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Wikipedia

United States Postal Service

The United States Postal Service (USPS), also known as the Post Office, U.S. Mail, or Postal Service, is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the U.S., including its insular areas and associated states. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the Constitution of the United States. The USPS, as of 2021, has 516,636 career employees and 136,531 non-career employees.[5]

United States Postal Service
Government signature used since 1993

USPS Headquarters in Washington, D.C.
Agency overview
FormedJuly 1, 1971; 52 years ago (1971-07-01)
Washington, D.C., U.S.[1]
TypeIndependent
Headquarters475 L'Enfant Plaza SW
Washington, D.C. 20260-0004
U.S.
Employees635,350 (516,750 career personnel, 118,600 non-career personnel) as of 2022[2]
Agency executives
Key document
WebsiteUSPS.com
Revenue (2022) $78.81 billion[4]: 1 
Net income (2022) $56.04 billion[4]
The full eagle logo, used in various versions from 1970 to 1993

The USPS has a monopoly on traditional letter delivery within the U.S. and operates under a universal service obligation (USO), both of which are defined across a broad set of legal mandates, which obligate it to provide uniform price and quality across the entirety of its service area.[6] The Post Office has exclusive access[7] to letter boxes marked "U.S. Mail" and personal letterboxes in the U.S., but has to compete against private package delivery services, such as United Parcel Service, FedEx, and DHL.[8]

History Edit

The USPS was founded by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1775, at the beginning of the American Revolution. Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general; he also served a similar position for the American colonies.[9] The Post Office Department was created in 1792 with the passage of the Postal Service Act. The appointment of local postmasters was a major venue for delivering patronage jobs to the party that controlled the White House. Newspaper editors often were named. It was elevated to a cabinet-level department in 1872, and was transformed by the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 into the U.S. Postal Service as an independent agency.[10] Since the early 1980s, many direct tax subsidies to the USPS (with the exception of subsidies for costs associated with disabled and overseas voters) have been reduced or eliminated.[11]

On March 18, 1970, postal workers in New York City—upset over low wages and poor working conditions, and emboldened by the Civil Rights Movement—organized a strike. The strike initially involved postal workers in only New York City, but it eventually gained support of over 210,000 postal workers across the nation.[12] While the strike ended without any concessions from the Federal government, it did ultimately allow for postal worker unions and the government to negotiate a contract which gave the unions most of what they wanted, as well as the signing of the Postal Reorganization Act by President Richard Nixon on August 12, 1970. The act replaced the cabinet-level Post Office Department with a new federal agency, the U.S. Postal Service,[13] and took effect on July 1, 1971.[14]

See also:

Current operations Edit

Deliveries Edit

 
USPS delivery truck

As of 2021, the USPS operates 31,330 post offices and locations in the U.S., and delivers 128.8 billion pieces of mail annually,[15][16] to 163 million delivery points (as of 2022).[17]

USPS delivers mail and packages Monday through Saturday as required by the Postal Service Reform Act of 2022; on Sundays only Priority Express and packages for Amazon.com are delivered.[18] The USPS delivers packages on Sundays in most major cities.[19] During the four weeks preceding Christmas since 2013, packages from all mail classes and senders were delivered on Sunday in some areas.[20] Parcels are also delivered on holidays, with the exception of Thanksgiving and Christmas.[21] The USPS started delivering Priority Mail Express packages on Christmas Day in select location for an additional fee.[19]

The period between Thanksgiving and Christmas is the busiest time of the year for the USPS with the agency delivering an estimated 900 million packages during the period of 2018.[22]

Fleet Edit

 
A Grumman LLV, the USPS' main type of delivery truck

The USPS operates one of the largest civilian vehicle fleets in the world, with over 200,000 vehicles,[23] the majority of which are the distinctive and unique Chevrolet/Grumman LLV (long-life vehicle), and the similar, newer Ford-Utilimaster FFV (flexible-fuel vehicle), originally also referred to as the CRV (carrier route vehicle). The LLVs were built from 1987 to 1994 and lack air conditioning, airbags, anti-lock brakes, and space for the large modern volume of e-commerce packages, the Grumman fleet ended its expected 24-year lifespan in fiscal year 2017. The LLV replacement process began in 2015, and after numerous delays,[24] a $6 billion contract was awarded in February 2021 to Oshkosh Defense to finalize design and produce 165,000 vehicles over 10 years.[25] The Next Generation Delivery Vehicle (NGDV), will have both gasoline and battery electric versions. Half of the initial 50,000 vehicles will be electric, as will all vehicles purchased after 2026.[26]

The number of gallons of fuel used in 2009 was 444 million, at a cost of US$1.1 billion.[27] For every penny increase in the national average price of gasoline, the USPS spends an extra US$8 million per year to fuel its fleet.[28] Starting in 2026, all delivery truck purchases are scheduled to be electric vehicles,[17] partly in response to criticism from the Environmental Protection Agency and an environmental lawsuit.[29]

The fleet is notable in that many of its vehicles are right-hand drive, an arrangement intended to give drivers the easiest access to roadside mailboxes. Some rural letter carriers use personal vehicles.[30] All contractors use personal vehicles. Standard postal-owned vehicles do not have license plates. These vehicles are identified by a seven-digit number displayed on the front and rear.[31]

Military mail Edit

The Department of Defense and the USPS jointly operate a postal system to deliver mail for the military; this is known as the Army Post Office (for Army and Air Force postal facilities) and the Fleet Post Office (for Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard postal facilities).[32]

Operation and budget Edit

 
United States Postal Service surplus/deficit

In Fiscal Year 2022, the Postal Service had $78.81 billion in revenue and expenses of $79.74 billion. Accounting for savings generated by the Postal Service Reform Act of 2022, the agency reported a net income of $56.04 billion.[4]

Revenue decline and planned cuts Edit

In 2016, the USPS had its fifth straight annual operating loss, in the amount of $5.6 billion, of which $5.8 billion was the accrual of unpaid mandatory retiree health payments.[33]

Declining mail volume Edit

First-class mail volume peaked in 2001 to 103.65 billion declining to 52.62 billion by 2020[34] due to the increasing use of email and the World Wide Web for correspondence and business transactions.[35] USPS also almost delivered the first email but did not do so.[36]

Private courier services, such as FedEx and United Parcel Service (UPS), directly compete with USPS for the delivery of urgent letters and packages.

Lower volume means lower revenues to support the fixed commitment to deliver to every address once a day, six days a week. According to an official report on November 15, 2012, the U.S. Postal Service lost $15.9 billion its 2012 fiscal year.[37]

Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown Edit

In response, the USPS has increased productivity each year from 2000 to 2007,[38] through increased automation, route re-optimization, and facility consolidation.[35] Despite these efforts, the organization saw an $8.5 billion budget shortfall in 2010,[39] and was losing money at a rate of about $3 billion per quarter in 2011.[40]

On December 5, 2011, the USPS announced it would close more than half of its mail processing centers, eliminate 28,000 jobs and reduce overnight delivery of First-Class Mail. This will close down 252 of its 461 processing centers.[41] (At peak mail volume in 2006, the USPS operated 673 facilities.[42]) As of May 2012, the plan was to start the first round of consolidation in summer 2012, pause from September to December, and begin a second round in February 2014; 80% of first-class mail would still be delivered overnight through the end of 2013.[43] New delivery standards were issued in January 2015, and the majority of single-piece (not presorted) first-class mail is now being delivered in two days instead of one.[44] Large commercial mailers can still have first-class mail delivered overnight if delivered directly to a processing center in the early morning, though as of 2014 this represented only 11% of first-class mail.[44] Unsorted first-class mail will continue to be delivered anywhere in the contiguous United States within three days.[45]

Post office closures Edit

In July 2011, the USPS announced a plan to close about 3,700 small post offices. Various representatives in Congress protested, and the Senate passed a bill that would have kept open all post offices farther than 10 miles (16 km) from the next office.[46] In May 2012, the service announced it had modified its plan. Instead, rural post offices would remain open with reduced retail hours (some as little as two hours per day) unless there was a community preference for a different option.[47] In a survey of rural customers, 54% preferred the new plan of retaining rural post offices with reduced hours, 20% preferred the "Village Post Office" replacement (where a nearby private retail store would provide basic mail services with expanded hours), 15% preferred merger with another Post Office, and 11% preferred expanded rural delivery services.[48] In 2012, USPS reported that approximately 40% of postal revenue comes from online purchases or private retail partners including Walmart, Staples, Office Depot, Walgreens, Sam's Club, Costco, and grocery stores.[48] The National Labor Relations Board agreed to hear the American Postal Workers Union's arguments that these counters should be staffed by postal employees who earn far more and have "a generous package of health and retirement benefits".[49][50]

Elimination of Saturday delivery averted Edit

On January 28, 2009, Postmaster General John E. Potter testified before the Senate[51] that, if the Postal Service could not readjust its payment toward the contractually funding earned employee retiree health benefits, as mandated by the Postal Accountability & Enhancement Act of 2006,[52] the USPS would be forced to consider cutting delivery to five days per week during June, July, and August.

H.R. 22, addressing this issue, passed the House of Representatives and Senate and was signed into law on September 30, 2009.[53] However, Postmaster General Potter continued to advance plans to eliminate Saturday mail delivery.[54]

On June 10, 2009, the National Rural Letter Carriers' Association (NRLCA) was contacted for its input on the USPS's current study of the effect of five-day delivery along with developing an implementation plan for a five-day service plan. A team of Postal Service headquarters executives and staff was given a time frame of sixty days to complete the study. The current concept examines the effect of five-day delivery with no business or collections on Saturday, with Post Offices with current Saturday hours remaining open.

On Thursday, April 15, 2010, the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform held a hearing to examine the status of the Postal Service and recent reports on short and long-term strategies for the financial viability and stability of the USPS entitled "Continuing to Deliver: An Examination of the Postal Service's Current Financial Crisis and its Future Viability". At which, PMG Potter testified that by 2020, the USPS cumulative losses could exceed $238 billion, and that mail volume could drop 15 percent from 2009.[55]

In February 2013, the USPS announced that in order to save about $2 billion per year, Saturday delivery service would be discontinued except for packages, mail-order medicines, Priority Mail, Express Mail, and mail delivered to Post Office boxes, beginning August 10, 2013.[56][57][58][59] However, the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, passed in March, reversed the cuts to Saturday delivery.[60]

Retirement funding and payment defaults Edit

The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of 2006 (PAEA)[61] obligated the USPS to fund the present value of earned retirement obligations (essentially past promises which have not yet come due) within a ten-year time span.[62]

The U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) is the main bureaucratic organization responsible for the human resources aspect of many federal agencies and their employees. The PAEA created the Postal Service Retiree Health Benefit Fund (PSRHB) after Congress removed the Postal Service contribution to the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS).[clarification needed] Most other employees that contribute to the CSRS have 7% deducted from their wages. Currently, all new employees[which?] contribute into Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS) once they become a full-time regular employees.[63]

Running low on cash, in order to continue operations unaffected and continue to meet payroll, the USPS defaulted for the first time on a $5.5 billion retirement benefits payment due August 1, 2012, and a $5.6 billion payment due September 30, 2012.[64]

On September 30, 2014, the USPS failed to make a $5.7 billion payment on this debt, the fourth such default.[65] In 2017, the USPS defaulted on some of the last lump-sum payments required by the 2006 law, though other payments were also still required.[66]

Proposals to cancel the funding obligation and plan a new schedule for the debt were introduced in Congress as early as 2016.[67] A 2019 bill entitled the "USPS Fairness Act", which would have eliminated the pension funding obligation, passed the House but did not proceed further.[68] As of March 8, 2022, the Postal Service Reform Act of 2022, which includes a section entitled "USPS Fairness Act" cancelling the obligation, has passed both the House and the Senate;[69][70] President Joe Biden signed the bill into law on April 6, 2022.[71]

Rate increases Edit

Congress has limited rate increases for First-Class Mail to the cost of inflation, unless approved by the Postal Regulatory Commission.[72] A three-cent surcharge above inflation increased the 1 oz (28 g) rate to 49¢ in January 2014, but this was approved by the commission for two years only.[73] As of January 9, 2023, first-class postage for up to 1 ounce is $0.63.[74]

Reform proposals and delivery changes Edit

During the Obama administration Edit

 
A USPS Mailbox

Comprehensive reform packages considered in the 113th Congress include S.1486[75] and H.R.2748.[76] These include the efficiency measure, supported by Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe[77] of ending door-to-door delivery of mail for some or most of the 35 million addresses that currently receive it, replacing that with either curbside boxes or nearby "cluster boxes". This would save $4.5 billion per year out of the $30 billion delivery budget; door-to-door city delivery costs annually on average $353 per stop, curbside $224, and cluster box $160 (and for rural delivery, $278, $176, and $126, respectively).[78][79]

S.1486,[80] also with the support of Postmaster General Donahoe,[81] would also allow the USPS to ship alcohol in compliance with state law, from manufacturers to recipients with ID to show they are over 21. This is projected to raise approximately $50 million per year.[81] (Shipping alcoholic beverages is currently illegal under 18 U.S.C. § 1716(f).)

In 2014, the Postal Service was requesting reforms to workers' compensation, moving from a pension to defined contribution retirement savings plan, and paying senior retiree health care costs out of Medicare funds, as is done for private-sector workers.[82]

During the Trump administration Edit

As part of a June 2018 governmental reorganization plan, the Donald Trump administration proposed turning USPS into "a private postal operator" which could save costs through measures like delivering mail fewer days per week, or delivering to central locations instead of door to door. There was strong bipartisan opposition to the idea in Congress.[83]

In April 2020, Congress approved a $10 billion loan from the Treasury to the post office. According to The Washington Post, officials under Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin suggested using the loan as leverage to give the Treasury Department more influence on USPS operations, including making them raise their charges for package deliveries, a change long sought by President Trump.[84]

In May 2020, in a controversial move, the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service appointed Louis DeJoy, the first postmaster general in the last two decades who did not emerge from the postal bureaucracy. Instead he had three decades of experience in the private delivery sector where he created a new national corporation with 80,000 employees.[85][86][87]

DeJoy—until 2014 CEO of New Breed Logistics (a controversial Postal Service contractor),[88] and until 2018 a board member its new parent, XPO Logistics, whose postal contracts expanded during DeJoy's postmaster general role—was a major donor and fundraiser for the Republican Party[89][90] (from 2017, a deputy finance chairman of the Republican National Committee, until appointed postmaster general, and later million-dollar donor to the 2020 Trump campaign while postmaster general).[89][90][91][92][93][94][95]

DeJoy immediately began taking measures to reduce costs, such as banning overtime and extra trips to deliver mail.[96][97][98] While DeJoy admitted that these measures were causing delays in mail delivery, he said they would eventually improve service.[99]

More than 600 high-speed mail sorting machines were scheduled to be dismantled and removed from postal facilities,[100] raising concerns that mailed ballots for the November 3 election might not reach election offices on time.[101]

Mail collection boxes were removed from the streets in many cities; after photos of boxes being removed were spread on social media, a postal service spokesman said they were being moved to higher traffic areas but that the removals would stop until after the election.[102]

The inspector general for the postal service opened an investigation into the recent changes.[103] On August 16 the House of Representatives was called back from its summer recess to consider a bill rolling back all of the changes.[104]

On August 18, 2020, after days of heavy criticism and the day after lawsuits against the Postal Service and DeJoy personally were filed in federal court by several individuals,[105] DeJoy announced that he would roll back all the changes until after the November election. He said he would reinstate overtime hours, roll back service reductions, and halt the removal of mail-sorting machines and collection boxes.[106] However, 95 percent of the mail sorting machines that were planned for removal had already been removed,[107] and according to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, DeJoy said he has no intention of replacing them or the mail collection boxes.[108]

On December 27, 2020, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 forgave the previous $10 billion loan.[109]

Coronavirus pandemic and voting by mail Edit

Voting by mail has become an increasingly common practice in the United States, with 25% of voters nationwide mailing their ballots in 2016 and 2018. The coronavirus pandemic of 2020 was predicted to cause a large increase in mail voting because of the possible danger of congregating at polling places.[110] For the 2020 election, a state-by-state analysis concluded that 76% of Americans were eligible to vote by mail in 2020, a record number. The analysis predicted that 80 million ballots could be cast by mail in 2020 – more than double the number in 2016.[111] The Postal Service sent letters to 46 states in July 2020, warning that the service might not be able to meet each state's deadlines for requesting and casting last-minute absentee ballots.[112] The House of Representatives voted to include an emergency grant of $25 billion to the post office to facilitate the predicted flood of mail ballots,[113] but the bill never reached the Senate floor for a vote.[114][115]

A March 2021 report from the Postal Service's inspector general found that the vast majority of mail-in ballots and registration materials in the 2020 election were delivered to the relevant authorities on time.[116][117] The Postal Service handled approximately 135 million pieces of election-related mail between September 1 and November 3, delivering 97.9% of ballots from voters to election officials within three days, and 99.89% of ballots within seven days.[116][118]

Governance and organization Edit

The Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service sets policy, procedure, and postal rates for services rendered. It has a similar role to a corporate board of directors. Of the eleven members of the Board, nine are appointed by the president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate (see 39 U.S.C. § 202). The nine appointed members then select the United States postmaster general, who serves as the board's tenth member, and who oversees the day-to-day activities of the service as chief executive officer (see 39 U.S.C. §§ 202–203). The ten-member board then nominates a deputy postmaster general, who acts as chief operating officer, to the eleventh and last remaining open seat.

The independent Postal Regulatory Commission (formerly the Postal Rate Commission) is also controlled by appointees of the president confirmed by the Senate. It oversees postal rates and related concerns, having the authority to approve or reject USPS proposals.

