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Individual action on climate change

April 28, 2024

Individual action on climate change can include personal choices in many areas, such as diet, travel, household energy use, consumption of goods and services, and family size. Individuals can also engage in local and political advocacy around issues of climate change. People who wish to reduce their carbon footprint (particularly those in high income countries with high consumption lifestyles), can take "high-impact" actions, such as avoiding frequent flying and petrol fuelled cars, eating mainly a plant-based diet, having fewer children[dubious – discuss],[1][2] using clothes and electrical products for longer,[3] and electrifying homes.[4] Avoiding meat and dairy foods has been called "the single biggest way" an individual can reduce their environmental impact.[5] Excessive consumption is more to blame for climate change than population increase.[6] High consumption lifestyles have a greater environmental impact, with the richest 10% of people emitting about half the total lifestyle emissions.[7][8]

A demonstrator at the People's Climate March (2017)

Some commentators have argued that individual actions as consumers and "greening personal lives" are insignificant in comparison to collective action.[9] Others say that individual action leads to collective action, and emphasize that "research on social behavior suggests lifestyle change can build momentum for systemic change."[10][11] According to respondents to a 2022 survey conducted by the European Investment Bank, climate change is the second most pressing issue confronting Europeans. Over three-quarters of respondents (72%) believe that their individual actions can make a difference in tackling the climate issue.[12]

Suggested individual target amount edit

 
Emissions of the richest 1% are more than twice that of the poorest 50%.[13] Compliance with the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C goal would require the richest 1% to reduce emissions by at least 30 times, while per-person emissions of the poorest 50% could approximately triple.[13]
 
Though total CO2 emissions (size of pie charts) differ substantially among high-emitting regions, the pattern of higher income classes emitting more than lower income classes is consistent across regions.[14] The world’s top 1% of emitters emit over 1000 times more than the bottom 1%.[14]
 
Scaling the effect of wealth to the national level: richer (developed) countries emit more CO2 per person than poorer (developing) countries.[15] Emissions are roughly proportional to GDP per person, though the rate of increase diminishes with average GDP/pp of about $10,000.
See also: Climate change mitigation and Greenhouse gas emissions

As of 2021 the remaining carbon budget for a 50-50 chance of staying below 1.5 degrees of warming is 460 bn tonnes of CO2 or 11+1⁄2 years at 2020 emission rates.[16] Global average greenhouse gas per person per year in the late 2010s was about 7 tonnes[17] - including 0.7 tonnes CO2eq food, 1.1 tonnes from the home, and 0.8 tonnes from transport.[18] Of this about 5 tonnes was actual carbon dioxide.[19] To meet the Paris Agreement target of under 1.5 degrees warming by the end of the century, it is estimated that the annual carbon footprint per person required by 2030 is 2.3 tonnes.[20] As of 2020 the average Indian almost meets this target,[21] the average person in France[22] or China overshoots it, and the average person in the US and Australia vastly overshoots it. Per capita emissions also vary significantly within countries, with wealthier individuals creating more emissions.[23][24] A 2015 Oxfam report calculated that the wealthiest 10% of the global population were responsible for half of all greenhouse gas emissions.[25] According to a 2021 report by the UN, the wealthiest 5% contributed nearly 40% of emissions growth from 1990 to 2015.[26]

The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out in 2022: "To enhance well-being, people demand services and not primary energy and physical resources per se. Focusing on demand for services and the different social and political roles people play broadens the participation in climate action."[27]: TS-98  The report explains that behavior, lifestyle, and cultural change have a high climate change mitigation potential in some sectors, particularly when complementing technological and structural change.[28]: 5–3 

Meaning of "lifestyle carbon footprint" edit

Further information: Carbon footprint

The carbon footprint was originally coined & popularized by the ad campaign Beyond Petroleum in 2004-2006, funded by British Petroleum (BP), for which other have accused them of popularizing to downplay their own culpability.[29][30]

 
A vast majority of people surveyed for the European Investment Bank Climate Survey say they are making efforts to reduce their contribution to climate change, but few are making radical lifestyle changes.

In 2008 the World Health Organization wrote that "Your 'carbon footprint' is a measure of the impact your activities have on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced through the burning of fossil fuels".[31] In 2019 the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies in Japan defined "lifestyle carbon footprint" as "GHG emissions directly emitted and indirectly induced from the final consumption of households, excluding those induced by government consumption and capital formation such as infrastructure."[32]: v  However an Oxfam and SEI study in 2020 estimated per capita CO2 emissions rather than CO2-equivalent, and allocated all consumption emissions to individuals rather than just household consumption.[33] According to a 2020 review many academic studies do not properly explain the scope of the "personal carbon footprint" they study.[34]

Travel and commuting edit

See also: Car § Environmental impact, and Greenhouse gas emissions § Transport of people and goods

A comparison of travel options shows:

Walking and biking edit

Walking and biking emit little to no greenhouse gases and are healthy alternatives to driving or riding public transportation.[36] There are also increasing numbers of bike-sharing services in urban environments.[37] An individual can rent a bike for a period of time, reducing the financial burden of buying a personal bike and its associated environmental impact.[37]

Public transport edit

Reliable public transportation is one of the most viable alternatives to driving personal vehicles. While there are efficiency problems associated with public transportation (waiting times, missed transfers, unreliable schedules, energy consumption), they can be improved as funding and public interest increases and technology advances.[38] A case study from Auckland, New Zealand found that the global warming potential (GWP) of a bus system decreased by 5.6% when a system used increased efficiency methods compared to a system with no controls implemented.[38] In the early 21st century perception towards climate change influenced some people in rich countries to change their travel lifestyle.[39]

A 2022 survey found that 33% of car buyers in Europe will opt for a petrol or diesel car when purchasing a new vehicle. 67% of the respondents mentioned opting for the hybrid or electric version.[40][41] More specifically, it found that electric cars are only preferred by 28% of Europeans, making them the least preferred type of vehicle. 39% of Europeans tend to prefer hybrid vehicles, while 33% prefer petrol or diesel vehicles.[40][42] In the EU, only 13% of the total population do not plan on owning a vehicle at all.[40]

44% Chinese car buyers, on the other hand, are the most likely to buy an electric car, while 38% of Americans would opt for a hybrid car. 33% would prefer petrol or diesel, while only 29% would go for an electric car.[40][43]

Electric cars edit

 
Battery electric bus

There are many options to choose from when considering alternatives to personal car use, but the use of a personal vehicle may be necessary due to location and accessibility reasons.[44] The life cycle assessment of a vehicle evaluates the environmental impact of the production of the vehicle and its spare parts, the fuel consumption of the vehicle, and what happens to the vehicle at the end of its lifespan.[45] These environmental impacts can be measured in greenhouse gas emissions, solid waste produced, and consumption of energy resources among other factors.[46][45] Increasingly common alternatives to internal-combustion engines vehicles are electric vehicles (EVs), and hybrid-electric vehicles.[47] Electric cars emit less than gasoline cars.[48]

Some other alternatives to reducing emissions while driving a personal vehicle are planning out trips beforehand so they follow the shortest route and/or the route with the least amount of traffic.[49] Following a route with less traffic can reduce idling and waste less fuel.

Carpooling and ride-sharing services edit

 
Respondents to a climate survey, in favour of lowering speed limits on motorways

Carpooling and ride-sharing services are also alternatives to personal transportation. Carpooling reduces the number of cars on the road, in turn reducing the amount of traffic and energy consumption. A 2009 study estimated that 7.2 million tons of green-house gas emissions could be avoided if one out of 100 vehicles carried one extra passenger.[50] Ride-sharing services like Uber and Lyft could be viable options for transportation, but according to the Union of Concerned Scientists, ride-share service trips currently result in an estimated 69% increase in climate pollution on average.[51] More pollution is generated as the amount of time and energy a ride-share driver spends between customers with no passengers increases.[51] There are also more vehicles on the road as a result of passengers who would have otherwise taken public transportation, walked, or biked to their destination.[51] Ride-sharing services can reduce emissions if they implement strategies like electrifying vehicles and increase carpooling trips.[51] In some cities, there are car-sharing services where the user can gain short-term access to a vehicle when other options are not available.[52]

Air transport edit

See also: Environmental impact of aviation

Air travel is one of the most emission-intensive modes of transportation.[53] The current most effective way to reduce personal emissions from air travel is to fly less.[54][55] New technologies are being developed to allow for more efficient fuel consumption and planes powered by electricity.[55]

Avoiding air travel and particularly frequent flyer programs[56] has a high benefit because the convenience makes frequent, long-distance travel easy, and high-altitude emissions are more potent for the climate than the same emissions made at ground level. Aviation is much more difficult to fix technically than surface transport,[57] so will need more individual action in future if the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation cannot be made to work properly.[58]

