end of World War I and the Treaty of Versailles the German people were left in turmoil under the Weimar Republic and according to Nazi propaganda only Hitler could save them and restore Germany s greatness which in turn gave rise to the Fuhrer cult 60 During the five election campaigns in 1932 the Nazi newspaper Volkischer Beobachter portrayed Hitler as a man who had a mass movement united behind him a man with one mission to solely save Germany as the Leader of the coming Germany 61 The Night of the Long Knives in 1934 after which Hitler referred to himself as being single handedly responsible for the fate of the German people also helped to reinforce the myth that Hitler was the sole protector of the Volksgemeinschaft the ethnic community of the German people 62 Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels cultivated an image of Hitler as a heroic genius 60 The myth also gave rise to the saying and concept If only the Fuhrer knew Germans thought that problems which they ascribed to the Nazi hierarchy would not have occurred if Hitler had been aware of the situation thus Nazi bigwigs were blamed and Hitler escaped criticism 62 British historian Ian Kershaw published his book The Hitler Myth Image and Reality in the Third Reich in 1987 and wrote Hitler stood for at least some things they German people admired and for many had become the symbol and embodiment of the national revival which the Third Reich had in many respects been perceived to accomplish 63 During the early 1930s the myth was given credence due to Hitler s perceived ability to revive the German economy during the Great Depression However Albert Speer wrote that by 1939 the myth was under threat and the Nazis had to organize cheering crowds to turn up to events Speer wrote The shift in the mood of the population the drooping morale which began to be felt throughout Germany in 1939 was evident in the necessity to organize cheering crowds where two years earlier Hitler had been able to count on spontaneity What is more he himself had meanwhile moved away from the admiring masses He tended to be angry and impatient more often than in the past when as still occasionally happened a crowd on Wilhelmsplatz began clamoring for him to appear Two years before he had often stepped out on the historic balcony Now he sometimes snapped at his adjutants when they came to him with the request that he show himself Stop bothering me with that 64 The myth helped to unite the German people during World War II especially against the Soviet Union and the Western Allies During Hitler s early victories against Poland and Western Europe the myth was at its peak but when it became obvious to most Germans that the war was lost then the myth was exposed and Hitler s popularity declined A report is given in the little Bavarian town of Markt Schellenberg on March 11 1945 When the leader of the Wehrmacht unit at the end of his speech called for a Sieg Heil for the Fuhrer it was returned neither by the Wehrmacht present nor by the Volkssturm nor by the spectators of the civilian population who had turned up This silence of the masses probably reflects better than anything else the attitudes of the population 65 North Korea Edit Main article North Korean cult of personality North Korean poster featuring Kim Il Sung The North Korean cult of personality surrounding its ruling family the Kim family 66 has existed for decades and can be found in many examples of North Korean culture 67 Although not acknowledged by the North Korean government many defectors and Western visitors state there are often stiff penalties for those who criticize or do not show proper respect for the regime 68 69 The personality cult began soon after Kim Il sung took power in 1948 and was greatly expanded after his death in 1994 The pervasiveness and extreme nature of North Korea s personality cult surpasses that of even Joseph Stalin or Mao Zedong 70 The cult is also marked by the intensity of the people s feelings for and devotion to their leaders 71 and the key role played by a Confucianized ideology of familism both in maintaining the cult and thereby in sustaining the regime itself The North Korean cult of personality is a large part of Juche and totalitarianism Peru Edit Main article Fujimorism Philippines Edit Main articles Diehard Duterte Supporters and