The USPS is often mistaken for a state-owned enterprise or government-owned corporation (e.g., Amtrak) because it operates much like a business. It is, however, an "establishment of the executive branch of the Government of the United States", (39 U.S.C. § 201) as it is controlled by presidential appointees and the postmaster general. As a government agency, it has many special privileges, including sovereign immunity, eminent domain powers, powers to negotiate postal treaties with foreign nations, and an exclusive legal right to deliver first-class and third-class mail. Indeed, in 2004, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a unanimous decision "The Postal Service is not subject to antitrust liability. In both form and function, it is not a separate antitrust person from the United States but is part of the Government, and so is not controlled by the antitrust laws" such as the Sherman Antitrust Act.[119] Unlike a state-owned enterprise, the USPS lacks a transparent ownership structure and is not subject to standard rules and norms that apply to commercial entities. The USPS also lacks commercial discretion and control.[120]

The U.S. Supreme Court has also upheld the USPS's statutory monopoly on access to letter boxes against a First Amendment freedom of speech challenge; it thus remains illegal in the U.S. for anyone, other than the employees and agents of the USPS, to deliver mail pieces to letter boxes marked "U.S. Mail".[121]

The Postal Service also has a Mailers' Technical Advisory Committee and local Postal Customer Councils, which are advisory and primarily involve business customers.[122]

The USPS assigns city names to various postal addresses; these assignments do not always correspond with municipal boundaries. Mailing address names may stay the same even if city boundaries change.[123]

Privatization proposals Edit

Since the 1990s, Republicans have been discussing the idea of privatizing the U.S. Postal Service.[124] President Trump's administration proposed turning USPS into "a private postal operator" as part of a June 2018 governmental reorganization plan, although there was strong bipartisan opposition to the idea in Congress.[83]

On December 17, 2017, President Trump criticized the postal service's relationship with Amazon. In a post on Twitter, he stated: "Why is the United States Post Office, which is losing many billions of dollars a year, while charging Amazon and others so little to deliver their packages, making Amazon richer and the Post Office dumber and poorer? Should be charging MUCH MORE!"[125] Amazon maintains that the Postal Service makes a profit from its contract with the company.[126] On June 21, 2018, Trump proposed a sweeping reorganization but Congress did not act.[127]

Lisa Graves has documented decades-long efforts to privatize the U.S. Postal Service through driving the public service to financial collapse.[128][129][130] The Council on Foreign Relations brings up the idea of bringing USPS online with a digital identity via an email address.[131] USPS explored a digital identity using an email address in its "Digital Identity – Opportunities for the Postal Service" report in 2012.[132]

Universal service obligation and monopoly status Edit

Legal basis and rationale Edit

Article I, section 8, Clause 7 of the U.S. Constitution grants Congress the power to establish post offices and post roads,[133] which has been interpreted as a de facto Congressional monopoly over the delivery of first-class residential mail—which has been defined as non-urgent residential letters (not packages). Accordingly, no other system for delivering first-class residential mail—public or private—has been tolerated, absent Congress's consent. The mission of the Postal Service is to provide the American public with trusted universal postal service. While not explicitly defined, the Postal Service's universal service obligation (USO) is broadly outlined in statute and includes multiple dimensions: geographic scope, range of products, access to services and facilities, delivery frequency, affordable and uniform pricing, service quality, and security of the mail. While other carriers may claim to voluntarily provide delivery on a broad basis, the Postal Service is the only carrier with a legal obligation to provide all the various aspects of universal service.[134]

Proponents of universal service principles claim that since any obligation must be matched by the financial capability to meet that obligation, the postal monopoly was put in place as a funding mechanism for the USO, and it has been in place for over a hundred years. It consists of two parts: the Private Express Statutes (PES) and the mailbox access rule. The PES refer to the Postal Service's monopoly on the delivery of letters, and the mailbox rule refers to the Postal Service's exclusive access to customer mailboxes.[135]

Proponents of universal service principles further claim that eliminating or reducing the PES or mailbox rule would affect the ability of the Postal Service to provide affordable universal service. If, for example, the PES and the mailbox rule were to be eliminated, and the USO maintained, then either billions of dollars in tax revenues or some other source of funding would have to be found.[135]

Some proponents[by whom?][136] of universal service principles suggest that private communications that are protected by the veil of government promote the exchange of free ideas and communications. This separates private communications from the ability of a private for-profit or non-profit organization to corrupt. Security for the individual is in this way protected by the United States Post Office, maintaining confidentiality and anonymity, as well as government employees being much less likely to be instructed by superiors to engage in nefarious spying.[citation needed] It is seen by some[by whom?] as a dangerous step to extract the universal service principle from the post office, as the untainted nature of private communications is preserved as assurance of the protection of individual freedom of privacy.[137]

However, as the recent notice of a termination of mail service to residents of the Frank Church–River of No Return Wilderness indicates, mail service has been contracted to private firms such as Arnold Aviation for many decades. KTVB-TV reported:[138]

"We cannot go out every week and pick up our mail ... it's impossible", said Heinz Sippel. "Everyone gets their mail. Why can't we?" said Sue Anderson. Getting mail delivered, once a week, by airplane is not a luxury, it's a necessity for those who live in Idaho's vast wilderness—those along the Salmon and Selway rivers. It's a service that's been provided to them for more than half a century—mostly by Ray Arnold of Arnold Aviation. The decision was reversed; U.S. Postmaster General John Potter indicated that acceptable service to back country customers could not be achieved in any other fashion than continuing an air mail contract with Arnold Aviation to deliver the mail.[139]

2008 report on universal postal service and the postal monopoly Edit

The Postal Act of 2006 required the Postal Regulatory Commission (PRC) to submit a report to the president and Congress on universal postal service and the postal monopoly in December 2008. The report must include any recommended changes. The Postal Service report supports the requirement that the PRC is to consult with and solicit written comments from the Postal Service. In addition, the Government Accountability Office was required to evaluate broader business model issues by 2011.

On October 15, 2008, the Postal Service submitted a report[6] to the PRC on its position related to the Universal Service Obligation (USO). It said no changes to the USO and restriction on mailbox access were necessary at that time, but increased regulatory flexibility was required to ensure affordable universal service in the future.

In February 2013, the Postal Service announced that starting August 2013, Saturday delivery would be discontinued. Congress traditionally includes a provision in an annual continuing resolution that requires six-day delivery; it did so again in March 2013, and the Postal Service was forced to continue Saturday delivery.[140]

Obligations of the USO include uniform prices, quality of service, access to services, and six-day delivery to every part of the country. To assure financial support for these obligations, the postal monopoly provides the Postal Service the exclusive right to deliver letters and restricts mailbox access solely for mail. The report argued that eliminating or reducing either aspect of the monopoly "would have a devastating impact on the ability ... to provide the affordable universal service that the country values so highly". Relaxing access to the mailbox would also pose security concerns, increase delivery costs, and hurt customer service, according to the Post Office. The report notes:

It is somewhat misleading to characterize the mailbox rule as a "monopoly," because the enforcement of 18 U.S.C. § 1725 leaves customers with ample alternative means of delivering their messages. Customers can deliver their messages either by paying postage, by placing messages on or under a door or a doormat, by using newspaper or non-postal boxes, by telephoning or emailing, by engaging in person-to-person delivery in public areas, by tacking or taping their notices on a door post, or by placing advertisements in local newspapers. These methods are comparable in efficacy to communication via the mailbox.

Most of these alternatives are not actually free in some communities. For example, in the Chicago metropolitan area and many other major metros one must get a background check from police and pay a daily fee for the right to solicit or post commercial messages on private property.[citation needed]

Regarding the monopoly on delivery of letters, the report notes that the monopoly is not complete, as there is an exception for letters where either the amount paid for private carriage of the letter equals at least six times the current rate for the first ounce of a single-piece First-Class Mail letter (also known as the "base rate" or "base tariff") or the letter weighs at least 12.5 ounces.

The Postal Service said that the USO should continue to be broadly defined and there should be no changes to the postal monopoly. Any changes would have far-reaching effects on customers and the trillion dollar mailing industry. "A more rigidly defined USO would ... ultimately harm the American public and businesses," according to the report, which cautions that any potential change must be studied carefully and the effects fully understood.

Competitors Edit

 
USPS Terminal Annex building in Los Angeles

FedEx and United Parcel Service (UPS) directly compete with USPS Express Mail and package delivery services, making nationwide deliveries of urgent letters and packages. Due to the postal monopoly, they are not allowed to deliver non-urgent letters and may not directly ship to U.S. Mail boxes at residential and commercial destinations. However, both companies have transit agreements with the USPS in which an item can be dropped off with either FedEx or UPS who will then provide shipment up to the destination post office serving the intended recipient where it will be transferred for delivery to the U.S. Mail destination, including Post Office Box destinations.[141][142] These services also deliver packages which are larger and heavier than USPS will accept. DHL Express was the third major competitor until February 2009, when it ceased domestic delivery operations in the United States.

A variety of other transportation companies in the United States move cargo around the country, but either have limited geographic scope for delivery points, or specialize in items too large to be mailed. Many of the thousands of courier companies focus on same-day delivery, for example, by bicycle messenger.

Although USPS and FedEx are direct competitors, USPS contracts with FedEx for air transport of 2–3 Day Priority Mail [143] and Priority Mail Express (typically delivered overnight).[144] Amazon controls one-fifth of the delivery market, and is on track to overtake UPS and even the US Postal Service (USPS), according to data from the logistics firm Pitney Bowes.[145] Amazon Drone Delivery service is in USPS territory as well.[146]

Alternative transmission methods Edit

The Post Office Department owned and operated the first public telegraph lines in the United States, starting in 1844 from Washington to Baltimore, and eventually extending to New York, Boston, Buffalo, and Philadelphia. In 1847, the telegraph system was privatized, except for a period during World War I, when it was used to accelerate the delivery of letters arriving at night.[147]

Between 1942 and 1945, "V-Mail" (for "Victory Mail") service was available for military mail. Letters were converted into microfilm and reprinted near the destination, to save room on transport vehicles for military cargo.[148]

In 1970, Western Union in co-operation with the Postal Service introduced the "Mailgram", a special type of telegram offered by Western Union intended for bulk mailing to multiple addressees. The sender would contact WU and submit to them the message to be sent and a list of addressees to mail the requested Mailgrams to. The message and address data were then sent electronically over Western Union's terrestrial network normally used for standard telegrams, with WU's Westar 1 satellite used instead starting in 1974 with its launch, for Mailgram transmission to participating Postal Service centers, who would then print and mail the Mailgrams to the requested addressees.

Similar to WU's Mailgrams was Electronic Computer Originated Mail, offered by the Postal Service from 1982 to 1985. Also known as E-COM, it too was used for bulk mailings. Text was transmitted electronically to one of 25 post offices nationwide. The Postal Service would print the mail and put it in special envelopes bearing a blue E-COM logo. Delivery was assured within two days.[149]

To improve accuracy and efficiency, the Postal Service introduced the Intelligent Mail program to complement the ZIP code system. This system, which was intended to replace the deprecated POSTNET system, allows bulk mailers to use pre-printed bar codes to assist in mail delivery and sorting. Additional features, called Enhanced, or Full-Service, Intelligent Mail Barcodes allow for mail tracking of bulk mail through the postal system up to the final delivery Post Office.[150]

Criticism of the universal service requirement and the postal monopoly Edit

Critics of the universal service requirement and the statutory postal monopoly include several professional economists advocating for the privatization of the mail delivery system, or at least a relaxation of the universal service model that currently exists.[151] Rick Geddes argued in 2000:[152]

  • First, basic economics implies that rural customers are unlikely to be without service under competition; they would simply have to pay the true cost of delivery to them, which may or may not be lower than under monopoly.
  • Second, basic notions of fairness imply that the cross-subsidy should be eliminated. To the extent that people make choices about where they live, they should assume the costs of that decision.
  • Third, there is no reason why the government monopoly is necessary to ensure service to sparsely populated areas. The government could easily award competitive contracts to private firms for that service.
  • Fourth, early concerns that rural residents of the United States would somehow become isolated without federally subsidized mail delivery today are simply unfounded. ... Once both sender and receiver have access to a computer, the marginal cost of sending an electronic message is close to zero.

Furthermore, some economists have argued that because public enterprises may pursue objectives different from profit maximization, they might have more of an incentive than profit-maximizing firms to behave anticompetitively through policies such as predatory pricing, misstating costs, and creating barriers to entry.[153] To resolve those issues, one economist proposes a cost-allocation model that would determine the optimal allocation of USPS's common costs by finding the share of costs that would maximize USPS profits from its competitive products.[154] Postal regulators could use such a cost model to ensure that the Postal Service is not abusing its statutory monopoly by subsidizing price cuts in competitive product markets with revenue obtained from the monopolized market.[155]

Law enforcement agencies Edit

Under the Mail Cover Program USPS photographs the front and back of every piece of U.S. mail as part of the sorting process, enabling law enforcement to obtain address information and images of the outsides of mail as part of an investigation without the need for a warrant.[156]

 
The Food and Drug Administration inspects packages for illegal drug shipments

Postal Inspection Service Edit

The United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS) is one of the oldest law enforcement agencies in the U.S. Founded by Benjamin Franklin on August 7, 1775, its mission is to protect the Postal Service, its employees, and its customers from crime and protect the nation's mail system from criminal misuse.[157]

Postal Inspectors enforce over 200 federal laws providing for the protection of mail in investigations of crimes that may adversely affect or fraudulently use the U.S. Mail, the postal system or postal employees.

The USPIS has the power to enforce the USPS monopoly by conducting search and seizure raids on entities they suspect of sending non-urgent mail through overnight delivery competitors. According to the American Enterprise Institute, a private conservative think tank, the USPIS raided Equifax offices in 1993 to ascertain if the mail they were sending through Federal Express was truly "extremely urgent". It was found that the mail was not, and Equifax was fined $30,000.[158][159]

The PIS oversees the activities of the Postal Police Force who patrol and secure major postal facilities in the United States.[160]

Office of Inspector General Edit

The United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General (OIG) was authorized by law in 1996. Prior to the 1996 legislation, the Postal Inspection Service performed the duties of the OIG. The inspector general, who is independent of postal management, is appointed by and reports directly to the nine presidentially appointed, Senateconfirmed members of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service.

The primary purpose of the OIG is to prevent, detect and report fraud, waste and program abuse, and promote efficiency in the operations of the Postal Service. The OIG has "oversight" responsibility for all activities of the Postal Inspection Service.

How delivery services work Edit

Elements of addressing and preparing domestic mail Edit

All mailable articles (e.g., letters, flats, machinable parcels, irregular parcels, etc.) shipped within the United States must comply with an array of standards published in the USPS Domestic Mail Manual (DMM).[161] Before addressing the mailpiece, one must first comply with the various mailability standards relating to attributes of the actual mailpiece such as: minimum/maximum dimensions[162] and weight, acceptable mailing containers, proper mailpiece sealing/closure, utilization of various markings, and restrictions relating to various hazardous (e.g., explosives, flammables, etc.) and restricted (e.g., cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, etc.) materials, as well as others articulated in § 601 of the DMM.[163]

Mail going to naval vessels is known as the Fleet Post Office (FPO) and to Army or Air Force installations use the city abbreviation APO (Army Post Office or Air Force Post Office).

Undeliverable mail that cannot be readily returned, including mail without a return address, is treated as dead mail at a Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta, Georgia or Saint Paul, Minnesota.

 
Sticker promoting ZIP Code use

The USPS maintains a list of proper abbreviations.[164]

The format of a return address is similar. Though some style manuals recommend using a comma between the city and state name when typesetting addresses in other contexts, for optimal automatic character recognition, the Post Office does not recommend this when addressing mail. The official recommendation is to use all upper case block letters with proper formats and abbreviations, and leave out all punctuation except for the hyphen in the ZIP+4 code. If the address is unusually formatted or illegible enough, it will require hand-processing, delaying that particular item. The USPS publishes the entirety of their postal addressing standards.[165]

Postal address verification tools and services are offered by the USPS and third-party companies to help ensure mail is deliverable by fixing formatting, appending information such as ZIP Code and validating the address is a valid delivery point. Customers can look up ZIP Codes and verify addresses using USPS Web Tools available on the official USPS website and Facebook page, as well as on third-party sites.[166]

Delivery Point Validation Edit

Delivery Point Validation (DPV) provides the highest level of address accuracy checking. In a DPV process, the address is checked against the AMS data file to ensure that it exists as an active delivery point.[167] The USPS provides DPV on their website as part of the ZIP Code Lookup tool; there are also companies that offer services to perform DPV in bulk.

Paying postage Edit

The actual postage can be paid via:[168]

  • Stamps purchased online at usps.com, at a post office, from a stamp vending machine or "Automated Postal Center" which can also handle packages, or from a third party (such as a grocery store)
  • Pre-cancelled stamps for bulk mailings[169]
  • Postal meter
  • Prepaid envelope
  • Shipping label purchased online and printed by the customer on standard paper (e.g., with Click-N-Ship, or via a third-party such as PayPal or Amazon shipping)

All unused U.S. postage stamps issued since 1861 are still valid as postage at their indicated value. Stamps with no value shown or denominated by a letter are also still valid, although the value depends upon the particular stamp. For some stamps issued without a printed value, the current value is the original value. But some stamps beginning in 1988 or earlier, including Forever Stamps (issued from April 2007) and all first-class, first-ounce stamps issued from January 21, 2011, the value is the current value of a first-class-mail first-ounce stamp. The USPS calls these Forever Stamps but the generic name is non-denominated postage.

Forever stamps are sold at the First-Class Mail postage rate at the time of purchase, but will always be valid for First-Class Mail, up to 1 ounce (28 g), no matter how rates rise in the future.[170] Britain has had a similar stamp since 1989. The cost of mailing a 1 oz (28 g) First-Class letter increased to 66¢ on July 9, 2023.[171]

Postage meters Edit

A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage (or franking) to mailed matter. Postage meters are regulated by a country's postal authority; for example, in the United States, the United States Postal Service specifies the rules for the creation, support, and use of postage meters. A postage meter imprints an amount of postage, functioning as a postage stamp, a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one. The meter stamp serves as proof of payment and eliminates the need for adhesive stamps.