Flying is responsible for 5 percent of global warming.[59] Compared to longer flight routes, shorter flights actually produce larger amounts of greenhouse gas emissions per passenger they carry and mile covered, so individuals may consider train travel instead but this can be more expensive due to aviation subsidies.[60] Airplanes contribute to damaging our environment since airplanes cause greater air pollution as they release carbon dioxide along with nitrogen oxides, which is an atmospheric pollutant. Exhaust emissions lead to changes in the amounts of the greenhouse gases ozone and methane.[61] Avoiding night-flights may help, as contrails may account for over half of aviation's climate change impact.[62]

Climate change is a factor that 67% of Europeans consider when choosing where to go on holiday. 52% of Europeans, specifically 37% of people ages 30–64 and 25% of people aged above 65, state that in 2022 they will choose to travel by plane. 27% of young people claim they will travel to a faraway destination. More specifically, people under the age of 30 are more likely to consider climate implications of vacation spots and air travel.[63][64]

Home energy and landscaping edit

 
Solar panels on roof of a home to generate energy from a renewable energy source

Reducing home energy use through measures such as insulation, better energy efficiency of appliances, cool roofs, heat reflective paints,[65] lowering water heater temperature, and improving heating and cooling efficiency can significantly reduce an individual's carbon footprint.[66] After home insulation and ventilation has been checked, replacing a failed gas boiler with a heat pump can be considered, especially in climates where both heating and cooling are required.[67]

In addition, the choice of energy used to heat, cool, and power homes makes a difference in the carbon footprint of individual homes.[68] Many energy suppliers in various countries worldwide have options to purchase part or pure "green energy" (usually electricity but occasionally also gas).[69] These methods of energy production emit almost no greenhouse gases once they are up and running.

Installing rooftop solar, both on a household and community scale, also drastically reduces household emissions, and at scale could be a major contributor to greenhouse gas abatement.[70][71]

Low energy products and consumption edit

 
Survey showing that heating, air conditioning and daily mobility are the areas where people believe their individual actions can have the greatest impact on reducing their carbon footprint[72]

Labels, such as Energy Star in the US, can be seen on many household appliances, home electronics, office equipment, heating and cooling equipment, windows, residential light fixtures, and other products. Energy star is a program in the U.S. that promotes energy efficiency. When buying air conditioning the choice of coolant is important.[73]

Carbon emission labels describe the carbon dioxide emissions created as a by-product of manufacturing, transporting, or disposing of a consumer product. Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) "present transparent, verified and comparable information about the life-cycle environmental impact of products."[74] These labels may help consumers choose lower energy products.

Converting appliances such as stoves, water heaters and furnaces from gas to electric reduces emissions of CO2 and methane.[75]

Landscape and gardens edit

Plants process carbon dioxide to make organic molecules like cellulose, sugars, starches, plant proteins, and oils. Perennials keep a large proportion of those organic molecules for as long as they live, not releasing them until microorganisms decompose them after they die. Perennial plants like trees and shrubs contribute to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air.[76][77]

Annual plants that die each year release almost all of the CO2 that they take in. Grass lawns that live over the winter but die back above ground can also soak up a share of carbon dioxide, reducing that greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. However, both organic and synthetic fertilizers are sources of NOx, and turfgrass lawns use 3 million tons of nitrogen-based fertilizer each year. That adds four to five tons of carbon to the atmosphere for every ton of nitrogen (660,000 tons of carbon dioxide/year). NOx is about 300 times more heat-absorbing than carbon dioxide.[78][79]

Soil microbes break down organic carbon into carbon dioxide. Reducing irrigation would slow the microbial activity of the soil and its production of carbon dioxide.[77] However, increased irrigation is required for lawn maintenance in areas that are becoming more arid due to climate change. Gas-powered lawnmowers and other power tools used for lawn maintenance produce carbon dioxide and methane, which are greenhouse gases.[78]

Lawns management methods like fertilizers and fossil fuel-powered lawn equipment may outweigh any carbon sequestration from the perennial grass lawn.[79] Reducing irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer, chemical pesticides, and using hand tools instead of power tools that use fossil fuels can all reduce the climate impact of lawns.[80]

Natural lawns promote pollination, require no fertilization, require less frequent mowing, promote diversity, and use less water.[81] There are many opportunities to plant trees and shrubs in the yard, along roads, in parks, and in public gardens. In addition, some charities plant fast-growing trees to help people in places with less tree coverage to restore the productivity of their lands.[82] Individuals can also plant home vegetable gardens that provide locally grown food, native plant gardens that provide a diversity of species, and trees and perennial shrubs that develop sustainable carbon sequestration.[79]

 
European and American respondents to a survey in 2022 are found the most willing to change heating and cooling habits, while Chinese people are more willing to change everyday mobility habits.[72]


Laundry and choice of clothing edit

Hanging laundry to dry saves energy that would have been used for heating, reducing clothing's carbon footprint.[83][84][85][86] Additionally, using a shorter, cold water wash cycle can conserve energy by as much as 66%.[87]

Purchasing well-made, durable clothing, and avoiding "fast fashion" is critical for reducing climate impact.[88][89][90] Some clothing is donated and/or recycled, meanwhile, the rest of the waste heads to landfills where they release "greenhouse gases".[91]

Hot water consumption edit

Domestic heated water using non-renewable resources such as gas contributes to significant global carbon dioxide emissions. As of 2020, most homes use gas or electric boilers to heat their water. Powering these boilers with renewable energy would reduce these emissions, although the cost of installation means this is not a universally viable option.[92] Turning off the water heater and using unheated water for laundry, bathing (weather permitting), dishes, and cleaning eliminates those emissions.

Demand reduction edit

See also: Climate change mitigation § Demand reduction

Less consumption of goods and services edit

 
Support for a ban on some products, sustainable consumption education and better recycling in the 2020–21 European Investment Bank Climate Survey

The production of many goods and services results in the emission of greenhouse gases as well as pollution. One way for individuals to decrease their environmental footprint is by consuming less goods and services. Decreasing the consumption of goods and services results in a lower demand, and lower supply (production) follows.[93] Individuals can prioritize shrinking the consumption of those goods and services whose production results in relatively high pollution levels. Individuals can also prioritize discontinuing the use of those goods and services that offer little to no real utility by "speaking with their money", since unpopular products neither satisfy consumer wants/needs nor the environment's; however, government subsidies may prove "boycott buying" to be futile in some cases, enabling the producer.[94][95][96]

A climate survey found that in 2021 42% of Europeans, specifically 48% of women and 34% of men, already invest in second-hand clothing rather than buying new ones. Populations aged 15 to 29, are found more likely to do so.[97][98] Education on sustainable consumption, specifically targeting children, is seen as a priority by 93% of Chinese citizens, 92% of EU, 88% of British citizens and 81% of Americans.[99][100]

The National Geographic Society has concluded that city dwellers can help with climate change if they (or we) simply "buy less stuff."[101]

Lloyd Alter suggests that one way to get a practical sense of embodied carbon is to ask, "How much does your household weigh?"[102]

For-profit companies usually promote and market their products as useful or needed to potential consumers, even when they in reality are harmful or wasteful to them and/or the environment. Individuals should be diligent in self-assessing and/or researching whether or not each product they purchase and consume is really of value to decrease consumption. If a gas stove or other type of stove needs to be replaced in a new house, then an electric stove is preferable. However, as cooking is usually a small part of household GHG emissions, it is generally not worth changing a stove simply for climate reasons.[103]

Using durable reusable containers such as lunchboxes, "single-use" grocery and produce bags (can be used as light-duty trash bags), Tupperware, as well as buying local produce, minimally packaged foods and general items, all reduce carbon emissions and pollution from the production of single use containers and packaging. These tactics mitigate GHG production by reducing demand for extra packaging and shipping of products.[104][105]

Reducing food loss edit

The world's food production is responsible for approximately a quarter of the greenhouse gas emissions produced by humanity each year,[106] with livestock alone accounting for 14.5% of the total greenhouse gas emissions.[107] The carbon dioxide emissions associated with food are estimated to be 2.2 tons per person annually, from production to consumption.[108] If this is correct, it would mean that just the food aspect of daily life would nearly exhaust the entire Paris Agreement compliance goal of 2.3 tons [109] per person per year. Therefore, reducing food loss[110] is absolutely essential, and in the 2020 Project Drawdown, it was identified as the top priority solution to address climate change.[111] Fortunately, out of the 2.2 tons mentioned, 1.9 tons are considered reducible.[108]

According to a 2023 study published in Nature Food, carbon dioxide emissions resulting from food waste make up half of the total emissions in the entire food system.[112] In the United States, it is estimated that 31% of food delivered to retail stores is discarded by either retailers or consumers.[113] Furthermore, the carbon dioxide emissions from food waste that decomposes in landfills, etc., amount to 2.5 kilograms of carbon dioxide per kilogram of food and also produce methane, a greenhouse gas with 25 times the warming potential of carbon dioxide.[114]