Ferdinand Marcos s cult of personality This section is an excerpt from Ferdinand Marcos s cult of personality edit Ferdinand Marcos developed a cult of personality as a way of remaining President of the Philippines for 20 years 72 73 in a way that political scientists have compared to other authoritarian and totalitarian leaders such as Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler 74 but also to more contemporary dictators such as Suharto in Indonesia Saddam Hussein in Iraq and the Kim dynasty of North Korea 75 p114 The propaganda techniques used either by himself or by others to mythologize Ferdinand Marcos began with local political machinations in Ilocos Norte while Ferdinand was still the young son of politician and Japanese collaborator Mariano Marcos 76 and persist today in the efforts to revise the way Marcos is portrayed in Philippine history 77 According to members of his administration such as Adrian Cristobal Marcos s intent was to project an image of himself the only patron the king of Philippine society which he still saw as a society of tribes 78 Cristobal furthers that Marcos and the First Lady wanted more than anything else to be king and queen They wished to shape the kingdom in their own image Marcos wanted to be able to say L etat c est moi 78 In some extreme cases where Marcos encouraged the formation of cults so that they could serve as a political weapon Marcos came to be thought of as a God 79 These propaganda narratives and techniques include using red scare tactics such as red tagging to portray activists as communists and to exaggerate the threat represented by the Communist Party of the Philippines 80 43 using martial law to take control of mass media and silence criticism 81 the use of foreign funded government development projects and construction projects as propaganda tools 82 creating an entire propaganda framework around a new society in which he would rule under a system of constitutional authoritarianism 83 77 84 the perpetuation of hagiographical books and films 85 86 the perpetuation of propaganda narratives about Marcos s activities during World War II which have since been proven false by historical documents 87 88 the creation of myths and stories around himself and his family 89 90 and portrayals of himself in coinage and even a Mount Rushmore type monument 91 among others Since Ferdinand Marcos s death propaganda efforts have been made to whitewash his place in Philippine history 92 93 an act of historical negationism 94 commonly referred to using the more popular term historical revisionism 95 Poland Edit Main article Jozef Pilsudski s cult of personality Romania Edit Main articles Carol II of Romania s cult of personality and Nicolae Ceaușescu s cult of personality Russia Edit Main articles Public image of Vladimir Putin and Russia under Vladimir Putin Soviet Union Edit Main article Stalin s cult of personality Propaganda poster of Lenin and Stalin The first cult of personality to take shape in the USSR was Vladimir Lenin Up until the dissolution of the USSR Lenin s portrait and quotes were a ubiquitous part of the culture However during his lifetime Lenin vehemently denounced any effort to build a cult of personality as in his eyes the cult of personality was antithetical to Marxism 96 Despite this members of the Communist Party further used Lenin s image as the all knowing revolutionary who would liberate the proletariat Lenin attempted to take action against this however it was halted as Lenin was nearly assassinated in August 1918 His health would only further decline as he suffered numerous severe strokes with the worst in May 1922 and March 1923 In this state Lenin would lose the ability to walk and speak It was during this time that the Communist Party began to promote the accomplishments of Lenin as the basis for his cult of personality using him as an image of morality and revolutionary ideas 10 After Vladimir Lenin s death in 1924 and the exile of Leon Trotsky Joseph Stalin came to embody the Soviet Union Once Lenin s cult of personality had risen in power creating enough influence Stalin integrated his ideals into his own cult 96 Unlike other cults of personalities the Lenin and Stalin cults were not created to give the leaders power they were created to give power and validation to the Communist Party Stalin