PC Postage Edit

In addition to using standard stamps, postage can now be printed in the form of an electronic stamp, or e-stamp, from a personal computer using a system called Information Based Indicia. This online PC Postage method relies upon application software on the customer's computer contacting a postal security device at the office of the postal service.[172]

Other electronic postage payment methods Edit

Electronic Verification System (eVS)[173] is the Postal Service's integrated mail management technology that centralizes payment processing and electronic postage reports. Part of an evolving suite of USPS electronic payment services called PostalOne!,[174] eVS allows mailers shipping large volumes of parcels through the Postal Service a way to circumvent use of hard-copy manifests, postage statements and drop-shipment verification forms. Instead, mailers can pay postage automatically through a centralized account and track payments online.

Beginning in August 2007, the Postal Service began requiring mailers shipping Parcel Select packages using a permit imprint to use eVS for manifesting their packages.

Stamp copyright and reproduction Edit

All U.S. postage stamps issued under the former United States Post Office Department and other postage items that were released before 1978 are not subject to copyright, but stamp designs since 1978 are copyrighted.[175] The United States Copyright Office in section 313.6(C)(1) of the Third Edition of the Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices holds that "Works prepared by officers or employees of the U.S. Postal Service ... are not considered works of the U.S. Government"[176] and are therefore eligible for registration. Thus, the USPS holds copyright to such materials released since 1978 under Title 17 of the United States Code. Written permission is required for use of copyrighted postage stamp images, although under USPS rules, permission is "generally" not required for "educational use", "news reporting" or "philatelic advertising use", but users must cite USPS as the source of the image and include language such as "United States Postal Service. All rights reserved."[177]

International services Edit

 
Packages awaiting inspection at the International Mail Facility in JFK airport

In May 2007, the USPS restructured international service names to correspond with domestic shipping options. Formerly, USPS International services[178] were categorized as Airmail (Letter Post), Economy (Surface) Parcel Post, Airmail Parcel Post, Global Priority, Global Express, and Global Express Guaranteed Mail. The former Airmail (Letter Post) is now First-Class Mail International,[179][180] and includes small packages weighing up to four pounds (1.8 kg). Economy Parcel Post was discontinued for international service, while Airmail Parcel Post was replaced by Priority Mail International. Priority Mail International Flat-Rate packaging in various sizes was introduced, with the same conditions of service previously used for Global Priority. Global Express is now Express Mail International, while Global Express Guaranteed is unchanged. The international mailing classes with a tracking ability are Express, Express Guaranteed, and Priority (except that tracking is not available for Priority Mail International Flat Rate Envelopes or Priority Mail International Small Flat Rate Boxes).[181]

One of the major changes in the new naming and services definitions is that USPS-supplied mailing boxes for Priority and Express mail are now allowed for international use. These services are offered to ship letters and packages to almost every country and territory on the globe. The USPS provides much of this service by contracting with a private parcel service, FedEx.[182]

 
An m-bag

The USPS provides an M-bag[183] service for international shipment of printed matter;[184] previously surface M-bags existed, but with the 2007 elimination of surface mail, only airmail M-bags remain.[185] The term "M-bag" is not expanded in USPS publications; M-bags are simply defined as "direct sacks of printed matter ... sent to a single foreign addressee at a single address";[184] however, the term is sometimes referred to informally as "media bag", as the bag can also contain "discs, tapes, and cassettes", in addition to books, for which the usual umbrella term is "media"; some also refer to them as "mail bags".

Military mail is billed at domestic rates when being sent from the United States to a military outpost, and is free when sent by deployed military personnel. The overseas logistics are handled by the Military Postal Service Agency in the Department of Defense.[186] Outside of forward areas and active operations, military mail First-Class takes 7–10 days, Priority 10–15 days, and Parcel Post about 24 days.[187]

Three independent countries with a Compact of Free Association with the U.S. (Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Federated States of Micronesia) have a special relationship with the United States Postal Service:

  • Each associated state maintains its own government-run mail service for delivery to and pickup from retail customers.[188][189][190]
  • The associated states are integrated into the USPS addressing and ZIP code system.
  • The USPS is responsible for transporting mail between the United States and the associated states,[188] and between the individual states of the Federated States of Micronesia.[190]
  • The associated states synchronize postal services and rates with the USPS.
  • The USPS treats mail to and from the associated states as domestic mail.[191] Incoming mail does require customs declarations because, like some U.S. territories, the associated states are outside the main customs territory of the United States.[192]

The discontinuation of international surface mail Edit

In 2007, the US Postal Service discontinued its outbound international surface mail ("sea mail") service,[193] mainly because of increased costs. Returned undeliverable surface parcels had become an expensive problem for the USPS, since it was often required to take such parcels back.[194]

Domestic surface mail (now "Retail Ground" or "Commercial Parcel Select") remains available.

Alternatives to international surface mail include:

Senders can access the International Surface Air Lift and ePacket services through postal wholesalers. Some examples of such wholesalers include:

  • Asendia USA (accessible through the Shippo website to users who have an Asendia account),[196]
  • Globegistics (now owned by Asendia), and
  • APC Postal Logistics.

If a sender sends an ISAL mailing directly through the USPS (without a wholesaler as an intermediary), the minimum weight is 50 pounds per mailing.[197]

Sorting and delivery process Edit

 
Mail flow through national infrastructure, as of 2005

Processing of standard sized envelopes and cards is highly automated, including reading of handwritten addresses. Mail from individual customers and public USPS mailboxes is collected by letter carriers into plastic tubs, which are taken to one of approximately 251 Processing and Distribution Centers (P&DCs) across the United States. Each P&DC sorts mail for a given region (typically with a radius of around 200 miles (320 km)) and connects with the national network for interregional mail.[198] During the 2010s, the USPS consolidated mail sorting for large regions into the P&DCs on the basis that most mail is addressed to faraway destinations,[199] but for cities at the edge of a P&DC's region, this means all locally addressed mail must now travel long distances (that is, to and from the P&DC for sorting) to reach nearby addresses.[200]

At the P&DC, mail is emptied into hampers which are then automatically dumped into a Dual Pass Rough Cull System (DPRCS). As mail travels through the DPRCS, large items, such as packages and mail bundles, are removed from the stream. As the remaining mail enters the first machine for processing standard mail, the Advanced Facer-Canceler System (AFCS), pieces that passed through the DPRCS but do not conform to physical dimensions for processing in the AFCS (e.g., large envelopes or overstuffed standard envelopes) are automatically diverted from the stream. Mail removed from the DPRCS and AFCS is manually processed or sent to parcel sorting machines.

In contrast to the previous system, which merely canceled and postmarked the upper right corner of the envelope, thereby missing any stamps which were inappropriately placed, the AFCS locates indicia (stamp or metered postage mark) regardless of the orientation of the mailpiece as it enters the machine, and cancels it by applying a postmark. Detection of indicia enables the AFCS to determine the orientation of each mailpiece and sort it accordingly. The AFCS rotates and flips over mailpieces as needed, so all mail is sorted right-side up and faced in the same direction in each output bin.

Mail is sorted by the AFCS into three categories: mail already affixed with a bar code and addressed (such as business reply envelopes and cards); mail with machine printed (typed) addresses; and mail with handwritten addresses.

Mail with typed addresses goes to a Multiline Optical Character Reader (MLOCR) which reads the ZIP Code and address information and prints the appropriate bar code onto the envelope (formerly POSTNET, now Intelligent Mail). Mail with handwritten addresses and illegible typed addresses is diverted from the mailstream to the Remote Bar Coding System (RBCS). Images of such mailpieces are transmitted through RBCS to the Remote Encoding Center, where humans (data entry clerks) read each image and type in the most likely address. Each mailpiece held for RBCS processing is sprayed with an ID Tag, a fluorescent bar code. When address data comes back from the Remote Encoding Center, RBCS uses the ID Tag bar code to identify the corresponding mailpiece and prints the appropriate bar code, then returns the mailpiece to the mailstream.

Processed mail is imaged by the Mail Isolation Control and Tracking (MICT) system to allow easier tracking of hazardous substances. Images are taken at more than 200 mail processing centers, and are destroyed after being retained for 30 days.[201]

If a customer has filed a change of address card and his or her mail is detected in the mailstream with the old address, the mailpiece is sent to a machine that automatically connects to a Computerized Forwarding System database to determine the new address. If this address is found, the machine will paste a label over the former address with the current address and the appropriate bar code. The mail is returned to the mailstream to be forwarded to the addressee's new location.

Mail with addresses that cannot be read and bar coded by any of the foregoing automated systems is separated for human intervention. Local postal workers can read the address and manually codes and sorts mail according to the ZIP Code on the article. If the address still cannot be read, mail is either returned to the sender (First-Class Mail with a valid return address) or is sent to the Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta, Georgia (formerly known as the dead letter office). At this office, the mail is opened to try to find an address to forward to. If an address is found, the contents are resealed and delivered. Otherwise, the items are held for 90 days in case of inquiry by the customer; if they are not claimed, they are either destroyed or auctioned off at the monthly Postal Service Unclaimed Parcel auction to raise money for the service.

Once the mail is bar coded, it is automatically sorted by a Delivery Bar Code Sorter (DBCS) that reads the bar code, identifies the destination of the mailpiece, and sends it to an appropriate tray that corresponds to the next segment of its journey.

There are necessarily two P&DCs for every domestic mailpiece which correspond to the regions in which the sender and recipient are located. The USPS calls these, respectively, the origin and destination P&DCs.[202] Mail for which they are the same (because the senders are located in the same region as the recipients) is either trucked to the appropriate local post office, or kept in the building for carrier routes served directly from the P&DC itself. Out-of-region mail is trucked to the closest airport and then flown, usually as baggage on commercial airlines, to the airport nearest the destination station. At the destination P&DC, mail is once again read by a DBCS which sorts items to local post offices; this includes grouping mailpieces by individual letter-carrier route.

At the carrier route level, 95% of letters arrive pre-sorted;[198] the remaining mail must be sorted by hand. In 2009, the Post Office was working to increase the percentage of automatically sorted mail, including a pilot program to sort "flats".[203]

FedEx provides air transport service to USPS for Priority and Express Mail. Priority Mail and Express Mail are transported from Priority Mail processing centers to the closest FedEx-served airport, where they are handed off to FedEx. FedEx then flies them to the destination airport and hands them back to USPS for transport to the local post office and delivery.

After consolidating sorting work into the P&DCs, the USPS in August 2022 initiated a pilot program to consolidate delivery work into Sorting and Delivery Centers (S&DCs). As of 2022, the USPS was still running "delivery units" out of most of its post offices, meaning that most carrier routes are based at post offices and there are dozens of delivery units in each metropolitan area. The USPS plans to merge many delivery units in each metropolitan area into S&DCs, which implies many letter carriers will have to endure longer commutes to S&DCs and drive longer delivery routes, while many post offices will be reduced to retail stores with no back-end mail processing capability on site. However, the USPS hopes to save money on the trucking fleet moving mail between its facilities.[204]

Types of postal facilities Edit

 
Historic main post office in Tomah, Wisconsin
 
A typical post office station in the Spring Branch area of Houston, Texas
 
A combined Post Office, Customs House, and Federal Court House in Galveston, Texas
 
Floating post office, Halibut Cove, Alaska
 
Wheeler Springs, CA was home to the smallest post office in the U.S.

Although its retail postal facilities are called post offices in regular speech, the USPS recognizes several types of postal facilities, including the following:

  • A main post office (formerly known as a general post office) is the primary postal facility in a community.
  • A station or post office station is a postal facility that is not the main post office, but that is within the corporate limits of the community.
  • A branch or post office branch[205] is a postal facility that is not the main post office and that is outside the corporate limits of the community.
  • A classified unit is a station or branch operated by USPS employees in a facility owned or leased by the USPS.
  • A contract postal unit (or CPU) is a station or branch operated by a contractor, typically in a store or other place of business.[206]
  • A community post office (or CPO) is a contract postal unit providing services in a small community in which other types of post office facilities have been discontinued.
  • An approved shipper is an independent shipping business licensed to use certain USPS branding and signage, but which does not receive any financial compensation from USPS and may opt to charge higher rates for postage. Approved Shippers may also accept packages for other carriers such as UPS or FedEx.[207]
  • A finance unit is a station or branch that provides window services and accepts mail, but does not provide delivery.
  • A village post office (VPO) is an entity such as a local business or government center that provides postal services through a contract with the USPS. First introduced in 2011 as an integral part of the USPS plan to close low volume post offices, village post offices will fill the role of the post office within a ZIP Code.[208]
  • A processing and distribution center (P&DC, or processing and distribution facility, formerly known as a General Mail Facility) is a central mail facility that processes and dispatches incoming and outgoing mail to and from a designated service area (251 nationwide).[198][209]
  • A sectional center facility (SCF) is a P&DC for a designated geographical area defined by one or more three-digit ZIP Code prefixes.
  • An international service center (ISC) is an international mail processing facility. There are only five such USPS facilities in the continental United States, located in Chicago, New York, Miami, Los Angeles and San Francisco.[210]
  • A network distribution center, formerly known as a bulk mail center (BMC), is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as the hub in a hub and spoke network.
  • An auxiliary sorting facility (ASF) is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as spokes in a hub and spoke network.
  • A remote encoding center (REC) is a facility at which clerks receive images of problem mail pieces (those with hard-to-read addresses, etc.) via secure Internet-type feeds and manually type the addresses they can decipher, using a special encoding protocol. The mail pieces are then sprayed with the correct addresses or are sorted for further handling according to the instructions given via encoding. The total number of RECs is down from 55 in 1998 to just 1 center in December 2016. The last REC is in Salt Lake City, Utah.[211]

While common usage refers to all types of postal facilities as "substations", the USPS Glossary of Postal Terms does not define or even list that word.[206] Post Offices often share facilities with other governmental organizations located within a city's central business district. In those locations, often Courthouses and Federal Buildings, the building is owned by the General Services Administration while the U.S. Postal Services operates as a tenant.[212] The USPS retail system has approximately 36,000 post offices, stations, and branches.[213]

Automated Postal Centers Edit
 
A 24-hour Automated Postal Center kiosk inside the Webster, Texas main post office

In the year 2004, the USPS began deploying Automated Postal Centers (APCs).[214] APCs are unattended kiosks that are capable of weighing, franking, and storing packages for later pickup as well as selling domestic and international postage stamps. Since its introduction, APCs do not take cash payments – they only accept credit or debit cards. Similarly, traditional vending machines are available at many post offices to purchase stamps, though these are being phased out in many areas.[215] Due to increasing use of Internet services, as of June 2009, no retail post office windows are open 24 hours; overnight services are limited to those provided by an Automated Postal Center.[216]

Evolutionary Network Development (END) program Edit

In February 2006, the USPS announced that they plan to replace the nine existing facility-types with five processing facility-types:[217]

  • Regional Distribution Centers (RDCs), which will process all classes of parcels and bundles and serve as Surface Transfer Centers;
  • Local Processing Centers (LPCs), which will process single-piece letters and flats and cancel mail;
  • Destination Processing Centers (DPC), sort the mail for individual letter-carrier route;
  • Airport Transfer Centers (ATCs), which will serve as transfer points only; and
  • Remote Encoding Centers (RECs).

Over a period of years, these facilities are expected to replace Processing & Distribution Centers, Customer Service Facilities, Bulk Mail Centers, Logistic and Distribution Centers, annexes, the Hub and Spoke Program, Air Mail Centers, and International Service Centers.

The changes are a result of the declining volumes of single-piece First-Class Mail, population shifts, the increase in drop shipments by advertising mailers at destinating postal facilities, advancements in equipment and technology, redundancies in the existing network, and the need for operational flexibility.

The program was ended in early 2007 after an analysis revealed that the significant amount of capital investment required to implement the END network concept would not generate the benefits originally anticipated.[218]

Airline and rail division Edit

 
A former United States Postal Service Boeing 727-200 aircraft at Miami International Airport in 1999

The United States Postal Service does not directly own or operate any aircraft or trains, although both were formerly operated. The mail and packages are flown on airlines with which the Postal Service has a contractual agreement. The contracts change periodically. Contract airlines have included: UPS, FedEx Express, American Airlines, United Airlines.

The last air delivery route in the continental U.S., to residents in the Frank Church–River of No Return Wilderness, was scheduled to be ended in June 2009. The weekly bush plane route, contracted out to an air taxi company, had in its final year an annual cost of $46,000, or $2400/year per residence, over ten times the average cost of delivering mail to a residence in the United States.[219] This decision has been reversed by the U.S. postmaster general.[220]

Parcel forwarding and private interchange Edit

Private US parcel forwarding or US mail forwarding companies focusing on personal shopper, relocation, Ex-pat and mail box services often interface with the United States Postal Service for transporting of mail and packages for their customers.[221]

Delivery timing Edit

 
USPS contractor-driven semi-trailer truck seen near Mendota, California
 
1998 United States Postal Service Ford Windstar, showing the larger driver's side door

Delivery days Edit

From 1810, mail was delivered seven days a week. In 1828, local religious leaders noticed a decline in Sunday-morning church attendance because of local post offices' doubling as gathering places. These leaders appealed to the government to intervene and close post offices on Sundays. The government, however, declined, and mail was delivered seven days a week until 1912.[222][223]

Today, U.S. Mail (with the exception of Express Mail)[224] is not delivered on Sunday.

Saturday delivery was temporarily suspended in April 1957, because of lack of funds, but quickly restored.[225][226]

Budget problems prompted consideration of dropping Saturday delivery starting around 2009. This culminated in a 2013 announcement that regular mail services would be cut to five days a week, which was reversed by Congress before it could take effect. (See the section Revenue decline and planned cuts.)