Food waste also represents a loss of the energy to transport foods from producers to consumers. According to a study published in Nature Food in 2022, transportation-related emissions for food from producers to retail stores represent around 20% of the total emissions for vegetables and fruits,[115] while for refrigerated transport of items like meat, fresh fish, and dairy, it increases by an additional 20-30%.[116]

In addition to the waste of food itself, the disposal of packaging materials is also a significant concern. Reducing food waste contributes to reducing both global warming and environmental pollution caused by plastic packaging materials. It is estimated that approximately 5% of the energy used to manufacture and distribute food products is attributed to packaging materials.[117] Plastic food packaging materials are known for their significant environmental pollution, therefore they contribute not only to carbon dioxide emissions associated with plastic production but also to overall adverse environmental impacts.[118] Japan's excessive packaging culture in the context of food, has been criticized internationally in relation to Japanese plastic waste.[119][120][121][122]

Eating less meat edit

Main article: Low-carbon diet
 
Example of a low-carbon dish: Vegan pho ingredients
See also: Environmental impact of meat production and Veganism § Environmental veganism

The world's food system is responsible for about one-quarter of the planet-warming greenhouse gases that humans generate each year[123] with the livestock sector alone contributing 14.5% of all anthropogenic GHG emissions.[124] The 2019 World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency, endorsed by over 11,000 scientists from more than 150 countries, stated that "eating mostly plant-based foods while reducing the global consumption of animal products, especially ruminant livestock, can improve human health and significantly lower GHG emissions."[1] The most common ruminant livestock are cattle and sheep.

Agriculture is very difficult to fix technically so will need more individual action[125] or carbon offsetting than all other sectors except perhaps aviation.[57]

Eating less meat, especially beef and lamb, reduces emissions.[126] A diet which is part of individual action on climate change is also good for health, averaging less than 15g (about half an ounce) of red meat and 250g dairy (about one glass of milk) per day.[127] The World Health Organization recommends trans-fats make up less than 1% of total energy intake: ruminant trans-fats are found in beef, lamb, milk and cheese.[128] In 2019, the IPCC released a summary of the 2019 special report which asserted that a shift towards plant-based diets would help to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Ecologist Hans-Otto Pörtner, who contributed to the report, said "We don't want to tell people what to eat, but it would indeed be beneficial, for both climate and human health, if people in many rich countries consumed less meat, and if politics would create appropriate incentives to that effect."[129]

Meats such as beef have a higher climate impact since cows release methane, a greenhouse gas that is more harmful in the short-term than carbon dioxide.[130]

Eating a plant-rich diet is listed as the #1 individual solution for climate change as modeled by Project Drawdown, based on avoided emissions from the production of animals and avoided emissions from additional deforestation for grazing land.[131]

A 2018 study indicated that one fifth of Americans are responsible for about half of the country's diet-related carbon emissions, due mostly to eating high levels of meat, especially beef.[132][133]

A 2022 study published in Nature Food found that if high-income nations switched to a plant-based diet, vast amounts of land used for animal agriculture could be allowed to return to their natural state, which in turn has the potential to sequester 100 billion tons of CO2 by 2100. In addition to mitigating climate change, other benefits of this transition would include improved water quality, restoration of biodiversity, and reductions in air pollution.[134][135]

A 2022 survey found that half of Europeans (51%) support reducing the amount of meat and dairy products people may buy to combat climate change (11% more than Americans, who support it at 40%, but far lower than Chinese people, who support it at 73%). The same survey found that to assist individuals make more sustainable food decisions, 79% of Europeans support labelling all food with their carbon footprint (Americans support it at 62%, but Chinese respondents support it at 88%).[136]

A 2023 paper published in Nature Food found that vegan diets reduce emissions, water pollution and land use by 75%, while also significantly reducing the destruction of wildlife and water usage.[137]

Family size edit

See also: Voluntary childlessness and Human population planning

Worldwide population growth is considered as a challenge for climate change mitigation.[138] Proposed measures include an improved access to family planning and access of women to education and economic opportunities.[139][140][141] Targeting natalistic politics involves cultural, ethical and societal issues. Various religions discourage or prohibit some or all forms of birth control.[142] Although having fewer children is arguably the individual action that most effectively reduces a person's climate impact, the issue is rarely raised, and it is arguably controversial due to its private nature. Even so, ethicists,[143][144] some politicians such as Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,[145] and others[146][147][148][149] have started discussing the climate implications associated with reproduction. Researchers have found that some people (in wealthy countries) are having fewer children due to their beliefs that they can do more to slow climate change if they do not have children.[150]

An April 2020 study published in PLOS One found that, among two-adult Swedish households, those with children increased carbon emission in two ways, by adding to the population and by increasing their own carbon emissions by consuming greater quantities of meat and gasoline for transportation than their counterparts without children; an increase of some 25% more than the latter. According to one of the contributors to the study, University of Wyoming economist Linda Thunstrom, "If we're finding these results in Sweden, it's pretty safe to assume that the disparity in carbon footprints between parents and non-parents is even bigger in most other Western countries."[151]

However in a 2024 book Not the End of the World Scottish data scientist Hannah Ritchie wrote that the carbon footprint of people changes over time: “It’s fair to say that my child will not have the same footprint as me: in the coming decades as we rapidly decarbonize the emissions of a ‘person’ will hopefully decline significantly and eventually reach close to zero.”[152]: 113 

Two interrelated aspects of this action, family planning and women and girl's education, are modeled by Project Drawdown as the #6 and #7 top potential solutions for climate change, based on the ability of family planning and education to reduce the growth of the overall global population.[153][154] In 2019, a warning on climate change signed by 11,000 scientists from 153 nations said that human population growth adds 80 million humans annually, and "the world population must be stabilized—and, ideally, gradually reduced—within a framework that ensures social integrity" to reduce the impact of "population growth on GHG emissions and biodiversity loss." The policies they promote, which "are proven and effective policies that strengthen human rights while lowering fertility rates," would include removing barriers to gender equality, especially in education, and ensuring family planning services are available to all.[155][156]

In a 2021 paper it was said that "human population has been mostly ignored with regard to climate policy" and attribute this to the taboo nature of the issue given its association with population policies of the past, including forced sterilization campaigns and China's one-child policy. They take a different approach and argue that population policies can both advance social justice (such as by abolishing child marriage, expanding family planning services and reforms that improve education for women and girls) while at the same time mitigating the human impact on the climate and the earth system. They say that while overconsumption by the world's wealthy is responsible for 90% of GHG emissions, which can be redressed through eco-taxes, carbon pricing and other policies, the global human population of 7.7 billion contributes to climate change in many ways, including the consumption of natural resources and GHG emissions from transportation.[157][158] In 2022, a group of scientists urged families around the world to have no more than one child as part of the transformative changes needed to mitigate both climate change and biodiversity loss.[2]

However, older populations are sometimes less concerned about climate change.[159][160] Because climate change needs to be limited within the next few decades, having fewer children now might not make much difference.[161]

Others edit

Personal finance edit

Further information: Cryptocurrency § Environmental effects

Individuals can check whether the financial companies they are using are part of the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero,[162] and consider switching pensions, insurance and investments.[163]

Cryptocurrencies edit

Further information: Cryptocurrency § Environmental effects

Cryptocurrencies which are made by proof-of-work such as Bitcoin, are high carbon both because they use dirty electricity, such as electricity from Kazakhstan (some electricity in the United States used for Bitcoin mining is also dirty[164] but the gas might be burned anyway[165]) and because cryptocurrency mining uses hardware for only a short time before it becomes ewaste.[166][167] Individuals with such cryptocurrency can switch to proof of stake crypto such as Tezos or ethereum.[168]

Digital services edit

Further information: Streaming media § Greenhouse gas emissions, and Data center § Greenhouse gas emissions

Political advocacy edit

See also: climate movement
 
Country breakdown for people responding to the question "Do you think your own behavior can make a difference in tackling climate change?"

Impactful ways in the area of political advocacy that an individual can take include:[169] individual citizen participation in groups advocating for collective action in the form of political solutions, such as carbon pricing, meat pricing,[170] ending subsidies for fossil fuels[171] and animal husbandry,[172] and ending laws encouraging car use.[173]

Activist movements edit

Main article: Climate movement
 
Degrees of concern about the effects of climate change vary with political affiliation.[174]
 
Special Fossil of the Day Message to Japan

Climate change is a prevalent issue in many societies.[175] Some believe that some of the long-term negative effects of climate change can be ameliorated through individual and community actions to reduce resource consumption. Thus, many environmental advocacy organizations associated with the climate movement (such as the Earth Day Network) focus on encouraging such individual conservation and grassroots organizing around environmental issues.[176][177]

Many environmental, economic, and social issues find common ground in mitigation of climate change.[178][179][clarification needed] In the United States Citizens' Climate Lobby provides climate change solutions through bipartisan and national policy which aims to set a price on carbon at the national level.