initially spoke out against the cult and other outrageous and false claims centered around him However Stalin s attitude began to shift in favor of the cult in the 1930s and he began to encourage it following the Great Purge 97 Seldom did Stalin object to state actions that furthered his cult of personality however he did oppose some initiatives from Soviet propagandists When Nikolai Yezhov proposed to rename Moscow to Stalinodar which translates to gift of Stalin Stalin objected 98 To merge the idea of the Lenin and Stalin cults together Stalin changed aspects of Lenin s life in the public s eye in order to place himself in power This kept the two cults in a line that showed that both Lenin and Stalin had the same ideas and that Stalin was the rightful successor of Lenin leading the USSR in the fashion Lenin would have 96 In December 1929 Stalin celebrated his 50th birthday which made Stalin become a prominent feature in the Soviet press 99 The Soviet press used positive adjectives like Great Beloved Bold Wise Inspirer and Genius to describe him 100 Similarly speeches that were given by people to the peasants described Stalin as Our Best Collective Farm Worker Our Shockworker Our Best of Best and Our Darling Our Guiding Star 100 By 1934 under Stalin s full control of the country socialist realism became the endorsed method of art and literature 97 Even under the communist regime the Stalin cult of personality portrayed Stalin s leadership as patriarchy under the features laid out during Khrushchev s speech 10 After 1936 the Soviet press described Stalin as the Father of Nations 101 One key element of Soviet propaganda was interactions between Stalin and the children of the Soviet Union He was often photographed with children of different ethnic backgrounds of the Soviet Union and was often photographed giving gifts to children In 1935 the phrase Thank You Dear Comrade Stalin for a Happy Childhood started to appear above doorways at nurseries orphanages and schools children also chanted this slogan at festivals 102 Another key element of Soviet propaganda was imagery of Stalin and Lenin In many posters Stalin and Lenin were placed together to show their camaraderie and that their ideals were one Throughout the 1930s posters with both images were used as a way to bring the nation and the military together under the policies of the Communist Party during World War II with the idea of Lenin as the father of the revolutionary ideas and Stalin as the disciple who would fulfill the communist ideals 97 Stalin was also portrayed in numerous films produced by Mosfilm which remained a Soviet led company until the fall of the Soviet Union Turkey Edit Main articles List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire Neo Ottomanism Mustafa Kemal Ataturk s cult of personality Kemalism Public image of Recep Tayyip Erdogan and ErdoganismThis section is an excerpt from List of cults of personality Turkey edit Monument to Ataturk in Kadikoy Istanbul In Turkey founder of the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Ataturk is commemorated by a myriad of memorials throughout the country such as the Ataturk International Airport in Istanbul the Ataturk Bridge over the Golden Horn Halic the Ataturk Dam and Ataturk Stadium His titles include Great Leader Ulu Onder Eternal Commander Ebedi Baskomutan Head Teacher Basogretmen and Eternal Chief Ebedi Sef Ataturk statues have been erected in all Turkish cities by the Turkish Government and most towns have their own memorial to him His face and name are seen and heard everywhere in Turkey his portrait can be seen in all public buildings in all schools and classrooms on all school textbooks on all Turkish lira banknotes and in the homes of many Turkish families 103 A wall rug of Erdogan at a rally of his party At the exact time of Ataturk s death on every 10 November at 09 05 most vehicles and people in the country s streets pause for one minute in remembrance 104 In 1951 the Turkish Parliament issued a law 5816 outlawing insults to his reminiscence Turkish hatirasina alenen hakaret or destruction of objects representing him which is still in force 105 A government website 106 was created to denounce the websites that violate this law and the Turkish government as of 2011 has filters in place to block websites deemed to contain materials