Direct delivery vs. customer pickup Edit

Originally, mail was not delivered to homes and businesses, but to post offices. In 1863, "city delivery" began in urban areas with enough customers to make this economical. This required streets to be named, houses to be numbered, with sidewalks and lighting provided, and these street addresses to be added to envelopes.[227] The number of routes served expanded over time. In 1891, the first experiments with Rural Free Delivery began in less densely populated areas.

To compensate for high mail volume and slow long-distance transportation which saw mail arrive at post offices throughout the day, deliveries were made multiple times a day. This ranged from twice for residential areas to up to seven times for the central business district of Brooklyn, New York.[228] In the late 19th century, mail boxes were encouraged, saving carriers the time it took to deliver directly to the addressee in person; in the 1910s and 1920s, they were phased in as a requirement for service.[227] In the 1940s, multiple daily deliveries began to be reduced, especially on Saturdays. By 1990, the last twice-daily deliveries in New York City were eliminated.

Today, mail is delivered once a day on-site to most private homes and businesses. The USPS still distinguishes between city delivery (where carriers generally walk and deliver to mailboxes hung on exterior walls or porches, or to commercial reception areas) and rural delivery (where carriers generally drive).[229] With "curbside delivery", mailboxes are at the ends of driveways, on the nearest convenient road. "Central point delivery" is used in some locations, where several nearby residences share a "cluster" of individual mailboxes in a single housing.

Some customers choose to use post office boxes for an additional fee, for privacy or convenience. This provides a locked box at the post office to which mail is addressed and delivered (usually earlier in the day than home delivery). Customers in less densely populated areas where there is no city delivery and who do not qualify for rural delivery may receive mail only through post office boxes. High-volume business customers can also arrange for special pick-up.[230][231]

Another option is the old-style general delivery, for people who have neither post office boxes nor street addresses. Mail is held at the post office until they present identification and pick it up.

Some customers receive free post office boxes if the USPS declines to provide door-to-door delivery to their location or a nearby box.[232] People with medical problems can request door-to-door delivery.[233] Homeless people are also eligible for post office boxes at the discretion of the local postmaster, or can use general delivery.[234]

Special delivery Edit

From 1885 to 1997, a service called special delivery was available, which caused a separate delivery to the final location earlier in the day than the usual daily rounds.

Same-day trials Edit

In December 2012, the USPS began a limited one-year trial of same-day deliveries directly from retailers or distribution hubs to residential addresses in the same local area, a service it dubbed "Metro Post".[235][236] The trial was initially limited to San Francisco and the only retailer to participate in the first few weeks was 1-800-FLOWERS.[237]

In March 2013, the USPS faced new same-day competition for e-commerce deliveries from Google Shopping Express.

In November 2013, the Postal Service began regular package delivery on Sundays for Amazon customers in New York and Los Angeles,[238] which it expanded to 15 cities in May 2014.[239] Amazon Sunday delivery has now been expanded to most major markets as of September 2015.

Other competition in this area includes online grocers such as AmazonFresh, Webvan, and delivery services operated by grocery stores like Peapod and Safeway.

Forwarding and holds Edit

Residential customers can fill out a form to forward mail to a new address, and can also send pre-printed forms to any of their frequent correspondents. They can also put their mail on "hold", for example, while on vacation. The Post Office will store mail during the hold, instead of letting it overflow in the mailbox. These services are not available to large buildings and customers of a commercial mail receiving agency,[240] where mail is subsorted by non-Post Office employees into individual mailboxes.

First-class packages Edit

In April 2022, the USPS announced it would slow deliveries of almost one third of first-class packages as it sought to rely less on air transportation and find cost savings.[241][242][243][244]

Financial services Edit

Postal money orders provide a safe alternative to sending cash through the mail, and are available in any amount up to $1,000. Like a bank check, money orders are cashable only by the recipient. Unlike a personal bank check, they are prepaid and therefore cannot be returned because of insufficient funds.[245] Money orders are a declining business for the USPS, as companies like PayPal, Venmo and others are offering electronic replacements.

From 1911 to 1967, the Postal Service also operated the United States Postal Savings System, not unlike a savings and loan association with the amount of the deposit limited.[246]

A January 2014 report by the inspector general of the USPS suggested that the agency could earn $8.9 billion per year in revenue by providing financial services, especially in areas where there are no local banks but there is a local post office, and to customers who currently do not have bank accounts.[247]

Employment Edit

 
A Rural Letter Carrier from Fort Myers, Florida

The Postal Service is the nation's second-largest civilian employer.[248] As of 2020, it employed 495,941 career employees and 148,092 non-career personnel, divided among offices, processing centers, and actual post offices.[249] The United States Postal Service would rank 44th on the 2019 Fortune 500 list, if considered a private company[250] and ranks 136 on Global Fortune 500 list.[251]

Labor unions representing USPS employees include: The American Postal Workers Union (APWU), which represents postal clerks and maintenance, motor vehicle, mail equipment shops, material distribution centers, and operating services and facilities services employees, postal nurses, and IT and accounting;[252] the National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC), which represents city letter carriers; the National Rural Letter Carriers' Association (NRLCA), which represents rural letter carriers; and the National Postal Mail Handlers Union (NPMHU).

USPS employees are divided into major crafts according to the work they engage in:

  • Letter carriers, also referred to as mailmen or mail carriers, prepare and deliver mail and parcels. They are divided into two categories: City Letter Carriers, who are represented by the NALC, and Rural Letter Carriers, who are represented by the NRLCA. City Carriers are paid hourly with automatic overtime paid after 8 hours or 40 hours a week of duty. City Carriers are required to work in any kind of weather, daylight or dark and carry three bundles of mail (letters in one hand with magazines and other larger mail pieces) on the forearm carrying the mail. Advertisement mail, Every door direct (EDD) and smaller parcels all go in the carriers satchel). Larger parcels, up to a total of 70 lbs. may be delivered at various times of the day or with the mail. Mail routes are outfitted with a number of scanpoints (mailbox barcodes) on random streets every 30 to 40 minutes apart to keep track of the carriers whereabouts in real-time.
  • Rural carriers are under a form of salary called "evaluated hours", usually with overtime built into their pay. The evaluated hours are created by having all mail counted for a period of two or four weeks, and a formula used to create the set dollar amount they will be paid for each day worked until the next time the route is counted.
  • Mail handlers and processors, prepare, separate, load and unload mail and parcels, by delivery ZIP code and station, for the clerks. They work almost exclusively at the plants or larger mail facilities now after having their duties excessed and reassigned to clerks in Post Offices and Station branches.
  • Clerks, have a dual function by design of where their assignment is. Window clerks directly handle customer service needs at the counter, sort box mail and sort first-class letters, standard and bulk-rate mail for the carriers on the work floor. Clerks may also work alongside mail handlers in large sorting facilities, outside of the public view, sorting mail. Data Conversion Operators, who encode address information at Remote Encoding Centers, are also members of the clerk craft. Mail handlers and Clerks are represented by the NPMHU and the APWU, respectively.

Other non-managerial positions in the USPS include:

  • Maintenance and custodians, who see to the overall operation and cleaning of mail sorting machines, work areas, public parking and general facility operations.
  • City Carrier Assistants. (CCAs) With the Das Arbitration award the designation of PTF City Carrier has been abolished. TE City Carriers will have the opportunity to become CCAs. A CCA is a non-career employee who is hired for a 360-day term, similar to what TEs had. CCAs earn annual leave. CCAs, unlike TEs do have a direct path to becoming career employees. When excess City Carrier positions exist the CCA in that work installation with the highest "relative standing" will be promoted to a career employee and be assigned to the vacant position.
  • Career, Part Time Flexible and Transitional employees (Career, PTF & TE) There are a variety of other non-managerial positions in such crafts as accounting, information technology, and the remote encoding center. These are under a different contract than plant workers or letter carriers.[253]
  • Contractors are not USPS employees, but work for the USPS under a written contract and usually paid per mile. They do not get benefits including health insurance, leave, life insurance, and pension. They must use their own vehicle and pay any cost to maintain, insure, or replace. Contractors generally make less than employees. Just like regular carriers they deliver packages and letters to mailboxes and doors.

Though the USPS employs many individuals, as more Americans send information via email, fewer postal workers are needed to work dwindling amounts of mail. Post offices and mail facilities are constantly downsizing, replacing craft positions with new machines and consolidating mail routes through the MIARAP (Modified Interim Alternate Route Adjustment Process) agreement. A major round of job cuts, early retirements, and a construction freeze were announced on March 20, 2009.[254]

Workplace violence Edit

In the early 1990s, widely publicized workplace shootings by disgruntled employees at USPS facilities led to a Human Resource effort to provide care for stressed workers and resources for coworker conflicts.[255] Due to media coverage, postal employees gained a reputation among the general public as more likely to be mentally ill. The USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace found that "Postal workers are only a third as likely as those in the national workforce to be victims of homicide at work."[256] In the documentary Murder by Proxy: How America Went Postal, it was argued that this number failed to factor out workers killed by external subjects rather than by fellow employees.

This series of events in turn has influenced American culture, as seen in the slang term "going postal"[257][258] and the computer game Postal. Also, in the opening sequence of Naked Gun 33+13: The Final Insult, a yell of "Disgruntled postal workers" is heard, followed by the arrival of postal workers with machine guns. In an episode of Seinfeld, the mailman character, Newman, explained in a dramatic monologue that postal workers "go crazy and kill everyone" because the mail never stops. In The Simpsons episode "Sunday, Cruddy Sunday", Nelson Muntz asks Postmaster Bill if he has "ever gone on a killing spree"; Bill replies, "The day of the gun-toting, disgruntled postman shooting up the place went out with the Macarena".[259]

The series of massacres led the USPS to issue a rule prohibiting the possession of any type of firearms (except for those issued to Postal Inspectors) in all designated USPS facilities.[260]

In fiction Edit

  • In the film Miracle on 34th Street (1947), the identity of Kris Kringle (played by Edmund Gwenn) as the one and only "Santa Claus" was validated by a state court, based on the delivery of 21 bags of mail (famously carried into the courtroom) to the character in question. The contention was that it would have been illegal for the United States Post Office to deliver mail that was addressed to "Santa Claus" to the character "Kris Kringle" unless he were, in fact, the one and only Santa Claus. Judge Henry X. Harper (played by Gene Lockhart) ruled that since the U.S. Government had demonstrated through the delivery of the bags of mail that Kris Kringle was Santa Claus, the State of New York did not have the authority to overrule that decision.
  • The novel Post Office (1971), written by poet and novelist Charles Bukowski, is a semi-autobiographical account of his life over the years as a letter carrier. Bukowski would, under duress, quit and years later return as a mail clerk. His personal account would detail the work at lengths as frustrating, menial, boring, and degrading.
  • David Brin's novel The Postman (1985) portrays the USPS and its returned services as a staple to revive the United States government in a post-apocalyptic world. It was adapted as a film starring Kevin Costner and Larenz Tate in 1997.
  • The comedy film Dear God (1996), starring Greg Kinnear and Laurie Metcalf, portrays a group of quirky postal workers in a dead letter office that handle letters addressed to the Easter Bunny, Elvis, and even God himself.
  • In 2015, The Inspectors, which depicts a group of postal inspectors investigating postal crimes, debuted on CBS. The series uses the USPIS seal and features messages and tips from the Chief Postal Inspector at the end of each episode.
  • Signed, Sealed, Delivered (original title: Dead Letters), also known as Lost Letter Mysteries, is an American-Canadian drama/romantic comedy television series that aired on the Hallmark Channel from April 20 through June 22, 2014.
  • In the NBC sitcom Cheers, Cliff Clavin (played by John Ratzenberger) was a know-it-all bar regular and letter carrier.
  • In the NBC sitcom Seinfeld, Newman (played by Wayne Knight) was an apartment neighbor and foil to Jerry Seinfeld and a letter carrier.

See also Edit

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Further reading Edit

  • Adelman, Joseph M. "'A Constitutional Conveyance of Intelligence, Public and Private': The Post Office, the Business of Printing, and the American Revolution", Enterprise & Society (2010) 11#4 pp 709–52. in Project MUSE
  • Aneja, Abhay, and Guo Xu. Strengthening state capacity: Postal reform and innovation during the Gilded Age (No. w29852. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2022), uses advanced statistics. online
  • Bergmann, William H. "Delivering a Nation through the Mail: The Post Office in the Ohio Valley, 1789–1815." Ohio Valley History 8.3 (2008): 1–18. [online]
  • Carpenter, D. "State Building through Reputation Building: Coalitions of Esteem and Program Innovation in the National Postal System, 1883–1913". Studies in American Political Development, (2000) 14#2, 121–155. doi:10.1017/S0898588X00003382|
  • DeBlois, Diane, Robert Dalton Harris, and West Sand Lake. "Newspapers in the Mails: Strategic Unification under the Franklin/Hunter Dual Postmaster Generalship." Postal History Symposium (2016) it started in 1758. online
  • Devin, Leonard. Neither Snow Nor Rain: A History of the United States Postal Service (Grove Atlantic, 2016) popular history excerpt
  • Foley, Michael S. "A mission unfulfilled: the post office and the distribution of information in rural New England, 1821–1835." Journal of the Early Republic 17.4 (1997): 611–650. online
  • Fuller, Wayne. American Mail: Enlarger of the Common Life (1972) [1]
    • Fuller, Wayne E. Morality and the mail in nineteenth-century America (University of Illinois Press, 2003) online.
    • Fuller, Wayne E. RFD, the changing face of rural America (1964) online
    • Fuller, Wayne E. "Good roads and rural free delivery of mail." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 42.1 (1955): 67–83. online
    • Fuller, Wayne E. "The south and the rural free delivery of mail." Journal of Southern History 25.4 (1959): 499–521. online
    • Fuller, Wayne E. "The populists and the post office." Agricultural history 65.1 (1991): 1–16. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3743678online]
  • Gallagher, Winifred. How the Post Office Created America (New York: Penguin, 2017). 326 pp
  • Hafen, LeRoy R. The Overland Mail, 1849–1869: Promoter of Settlement, Precursor of Railroads (1926) online reprint
  • Henkin, David M. The Postal Age: The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth-Century America (2007) excerpt and text search
  • Hoyos, Roman J. "The People's Privilege: The Franking Privilege, Constituent Correspondence, and Political Representation in Mid-Nineteenth Century America." Law and History Review 31.1 (2013): 101–138.
  • John, Richard R. Spreading the News: The American Postal System From Franklin to Morse (1998) excerpt and text search
  • Kielbowicz, R. (1994). Government Goes into Business: Parcel Post in the Nation's Political Economy, 1880–1915. Studies in American Political Development, 8(1), 150–172.
  • Kielbowicz, Richard. "The Press, Post Office, and Flow of News in the Early Republic", Journal of the Early Republic (1983) 3: 255–80.
  • Kielbowicz, Richard. News in the Mail: The Press, Post Office, and Public Information, 1700–1860s (1989) excerpt and text search
  • Kernell, Samuel, and Michael P. McDonald. "Congress and America's political development: The transformation of the post office from patronage to service." American Journal of Political Science (1999): 792–811. online, focus on Rural Free Delivery issue in 1890s.
  • Leonard, Devin (2016). Neither Snow nor Rain: A History of the United States Postal Service. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-2458-6.
  • McCaleb, Walter Flavius (1906). "The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy". The American Historical Review. 12 (1): 66–74. doi:10.2307/1832885. JSTOR 1832885.
  • Musacco Ph.D., Stephen. "Beyond Going Postal: Shifting from Workplace Tragedies and Toxic Work Environments to a Safe and Healthy Organization", (2009) Booksurge Publishing, Book Trailer
  • Priest, George L. "The history of the postal monopoly in the United States." The Journal of Law and Economics 18.1 (1975): 33–80. online
  • Rich, Wesley Everett. The History of the United States Post Office to the Year 1829 (Harvard University Press, 1924) online
  • Rubio, Philip F. Undelivered: From the great postal strike of 1970 to the manufactured crisis of the US postal service (UNC Press Books, 2020) online.
  • Rubio, Philip F. "Unintended Consequences: the US Postal Service Conundrum of Service, Business, Labor, and Politics." Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 33 (2021): 125–141. On the postal crisis of 2020 online
  • Scheele, Carl H. A Short History of the Mail Service (Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970), with long bibliography online
  • Shaw, Christopher W. First Class: The US Postal Service, Democracy, and the Corporate Threat (City Lights Books, 2021) online.
  • Smith, William (1916). "The Colonial Post-Office". The American Historical Review. 21 (2): 258–75. doi:10.2307/1835049. JSTOR 1835049.
  • The United States Postal Service: An American History (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Postal Service. 2022. ISBN 978-0-9630952-5-1. Retrieved November 19, 2022. Publication 100
  • White, Leonard D. The Federalists: A study in administrative history: 1789–1801 (1948), pp 173–98 online
    • White, Leonard D. The Jeffersonians: A study in administrative history: 1801–29 (1950), pp 299–335 online
    • White, Leonard D. The Jacksonians: A study in administrative history: 1829–61 (1954), pp 251–83 online
    • White, Leonard D. The Republican Era: A study in administrative history: 1869–1901 (1963), pp 257–77 online