To raise awareness of climate issues, activists organized a series of international labor and school strikes in late September 2019,[180] with estimates of total participants ranging between 6 and 7.3 million.[181][182]

A number of groups from around the world have come together to work on the issue of global warming. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from diverse fields of work have united on this issue. A coalition of 50 NGOs called Stop Climate Chaos launched in Britain in 2005 to highlight the issue of climate change.

The Campaign against Climate Change was created to focus purely on the issue of climate change and to pressure governments into action by building a protest movement of sufficient magnitude to effect political change.

Critical Mass is an event typically held on the last Friday of every month in various cities around the world wherein bicyclists and, less frequently, unicyclists, skateboarders, inline skaters, roller skaters and other self-propelled commuters take to the streets en masse. While the ride was founded in San Francisco with the idea of drawing attention to how unfriendly the city was to bicyclists, the leaderless structure of Critical Mass makes it impossible to assign it any one specific goal. In fact, the purpose of Critical Mass is not formalized beyond the direct action of meeting at a set location and time and traveling as a group through city or town streets.

One of the elements of the Occupy movement is global warming action.

Following environmentalist Bill McKibben's mantra that "if it's wrong to wreck the climate, it's wrong to profit from that wreckage,[183]" fossil fuel divestment campaigns attempt to get public institutions, such as universities and churches, to remove investment assets from fossil fuel companies. By December 2016, a total of 688 institutions and over 58,000 individuals representing $5.5 trillion in assets worldwide had been divested from fossil fuels.[184][185]

Groups such as NextGen America and Climate Hawks Vote are working in the United States to elect officials who will make action on climate change a high priority.

On 20 July 2020, Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg, who was awarded a Portuguese rights award, pledged to donate the Gulbenkian Prize money of 1 million euros to organizations focused on the environment and climate change.[186]

A 2023 review study published in One Earth stated that opinion polls show that most people perceive climate change as occurring now and close by.[187] The study concluded that seeing climate change as more distant does not necessarily result in less climate action, and reducing psychological distancing does not reliably increase climate action.[187]

Reform of subsidies and taxes edit

See also: Energy subsidy § Impact of fossil fuel subsidies

Political advocacy can focus on removing those fossil fuel and other subsidies, and taxes which discourage individual action on climate change, for example:

  • Abolish a subsidy of kerosene because this subsidy discourages individuals switching to other fuels.[188]
  • Cutting farm subsidies for livestock because these subsidies could discourage individuals shifting to a plant based diet (as those subsidies artificially lowers the price of meat and dairy products):[189]
  • Rebalance the taxes and regulatory costs, which are currently higher for electricity than gas and thus discourage individuals from switching from gas boilers to heat pumps[189]
  • Abolish Turkey's free coal for poor families[190] at such a program discourages people from switching to natural gas in cities.
  • Redirecting the money which would have been spent as subsidies, together with any carbon tax, to form a carbon dividend in equal shares for everyone or for poor people to encourage individuals to take action as part of a just transition away from a high carbon lifestyle.[191]

However, sudden removal of a subsidy by governments not trusted to redirect it,[192] or without providing good alternatives for individuals, can lead to civil unrest. An example of this took place in 2019, when Ecuador removed its gasoline and diesel subsidies without providing enough electric buses to maintain service. The result was overnight fuel price hikes of 25–75 percent. The corresponding fare hikes for Ecuador's existing gas and diesel powered bus fleet were met with violent protests.[193]

Climate conversations edit

 
Respondents to a climate survey about reducing their home temperature to 19°C or less (from various countries)

"Discussing global warming leads to greater acceptance of climate science".[194] The Yale Climate Communication Program recommends initiating "climate conversations" with more moderate individuals.[195][51] Once personal climate impacts and core values are understood, it may become possible to open a discussion of potential climate solutions which are consistent with those core values.[195][196]

Carbon Conversations is a "psychosocial project that addresses the practicalities of carbon reduction while taking account of the complex emotions and social pressures that make this difficult".[197] It was cited in The Guardian newspaper as one of the 20 best ideas to tackle climate change.[198]

Social contagion edit

Another opportunity for mitigation is through social contagion, where people in a network learn new behaviors, such as trying a plant-based diet or riding their bicycles to work instead of driving, and the new behaviors spread spontaneously through the group. For example, a 2020 Max Planck Institute study found that when meat-eaters are accompanied by vegetarians and have a choice of eating dishes with or without meat, they’re more likely to choose a vegetarian dish, resulting in a reduction in the demand for meat. This probability increases as the number of vegetarians accompanying the meat eaters increases.[199] If enough people are influenced, the community can reach a tipping point, in which a majority of people transition to a new habit; a 2018 study published in Nature claims that with only 25 per cent of a population, a minority perspective was able to overturn the majority.[200]

Comparison of impacts of individual actions edit

 
Graph of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, at the People's Climate March, in Washington DC on 29 April 2017
 
A growing number of Europeans and Chinese respondents to a climate survey believe that their behavior can make a difference in tackling climate change.[201]

Public discourse on reducing one's carbon footprint overwhelmingly focuses on low-impact behaviors, and as of 2017, the mention of high-impact individual behaviors to impact climate was almost non-existent in mainstream media, government publications, K-12 school textbooks, etc.[139][146][needs update]

Media focus on low impact[202] rather than high impact behaviors is concerning for scientists. The most impactful actions for individuals may differ significantly from the popular advice for "greening" one's lifestyle. For instance, popular suggestions for individual actions include replacing a typical car with a hybrid, washing clothes in cold water, recycling, upgrading light bulbs which are all regarded as lower impact behaviors.

A few researchers have stated that some "recommended high-impact actions are more effective than many more commonly discussed options. For example, eating a plant-based diet saves eight times more emissions than upgrading light bulbs."[139][146] Recommended high-impact actions are around having fewer children,[157][203] living car-free, avoiding long distance flights and eating a plant-based diet. However, other publications state that "population is actually irrelevant to solving the climate crisis".[204]

Other researchers say that decarbonization need not mean a more austere lifestyle, and that the individual actions with the most impact are to electrify households, with for example electric cars and heating.[4]

Scientists argue that piecemeal behavioral changes like re-using plastic bags are not a proportionate response to climate change. Though being beneficial, these debates would drive public focus away from the requirement for an energy system change of unprecedented scale to decarbonise rapidly. Moreover, policy measures such as targeted subsidies, eco-tariffs, effective sustainability certificates, legal product information requirements, CO2 pricing,[205] emissions allowances rationing,[206][207] budget-allocations/labelling,[206] targeted product-range exclusions, advertising bans, and feedback mechanisms are examples of measures that could have a more substantial positive impact on consumption behavior than changes exclusively carried out by consumers and could address social issues such as consumers' inhibitive constraints of budgets, awareness and time.[208]

Controversies around significance edit

It has been argued that climate change is a collective action problem, specifically a tragedy of the commons, which is a political[209] and not individual category of problem.[210]

Some commentators have argued that individual actions as consumers and "greening personal lives" are insignificant in comparison to collective action, especially actions that hold the fossil fuel corporations [clarification needed]accountable for producing 71% of carbon emissions since 1988.[9][211][212] The concept of a personal carbon footprint and calculating one's footprint was popularized by oil producer BP as "effective propaganda" as a way to shift their responsibility to "linguistically... remove itself as a contributor to the problem of climate change".[213] Others have shown that sometimes individual measures may effectively undermine political support for structural measures. In one example researchers found that "a green energy default nudge diminishes support for a carbon tax."[214]

Others say that individual action leads to collective action, and emphasize that "research on social behavior suggests lifestyle change can build momentum for systemic change."[10] Furthermore, if individuals shrink their consumption of fossil fuel products, fossil fuel corporations are incentivized to produce less, as the demand for their product would decrease.[215] In other words, each individual's consumption plays a role in the total supply of fossil fuels and emission of greenhouse gases.

Misleading information on individual actions edit

See also: Climate change policy of the United States § Trump administration

In some countries media coverage of climate change reports only about the effects of climate change, such as extreme weather, but makes no mention of either individual or government actions which can be taken.[216]

The suggestion that eating a plant-based diet requires a person to become strictly vegetarian is also misinformation.[217] A plant-based diet focuses on consuming foods primarily from plants but does not eliminate all animal products like a vegan diet does.[218]

Climate change education, which became mandatory in Italy in 2019,[219] is completely absent in some countries, or fails to provide information on action that individuals can take.

See also edit

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External links edit

  • 52 Climate Actions themed suggestions for personal actions
  • What we all can do at Climatesafety.info
  • "Climate change food calculator: What's your diet's carbon footprint?". BBC.