insulting to his memory The start of Ataturk s cult of personality is placed in the 1920s when the first statues started being built 107 The idea of Ataturk as the father of the Turks is ingrained in Turkish politics and politicians in that country are evaluated in relation to his cult of personality 108 The persistence of the phenomenon of Ataturk s personality cult has become an area of deep interest to scholars 109 Ataturk impersonators are also seen around Turkey much after Ataturk s death to preserve what is called the world s longest running personality cult 110 Ottoman sultans Mehmed the Conqueror and Abdul Hamid II have cults of personality created by religious conservatives and Islamists They associate the policies of these statesmen with their piety In recent years there has been a growing cult of personality in modern Turkey around current President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan The cults created for the sultans and Erdogan are kept alive by devout Muslims who oppose secular lifestyle and secularist ideas United Kingdom Edit Main article Personality and image of Elizabeth II United States Edit Main article Trumpism Venezuela Edit Main article Hugo Chavez s cult of personalitySee also EditAuthoritarian personality Big Brother Nineteen Eighty Four Bolivarianism Bonapartism Bread and circuses Celebrity worship syndrome Charismatic authority Chavismo Communism Cult of Personality song Dictatorship Erdoganism Fascism Fujimorism Gandhism God complex Great man theory Halo effect Horn effect Hoxhaism Kemalism Khomeinism Kirchnerism Leaderism Leninism Lese majeste List of cults of personality List of messiah claimants Maoism Narcissism Narcissistic leadership Nasserism Nazism Peronism Pinochetism Putinism Supreme leader Sycophancy Titoism Trotskyism TrumpismReferences Edit a b Mudde Cas and Kaltwasser Cristobal Rovira 2017 Populism A Very Short 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Files The New York Times a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a Missing author1 help File No 60 Debunking the Marcos war myth Vera Files Retrieved November 27 2021 The art of deception 31 years of amnesia Rafael Vicente L April 1990 Patronage and Pornography Ideology and Spectatorship in the Early Marcos Years Comparative Studies in Society and History 32 2 282 304 doi 10 1017 S0010417500016492 ISSN 1475 2999 S2CID 144809573 Cimatu Frank Santos Doctor Joya January 1 2003 Philippines s Ozymandias s still haunts Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved February 27 2015 Philippine government faces backlash amid claims it is trying to whitewash history of late dictator Marcos The Straits Times September 12 2016 Villamor Felipe November 8 2016 Philippines Can Give Hero s Burial to Ferdinand Marcos High Court Rules The New York Times A Manual for Historical Revisionists Esquiremag ph Martial law and historical revisionism A holistic understanding April 30 2016 a b c Tucker Robert 1979 The Rise of Stalin s Personality Cult PDF The American Historical Review 84 2 347 366 doi 10 2307 1855137 JSTOR 1855137 Archived from the original PDF on February 27 2021 Retrieved February 17 2018 a b c Pisch Anita 2016 The Personality Cult of Stalin in Soviet Posters 192901953 Australia ANU Press pp 87 190 ISBN 978 1760460624 Kotkin Stephen 1995 Review of Stalinist Terror New Perspectives The Russian Review 54 4 635 637 doi 10 2307 131639 ISSN 0036 0341 JSTOR 131639 Gill 1980 a b Gunther 1936 pp 516 517 530 532 534 535 Joseph Stalin s Cult Of Personality History Collection March 21 2017 Kelly 2005 pp 206 207 Navaro Yashin Yael 2002 Faces of the State Secularism and Public Life in Turkey Princeton University Press pp 196 199 ISBN 0691088454 Morrison Terry Conaway Wayne A 1994 Kiss Bow Or Shake Hands How to Do Business in Sixty Countries Adams Media p 392 ISBN 1558504443 Yonah Alexander 2007 Turkey Terrorism Civil Rights and the European Union Routledge p 137 ISBN 9780415441636 Ihbar Web Ihbar Web Retrieved September 17 2013 Touraj Atabaki Erik J Zurcher 2004 Men of Order Authoritarian Modernization Under Ataturk and Reza Shah I B Tauris p 4 ISBN 9781860644269 Retrieved June 21 2013 and in Ataturk s case the cult of personality began early with M Hakan Yavuz 2009 Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey Cambridge University Press p 