External links Edit

united, states, postal, service, united, states, post, office, redirects, here, individual, post, offices, list, united, states, post, offices, usps, redirects, here, profit, boating, safety, education, organization, united, states, power, squadrons, usps, als. United States Post Office redirects here For individual post offices see List of United States post offices USPS redirects here For the non profit boating safety and education organization see United States Power Squadrons The United States Postal Service USPS also known as the Post Office U S Mail or Postal Service is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the U S including its insular areas and associated states It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the Constitution of the United States The USPS as of 2021 has 516 636 career employees and 136 531 non career employees 5 United States Postal ServiceGovernment signature used since 1993USPS Headquarters in Washington D C Agency overviewFormedJuly 1 1971 52 years ago 1971 07 01 Washington D C U S 1 TypeIndependentHeadquarters475 L Enfant Plaza SWWashington D C 20260 0004U S Employees635 350 516 750 career personnel 118 600 non career personnel as of 2022 2 Agency executivesLouis DeJoy Postmaster General 3 Douglas Tulino Deputy Postmaster GeneralKey documentPostal Clause of the United States ConstitutionWebsiteUSPS comRevenue 2022 78 81 billion 4 1 Net income 2022 56 04 billion 4 The full eagle logo used in various versions from 1970 to 1993The USPS has a monopoly on traditional letter delivery within the U S and operates under a universal service obligation USO both of which are defined across a broad set of legal mandates which obligate it to provide uniform price and quality across the entirety of its service area 6 The Post Office has exclusive access 7 to letter boxes marked U S Mail and personal letterboxes in the U S but has to compete against private package delivery services such as United Parcel Service FedEx and DHL 8 Contents 1 History 2 Current operations 2 1 Deliveries 2 2 Fleet 2 3 Military mail 3 Operation and budget 3 1 Revenue decline and planned cuts 3 1 1 Declining mail volume 3 1 2 Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown 3 1 3 Post office closures 3 1 4 Elimination of Saturday delivery averted 3 2 Retirement funding and payment defaults 3 3 Rate increases 3 4 Reform proposals and delivery changes 3 4 1 During the Obama administration 3 4 2 During the Trump administration 3 5 Coronavirus pandemic and voting by mail 4 Governance and organization 4 1 Privatization proposals 5 Universal service obligation and monopoly status 5 1 Legal basis and rationale 5 2 2008 report on universal postal service and the postal monopoly 5 3 Competitors 5 4 Alternative transmission methods 5 5 Criticism of the universal service requirement and the postal monopoly 6 Law enforcement agencies 6 1 Postal Inspection Service 6 2 Office of Inspector General 7 How delivery services work 7 1 Elements of addressing and preparing domestic mail 7 1 1 Delivery Point Validation 7 2 Paying postage 7 2 1 Postage meters 7 2 2 PC Postage 7 3 Other electronic postage payment methods 7 3 1 Stamp copyright and reproduction 7 4 International services 7 4 1 The discontinuation of international surface mail 7 5 Sorting and delivery process 7 5 1 Types of postal facilities 7 5 1 1 Automated Postal Centers 7 5 2 Evolutionary Network Development END program 7 5 3 Airline and rail division 7 5 4 Parcel forwarding and private interchange 7 6 Delivery timing 7 6 1 Delivery days 7 6 2 Direct delivery vs customer pickup 7 6 3 Special delivery 7 6 4 Same day trials 7 6 5 Forwarding and holds 7 6 6 First class packages 8 Financial services 9 Employment 9 1 Workplace violence 10 In fiction 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksHistory EditFurther information United States Post Office Department and Postage stamps and postal history of the United States The USPS was founded by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1775 at the beginning of the American Revolution Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general he also served a similar position for the American colonies 9 The Post Office Department was created in 1792 with the passage of the Postal Service Act The appointment of local postmasters was a major venue for delivering patronage jobs to the party that controlled the White House Newspaper editors often were named It was elevated to a cabinet level department in 1872 and was transformed by the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 into the U S Postal Service as an independent agency 10 Since the early 1980s many direct tax subsidies to the USPS with the exception of subsidies for costs associated with disabled and overseas voters have been reduced or eliminated 11 On March 18 1970 postal workers in New York City upset over low wages and poor working conditions and emboldened by the Civil Rights Movement organized a strike The strike initially involved postal workers in only New York City but it eventually gained support of over 210 000 postal workers across the nation 12 While the strike ended without any concessions from the Federal government it did ultimately allow for postal worker unions and the government to negotiate a contract which gave the unions most of what they wanted as well as the signing of the Postal Reorganization Act by President Richard Nixon on August 12 1970 The act replaced the cabinet level Post Office Department with a new federal agency the U S Postal Service 13 and took effect on July 1 1971 14 See also 2020 United States Postal Service crisis Postal Service Reform Act of 2022Current operations EditDeliveries Edit nbsp USPS delivery truckAs of 2021 the USPS operates 31 330 post offices and locations in the U S and delivers 128 8 billion pieces of mail annually 15 16 to 163 million delivery points as of 2022 17 USPS delivers mail and packages Monday through Saturday as required by the Postal Service Reform Act of 2022 on Sundays only Priority Express and packages for Amazon com are delivered 18 The USPS delivers packages on Sundays in most major cities 19 During the four weeks preceding Christmas since 2013 packages from all mail classes and senders were delivered on Sunday in some areas 20 Parcels are also delivered on holidays with the exception of Thanksgiving and Christmas 21 The USPS started delivering Priority Mail Express packages on Christmas Day in select location for an additional fee 19 The period between Thanksgiving and Christmas is the busiest time of the year for the USPS with the agency delivering an estimated 900 million packages during the period of 2018 22 Fleet Edit nbsp A Grumman LLV the USPS main type of delivery truckThe USPS operates one of the largest civilian vehicle fleets in the world with over 200 000 vehicles 23 the majority of which are the distinctive and unique Chevrolet Grumman LLV long life vehicle and the similar newer Ford Utilimaster FFV flexible fuel vehicle originally also referred to as the CRV carrier route vehicle The LLVs were built from 1987 to 1994 and lack air conditioning airbags anti lock brakes and space for the large modern volume of e commerce packages the Grumman fleet ended its expected 24 year lifespan in fiscal year 2017 The LLV replacement process began in 2015 and after numerous delays 24 a 6 billion contract was awarded in February 2021 to Oshkosh Defense to finalize design and produce 165 000 vehicles over 10 years 25 The Next Generation Delivery Vehicle NGDV will have both gasoline and battery electric versions Half of the initial 50 000 vehicles will be electric as will all vehicles purchased after 2026 26 The number of gallons of fuel used in 2009 was 444 million at a cost of US 1 1 billion 27 For every penny increase in the national average price of gasoline the USPS spends an extra US 8 million per year to fuel its fleet 28 Starting in 2026 all delivery truck purchases are scheduled to be electric vehicles 17 partly in response to criticism from the Environmental Protection Agency and an environmental lawsuit 29 The fleet is notable in that many of its vehicles are right hand drive an arrangement intended to give drivers the easiest access to roadside mailboxes Some rural letter carriers use personal vehicles 30 All contractors use personal vehicles Standard postal owned vehicles do not have license plates These vehicles are identified by a seven digit number displayed on the front and rear 31 Military mail Edit The Department of Defense and the USPS jointly operate a postal system to deliver mail for the military this is known as the Army Post Office for Army and Air Force postal facilities and the Fleet Post Office for Navy Marine Corps and Coast Guard postal facilities 32 Operation and budget Edit nbsp United States Postal Service surplus deficitIn Fiscal Year 2022 the Postal Service had 78 81 billion in revenue and expenses of 79 74 billion Accounting for savings generated by the Postal Service Reform Act of 2022 the agency reported a net income of 56 04 billion 4 Revenue decline and planned cuts Edit In 2016 the USPS had its fifth straight annual operating loss in the amount of 5 6 billion of which 5 8 billion was the accrual of unpaid mandatory retiree health payments 33 Declining mail volume Edit First class mail volume peaked in 2001 to 103 65 billion declining to 52 62 billion by 2020 34 due to the increasing use of email and the World Wide Web for correspondence and business transactions 35 USPS also almost delivered the first email but did not do so 36 Private courier services such as FedEx and United Parcel Service UPS directly compete with USPS for the delivery of urgent letters and packages Lower volume means lower revenues to support the fixed commitment to deliver to every address once a day six days a week According to an official report on November 15 2012 the U S Postal Service lost 15 9 billion its 2012 fiscal year 37 Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown Edit In response the USPS has increased productivity each year from 2000 to 2007 38 through increased automation route re optimization and facility consolidation 35 Despite these efforts the organization saw an 8 5 billion budget shortfall in 2010 39 and was losing money at a rate of about 3 billion per quarter in 2011 40 On December 5 2011 the USPS announced it would close more than half of its mail processing centers eliminate 28 000 jobs and reduce overnight delivery of First Class Mail This will close down 252 of its 461 processing centers 41 At peak mail volume in 2006 the USPS operated 673 facilities 42 As of May 2012 the plan was to start the first round of consolidation in summer 2012 pause from September to December and begin a second round in February 2014 80 of first class mail would still be delivered overnight through the end of 2013 43 New delivery standards were issued in January 2015 and the majority of single piece not presorted first class mail is now being delivered in two days instead of one 44 Large commercial mailers can still have first class mail delivered overnight if delivered directly to a processing center in the early morning though as of 2014 this represented only 11 of first class mail 44 Unsorted first class mail will continue to be delivered anywhere in the contiguous United States within three days 45 Post office closures Edit In July 2011 the USPS announced a plan to close about 3 700 small post offices Various representatives in Congress protested and the Senate passed a bill that would have kept open all post offices farther than 10 miles 16 km from the next office 46 In May 2012 the service announced it had modified its plan Instead rural post offices would remain open with reduced retail hours some as little as two hours per day unless there was a community preference for a different option 47 In a survey of rural customers 54 preferred the new plan of retaining rural post offices with reduced hours 20 preferred the Village Post Office replacement where a nearby private retail store would provide basic mail services with expanded hours 15 preferred merger with another Post Office and 11 preferred expanded rural delivery services 48 In 2012 USPS reported that approximately 40 of postal revenue comes from online purchases or private retail partners including Walmart Staples Office Depot Walgreens Sam s Club Costco and grocery stores 48 The National Labor Relations Board agreed to hear the American Postal Workers Union s arguments that these counters should be staffed by postal employees who earn far more and have a generous package of health and retirement benefits 49 50 Elimination of Saturday delivery averted Edit On January 28 2009 Postmaster General John E Potter testified before the Senate 51 that if the Postal Service could not readjust its payment toward the contractually funding earned employee retiree health benefits as mandated by the Postal Accountability amp Enhancement Act of 2006 52 the USPS would be forced to consider cutting delivery to five days per week during June July and August H R 22 addressing this issue passed the House of Representatives and Senate and was signed into law on September 30 2009 53 However Postmaster General Potter continued to advance plans to eliminate Saturday mail delivery 54 On June 10 2009 the National Rural Letter Carriers Association NRLCA was contacted for its input on the USPS s current study of the effect of five day delivery along with developing an implementation plan for a five day service plan A team of Postal Service headquarters executives and staff was given a time frame of sixty days to complete the study The current concept examines the effect of five day delivery with no business or collections on Saturday with Post Offices with current Saturday hours remaining open On Thursday April 15 2010 the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform held a hearing to examine the status of the Postal Service and recent reports on short and long term strategies for the financial viability and stability of the USPS entitled Continuing to Deliver An Examination of the Postal Service s Current Financial Crisis and its Future Viability At which PMG Potter testified that by 2020 the USPS cumulative losses could exceed 238 billion and that mail volume could drop 15 percent from 2009 55 In February 2013 the USPS announced that in order to save about 2 billion per year Saturday delivery service would be discontinued except for packages mail order medicines Priority Mail Express Mail and mail delivered to Post Office boxes beginning August 10 2013 56 57 58 59 However the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act 2013 passed in March reversed the cuts to Saturday delivery 60 Retirement funding and payment defaults Edit The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of 2006 PAEA 61 obligated the USPS to fund the present value of earned retirement obligations essentially past promises which have not yet come due within a ten year time span 62 The U S Office of Personnel Management OPM is the main bureaucratic organization responsible for the human resources aspect of many federal agencies and their employees The PAEA created the Postal Service Retiree Health Benefit Fund PSRHB after Congress removed the Postal Service contribution to the Civil Service Retirement System CSRS clarification needed Most other employees that contribute to the CSRS have 7 deducted from their wages Currently all new employees which contribute into Federal Employee Retirement System FERS once they become a full time regular employees 63 Running low on cash in order to continue operations unaffected and continue to meet payroll the USPS defaulted for the first time on a 5 5 billion retirement benefits payment due August 1 2012 and a 5 6 billion payment due September 30 2012 64 On September 30 2014 the USPS failed to make a 5 7 billion payment on this debt the fourth such default 65 In 2017 the USPS defaulted on some of the last lump sum payments required by the 2006 law though other payments were also still required 66 Proposals to cancel the funding obligation and plan a new schedule for the debt were introduced in Congress as early as 2016 67 A 2019 bill entitled the USPS Fairness Act which would have eliminated the pension funding obligation passed the House but did not proceed further 68 As of March 8 2022 the Postal Service Reform Act of 2022 which includes a section entitled USPS Fairness Act cancelling the obligation has passed both the House and the Senate 69 70 President Joe Biden signed the bill into law on April 6 2022 71 Rate increases Edit Congress has limited rate increases for First Class Mail to the cost of inflation unless approved by the Postal Regulatory Commission 72 A three cent surcharge above inflation increased the 1 oz 28 g rate to 49 in January 2014 but this was approved by the commission for two years only 73 As of January 9 2023 first class postage for up to 1 ounce is 0 63 74 Reform proposals and delivery changes Edit During the Obama administration Edit nbsp A USPS MailboxComprehensive reform packages considered in the 113th Congress include S 1486 75 and H R 2748 76 These include the efficiency measure supported by Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe 77 of ending door to door delivery of mail for some or most of the 35 million addresses that currently receive it replacing that with either curbside boxes or nearby cluster boxes This would save 4 5 billion per year out of the 30 billion delivery budget door to door city delivery costs annually on average 353 per stop curbside 224 and cluster box 160 and for rural delivery 278 176 and 126 respectively 78 79 S 1486 80 also with the support of Postmaster General Donahoe 81 would also allow the USPS to ship alcohol in compliance with state law from manufacturers to recipients with ID to show they are over 21 This is projected to raise approximately 50 million per year 81 Shipping alcoholic beverages is currently illegal under 18 U S C 1716 f In 2014 the Postal Service was requesting reforms to workers compensation moving from a pension to defined contribution retirement savings plan and paying senior retiree health care costs out of Medicare funds as is done for private sector workers 82 During the Trump administration Edit As part of a June 2018 governmental reorganization plan the Donald Trump administration proposed turning USPS into a private postal operator which could save costs through measures like delivering mail fewer days per week or delivering to central locations instead of door to door There was strong bipartisan opposition to the idea in Congress 83 In April 2020 Congress approved a 10 billion loan from the Treasury to the post office According to The Washington Post officials under Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin suggested using the loan as leverage to give the Treasury Department more influence on USPS operations including making them raise their charges for package deliveries a change long sought by President Trump 84 In May 2020 in a controversial move the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service appointed Louis DeJoy the first postmaster general in the last two decades who did not emerge from the postal bureaucracy Instead he had three decades of experience in the private delivery sector where he created a new national corporation with 80 000 employees 85 86 87 DeJoy until 2014 CEO of New Breed Logistics a controversial Postal Service contractor 88 and until 2018 a board member its new parent XPO Logistics whose postal contracts expanded during DeJoy s postmaster general role was a major donor and fundraiser for the Republican Party 89 90 from 2017 a deputy finance chairman of the Republican National Committee until appointed postmaster general and later million dollar donor to the 2020 Trump campaign while postmaster general 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 DeJoy immediately began taking measures to reduce costs such as banning overtime and extra trips to deliver mail 96 97 98 While DeJoy admitted that these measures were causing delays in mail delivery he said they would eventually improve service 99 More than 600 high speed mail sorting machines were scheduled to be dismantled and removed from postal facilities 100 raising concerns that mailed ballots for the November 3 election might not reach election offices on time 101 Mail collection boxes were removed from the streets in many cities after photos of boxes being removed were spread on social media a postal service spokesman said they were being moved to higher traffic areas but that the removals would stop until after the election 102 The inspector general for the postal service opened an investigation into the recent changes 103 On August 16 the House of Representatives was called back from its summer recess to consider a bill rolling back all of the changes 104 On August 18 2020 after days of heavy criticism and the day after lawsuits against the Postal Service and DeJoy personally were filed in federal court by several individuals 105 DeJoy announced that he would roll back all the changes until after the November election He said he would reinstate overtime hours roll back service reductions and halt the removal of mail sorting machines and collection boxes 106 However 95 percent of the mail sorting machines that were planned for removal had already been removed 107 and according to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi DeJoy said he has no intention of replacing them or the mail collection boxes 108 On December 27 2020 the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 forgave the previous 10 billion loan 109 Coronavirus pandemic and voting by mail Edit See also 2020 United States Postal Service crisis Voting by mail has become an increasingly common practice in the United States with 25 of voters nationwide mailing their ballots in 2016 and 2018 The coronavirus pandemic of 2020 was predicted to cause a large increase in mail voting because of the possible danger of congregating at polling places 110 For the 2020 election a state by state analysis concluded that 76 of Americans were eligible to vote by mail in 2020 a record number The analysis predicted that 80 million ballots could be cast by mail in 2020 more than double the number in 2016 111 The Postal Service sent letters to 46 states in July 2020 warning that the service might not be able to meet each state s deadlines for requesting and casting last minute absentee ballots 112 The House of Representatives voted to include an emergency grant of 25 billion to the post office to facilitate the predicted flood of mail ballots 113 but the bill never reached the Senate floor for a vote 114 115 A March 2021 report from the Postal Service s inspector general found that the vast majority of mail in ballots and registration materials in the 2020 election were delivered to the relevant authorities on time 116 117 The Postal Service handled approximately 135 million pieces of election related mail between September 1 and November 3 delivering 97 9 of ballots from voters to election officials within three days and 99 89 of ballots within seven days 116 118 Governance and organization EditThe Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service sets policy procedure and postal rates for services rendered It has a similar role to a corporate board of directors Of the eleven members of the Board nine are appointed by the president and confirmed by the U S Senate see 39 U S C 202 The nine appointed members then select the United States postmaster