April 28, 2024
individual, action, climate, change, include, personal, choices, many, areas, such, diet, travel, household, energy, consumption, goods, services, family, size, individuals, also, engage, local, political, advocacy, around, issues, climate, change, people, wis. Individual action on climate change can include personal choices in many areas such as diet travel household energy use consumption of goods and services and family size Individuals can also engage in local and political advocacy around issues of climate change People who wish to reduce their carbon footprint particularly those in high income countries with high consumption lifestyles can take high impact actions such as avoiding frequent flying and petrol fuelled cars eating mainly a plant based diet having fewer children dubious discuss 1 2 using clothes and electrical products for longer 3 and electrifying homes 4 Avoiding meat and dairy foods has been called the single biggest way an individual can reduce their environmental impact 5 Excessive consumption is more to blame for climate change than population increase 6 High consumption lifestyles have a greater environmental impact with the richest 10 of people emitting about half the total lifestyle emissions 7 8 A demonstrator at the People s Climate March 2017 Some commentators have argued that individual actions as consumers and greening personal lives are insignificant in comparison to collective action 9 Others say that individual action leads to collective action and emphasize that research on social behavior suggests lifestyle change can build momentum for systemic change 10 11 According to respondents to a 2022 survey conducted by the European Investment Bank climate change is the second most pressing issue confronting Europeans Over three quarters of respondents 72 believe that their individual actions can make a difference in tackling the climate issue 12 Contents 1 Suggested individual target amount 1 1 Meaning of lifestyle carbon footprint 2 Travel and commuting 2 1 Walking and biking 2 2 Public transport 2 3 Electric cars 2 4 Carpooling and ride sharing services 2 5 Air transport 3 Home energy and landscaping 3 1 Low energy products and consumption 3 2 Landscape and gardens 3 3 Laundry and choice of clothing 3 4 Hot water consumption 4 Demand reduction 4 1 Less consumption of goods and services 4 2 Reducing food loss 4 3 Eating less meat 4 4 Family size 5 Others 5 1 Personal finance 5 2 Cryptocurrencies 5 3 Digital services 6 Political advocacy 6 1 Activist movements 6 2 Reform of subsidies and taxes 6 3 Climate conversations 6 4 Social contagion 7 Comparison of impacts of individual actions 7 1 Controversies around significance 7 2 Misleading information on individual actions 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksSuggested individual target amount edit nbsp Emissions of the richest 1 are more than twice that of the poorest 50 13 Compliance with the Paris Agreement s 1 5 C goal would require the richest 1 to reduce emissions by at least 30 times while per person emissions of the poorest 50 could approximately triple 13 nbsp Though total CO2 emissions size of pie charts differ substantially among high emitting regions the pattern of higher income classes emitting more than lower income classes is consistent across regions 14 The world s top 1 of emitters emit over 1000 times more than the bottom 1 14 nbsp Scaling the effect of wealth to the national level richer developed countries emit more CO2 per person than poorer developing countries 15 Emissions are roughly proportional to GDP per person though the rate of increase diminishes with average GDP pp of about 10 000 See also Climate change mitigation and Greenhouse gas emissions As of 2021 update the remaining carbon budget for a 50 50 chance of staying below 1 5 degrees of warming is 460 bn tonnes of CO2 or 11 1 2 years at 2020 emission rates 16 Global average greenhouse gas per person per year in the late 2010s was about 7 tonnes 17 including 0 7 tonnes CO2eq food 1 1 tonnes from the home and 0 8 tonnes from transport 18 Of this about 5 tonnes was actual carbon dioxide 19 To meet the Paris Agreement target of under 1 5 degrees warming by the end of the century it is estimated that the annual carbon footprint per person required by 2030 is 2 3 tonnes 20 As of 2020 update the average Indian almost meets this target 21 the average person in France 22 or China overshoots it and the average person in the US and Australia vastly overshoots it Per capita emissions also vary significantly within countries with wealthier individuals creating more emissions 23 24 A 2015 Oxfam report calculated that the wealthiest 10 of the global population were responsible for half of all greenhouse gas emissions 25 According to a 2021 report by the UN the wealthiest 5 contributed nearly 40 of emissions growth from 1990 to 2015 26 The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out in 2022 To enhance well being people demand services and not primary energy and physical resources per se Focusing on demand for services and the different social and political roles people play broadens the participation in climate action 27 TS 98 The report explains that behavior lifestyle and cultural change have a high climate change mitigation potential in some sectors particularly when complementing technological and structural change 28 5 3 Meaning of lifestyle carbon footprint edit Further information Carbon footprintThe carbon footprint was originally coined amp popularized by the ad campaign Beyond Petroleum in 2004 2006 funded by British Petroleum BP for which other have accused them of popularizing to downplay their own culpability 29 30 nbsp A vast majority of people surveyed for the European Investment Bank Climate Survey say they are making efforts to reduce their contribution to climate change but few are making radical lifestyle changes In 2008 the World Health Organization wrote that Your carbon footprint is a measure of the impact your activities have on the amount of carbon dioxide CO2 produced through the burning of fossil fuels 31 In 2019 the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies in Japan defined lifestyle carbon footprint as GHG emissions directly emitted and indirectly induced from the final consumption of households excluding those induced by government consumption and capital formation such as infrastructure 32 v However an Oxfam and SEI study in 2020 estimated per capita CO2 emissions rather than CO2 equivalent and allocated all consumption emissions to individuals rather than just household consumption 33 According to a 2020 review many academic studies do not properly explain the scope of the personal carbon footprint they study 34 Travel and commuting editSee also Car Environmental impact and Greenhouse gas emissions Transport of people and goodsA comparison of travel options shows Walking and running are among the least environmentally harmful modes of transportation Cycling follows walking and running as having a low impact on the environment Public transport such as electric buses metro and electric trains generally emit less greenhouse gases than cars per passenger Escooters can also be a low impact form of transportation if they have long lifetimes 35 Cars Using an electric car instead of a gasoline or diesel car helps to reduce carbon dioxide emissions Walking and biking edit Walking and biking emit little to no greenhouse gases and are healthy alternatives to driving or riding public transportation 36 There are also increasing numbers of bike sharing services in urban environments 37 An individual can rent a bike for a period of time reducing the financial burden of buying a personal bike and its associated environmental impact 37 Public transport edit Reliable public transportation is one of the most viable alternatives to driving personal vehicles While there are efficiency problems associated with public transportation waiting times missed transfers unreliable schedules energy consumption they can be improved as funding and public interest increases and technology advances 38 A case study from Auckland New Zealand found that the global warming potential GWP of a bus system decreased by 5 6 when a system used increased efficiency methods compared to a system with no controls implemented 38 In the early 21st century perception towards climate change influenced some people in rich countries to change their travel lifestyle 39 A 2022 survey found that 33 of car buyers in Europe will opt for a petrol or diesel car when purchasing a new vehicle 67 of the respondents mentioned opting for the hybrid or electric version 40 41 More specifically it found that electric cars are only preferred by 28 of Europeans making them the least preferred type of vehicle 39 of Europeans tend to prefer hybrid vehicles while 33 prefer petrol or diesel vehicles 40 42 In the EU only 13 of the total population do not plan on owning a vehicle at all 40 44 Chinese car buyers on the other hand are the most likely to buy an electric car while 38 of Americans would opt for a hybrid car 33 would prefer petrol or diesel while only 29 would go for an electric car 40 43 Electric cars edit nbsp Battery electric bus There are many options to choose from when considering alternatives to personal car use but the use of a personal vehicle may be necessary due to location and accessibility reasons 44 The life cycle assessment of a vehicle evaluates the environmental impact of the production of the vehicle and its spare parts the fuel consumption of the vehicle and what happens to the vehicle at the end of its lifespan 45 These environmental impacts can be measured in greenhouse gas emissions solid waste produced and consumption of energy resources among other factors 46 45 Increasingly common alternatives to internal combustion engines vehicles are electric vehicles EVs and hybrid electric vehicles 47 Electric cars emit less than gasoline cars 48 Some other alternatives to reducing emissions while driving a personal vehicle are planning out trips beforehand so they follow the shortest route and or the route with the least amount of traffic 49 Following a route with less traffic can reduce idling and waste less fuel Carpooling and ride sharing services edit nbsp Respondents to a climate survey in favour of lowering speed limits on motorwaysCarpooling and ride sharing services are also alternatives to personal transportation Carpooling reduces the number of cars on the road in turn reducing the amount of traffic and energy consumption A 2009 study estimated that 7 2 million tons of green house gas emissions could be avoided if one out of 100 vehicles carried one extra passenger 50 Ride sharing services like Uber and Lyft could be viable options for transportation but according to the Union of Concerned Scientists ride share service trips currently result in an estimated 69 increase in climate pollution on average 51 More pollution is generated as the amount of time and energy a ride share driver spends between customers with no passengers increases 51 There are also more vehicles on the road as a result of passengers who would have otherwise taken public transportation walked or biked to their destination 51 Ride sharing services can reduce emissions if they implement strategies like electrifying vehicles and increase carpooling trips 51 In some cities there are car sharing services where the user can gain short term access to a vehicle when other options are not available 52 Air transport edit See also Environmental impact of aviation Air travel is one of the most emission intensive modes of transportation 53 The current most effective way to reduce personal emissions from air