120 ISBN 9780521888783 Retrieved June 21 2013 In other works there is a deeply internalized notion of Ataturk as the father of the Turks and all politicians are very much measured against his cult of personality Carter V Findley 2010 Turkey Islam Nationalism and Modernity A History 1789 2007 Yale University Press pp 467 ISBN 9780300152609 Retrieved June 21 2013 Alexander Christie Miller April 20 2013 Lookalike keeps alive the cult of Ataturk The Times of London Sources EditBosworth Richard J B 2006 Mussolini s Italy Life Under the Dictatorship 1915 1945 Penguin Adult ISBN 978 0141012919 Bosworth Richard J B 2014 Mussolini A amp C Black ISBN 978 1849660242 Brendon Piers 2016 The Dark Valley Random House ISBN 978 1446496329 Falasca Zamponi Simonetta 2000 Fascist Spectacle The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini s Italy University of California Press ISBN 978 0520226777 Gallo Max 1973 Mussolini s Italy Twenty Years of the Fascist Era Macmillan Gill Graeme 1980 The Soviet Leader Cult Reflections on the Structure of Leadership in the Soviet Union British Journal of Political Science 10 167 167 186 doi 10 1017 S0007123400002088 S2CID 155049543 Gundle Stephen Duggan Christopher Pieri Giuliana 2015 The cult of the Duce Mussolini and the Italians Manchester University Press ISBN 978 1526101419 Gunther John 1936 Inside Europe Harper amp brothers Hamilton Alastair 1973 Appeal of Fascism Harper Mass Market Paperbacks ISBN 978 0380010257 Kelly Catriona 2005 Riding the Magic Carpet Children and Leader Cult in the Stalin Era The Slavic and East European Journal 49 2 199 224 doi 10 2307 20058260 JSTOR 20058260 Kershaw Ian 1998 The Hitler Myth Image and Reality in the Third Reich Kershaw Ian 2001 Hitler 1936 1945 Nemesis Penguin Books Limited ISBN 978 0141925813 Plamper Jan 2012 The Stalin Cult A Study in the Alchemy of Power New Haven Connecticut Yale University Press ISBN 978 0300169522 Speer Albert 2009 Inside The Third Reich Orion ISBN 978 1842127353 Williams Manuela 2006 Mussolini s Propaganda Abroad Subversion in the Mediterranean and the Middle East 1935 1940 Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0203004777 Further reading EditApor Balazs Behrends Jan C Jones Polly and Rees E A 2004 eds The Leader Cult in Communist Dictatorships Stalin and the Eastern Bloc London Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 1403934436 Cohen Yves 2007 The cult of number one in an age of leaders Kritika Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 8 3 597 634 doi 10 1353 kri 2007 0032 S2CID 144730066 Retrieved September 7 2018 Dikotter Frank 2020 Dictators The Cult of Personality in the Twentieth Century London Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 1526626981 Gill Graeme 1984 Personality cult political culture and party structure Studies in Comparative Communism 17 2 111 121 doi 10 1016 0039 3592 84 90008 5 Melograni Piero 1976 The Cult of the Duce in Mussolini s Italy PDF Journal of Contemporary History 11 4 221 237 doi 10 1177 002200947601100411 S2CID 150787157 Retrieved September 7 2018 Morgan Kevin 2017 International Communism and the Cult of the Individual Leaders Tribunes and Martyrs under Lenin and Stalin London Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 1349953370 Paltiel Jeremy 1983 The Cult of Personality Some Comparative Reflections on Political Culture in Leninist Regimes Studies in Comparative Communism 16 1 2 49 64 doi 10 1016 0039 3592 83 90043 1 Petrone Karen 2004 Cult of Personality in Millar J R ed Encyclopedia of Russian History v 1 pp 348 350 Polese Abel Horak Slavomir 2015 A tale of two presidents personality cult and symbolic nation building in Turkmenistan Nationalities Papers 43 3 457 478 doi 10 1080 00905992 2015 1028913 S2CID 142510277 Rutland P 2011 Cult of Personality i Kurian G T ed The Encyclopedia of Political Science Washington D C CQ Press v 1 p 365 Vassilev Rossen 2008 Cult of Personality in Darity W A Jr ed International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences External links EditWhy Dictators Love Kitsch by Eric Gibson The Wall Street Journal August 10 2009 Portals Society Politics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cult of personality amp oldid 1140669569, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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