general who serves as the board s tenth member and who oversees the day to day activities of the service as chief executive officer see 39 U S C 202 203 The ten member board then nominates a deputy postmaster general who acts as chief operating officer to the eleventh and last remaining open seat The independent Postal Regulatory Commission formerly the Postal Rate Commission is also controlled by appointees of the president confirmed by the Senate It oversees postal rates and related concerns having the authority to approve or reject USPS proposals The USPS is often mistaken for a state owned enterprise or government owned corporation e g Amtrak because it operates much like a business It is however an establishment of the executive branch of the Government of the United States 39 U S C 201 as it is controlled by presidential appointees and the postmaster general As a government agency it has many special privileges including sovereign immunity eminent domain powers powers to negotiate postal treaties with foreign nations and an exclusive legal right to deliver first class and third class mail Indeed in 2004 the U S Supreme Court ruled in a unanimous decision The Postal Service is not subject to antitrust liability In both form and function it is not a separate antitrust person from the United States but is part of the Government and so is not controlled by the antitrust laws such as the Sherman Antitrust Act 119 Unlike a state owned enterprise the USPS lacks a transparent ownership structure and is not subject to standard rules and norms that apply to commercial entities The USPS also lacks commercial discretion and control 120 The U S Supreme Court has also upheld the USPS s statutory monopoly on access to letter boxes against a First Amendment freedom of speech challenge it thus remains illegal in the U S for anyone other than the employees and agents of the USPS to deliver mail pieces to letter boxes marked U S Mail 121 The Postal Service also has a Mailers Technical Advisory Committee and local Postal Customer Councils which are advisory and primarily involve business customers 122 The USPS assigns city names to various postal addresses these assignments do not always correspond with municipal boundaries Mailing address names may stay the same even if city boundaries change 123 Privatization proposals Edit Since the 1990s Republicans have been discussing the idea of privatizing the U S Postal Service 124 President Trump s administration proposed turning USPS into a private postal operator as part of a June 2018 governmental reorganization plan although there was strong bipartisan opposition to the idea in Congress 83 On December 17 2017 President Trump criticized the postal service s relationship with Amazon In a post on Twitter he stated Why is the United States Post Office which is losing many billions of dollars a year while charging Amazon and others so little to deliver their packages making Amazon richer and the Post Office dumber and poorer Should be charging MUCH MORE 125 Amazon maintains that the Postal Service makes a profit from its contract with the company 126 On June 21 2018 Trump proposed a sweeping reorganization but Congress did not act 127 Lisa Graves has documented decades long efforts to privatize the U S Postal Service through driving the public service to financial collapse 128 129 130 The Council on Foreign Relations brings up the idea of bringing USPS online with a digital identity via an email address 131 USPS explored a digital identity using an email address in its Digital Identity Opportunities for the Postal Service report in 2012 132 Universal service obligation and monopoly status EditLegal basis and rationale Edit Article I section 8 Clause 7 of the U S Constitution grants Congress the power to establish post offices and post roads 133 which has been interpreted as a de facto Congressional monopoly over the delivery of first class residential mail which has been defined as non urgent residential letters not packages Accordingly no other system for delivering first class residential mail public or private has been tolerated absent Congress s consent The mission of the Postal Service is to provide the American public with trusted universal postal service While not explicitly defined the Postal Service s universal service obligation USO is broadly outlined in statute and includes multiple dimensions geographic scope range of products access to services and facilities delivery frequency affordable and uniform pricing service quality and security of the mail While other carriers may claim to voluntarily provide delivery on a broad basis the Postal Service is the only carrier with a legal obligation to provide all the various aspects of universal service 134 Proponents of universal service principles claim that since any obligation must be matched by the financial capability to meet that obligation the postal monopoly was put in place as a funding mechanism for the USO and it has been in place for over a hundred years It consists of two parts the Private Express Statutes PES and the mailbox access rule The PES refer to the Postal Service s monopoly on the delivery of letters and the mailbox rule refers to the Postal Service s exclusive access to customer mailboxes 135 Proponents of universal service principles further claim that eliminating or reducing the PES or mailbox rule would affect the ability of the Postal Service to provide affordable universal service If for example the PES and the mailbox rule were to be eliminated and the USO maintained then either billions of dollars in tax revenues or some other source of funding would have to be found 135 Some proponents by whom 136 of universal service principles suggest that private communications that are protected by the veil of government promote the exchange of free ideas and communications This separates private communications from the ability of a private for profit or non profit organization to corrupt Security for the individual is in this way protected by the United States Post Office maintaining confidentiality and anonymity as well as government employees being much less likely to be instructed by superiors to engage in nefarious spying citation needed It is seen by some by whom as a dangerous step to extract the universal service principle from the post office as the untainted nature of private communications is preserved as assurance of the protection of individual freedom of privacy 137 However as the recent notice of a termination of mail service to residents of the Frank Church River of No Return Wilderness indicates mail service has been contracted to private firms such as Arnold Aviation for many decades KTVB TV reported 138 We cannot go out every week and pick up our mail it s impossible said Heinz Sippel Everyone gets their mail Why can t we said Sue Anderson Getting mail delivered once a week by airplane is not a luxury it s a necessity for those who live in Idaho s vast wilderness those along the Salmon and Selway rivers It s a service that s been provided to them for more than half a century mostly by Ray Arnold of Arnold Aviation The decision was reversed U S Postmaster General John Potter indicated that acceptable service to back country customers could not be achieved in any other fashion than continuing an air mail contract with Arnold Aviation to deliver the mail 139 2008 report on universal postal service and the postal monopoly Edit The Postal Act of 2006 required the Postal Regulatory Commission PRC to submit a report to the president and Congress on universal postal service and the postal monopoly in December 2008 The report must include any recommended changes The Postal Service report supports the requirement that the PRC is to consult with and solicit written comments from the Postal Service In addition the Government Accountability Office was required to evaluate broader business model issues by 2011 On October 15 2008 the Postal Service submitted a report 6 to the PRC on its position related to the Universal Service Obligation USO It said no changes to the USO and restriction on mailbox access were necessary at that time but increased regulatory flexibility was required to ensure affordable universal service in the future In February 2013 the Postal Service announced that starting August 2013 Saturday delivery would be discontinued Congress traditionally includes a provision in an annual continuing resolution that requires six day delivery it did so again in March 2013 and the Postal Service was forced to continue Saturday delivery 140 Obligations of the USO include uniform prices quality of service access to services and six day delivery to every part of the country To assure financial support for these obligations the postal monopoly provides the Postal Service the exclusive right to deliver letters and restricts mailbox access solely for mail The report argued that eliminating or reducing either aspect of the monopoly would have a devastating impact on the ability to provide the affordable universal service that the country values so highly Relaxing access to the mailbox would also pose security concerns increase delivery costs and hurt customer service according to the Post Office The report notes It is somewhat misleading to characterize the mailbox rule as a monopoly because the enforcement of 18 U S C 1725 leaves customers with ample alternative means of delivering their messages Customers can deliver their messages either by paying postage by placing messages on or under a door or a doormat by using newspaper or non postal boxes by telephoning or emailing by engaging in person to person delivery in public areas by tacking or taping their notices on a door post or by placing advertisements in local newspapers These methods are comparable in efficacy to communication via the mailbox Most of these alternatives are not actually free in some communities For example in the Chicago metropolitan area and many other major metros one must get a background check from police and pay a daily fee for the right to solicit or post commercial messages on private property citation needed Regarding the monopoly on delivery of letters the report notes that the monopoly is not complete as there is an exception for letters where either the amount paid for private carriage of the letter equals at least six times the current rate for the first ounce of a single piece First Class Mail letter also known as the base rate or base tariff or the letter weighs at least 12 5 ounces The Postal Service said that the USO should continue to be broadly defined and there should be no changes to the postal monopoly Any changes would have far reaching effects on customers and the trillion dollar mailing industry A more rigidly defined USO would ultimately harm the American public and businesses according to the report which cautions that any potential change must be studied carefully and the effects fully understood Competitors Edit nbsp USPS Terminal Annex building in Los AngelesFedEx and United Parcel Service UPS directly compete with USPS Express Mail and package delivery services making nationwide deliveries of urgent letters and packages Due to the postal monopoly they are not allowed to deliver non urgent letters and may not directly ship to U S Mail boxes at residential and commercial destinations However both companies have transit agreements with the USPS in which an item can be dropped off with either FedEx or UPS who will then provide shipment up to the destination post office serving the intended recipient where it will be transferred for delivery to the U S Mail destination including Post Office Box destinations 141 142 These services also deliver packages which are larger and heavier than USPS will accept DHL Express was the third major competitor until February 2009 when it ceased domestic delivery operations in the United States A variety of other transportation companies in the United States move cargo around the country but either have limited geographic scope for delivery points or specialize in items too large to be mailed Many of the thousands of courier companies focus on same day delivery for example by bicycle messenger Although USPS and FedEx are direct competitors USPS contracts with FedEx for air transport of 2 3 Day Priority Mail 143 and Priority Mail Express typically delivered overnight 144 Amazon controls one fifth of the delivery market and is on track to overtake UPS and even the US Postal Service USPS according to data from the logistics firm Pitney Bowes 145 Amazon Drone Delivery service is in USPS territory as well 146 Alternative transmission methods Edit The Post Office Department owned and operated the first public telegraph lines in the United States starting in 1844 from Washington to Baltimore and eventually extending to New York Boston Buffalo and Philadelphia In 1847 the telegraph system was privatized except for a period during World War I when it was used to accelerate the delivery of letters arriving at night 147 Between 1942 and 1945 V Mail for Victory Mail service was available for military mail Letters were converted into microfilm and reprinted near the destination to save room on transport vehicles for military cargo 148 In 1970 Western Union in co operation with the Postal Service introduced the Mailgram a special type of telegram offered by Western Union intended for bulk mailing to multiple addressees The sender would contact WU and submit to them the message to be sent and a list of addressees to mail the requested Mailgrams to The message and address data were then sent electronically over Western Union s terrestrial network normally used for standard telegrams with WU s Westar 1 satellite used instead starting in 1974 with its launch for Mailgram transmission to participating Postal Service centers who would then print and mail the Mailgrams to the requested addressees Similar to WU s Mailgrams was Electronic Computer Originated Mail offered by the Postal Service from 1982 to 1985 Also known as E COM it too was used for bulk mailings Text was transmitted electronically to one of 25 post offices nationwide The Postal Service would print the mail and put it in special envelopes bearing a blue E COM logo Delivery was assured within two days 149 To improve accuracy and efficiency the Postal Service introduced the Intelligent Mail program to complement the ZIP code system This system which was intended to replace the deprecated POSTNET system allows bulk mailers to use pre printed bar codes to assist in mail delivery and sorting Additional features called Enhanced or Full Service Intelligent Mail Barcodes allow for mail tracking of bulk mail through the postal system up to the final delivery Post Office 150 Criticism of the universal service requirement and the postal monopoly Edit Critics of the universal service requirement and the statutory postal monopoly include several professional economists advocating for the privatization of the mail delivery system or at least a relaxation of the universal service model that currently exists 151 Rick Geddes argued in 2000 152 First basic economics implies that rural customers are unlikely to be without service under competition they would simply have to pay the true cost of delivery to them which may or may not be lower than under monopoly Second basic notions of fairness imply that the cross subsidy should be eliminated To the extent that people make choices about where they live they should assume the costs of that decision Third there is no reason why the government monopoly is necessary to ensure service to sparsely populated areas The government could easily award competitive contracts to private firms for that service Fourth early concerns that rural residents of the United States would somehow become isolated without federally subsidized mail delivery today are simply unfounded Once both sender and receiver have access to a computer the marginal cost of sending an electronic message is close to zero Furthermore some economists have argued that because public enterprises may pursue objectives different from profit maximization they might have more of an incentive than profit maximizing firms to behave anticompetitively through policies such as predatory pricing misstating costs and creating barriers to entry 153 To resolve those issues one economist proposes a cost allocation model that would determine the optimal allocation of USPS s common costs by finding the share of costs that would maximize USPS profits from its competitive products 154 Postal regulators could use such a cost model to ensure that the Postal Service is not abusing its statutory monopoly by subsidizing price cuts in competitive product markets with revenue obtained from the monopolized market 155 Law enforcement agencies EditUnder the Mail Cover Program USPS photographs the front and back of every piece of U S mail as part of the sorting process enabling law enforcement to obtain address information and images of the outsides of mail as part of an investigation without the need for a warrant 156 nbsp The Food and Drug Administration inspects packages for illegal drug shipmentsPostal Inspection Service Edit The United States Postal Inspection Service USPIS is one of the oldest law enforcement agencies in the U S Founded by Benjamin Franklin on August 7 1775 its mission is to protect the Postal Service its employees and its customers from crime and protect the nation s mail system from criminal misuse 157 Postal Inspectors enforce over 200 federal laws providing for the protection of mail in investigations of crimes that may adversely affect or fraudulently use the U S Mail the postal system or postal employees The USPIS has the power to enforce the USPS monopoly by conducting search and seizure raids on entities they suspect of sending non urgent mail through overnight delivery competitors According to the American Enterprise Institute a private conservative think tank the USPIS raided Equifax offices in 1993 to ascertain if the mail they were sending through Federal Express was truly extremely urgent It was found that the mail was not and Equifax was fined 30 000 158 159 The PIS oversees the activities of the Postal Police Force who patrol and secure major postal facilities in the United States 160 Office of Inspector General Edit The United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General OIG was authorized by law in 1996 Prior to the 1996 legislation the Postal Inspection Service performed the duties of the OIG The inspector general who is independent of postal management is appointed by and reports directly to the nine presidentially appointed Senate confirmed members of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service The primary purpose of the OIG is to prevent detect and report fraud waste and program abuse and promote efficiency in the operations of the Postal Service The OIG has oversight responsibility for all activities of the Postal Inspection Service How delivery services work EditElements of addressing and preparing domestic mail Edit See also Address United States All mailable articles e g letters flats machinable parcels irregular parcels etc shipped within the United States must comply with an array of standards published in the USPS Domestic Mail Manual DMM 161 Before addressing the mailpiece one must first comply with the various mailability standards relating to attributes of the actual mailpiece such as minimum maximum dimensions 162 and weight acceptable mailing containers proper mailpiece sealing closure utilization of various markings and restrictions relating to various hazardous e g explosives flammables etc and restricted e g cigarettes smokeless tobacco etc materials as well as others articulated in 601 of the DMM 163 Mail going to naval vessels is known as the Fleet Post Office FPO and to Army or Air Force installations use the city abbreviation APO Army Post Office or Air Force Post Office Undeliverable mail that cannot be readily returned including mail without a return address is treated as dead mail at a Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta Georgia or Saint Paul Minnesota nbsp Sticker promoting ZIP Code useThe USPS maintains a list of proper abbreviations 164 The format of a return address is similar Though some style manuals recommend using a comma between the city and state name when typesetting addresses in other contexts for optimal automatic character recognition the Post Office does not recommend this when addressing mail The official recommendation is to use all upper case block letters with proper formats and abbreviations and leave out all punctuation except for the hyphen in the ZIP 4 code If the address is unusually formatted or illegible enough it will require hand processing delaying that particular item The USPS publishes the entirety of their postal addressing standards 165 Postal address verification tools and services are offered by the USPS and third party companies to help ensure mail is deliverable by fixing formatting appending information such as ZIP Code and validating the address is a valid delivery point Customers can look up ZIP Codes and verify addresses using USPS Web Tools available on the official USPS website and Facebook page as well as on third party sites 166 Delivery Point Validation Edit Delivery Point Validation DPV provides the highest level of address accuracy checking In a DPV process the address is checked against the AMS data file to ensure that it exists as an active delivery point 167 The USPS provides DPV on their website as part of the ZIP Code Lookup tool there are also companies that offer services to perform DPV in bulk Paying postage Edit The actual postage can be paid via 168 Stamps purchased online at usps com at a post office from a stamp vending machine or Automated Postal Center which can also handle packages or from a third party such as a grocery store Pre cancelled stamps for bulk mailings 169 Postal meter Prepaid envelope Shipping label purchased online and printed by the customer on standard paper e g with Click N Ship or via a third party such as PayPal or Amazon shipping All unused U S postage stamps issued since 1861 are still valid as postage at their indicated value Stamps with no value shown or denominated by a letter are also still valid although the value depends upon the particular stamp For some stamps issued without a printed value the current value is the original value But some stamps beginning in 1988 or earlier including Forever Stamps issued from April 2007 and all first class first ounce stamps issued from January 21 2011 the value is the current value of a first class mail first ounce stamp The USPS calls these Forever Stamps but the generic name is non denominated postage Forever stamps are sold at the First Class Mail postage rate at the time of purchase but will always be valid for First Class Mail up to 1 ounce 28 g no matter how rates rise in the future 170 Britain has had a similar stamp since 1989 The cost of mailing a 1 oz 28 g First Class letter increased to 66 on July 9 2023 171 Postage meters Edit Main article Postage meter A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage or franking to mailed matter Postage meters are regulated by a country s postal authority for example in the United States the United States Postal Service specifies the rules for the creation support and use of postage meters A postage meter imprints an amount of postage functioning as a postage stamp a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one The meter stamp serves as proof of payment and eliminates the