travel is to fly less 54 55 New technologies are being developed to allow for more efficient fuel consumption and planes powered by electricity 55 Avoiding air travel and particularly frequent flyer programs 56 has a high benefit because the convenience makes frequent long distance travel easy and high altitude emissions are more potent for the climate than the same emissions made at ground level Aviation is much more difficult to fix technically than surface transport 57 so will need more individual action in future if the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation cannot be made to work properly 58 Flying is responsible for 5 percent of global warming 59 Compared to longer flight routes shorter flights actually produce larger amounts of greenhouse gas emissions per passenger they carry and mile covered so individuals may consider train travel instead but this can be more expensive due to aviation subsidies 60 Airplanes contribute to damaging our environment since airplanes cause greater air pollution as they release carbon dioxide along with nitrogen oxides which is an atmospheric pollutant Exhaust emissions lead to changes in the amounts of the greenhouse gases ozone and methane 61 Avoiding night flights may help as contrails may account for over half of aviation s climate change impact 62 Climate change is a factor that 67 of Europeans consider when choosing where to go on holiday 52 of Europeans specifically 37 of people ages 30 64 and 25 of people aged above 65 state that in 2022 they will choose to travel by plane 27 of young people claim they will travel to a faraway destination More specifically people under the age of 30 are more likely to consider climate implications of vacation spots and air travel 63 64 Home energy and landscaping edit nbsp Solar panels on roof of a home to generate energy from a renewable energy sourceReducing home energy use through measures such as insulation better energy efficiency of appliances cool roofs heat reflective paints 65 lowering water heater temperature and improving heating and cooling efficiency can significantly reduce an individual s carbon footprint 66 After home insulation and ventilation has been checked replacing a failed gas boiler with a heat pump can be considered especially in climates where both heating and cooling are required 67 In addition the choice of energy used to heat cool and power homes makes a difference in the carbon footprint of individual homes 68 Many energy suppliers in various countries worldwide have options to purchase part or pure green energy usually electricity but occasionally also gas 69 These methods of energy production emit almost no greenhouse gases once they are up and running Installing rooftop solar both on a household and community scale also drastically reduces household emissions and at scale could be a major contributor to greenhouse gas abatement 70 71 Low energy products and consumption edit nbsp Survey showing that heating air conditioning and daily mobility are the areas where people believe their individual actions can have the greatest impact on reducing their carbon footprint 72 Labels such as Energy Star in the US can be seen on many household appliances home electronics office equipment heating and cooling equipment windows residential light fixtures and other products Energy star is a program in the U S that promotes energy efficiency When buying air conditioning the choice of coolant is important 73 Carbon emission labels describe the carbon dioxide emissions created as a by product of manufacturing transporting or disposing of a consumer product Environmental Product Declarations EPD present transparent verified and comparable information about the life cycle environmental impact of products 74 These labels may help consumers choose lower energy products Converting appliances such as stoves water heaters and furnaces from gas to electric reduces emissions of CO2 and methane 75 Landscape and gardens edit Plants process carbon dioxide to make organic molecules like cellulose sugars starches plant proteins and oils Perennials keep a large proportion of those organic molecules for as long as they live not releasing them until microorganisms decompose them after they die Perennial plants like trees and shrubs contribute to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the air 76 77 Annual plants that die each year release almost all of the CO2 that they take in Grass lawns that live over the winter but die back above ground can also soak up a share of carbon dioxide reducing that greenhouse gas in the atmosphere However both organic and synthetic fertilizers are sources of NOx and turfgrass lawns use 3 million tons of nitrogen based fertilizer each year That adds four to five tons of carbon to the atmosphere for every ton of nitrogen 660 000 tons of carbon dioxide year NOx is about 300 times more heat absorbing than carbon dioxide 78 79 Soil microbes break down organic carbon into carbon dioxide Reducing irrigation would slow the microbial activity of the soil and its production of carbon dioxide 77 However increased irrigation is required for lawn maintenance in areas that are becoming more arid due to climate change Gas powered lawnmowers and other power tools used for lawn maintenance produce carbon dioxide and methane which are greenhouse gases 78 Lawns management methods like fertilizers and fossil fuel powered lawn equipment may outweigh any carbon sequestration from the perennial grass lawn 79 Reducing irrigation nitrogen fertilizer chemical pesticides and using hand tools instead of power tools that use fossil fuels can all reduce the climate impact of lawns 80 Natural lawns promote pollination require no fertilization require less frequent mowing promote diversity and use less water 81 There are many opportunities to plant trees and shrubs in the yard along roads in parks and in public gardens In addition some charities plant fast growing trees to help people in places with less tree coverage to restore the productivity of their lands 82 Individuals can also plant home vegetable gardens that provide locally grown food native plant gardens that provide a diversity of species and trees and perennial shrubs that develop sustainable carbon sequestration 79 nbsp European and American respondents to a survey in 2022 are found the most willing to change heating and cooling habits while Chinese people are more willing to change everyday mobility habits 72 Laundry and choice of clothing edit Hanging laundry to dry saves energy that would have been used for heating reducing clothing s carbon footprint 83 84 85 86 Additionally using a shorter cold water wash cycle can conserve energy by as much as 66 87 Purchasing well made durable clothing and avoiding fast fashion is critical for reducing climate impact 88 89 90 Some clothing is donated and or recycled meanwhile the rest of the waste heads to landfills where they release greenhouse gases 91 Hot water consumption edit Domestic heated water using non renewable resources such as gas contributes to significant global carbon dioxide emissions As of 2020 most homes use gas or electric boilers to heat their water Powering these boilers with renewable energy would reduce these emissions although the cost of installation means this is not a universally viable option 92 Turning off the water heater and using unheated water for laundry bathing weather permitting dishes and cleaning eliminates those emissions Demand reduction editSee also Climate change mitigation Demand reduction Less consumption of goods and services edit nbsp Support for a ban on some products sustainable consumption education and better recycling in the 2020 21 European Investment Bank Climate Survey The production of many goods and services results in the emission of greenhouse gases as well as pollution One way for individuals to decrease their environmental footprint is by consuming less goods and services Decreasing the consumption of goods and services results in a lower demand and lower supply production follows 93 Individuals can prioritize shrinking the consumption of those goods and services whose production results in relatively high pollution levels Individuals can also prioritize discontinuing the use of those goods and services that offer little to no real utility by speaking with their money since unpopular products neither satisfy consumer wants needs nor the environment s however government subsidies may prove boycott buying to be futile in some cases enabling the producer 94 95 96 A climate survey found that in 2021 42 of Europeans specifically 48 of women and 34 of men already invest in second hand clothing rather than buying new ones Populations aged 15 to 29 are found more likely to do so 97 98 Education on sustainable consumption specifically targeting children is seen as a priority by 93 of Chinese citizens 92 of EU 88 of British citizens and 81 of Americans 99 100 The National Geographic Society has concluded that city dwellers can help with climate change if they or we simply buy less stuff 101 Lloyd Alter suggests that one way to get a practical sense of embodied carbon is to ask How much does your household weigh 102 For profit companies usually promote and market their products as useful or needed to potential consumers even when they in reality are harmful or wasteful to them and or the environment Individuals should be diligent in self assessing and or researching whether or not each product they purchase and consume is really of value to decrease consumption If a gas stove or other type of stove needs to be replaced in a new house then an electric stove is preferable However as cooking is usually a small part of household GHG emissions it is generally not worth changing a stove simply for climate reasons 103 Using durable reusable containers such as lunchboxes single use grocery and produce bags can be used as light duty trash bags Tupperware as well as buying local produce minimally packaged foods and general items all reduce carbon emissions and pollution from the production of single use containers and packaging These tactics mitigate GHG production by reducing demand for extra packaging and shipping of products 104 105 Reducing food loss edit The world s food production is responsible for approximately a quarter of the greenhouse gas emissions produced by humanity each year 106 with livestock alone accounting for 14 5 of the total greenhouse gas emissions 107 The carbon dioxide emissions associated with food are estimated to be 2 2 tons per person annually from production to consumption 108 If this is correct it would mean that just the food aspect of daily life would nearly exhaust the entire Paris Agreement compliance goal of 2 3 tons 109 per person per year Therefore reducing food loss 110 is absolutely essential and in the 2020 Project Drawdown it was identified as the top priority solution to address climate change 111 Fortunately out of the 2 2 tons mentioned 1 9 tons are considered reducible 108 According to a 2023 study published in Nature Food carbon dioxide emissions resulting from food waste make up half of the total emissions in the entire food system 112 In the United States it is estimated that 31 of food delivered to retail stores is discarded by either retailers or consumers 113 Furthermore the carbon dioxide emissions from food waste that decomposes in landfills etc amount to 2 5 kilograms of carbon dioxide per kilogram of food and also produce methane a greenhouse gas with 25 times the warming potential of carbon dioxide 114 Food waste also represents a loss of the energy to transport foods from producers to consumers According to a study published in Nature Food in 2022 transportation related emissions for food from producers to retail stores represent around 20 of the total emissions for vegetables and fruits 115 while for refrigerated transport of items like meat fresh fish and dairy it increases by an additional 20 30 116 In addition to the waste of food itself the disposal of packaging materials is also a significant concern Reducing food waste contributes to reducing both global warming and environmental pollution caused by plastic packaging materials It is estimated that approximately 5 of the energy used to manufacture and distribute food products is attributed to packaging materials 117 Plastic food packaging materials are known for their significant environmental pollution therefore they contribute not only to carbon dioxide emissions associated with plastic production but also to overall adverse environmental impacts 118 Japan s excessive packaging culture in the context of food has been criticized internationally in relation to Japanese plastic waste 119 120 121 122 Eating less meat edit Main article Low carbon diet nbsp Example of a low carbon dish Vegan pho ingredients See also Environmental impact of meat production and Veganism Environmental veganism The world s food system is responsible for about one quarter of the planet warming greenhouse gases that humans generate each year 123 with the livestock sector alone contributing 14 5 of all anthropogenic GHG emissions 124 The 2019 World Scientists Warning of a Climate Emergency endorsed by over 11 000 scientists from more than 150 countries stated that eating mostly plant based foods while reducing the global consumption of animal products especially ruminant livestock can improve human health and significantly lower GHG emissions 1 The most common ruminant livestock are cattle and sheep Agriculture is very difficult to fix technically so will need more individual action 125 or carbon offsetting than all other sectors except perhaps aviation 57 Eating less meat especially beef and lamb reduces emissions 126 A diet which is part of individual action on climate change is also good for health averaging less than 15g about half an ounce of red meat and 250g dairy about one glass of milk per day 127 The World Health Organization recommends trans fats make up less than 1 of total energy intake ruminant trans fats are found in beef lamb milk and cheese 128 In 2019 the IPCC released a summary of the 2019 special report which asserted that a shift towards plant based diets would help to mitigate and adapt to climate change Ecologist Hans Otto Portner who contributed to the report said We don t want to tell people what to eat but it would indeed be beneficial for both climate and human health if people in many rich countries consumed less meat and if politics would create appropriate incentives to that effect 129 Meats such as beef have a higher climate impact since cows release methane a greenhouse gas that is more harmful in the short term than carbon dioxide 130 Eating a plant rich diet is listed as the 1 individual solution for climate change as modeled by Project Drawdown based on avoided emissions from the production of animals and avoided emissions from additional deforestation for grazing land 131 A 2018 study indicated that one fifth of Americans are responsible for about half of the country s diet related carbon emissions due mostly to eating high levels of meat especially beef 132 133 A 2022 study published in Nature Food found that if high income nations switched to a plant based diet vast amounts of land used for animal agriculture could be allowed to return to their natural state which in turn has the potential to sequester 100 billion tons of CO2 by 2100 In addition to mitigating climate change other benefits of this transition would include improved water quality restoration of biodiversity and reductions in air pollution 134 135 A 2022 survey found that half of Europeans 51 support reducing the amount of meat and dairy products people may buy to combat climate change 11 more than Americans who support it at 40 but far lower than Chinese people who support it at 73 The same survey found that to assist individuals make more sustainable food decisions 79 of Europeans support labelling all food with their carbon footprint Americans support it at 62 but Chinese respondents support it at 88 136 A 2023 paper published in Nature Food found that vegan diets reduce emissions water pollution and land use by 75 while also significantly reducing the destruction of wildlife and water usage 137 Family size edit The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate November 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message The neutrality of this section is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met March 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message See also Voluntary childlessness and Human population planning Worldwide population growth is considered as a challenge for climate change mitigation 138 Proposed measures include an improved access to family planning and access of women to education and economic opportunities 139 140 141 Targeting natalistic politics involves cultural ethical and societal issues Various religions discourage or prohibit some or all forms of birth control 142 Although having fewer children is arguably the individual action that most effectively reduces a person s climate impact the issue is rarely raised and it is arguably controversial due to its private nature Even so ethicists 143 144 some politicians such as Alexandria Ocasio Cortez 145 and others 146 147 148 149 have started discussing the climate implications associated with reproduction Researchers have found that some people in wealthy countries are having fewer children due to their beliefs that they can do more to slow climate change if they do not have children 150 An April 2020 study published in PLOS One found that among two adult Swedish households those with children increased carbon emission in two ways by adding to the population and by increasing their own carbon emissions by consuming greater quantities of meat and gasoline for transportation than their counterparts without children an increase of some 25 more than the latter According to one of the contributors to the study University of Wyoming economist Linda Thunstrom If we re finding these results in Sweden it s pretty safe to assume that the disparity in carbon footprints between parents and non parents is even bigger in most other Western countries 151 However in a 2024 book Not the End of the World Scottish data scientist Hannah Ritchie wrote that the carbon footprint of people changes over time It s fair to say that my child will not have the same footprint as me in the coming decades as we rapidly decarbonize the emissions of a person will hopefully decline significantly and eventually reach close to zero 152 113 Two interrelated aspects of this action family planning and women and girl s education are modeled by Project Drawdown as the 6 and 7 top potential solutions for climate change based on the ability of family planning and education to reduce the growth of the overall global population 153 154 In 2019 a warning on climate change signed by 11 000 scientists from 153 nations said that human population growth adds 80 million humans annually and the world population must be stabilized and ideally gradually reduced within a framework that ensures social integrity to reduce the impact of population growth on GHG emissions and biodiversity loss The policies they promote which are proven and effective policies that strengthen human rights while lowering fertility rates would include removing barriers to gender equality especially in education and ensuring family planning services are available to all 155 156 In a 2021 paper it was said that human population has been mostly ignored with regard to climate policy and attribute this to the taboo nature of the issue given its association with population policies of the past including forced sterilization campaigns and China s one child policy They take a different approach and argue that population policies can both advance social justice such as by abolishing child marriage expanding family planning services and reforms that improve education for women and girls while at the same time mitigating the human impact on the climate and the earth system They say that while overconsumption by the world s wealthy is responsible for 90 of GHG emissions which can be redressed through eco taxes carbon pricing and other policies the global human population of 7 7 billion contributes to climate change in many ways including the consumption of natural resources and GHG emissions from transportation 157 158 In 2022 a group of scientists urged families around the world to have no more than one child as part of the transformative changes needed to mitigate both climate change and biodiversity loss 2 However older populations are sometimes less concerned about climate change 159 160 Because climate change needs to be limited within the next few decades having fewer children now might not make much difference 161 Others editPersonal finance edit Further information Cryptocurrency Environmental effects Individuals can check whether the financial companies they are using are part of the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero 162 and consider switching pensions insurance and investments 163 Cryptocurrencies edit Further information Cryptocurrency Environmental effects Cryptocurrencies which are made by proof of work such as Bitcoin are high carbon both because they use dirty electricity such as electricity from Kazakhstan some electricity in the United States used for Bitcoin mining is also dirty 164 but the gas might be burned anyway 165 and because cryptocurrency mining uses hardware for only a short time before it becomes ewaste 166 167 Individuals with such cryptocurrency can switch to proof of stake crypto such as Tezos or ethereum 168 Digital services edit Further information Streaming media Greenhouse gas emissions and Data center Greenhouse gas emissionsPolitical advocacy editSee also climate movement nbsp Country breakdown for people responding to the question Do you think your own behavior can make a difference in tackling climate change Impactful ways in the area of political advocacy that an individual can take include 169 individual citizen participation in groups advocating for collective action in the form of political solutions such as carbon pricing meat pricing 170 ending subsidies for fossil fuels 171 and animal husbandry 172 and ending laws encouraging car use 173 Activist movements edit Main article Climate movement nbsp Degrees of concern about the effects of climate change vary with political affiliation 174 nbsp Special Fossil of the Day Message to Japan Climate change is a prevalent issue in many societies 175 Some believe that some of the long term negative effects of climate change can be ameliorated through individual and community actions to reduce resource consumption Thus many environmental advocacy organizations associated with the climate movement such as the Earth Day Network focus on encouraging such individual conservation and grassroots organizing around environmental issues 176 177 Many environmental economic and social issues find common ground in mitigation of climate change 178 179 clarification needed In the United States Citizens Climate Lobby provides climate change solutions through bipartisan and national policy which aims to set a price on carbon at the national level To raise awareness of climate issues activists organized a series of international labor and school strikes in