need for adhesive stamps PC Postage Edit In addition to using standard stamps postage can now be printed in the form of an electronic stamp or e stamp from a personal computer using a system called Information Based Indicia This online PC Postage method relies upon application software on the customer s computer contacting a postal security device at the office of the postal service 172 Other electronic postage payment methods Edit Electronic Verification System eVS 173 is the Postal Service s integrated mail management technology that centralizes payment processing and electronic postage reports Part of an evolving suite of USPS electronic payment services called PostalOne 174 eVS allows mailers shipping large volumes of parcels through the Postal Service a way to circumvent use of hard copy manifests postage statements and drop shipment verification forms Instead mailers can pay postage automatically through a centralized account and track payments online Beginning in August 2007 the Postal Service began requiring mailers shipping Parcel Select packages using a permit imprint to use eVS for manifesting their packages Stamp copyright and reproduction Edit All U S postage stamps issued under the former United States Post Office Department and other postage items that were released before 1978 are not subject to copyright but stamp designs since 1978 are copyrighted 175 The United States Copyright Office in section 313 6 C 1 of the Third Edition of the Compendium of U S Copyright Office Practices holds that Works prepared by officers or employees of the U S Postal Service are not considered works of the U S Government 176 and are therefore eligible for registration Thus the USPS holds copyright to such materials released since 1978 under Title 17 of the United States Code Written permission is required for use of copyrighted postage stamp images although under USPS rules permission is generally not required for educational use news reporting or philatelic advertising use but users must cite USPS as the source of the image and include language such as United States Postal Service All rights reserved 177 International services Edit nbsp Packages awaiting inspection at the International Mail Facility in JFK airportIn May 2007 the USPS restructured international service names to correspond with domestic shipping options Formerly USPS International services 178 were categorized as Airmail Letter Post Economy Surface Parcel Post Airmail Parcel Post Global Priority Global Express and Global Express Guaranteed Mail The former Airmail Letter Post is now First Class Mail International 179 180 and includes small packages weighing up to four pounds 1 8 kg Economy Parcel Post was discontinued for international service while Airmail Parcel Post was replaced by Priority Mail International Priority Mail International Flat Rate packaging in various sizes was introduced with the same conditions of service previously used for Global Priority Global Express is now Express Mail International while Global Express Guaranteed is unchanged The international mailing classes with a tracking ability are Express Express Guaranteed and Priority except that tracking is not available for Priority Mail International Flat Rate Envelopes or Priority Mail International Small Flat Rate Boxes 181 One of the major changes in the new naming and services definitions is that USPS supplied mailing boxes for Priority and Express mail are now allowed for international use These services are offered to ship letters and packages to almost every country and territory on the globe The USPS provides much of this service by contracting with a private parcel service FedEx 182 nbsp An m bagThe USPS provides an M bag 183 service for international shipment of printed matter 184 previously surface M bags existed but with the 2007 elimination of surface mail only airmail M bags remain 185 The term M bag is not expanded in USPS publications M bags are simply defined as direct sacks of printed matter sent to a single foreign addressee at a single address 184 however the term is sometimes referred to informally as media bag as the bag can also contain discs tapes and cassettes in addition to books for which the usual umbrella term is media some also refer to them as mail bags Military mail is billed at domestic rates when being sent from the United States to a military outpost and is free when sent by deployed military personnel The overseas logistics are handled by the Military Postal Service Agency in the Department of Defense 186 Outside of forward areas and active operations military mail First Class takes 7 10 days Priority 10 15 days and Parcel Post about 24 days 187 Three independent countries with a Compact of Free Association with the U S Palau the Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia have a special relationship with the United States Postal Service Each associated state maintains its own government run mail service for delivery to and pickup from retail customers 188 189 190 The associated states are integrated into the USPS addressing and ZIP code system The USPS is responsible for transporting mail between the United States and the associated states 188 and between the individual states of the Federated States of Micronesia 190 The associated states synchronize postal services and rates with the USPS The USPS treats mail to and from the associated states as domestic mail 191 Incoming mail does require customs declarations because like some U S territories the associated states are outside the main customs territory of the United States 192 The discontinuation of international surface mail Edit For more information about surface mail see Surface mail In 2007 the US Postal Service discontinued its outbound international surface mail sea mail service 193 mainly because of increased costs Returned undeliverable surface parcels had become an expensive problem for the USPS since it was often required to take such parcels back 194 Domestic surface mail now Retail Ground or Commercial Parcel Select remains available Alternatives to international surface mail include International Surface Air Lift ISAL The service includes neither tracking nor insurance 195 but it may be possible to purchase shipping insurance from a third party company USPS Commercial ePacket The service is trackable Ordinary first class international airmail Senders can access the International Surface Air Lift and ePacket services through postal wholesalers Some examples of such wholesalers include Asendia USA accessible through the Shippo website to users who have an Asendia account 196 Globegistics now owned by Asendia and APC Postal Logistics If a sender sends an ISAL mailing directly through the USPS without a wholesaler as an intermediary the minimum weight is 50 pounds per mailing 197 Sorting and delivery process Edit nbsp Mail flow through national infrastructure as of 2005Processing of standard sized envelopes and cards is highly automated including reading of handwritten addresses Mail from individual customers and public USPS mailboxes is collected by letter carriers into plastic tubs which are taken to one of approximately 251 Processing and Distribution Centers P amp DCs across the United States Each P amp DC sorts mail for a given region typically with a radius of around 200 miles 320 km and connects with the national network for interregional mail 198 During the 2010s the USPS consolidated mail sorting for large regions into the P amp DCs on the basis that most mail is addressed to faraway destinations 199 but for cities at the edge of a P amp DC s region this means all locally addressed mail must now travel long distances that is to and from the P amp DC for sorting to reach nearby addresses 200 At the P amp DC mail is emptied into hampers which are then automatically dumped into a Dual Pass Rough Cull System DPRCS As mail travels through the DPRCS large items such as packages and mail bundles are removed from the stream As the remaining mail enters the first machine for processing standard mail the Advanced Facer Canceler System AFCS pieces that passed through the DPRCS but do not conform to physical dimensions for processing in the AFCS e g large envelopes or overstuffed standard envelopes are automatically diverted from the stream Mail removed from the DPRCS and AFCS is manually processed or sent to parcel sorting machines In contrast to the previous system which merely canceled and postmarked the upper right corner of the envelope thereby missing any stamps which were inappropriately placed the AFCS locates indicia stamp or metered postage mark regardless of the orientation of the mailpiece as it enters the machine and cancels it by applying a postmark Detection of indicia enables the AFCS to determine the orientation of each mailpiece and sort it accordingly The AFCS rotates and flips over mailpieces as needed so all mail is sorted right side up and faced in the same direction in each output bin Mail is sorted by the AFCS into three categories mail already affixed with a bar code and addressed such as business reply envelopes and cards mail with machine printed typed addresses and mail with handwritten addresses Mail with typed addresses goes to a Multiline Optical Character Reader MLOCR which reads the ZIP Code and address information and prints the appropriate bar code onto the envelope formerly POSTNET now Intelligent Mail Mail with handwritten addresses and illegible typed addresses is diverted from the mailstream to the Remote Bar Coding System RBCS Images of such mailpieces are transmitted through RBCS to the Remote Encoding Center where humans data entry clerks read each image and type in the most likely address Each mailpiece held for RBCS processing is sprayed with an ID Tag a fluorescent bar code When address data comes back from the Remote Encoding Center RBCS uses the ID Tag bar code to identify the corresponding mailpiece and prints the appropriate bar code then returns the mailpiece to the mailstream Processed mail is imaged by the Mail Isolation Control and Tracking MICT system to allow easier tracking of hazardous substances Images are taken at more than 200 mail processing centers and are destroyed after being retained for 30 days 201 If a customer has filed a change of address card and his or her mail is detected in the mailstream with the old address the mailpiece is sent to a machine that automatically connects to a Computerized Forwarding System database to determine the new address If this address is found the machine will paste a label over the former address with the current address and the appropriate bar code The mail is returned to the mailstream to be forwarded to the addressee s new location Mail with addresses that cannot be read and bar coded by any of the foregoing automated systems is separated for human intervention Local postal workers can read the address and manually codes and sorts mail according to the ZIP Code on the article If the address still cannot be read mail is either returned to the sender First Class Mail with a valid return address or is sent to the Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta Georgia formerly known as the dead letter office At this office the mail is opened to try to find an address to forward to If an address is found the contents are resealed and delivered Otherwise the items are held for 90 days in case of inquiry by the customer if they are not claimed they are either destroyed or auctioned off at the monthly Postal Service Unclaimed Parcel auction to raise money for the service Once the mail is bar coded it is automatically sorted by a Delivery Bar Code Sorter DBCS that reads the bar code identifies the destination of the mailpiece and sends it to an appropriate tray that corresponds to the next segment of its journey There are necessarily two P amp DCs for every domestic mailpiece which correspond to the regions in which the sender and recipient are located The USPS calls these respectively the origin and destination P amp DCs 202 Mail for which they are the same because the senders are located in the same region as the recipients is either trucked to the appropriate local post office or kept in the building for carrier routes served directly from the P amp DC itself Out of region mail is trucked to the closest airport and then flown usually as baggage on commercial airlines to the airport nearest the destination station At the destination P amp DC mail is once again read by a DBCS which sorts items to local post offices this includes grouping mailpieces by individual letter carrier route At the carrier route level 95 of letters arrive pre sorted 198 the remaining mail must be sorted by hand In 2009 the Post Office was working to increase the percentage of automatically sorted mail including a pilot program to sort flats 203 FedEx provides air transport service to USPS for Priority and Express Mail Priority Mail and Express Mail are transported from Priority Mail processing centers to the closest FedEx served airport where they are handed off to FedEx FedEx then flies them to the destination airport and hands them back to USPS for transport to the local post office and delivery After consolidating sorting work into the P amp DCs the USPS in August 2022 initiated a pilot program to consolidate delivery work into Sorting and Delivery Centers S amp DCs As of 2022 the USPS was still running delivery units out of most of its post offices meaning that most carrier routes are based at post offices and there are dozens of delivery units in each metropolitan area The USPS plans to merge many delivery units in each metropolitan area into S amp DCs which implies many letter carriers will have to endure longer commutes to S amp DCs and drive longer delivery routes while many post offices will be reduced to retail stores with no back end mail processing capability on site However the USPS hopes to save money on the trucking fleet moving mail between its facilities 204 Types of postal facilities Edit Main article List of United States post offices nbsp Historic main post office in Tomah Wisconsin nbsp A typical post office station in the Spring Branch area of Houston Texas nbsp A combined Post Office Customs House and Federal Court House in Galveston Texas nbsp Floating post office Halibut Cove Alaska nbsp Wheeler Springs CA was home to the smallest post office in the U S Although its retail postal facilities are called post offices in regular speech the USPS recognizes several types of postal facilities including the following A main post office formerly known as a general post office is the primary postal facility in a community A station or post office station is a postal facility that is not the main post office but that is within the corporate limits of the community A branch or post office branch 205 is a postal facility that is not the main post office and that is outside the corporate limits of the community A classified unit is a station or branch operated by USPS employees in a facility owned or leased by the USPS A contract postal unit or CPU is a station or branch operated by a contractor typically in a store or other place of business 206 A community post office or CPO is a contract postal unit providing services in a small community in which other types of post office facilities have been discontinued An approved shipper is an independent shipping business licensed to use certain USPS branding and signage but which does not receive any financial compensation from USPS and may opt to charge higher rates for postage Approved Shippers may also accept packages for other carriers such as UPS or FedEx 207 A finance unit is a station or branch that provides window services and accepts mail but does not provide delivery A village post office VPO is an entity such as a local business or government center that provides postal services through a contract with the USPS First introduced in 2011 as an integral part of the USPS plan to close low volume post offices village post offices will fill the role of the post office within a ZIP Code 208 A processing and distribution center P amp DC or processing and distribution facility formerly known as a General Mail Facility is a central mail facility that processes and dispatches incoming and outgoing mail to and from a designated service area 251 nationwide 198 209 A sectional center facility SCF is a P amp DC for a designated geographical area defined by one or more three digit ZIP Code prefixes An international service center ISC is an international mail processing facility There are only five such USPS facilities in the continental United States located in Chicago New York Miami Los Angeles and San Francisco 210 A network distribution center formerly known as a bulk mail center BMC is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as the hub in a hub and spoke network An auxiliary sorting facility ASF is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as spokes in a hub and spoke network A remote encoding center REC is a facility at which clerks receive images of problem mail pieces those with hard to read addresses etc via secure Internet type feeds and manually type the addresses they can decipher using a special encoding protocol The mail pieces are then sprayed with the correct addresses or are sorted for further handling according to the instructions given via encoding The total number of RECs is down from 55 in 1998 to just 1 center in December 2016 The last REC is in Salt Lake City Utah 211 While common usage refers to all types of postal facilities as substations the USPS Glossary of Postal Terms does not define or even list that word 206 Post Offices often share facilities with other governmental organizations located within a city s central business district In those locations often Courthouses and Federal Buildings the building is owned by the General Services Administration while the U S Postal Services operates as a tenant 212 The USPS retail system has approximately 36 000 post offices stations and branches 213 Automated Postal Centers Edit nbsp A 24 hour Automated Postal Center kiosk inside the Webster Texas main post officeIn the year 2004 the USPS began deploying Automated Postal Centers APCs 214 APCs are unattended kiosks that are capable of weighing franking and storing packages for later pickup as well as selling domestic and international postage stamps Since its introduction APCs do not take cash payments they only accept credit or debit cards Similarly traditional vending machines are available at many post offices to purchase stamps though these are being phased out in many areas 215 Due to increasing use of Internet services as of June 2009 no retail post office windows are open 24 hours overnight services are limited to those provided by an Automated Postal Center 216 Evolutionary Network Development END program Edit In February 2006 the USPS announced that they plan to replace the nine existing facility types with five processing facility types 217 Regional Distribution Centers RDCs which will process all classes of parcels and bundles and serve as Surface Transfer Centers Local Processing Centers LPCs which will process single piece letters and flats and cancel mail Destination Processing Centers DPC sort the mail for individual letter carrier route Airport Transfer Centers ATCs which will serve as transfer points only and Remote Encoding Centers RECs Over a period of years these facilities are expected to replace Processing amp Distribution Centers Customer Service Facilities Bulk Mail Centers Logistic and Distribution Centers annexes the Hub and Spoke Program Air Mail Centers and International Service Centers The changes are a result of the declining volumes of single piece First Class Mail population shifts the increase in drop shipments by advertising mailers at destinating postal facilities advancements in equipment and technology redundancies in the existing network and the need for operational flexibility The program was ended in early 2007 after an analysis revealed that the significant amount of capital investment required to implement the END network concept would not generate the benefits originally anticipated 218 Airline and rail division Edit nbsp A former United States Postal Service Boeing 727 200 aircraft at Miami International Airport in 1999The United States Postal Service does not directly own or operate any aircraft or trains although both were formerly operated The mail and packages are flown on airlines with which the Postal Service has a contractual agreement The contracts change periodically Contract airlines have included UPS FedEx Express American Airlines United Airlines The last air delivery route in the continental U S to residents in the Frank Church River of No Return Wilderness was scheduled to be ended in June 2009 The weekly bush plane route contracted out to an air taxi company had in its final year an annual cost of 46 000 or 2400 year per residence over ten times the average cost of delivering mail to a residence in the United States 219 This decision has been reversed by the U S postmaster general 220 Parcel forwarding and private interchange Edit Private US parcel forwarding or US mail forwarding companies focusing on personal shopper relocation Ex pat and mail box services often interface with the United States Postal Service for transporting of mail and packages for their customers 221 Delivery timing Edit nbsp USPS contractor driven semi trailer truck seen near Mendota California nbsp 1998 United States Postal Service Ford Windstar showing the larger driver s side doorDelivery days Edit From 1810 mail was delivered seven days a week In 1828 local religious leaders noticed a decline in Sunday morning church attendance because of local post offices doubling as gathering places These leaders appealed to the government to intervene and close post offices on Sundays The government however declined and mail was delivered seven days a week until 1912 222 223 Today U S Mail with the exception of Express Mail 224 is not delivered on Sunday Saturday delivery was temporarily suspended in April 1957 because of lack of funds but quickly restored 225 226 Budget problems prompted consideration of dropping Saturday delivery starting around 2009 This culminated in a 2013 announcement that regular mail services would be cut to five days a week which was reversed by Congress before it could take effect See the section Revenue decline and planned cuts Direct delivery vs customer pickup Edit Originally mail was not delivered to homes and businesses but to post offices In 1863 city delivery began in urban areas with enough customers to make this economical This required streets to be named houses to be numbered with sidewalks and lighting provided and these street addresses to be added to envelopes 227 The number of routes served expanded over time In 1891 the first experiments with Rural Free Delivery began in less densely populated areas To compensate for high mail volume and slow long distance transportation which saw mail arrive at post offices throughout the day deliveries were made multiple times a day This ranged from twice for residential areas to up to seven times for the central business district of Brooklyn New York 228 In the late 19th century mail boxes were encouraged saving carriers the time it took to deliver directly to the addressee in person in the 1910s and 1920s they were phased in as a requirement for service 227 In the 1940s multiple daily deliveries began to be reduced especially on Saturdays By 1990 the last twice daily deliveries in New York City were eliminated