late September 2019 180 with estimates of total participants ranging between 6 and 7 3 million 181 182 A number of groups from around the world have come together to work on the issue of global warming Non governmental organizations NGOs from diverse fields of work have united on this issue A coalition of 50 NGOs called Stop Climate Chaos launched in Britain in 2005 to highlight the issue of climate change The Campaign against Climate Change was created to focus purely on the issue of climate change and to pressure governments into action by building a protest movement of sufficient magnitude to effect political change Critical Mass is an event typically held on the last Friday of every month in various cities around the world wherein bicyclists and less frequently unicyclists skateboarders inline skaters roller skaters and other self propelled commuters take to the streets en masse While the ride was founded in San Francisco with the idea of drawing attention to how unfriendly the city was to bicyclists the leaderless structure of Critical Mass makes it impossible to assign it any one specific goal In fact the purpose of Critical Mass is not formalized beyond the direct action of meeting at a set location and time and traveling as a group through city or town streets One of the elements of the Occupy movement is global warming action Following environmentalist Bill McKibben s mantra that if it s wrong to wreck the climate it s wrong to profit from that wreckage 183 fossil fuel divestment campaigns attempt to get public institutions such as universities and churches to remove investment assets from fossil fuel companies By December 2016 a total of 688 institutions and over 58 000 individuals representing 5 5 trillion in assets worldwide had been divested from fossil fuels 184 185 Groups such as NextGen America and Climate Hawks Vote are working in the United States to elect officials who will make action on climate change a high priority On 20 July 2020 Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg who was awarded a Portuguese rights award pledged to donate the Gulbenkian Prize money of 1 million euros to organizations focused on the environment and climate change 186 A 2023 review study published in One Earth stated that opinion polls show that most people perceive climate change as occurring now and close by 187 The study concluded that seeing climate change as more distant does not necessarily result in less climate action and reducing psychological distancing does not reliably increase climate action 187 Reform of subsidies and taxes edit See also Energy subsidy Impact of fossil fuel subsidies Political advocacy can focus on removing those fossil fuel and other subsidies and taxes which discourage individual action on climate change for example Abolish a subsidy of kerosene because this subsidy discourages individuals switching to other fuels 188 Cutting farm subsidies for livestock because these subsidies could discourage individuals shifting to a plant based diet as those subsidies artificially lowers the price of meat and dairy products 189 Rebalance the taxes and regulatory costs which are currently higher for electricity than gas and thus discourage individuals from switching from gas boilers to heat pumps 189 Abolish Turkey s free coal for poor families 190 at such a program discourages people from switching to natural gas in cities Redirecting the money which would have been spent as subsidies together with any carbon tax to form a carbon dividend in equal shares for everyone or for poor people to encourage individuals to take action as part of a just transition away from a high carbon lifestyle 191 However sudden removal of a subsidy by governments not trusted to redirect it 192 or without providing good alternatives for individuals can lead to civil unrest An example of this took place in 2019 when Ecuador removed its gasoline and diesel subsidies without providing enough electric buses to maintain service The result was overnight fuel price hikes of 25 75 percent The corresponding fare hikes for Ecuador s existing gas and diesel powered bus fleet were met with violent protests 193 Climate conversations edit nbsp Respondents to a climate survey about reducing their home temperature to 19 C or less from various countries Discussing global warming leads to greater acceptance of climate science 194 The Yale Climate Communication Program recommends initiating climate conversations with more moderate individuals 195 51 Once personal climate impacts and core values are understood it may become possible to open a discussion of potential climate solutions which are consistent with those core values 195 196 Carbon Conversations is a psychosocial project that addresses the practicalities of carbon reduction while taking account of the complex emotions and social pressures that make this difficult 197 It was cited in The Guardian newspaper as one of the 20 best ideas to tackle climate change 198 Social contagion edit Another opportunity for mitigation is through social contagion where people in a network learn new behaviors such as trying a plant based diet or riding their bicycles to work instead of driving and the new behaviors spread spontaneously through the group For example a 2020 Max Planck Institute study found that when meat eaters are accompanied by vegetarians and have a choice of eating dishes with or without meat they re more likely to choose a vegetarian dish resulting in a reduction in the demand for meat This probability increases as the number of vegetarians accompanying the meat eaters increases 199 If enough people are influenced the community can reach a tipping point in which a majority of people transition to a new habit a 2018 study published in Nature claims that with only 25 per cent of a population a minority perspective was able to overturn the majority 200 Comparison of impacts of individual actions edit nbsp Graph of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at the People s Climate March in Washington DC on 29 April 2017 nbsp A growing number of Europeans and Chinese respondents to a climate survey believe that their behavior can make a difference in tackling climate change 201 Public discourse on reducing one s carbon footprint overwhelmingly focuses on low impact behaviors and as of 2017 the mention of high impact individual behaviors to impact climate was almost non existent in mainstream media government publications K 12 school textbooks etc 139 146 needs update Media focus on low impact 202 rather than high impact behaviors is concerning for scientists The most impactful actions for individuals may differ significantly from the popular advice for greening one s lifestyle For instance popular suggestions for individual actions include replacing a typical car with a hybrid washing clothes in cold water recycling upgrading light bulbs which are all regarded as lower impact behaviors A few researchers have stated that some recommended high impact actions are more effective than many more commonly discussed options For example eating a plant based diet saves eight times more emissions than upgrading light bulbs 139 146 Recommended high impact actions are around having fewer children 157 203 living car free avoiding long distance flights and eating a plant based diet However other publications state that population is actually irrelevant to solving the climate crisis 204 Other researchers say that decarbonization need not mean a more austere lifestyle and that the individual actions with the most impact are to electrify households with for example electric cars and heating 4 Scientists argue that piecemeal behavioral changes like re using plastic bags are not a proportionate response to climate change Though being beneficial these debates would drive public focus away from the requirement for an energy system change of unprecedented scale to decarbonise rapidly Moreover policy measures such as targeted subsidies eco tariffs effective sustainability certificates legal product information requirements CO2 pricing 205 emissions allowances rationing 206 207 budget allocations labelling 206 targeted product range exclusions advertising bans and feedback mechanisms are examples of measures that could have a more substantial positive impact on consumption behavior than changes exclusively carried out by consumers and could address social issues such as consumers inhibitive constraints of budgets awareness and time 208 Controversies around significance edit It has been argued that climate change is a collective action problem specifically a tragedy of the commons which is a political 209 and not individual category of problem 210 Some commentators have argued that individual actions as consumers and greening personal lives are insignificant in comparison to collective action especially actions that hold the fossil fuel corporations clarification needed accountable for producing 71 of carbon emissions since 1988 9 211 212 The concept of a personal carbon footprint and calculating one s footprint was popularized by oil producer BP as effective propaganda as a way to shift their responsibility to linguistically remove itself as a contributor to the problem of climate change 213 Others have shown that sometimes individual measures may effectively undermine political support for structural measures In one example researchers found that a green energy default nudge diminishes support for a carbon tax 214 Others say that individual action leads to collective action and emphasize that research on social behavior suggests lifestyle change can build momentum for systemic change 10 Furthermore if individuals shrink their consumption of fossil fuel products fossil fuel corporations are incentivized to produce less as the demand for their product would decrease 215 In other words each individual s consumption plays a role in the total supply of fossil fuels and emission of greenhouse gases Misleading information on individual actions edit See also Climate change policy of the United States Trump administration In some countries media coverage of climate change reports only about the effects of climate change such as extreme weather but makes no mention of either individual or government actions which can be taken 216 The suggestion that eating a plant based diet requires a person to become strictly vegetarian is also misinformation 217 A plant based diet focuses on consuming foods primarily from plants but does not eliminate all animal products like a vegan diet does 218 Climate change education which became mandatory in Italy in 2019 219 is completely absent in some countries or fails to provide information on action that individuals can take See also editClimate change mitigation Climate movement Environmental movement Fossil fuel divestment International Day of Climate Action List of climate activists Low carbon diet Low carbon economy Personal carbon creditsReferences edit a b Ripple William J Wolf Christopher Newsome Thomas M Barnard Phoebe Moomaw William R November 5 2019 World Scientists Warning of a Climate Emergency BioScience doi 10 1093 biosci biz088 hdl 1808 30278 a b Crist Eileen Ripple William J Ehrlich Paul R Rees William E Wolf Christopher 2022 Scientists warning on population PDF Science of the Total Environment 845 157166 Bibcode 2022ScTEn 845o7166C doi 10 1016 j scitotenv 2022 157166 PMID 35803428 S2CID 250387801 Our first action call is a direct global appeal to all women and men to choose none or at most one child Individuals especially if they aspire to large families may pursue adoption which is a desirable and compassionate choice for children who are 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