Today mail is delivered once a day on site to most private homes and businesses The USPS still distinguishes between city delivery where carriers generally walk and deliver to mailboxes hung on exterior walls or porches or to commercial reception areas and rural delivery where carriers generally drive 229 With curbside delivery mailboxes are at the ends of driveways on the nearest convenient road Central point delivery is used in some locations where several nearby residences share a cluster of individual mailboxes in a single housing Some customers choose to use post office boxes for an additional fee for privacy or convenience This provides a locked box at the post office to which mail is addressed and delivered usually earlier in the day than home delivery Customers in less densely populated areas where there is no city delivery and who do not qualify for rural delivery may receive mail only through post office boxes High volume business customers can also arrange for special pick up 230 231 Another option is the old style general delivery for people who have neither post office boxes nor street addresses Mail is held at the post office until they present identification and pick it up Some customers receive free post office boxes if the USPS declines to provide door to door delivery to their location or a nearby box 232 People with medical problems can request door to door delivery 233 Homeless people are also eligible for post office boxes at the discretion of the local postmaster or can use general delivery 234 Special delivery Edit From 1885 to 1997 a service called special delivery was available which caused a separate delivery to the final location earlier in the day than the usual daily rounds Same day trials Edit In December 2012 the USPS began a limited one year trial of same day deliveries directly from retailers or distribution hubs to residential addresses in the same local area a service it dubbed Metro Post 235 236 The trial was initially limited to San Francisco and the only retailer to participate in the first few weeks was 1 800 FLOWERS 237 In March 2013 the USPS faced new same day competition for e commerce deliveries from Google Shopping Express In November 2013 the Postal Service began regular package delivery on Sundays for Amazon customers in New York and Los Angeles 238 which it expanded to 15 cities in May 2014 239 Amazon Sunday delivery has now been expanded to most major markets as of September 2015 Other competition in this area includes online grocers such as AmazonFresh Webvan and delivery services operated by grocery stores like Peapod and Safeway Forwarding and holds Edit Residential customers can fill out a form to forward mail to a new address and can also send pre printed forms to any of their frequent correspondents They can also put their mail on hold for example while on vacation The Post Office will store mail during the hold instead of letting it overflow in the mailbox These services are not available to large buildings and customers of a commercial mail receiving agency 240 where mail is subsorted by non Post Office employees into individual mailboxes First class packages Edit In April 2022 the USPS announced it would slow deliveries of almost one third of first class packages as it sought to rely less on air transportation and find cost savings 241 242 243 244 Financial services EditPostal money orders provide a safe alternative to sending cash through the mail and are available in any amount up to 1 000 Like a bank check money orders are cashable only by the recipient Unlike a personal bank check they are prepaid and therefore cannot be returned because of insufficient funds 245 Money orders are a declining business for the USPS as companies like PayPal Venmo and others are offering electronic replacements From 1911 to 1967 the Postal Service also operated the United States Postal Savings System not unlike a savings and loan association with the amount of the deposit limited 246 A January 2014 report by the inspector general of the USPS suggested that the agency could earn 8 9 billion per year in revenue by providing financial services especially in areas where there are no local banks but there is a local post office and to customers who currently do not have bank accounts 247 Employment Edit nbsp A Rural Letter Carrier from Fort Myers FloridaThe Postal Service is the nation s second largest civilian employer 248 As of 2020 update it employed 495 941 career employees and 148 092 non career personnel divided among offices processing centers and actual post offices 249 The United States Postal Service would rank 44th on the 2019 Fortune 500 list if considered a private company 250 and ranks 136 on Global Fortune 500 list 251 Labor unions representing USPS employees include The American Postal Workers Union APWU which represents postal clerks and maintenance motor vehicle mail equipment shops material distribution centers and operating services and facilities services employees postal nurses and IT and accounting 252 the National Association of Letter Carriers NALC which represents city letter carriers the National Rural Letter Carriers Association NRLCA which represents rural letter carriers and the National Postal Mail Handlers Union NPMHU USPS employees are divided into major crafts according to the work they engage in Letter carriers also referred to as mailmen or mail carriers prepare and deliver mail and parcels They are divided into two categories City Letter Carriers who are represented by the NALC and Rural Letter Carriers who are represented by the NRLCA City Carriers are paid hourly with automatic overtime paid after 8 hours or 40 hours a week of duty City Carriers are required to work in any kind of weather daylight or dark and carry three bundles of mail letters in one hand with magazines and other larger mail pieces on the forearm carrying the mail Advertisement mail Every door direct EDD and smaller parcels all go in the carriers satchel Larger parcels up to a total of 70 lbs may be delivered at various times of the day or with the mail Mail routes are outfitted with a number of scanpoints mailbox barcodes on random streets every 30 to 40 minutes apart to keep track of the carriers whereabouts in real time Rural carriers are under a form of salary called evaluated hours usually with overtime built into their pay The evaluated hours are created by having all mail counted for a period of two or four weeks and a formula used to create the set dollar amount they will be paid for each day worked until the next time the route is counted Mail handlers and processors prepare separate load and unload mail and parcels by delivery ZIP code and station for the clerks They work almost exclusively at the plants or larger mail facilities now after having their duties excessed and reassigned to clerks in Post Offices and Station branches Clerks have a dual function by design of where their assignment is Window clerks directly handle customer service needs at the counter sort box mail and sort first class letters standard and bulk rate mail for the carriers on the work floor Clerks may also work alongside mail handlers in large sorting facilities outside of the public view sorting mail Data Conversion Operators who encode address information at Remote Encoding Centers are also members of the clerk craft Mail handlers and Clerks are represented by the NPMHU and the APWU respectively Other non managerial positions in the USPS include Maintenance and custodians who see to the overall operation and cleaning of mail sorting machines work areas public parking and general facility operations City Carrier Assistants CCAs With the Das Arbitration award the designation of PTF City Carrier has been abolished TE City Carriers will have the opportunity to become CCAs A CCA is a non career employee who is hired for a 360 day term similar to what TEs had CCAs earn annual leave CCAs unlike TEs do have a direct path to becoming career employees When excess City Carrier positions exist the CCA in that work installation with the highest relative standing will be promoted to a career employee and be assigned to the vacant position Career Part Time Flexible and Transitional employees Career PTF amp TE There are a variety of other non managerial positions in such crafts as accounting information technology and the remote encoding center These are under a different contract than plant workers or letter carriers 253 Contractors are not USPS employees but work for the USPS under a written contract and usually paid per mile They do not get benefits including health insurance leave life insurance and pension They must use their own vehicle and pay any cost to maintain insure or replace Contractors generally make less than employees Just like regular carriers they deliver packages and letters to mailboxes and doors Though the USPS employs many individuals as more Americans send information via email fewer postal workers are needed to work dwindling amounts of mail Post offices and mail facilities are constantly downsizing replacing craft positions with new machines and consolidating mail routes through the MIARAP Modified Interim Alternate Route Adjustment Process agreement A major round of job cuts early retirements and a construction freeze were announced on March 20 2009 254 Workplace violence Edit See also Edmond post office shooting and List of postal killings United States In the early 1990s widely publicized workplace shootings by disgruntled employees at USPS facilities led to a Human Resource effort to provide care for stressed workers and resources for coworker conflicts 255 Due to media coverage postal employees gained a reputation among the general public as more likely to be mentally ill The USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace found that Postal workers are only a third as likely as those in the national workforce to be victims of homicide at work 256 In the documentary Murder by Proxy How America Went Postal it was argued that this number failed to factor out workers killed by external subjects rather than by fellow employees This series of events in turn has influenced American culture as seen in the slang term going postal 257 258 and the computer game Postal Also in the opening sequence of Naked Gun 33 1 3 The Final Insult a yell of Disgruntled postal workers is heard followed by the arrival of postal workers with machine guns In an episode of Seinfeld the mailman character Newman explained in a dramatic monologue that postal workers go crazy and kill everyone because the mail never stops In The Simpsons episode Sunday Cruddy Sunday Nelson Muntz asks Postmaster Bill if he has ever gone on a killing spree Bill replies The day of the gun toting disgruntled postman shooting up the place went out with the Macarena 259 The series of massacres led the USPS to issue a rule prohibiting the possession of any type of firearms except for those issued to Postal Inspectors in all designated USPS facilities 260 In fiction EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message In the film Miracle on 34th Street 1947 the identity of Kris Kringle played by Edmund Gwenn as the one and only Santa Claus was validated by a state court based on the delivery of 21 bags of mail famously carried into the courtroom to the character in question The contention was that it would have been illegal for the United States Post Office to deliver mail that was addressed to Santa Claus to the character Kris Kringle unless he were in fact the one and only Santa Claus Judge Henry X Harper played by Gene Lockhart ruled that since the U S Government had demonstrated through the delivery of the bags of mail that Kris Kringle was Santa Claus the State of New York did not have the authority to overrule that decision The novel Post Office 1971 written by poet and novelist Charles Bukowski is a semi autobiographical account of his life over the years as a letter carrier Bukowski would under duress quit and years later return as a mail clerk His personal account would detail the work at lengths as frustrating menial boring and degrading David Brin s novel The Postman 1985 portrays the USPS and its returned services as a staple to revive the United States government in a post apocalyptic world It was adapted as a film starring Kevin Costner and Larenz Tate in 1997 The comedy film Dear God 1996 starring Greg Kinnear and Laurie Metcalf portrays a group of quirky postal workers in a dead letter office that handle letters addressed to the Easter Bunny Elvis and even God himself In 2015 The Inspectors which depicts a group of postal inspectors investigating postal crimes debuted on CBS The series uses the USPIS seal and features messages and tips from the Chief Postal Inspector at the end of each episode Signed Sealed Delivered original title Dead Letters also known as Lost Letter Mysteries is an American Canadian drama romantic comedy television series that aired on the Hallmark Channel from April 20 through June 22 2014 In the NBC sitcom Cheers Cliff Clavin played by John Ratzenberger was a know it all bar regular and letter carrier In the NBC sitcom Seinfeld Newman played by Wayne Knight was an apartment neighbor and foil to Jerry Seinfeld and a letter carrier See also Edit nbsp United States portalPostage stamps and postal history of the United States Postal Union of the Americas Spain and PortugalReferences Edit On This Day in Postal History Notable Events by Month Day Year PDF United States Postal Service Archived from the original PDF on June 2 2020 Retrieved August 16 2020 Size and scope United States Postal Service Archived from the original on July 20 2023 Retrieved September 12 2023 Who We Are Leadership United States Postal Service Archived from the original on August 15 2020 Retrieved August 16 2020 a b c Fiscal Year 2022 Annual Report to Congress PDF United States Postal Service Archived PDF from the original on September 5 2023 Retrieved August 28 2023 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved December 10 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b Report on Universal Postal Service and the Postal Monopoly USPS Archived from the original on October 8 2021 Retrieved October 20 2021 Information About Restrictions on Mailbox Access PDF United States General Accounting Office May 30 1997 Archived from the original PDF on May 24 2017 Retrieved April 16 2020 Universal Service and the Postal Monopoly A Brief History PDF The United States Postal Service Archived PDF from the original on February 24 2013 Retrieved February 11 2013 Benjamin Franklin World of Influence Man of Letters PBS www pbs org Archived from the original on November 27 2020 Retrieved March 11 2021 Postal Reorganization Act Pub Law No 91 375 84 Stat 719 at 720 August 12 1970 codified at 39 U S C 201 The U S Postal Service PBS PBS November 13 2011 Archived from the original on October 14 2019 Retrieved December 1 2013 The Great 1970 Mail Strike that Stunned the Country Labor History Articles American Postal Workers Union March 2017 Archived from the original on April 22 2019 Retrieved April 22 2019 Boyd Deanna Chen Kendra 2019 Postal Strike and Reorganization Reinventing the System The History and Experience of African Americans in America s Postal Service National Postal Museum Archived from the original on August 1 2018 Retrieved April 22 2019 Piazza Daniel April 15 2008 8 cent Postal Service Emblem Smithsonian National Postal Museum Archived from the original on March 6 2016 Retrieved April 22 2019 Size and scope Postal Facts U S Postal Service March 9 2021 Archived from the original on December 15 2018 Retrieved December 10 2021 Market Dominant Products Final Revenue Pieces and Weight By Classes of Mail and Special Services Fiscal Year 2021 Oct 1 2020 Sep 30 2021 Compared With the Corresponding Period of Fiscal Year 2020 PDF USPS Archived PDF from the original on December 10 2021 Retrieved December 10 2021 a b The Postal Service pledges to move to an all electric delivery fleet Associated Press December 20 2022 Archived from the original on April 18 2023 via NPR Duryee Tricia July 16 2014 Amazon Sunday delivery Key facts to know as USPS rolls out service nationally GeekWire Archived from the original on April 5 2017 Retrieved January 28 2017 a b Our Priority Delivering for the Holidays USPS December 13 2021 Archived from the original on May 30 2023 Retrieved June 30 2023 Postal Service to Deliver Packages on Sundays Before Christmas NBC Chicago December 14 2013 Archived from the original on February 5 2017 Retrieved February 4 2017 United States Postal Service July 15 2007 Mailing Standards of the United States Postal Service Domestic Mail Manual PDF United States Postal Service p 1070 Archived PDF from the original on December 16 2016 Retrieved July 9 2019 Porter David December 12 2018 Sting uses fake Amazon boxes GPS to catch would be thieves Associated Press Archived from the original on December 13 2018 Retrieved December 13 2018 Size and scope About USPS United States Postal Service Archived from the original on December 15 2018 Retrieved December 8 2018 Postal Service Delays Production Contract for New Mail Truck May 12 2020 Archived from the original on May 15 2020 Retrieved May 15 2020 U S Postal Service Awards Contract to Launch Multi Billion Dollar Modernization of Postal Delivery Vehicle Fleet USPS United States Postal Service Archived from the original on October 4 2021 Retrieved October 20 2021 Daly Matthew December 20 2022 Postal Service pledges move to all electric delivery fleet AP News Retrieved August 16 2023 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2006 Archived June 29 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 10 2007 Vick Karl Violence at work tied to loss of esteem St Petersburg Times December 17 1993 The Year in Review 1993 Los Angeles Times December 31 1993 The Simpsons Episode Scripts AABF08 Sunday Cruddy Sunday Springfieldspringfield co uk Archived from the original on July 25 2015 Retrieved June 8 2015 43 Firearms Postal Explorer pe usps com Archived from the original on January 26 2018 Retrieved January 25 2018 Further reading EditAdelman Joseph M A Constitutional Conveyance of Intelligence Public and Private The Post Office the Business of Printing and the American Revolution Enterprise amp Society 2010 11 4 pp 709 52 in Project MUSE Aneja Abhay and Guo Xu Strengthening state capacity Postal reform and innovation during the Gilded Age No w29852 National Bureau of Economic Research 2022 uses advanced statistics online Bergmann William H Delivering a Nation through the Mail The Post Office in the Ohio Valley 1789 1815 Ohio Valley History 8 3 2008 1 18 online Carpenter D State Building through Reputation Building Coalitions of Esteem and Program Innovation in the National Postal System 1883 1913 Studies in American Political Development 2000 14 2 121 155 doi 10 1017 S0898588X00003382 DeBlois Diane Robert Dalton Harris and West Sand Lake Newspapers in the Mails Strategic Unification under the Franklin Hunter Dual Postmaster Generalship Postal History Symposium 2016 it started in 1758 online Devin Leonard Neither Snow Nor Rain A History of the United States Postal Service Grove Atlantic 2016 popular history excerpt Foley Michael S A mission unfulfilled the post office and the distribution of information in rural New England 1821 1835 Journal of the Early Republic 17 4 1997 611 650 online Fuller Wayne American Mail Enlarger of the Common Life 1972 1 Fuller Wayne E Morality and the mail in nineteenth century America University of Illinois Press 2003 online Fuller Wayne E RFD the changing face of rural America 1964 online Fuller Wayne E Good roads and rural free delivery of mail Mississippi Valley Historical Review 42 1 1955 67 83 online Fuller Wayne E The south and the rural free delivery of mail Journal of Southern History 25 4 1959 499 521 online Fuller Wayne E The populists and the post office Agricultural history 65 1 1991 1 16 https www jstor org stable 3743678online Gallagher Winifred How the Post Office Created America New York Penguin 2017 326 pp Hafen LeRoy R The Overland Mail 1849 1869 Promoter of Settlement Precursor of Railroads 1926 online reprint Henkin David M The Postal Age The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth Century America 2007 excerpt and text search Hoyos Roman J The People s Privilege The Franking Privilege Constituent Correspondence and Political Representation in Mid Nineteenth Century America Law and History Review 31 1 2013 101 138 John Richard R Spreading the News The American Postal System From Franklin to Morse 1998 excerpt and text search Kielbowicz R 1994 Government Goes into Business Parcel Post in the Nation s Political Economy 1880 1915 Studies in American Political Development 8 1 150 172 Kielbowicz Richard The Press Post Office and Flow of News in the Early Republic Journal of the Early Republic 1983 3 255 80 Kielbowicz Richard News in the Mail The Press Post Office and Public Information 1700 1860s 1989 excerpt and text search Kernell Samuel and Michael P McDonald Congress and America s political development The transformation of the post office from patronage to service American Journal of Political Science 1999 792 811 online focus on Rural Free Delivery issue in 1890s Leonard Devin 2016 Neither Snow nor Rain A History of the United States Postal Service Grove Press ISBN 978 0 8021 2458 6 McCaleb Walter Flavius 1906 The Organization of the Post Office Department of the Confederacy The American Historical Review 12 1 66 74 doi 10 2307 1832885 JSTOR 1832885 Musacco Ph D Stephen Beyond Going Postal Shifting from Workplace Tragedies and Toxic Work Environments to a Safe and Healthy Organization 2009 Booksurge Publishing Book Trailer Priest George L The history of the postal monopoly in the United States The Journal of Law and Economics 18 1 1975 33 80 online Rich Wesley Everett The History of the United States Post Office to the Year 1829 Harvard University Press 1924 online Rubio Philip F Undelivered From the great postal strike of 1970 to the manufactured crisis of the US postal service UNC Press Books 2020 online Rubio Philip F Unintended Consequences the US Postal Service Conundrum of Service Business Labor and Politics Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 33 2021 125 141 On the postal crisis of 2020 online Scheele Carl H A Short History of the Mail Service Smithsonian Institution Press 1970 with long bibliography online Shaw Christopher W First Class The US Postal Service Democracy and the Corporate Threat City Lights Books 2021 online Smith William 1916 The Colonial Post Office The American Historical Review 21 2 258 75 doi 10 2307 1835049 JSTOR 1835049 The United States Postal Service An American History PDF Washington D C United States Postal Service 2022 ISBN 978 0 9630952 5 1 Retrieved November 19 2022 Publication 100 White Leonard D The Federalists A study in administrative history 1789 1801 1948 pp 173 98 online White Leonard D The Jeffersonians A study in administrative history 1801 29 1950 pp 299 335 online White Leonard D The Jacksonians A study in administrative history 1829 61 1954 pp 251 83 online White Leonard D The Republican Era A study in administrative history 1869 1901 1963 pp 257 77 onlineExternal links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Postal Service Official website nbsp United States Postal Service in the Federal Register Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title United States Postal Service amp oldid 1179650202, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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