For the town in North Halmahera, Indonesia, see Tobelo.
Tobelo (Indonesian: bahasa Tobelo) is a North Halmahera language spoken on the eastern Indonesian island of Halmahera and on parts of several neighboring islands. The Tobelo-speaking heartland is in the six administrative districts (Indonesian: kecamatan) of Tobelo, located on the western shore of Kao Bay and forming the central part of Halmahera Utara Regency. Other Tobelo-speaking areas are the five districts of Wasile (the northwestern half of Halmahera Timur Regency) on the southern and eastern shores of Kao Bay, and the northern half of Morotai Island. The district capital, also known as Tobelo, serves as a regional commercial and administrative center and is the largest settlement on Halmahera.
Six principal dialects are generally recognized (Voorhoeve 1988):
Heleworuru
Boeng
Dodinga
Lake Paca
Kukumutuk
Popon
The last three dialects are also known as "Tugutil". The Tugutil or "Forest Tobelo" varieties may include additional dialectal variants, but this has not been satisfactorily documented (Voorhoeve 1988). Intelligibility is not great (Ethnologue).
In addition, based on cognition percentages in a basic vocabulary list, Voorhoeve 1988 identifies five other North Halmaheran language varieties as dialects of the putative Northeast Halmaheran language. Together with Tobelo, these varieties are Galela, Loloda, Modole, Pagu, and Tabaru. Most speakers consider these to be distinct languages from Tobelo, although they do acknowledge a certain degree of mutual intelligibility.
Most all of the 50 languages of Maluku have some sort of directional system. At the least the up/down distinction seems to be an areal feature. But this brings up the chicken and the egg phenomenon. Is this directional system of AN or NAN origin? Or is it a mixture?
Perhaps it is not a coincidence that the Tobelo are the most widespread ethnic group in Maluku, with sizable emigrant population throughout the province. We can a least be sure that the Malay directionals are the "egg", because Malay as spoken in Western Indonesia does not use these directionals whereas Moluccan Malay uses direct calques of the Tobelo terms:
bawah, atas, darat, laut.
Tobelo directionals are described in Taylor (1984). Tobelo directional adverbs occur:
on motion verbs to specify direction of motion
on nouns to specify motion away from or toward an object
Thus, interpretation of directional adverbs is entirely context-dependent. For example,
o
NM
tau
house
t-oiki
1AGT-go
o tau t-oiki
NM house 1AGT-go
'I'm going to the house'
If I meet you landwards of the house, this means that I'm headed inland from my house. If I meet you seawards of the house, then it means I'm headed inland to the house.
Some Tobelo directionals
Deictic
Adverb
land
dina
-iha
sea
dai
-oko
up
daku
-ilye
down
dau
-uku
over
doka
-ika
Referencesedit
^Tobelo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Tugutil at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Holton, Gary. 2003. Tobelo. (Languages of the World/Materials 328). Munich: LINCOM Europa. ISBN3-89586-706-3
Hueting, Anton. 1908. Tobeloreesch-Hollandsch woordenboek met Hollandsch-Tobeloreesch inhoudsopgave. 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff.
Hueting, Anton. 1908. O Tobelohoka manga totoade: verhalen en vertellingen in de Tobeloreesche taal. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 61.1-318. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001891JSTOR 20769537
Hueting, Anton. 1936. Iets over de spaakkunst van de Tobeloreesche taal. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 94.295-407. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001374JSTOR 20770352
Taylor, Paul Michael. 1984. Tobelorese deixis. Anthropological Linguistics 26.102-22.
Taylor, Paul Michael (1990). "The Folk Biology of the Tobelo People: A Study in Folk Classification". Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press (34): 1–187. doi:10.5479/si.00810223.34.1.
Voorhoeve, C. L. 1988. The languages of the northern Halmaheran stock. Papers in New Guinea Linguistics, no. 26., 181-209. (Pacific Linguistics A-76). Canberra: Australian National University.
November 23, 2023
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For the town in North Halmahera Indonesia see Tobelo Tobelo Indonesian bahasa Tobelo is a North Halmahera language spoken on the eastern Indonesian island of Halmahera and on parts of several neighboring islands The Tobelo speaking heartland is in the six administrative districts Indonesian kecamatan of Tobelo located on the western shore of Kao Bay and forming the central part of Halmahera Utara Regency Other Tobelo speaking areas are the five districts of Wasile the northwestern half of Halmahera Timur Regency on the southern and eastern shores of Kao Bay and the northern half of Morotai Island The district capital also known as Tobelo serves as a regional commercial and administrative center and is the largest settlement on Halmahera TobeloNative toIndonesiaRegionNorth HalmaheraNative speakers30 000 2000 1 Language familyWest Papuan North HalmaheraGalela TobeloTobeloLanguage codesISO 639 3Either a href https iso639 3 sil org code tlb class extiw title iso639 3 tlb tlb a Tobelo a href https iso639 3 sil org code tuj class extiw title iso639 3 tuj tuj a TugutilGlottologtobe1251ELPTobeloThe Tobelo speaking region grey on Halmahera Contents 1 Dialects 2 Phonology 2 1 Consonants 2 2 Vowels 3 Directionals 4 References 5 External links 6 Further readingDialects editSix principal dialects are generally recognized Voorhoeve 1988 Heleworuru Boeng Dodinga Lake Paca Kukumutuk PoponThe last three dialects are also known as Tugutil The Tugutil or Forest Tobelo varieties may include additional dialectal variants but this has not been satisfactorily documented Voorhoeve 1988 Intelligibility is not great Ethnologue In addition based on cognition percentages in a basic vocabulary list Voorhoeve 1988 identifies five other North Halmaheran language varieties as dialects of the putative Northeast Halmaheran language Together with Tobelo these varieties are Galela Loloda Modole Pagu and Tabaru Most speakers consider these to be distinct languages from Tobelo although they do acknowledge a certain degree of mutual intelligibility Phonology editConsonants edit Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar GlottalNasal m n ɲ ŋPlosive Affricate voiceless p t tʃ kvoiced b d dʒ ɡFricative f ɕ hLiquid lateral l ʎrhotic rSemivowel w j Consonant sounds in parentheses only occur in loan words or in other Tobelo dialects Vowels edit Front Central BackClose i uMid e ɛ oOpen aMid front vowels can range from e to ɛ 2 Directionals editMost all of the 50 languages of Maluku have some sort of directional system At the least the up down distinction seems to be an areal feature But this brings up the chicken and the egg phenomenon Is this directional system of AN or NAN origin Or is it a mixture Perhaps it is not a coincidence that the Tobelo are the most widespread ethnic group in Maluku with sizable emigrant population throughout the province We can a least be sure that the Malay directionals are the egg because Malay as spoken in Western Indonesia does not use these directionals whereas Moluccan Malay uses direct calques of the Tobelo terms bawah atas darat laut Tobelo directionals are described in Taylor 1984 Tobelo directional adverbs occur on motion verbs to specify direction of motion on nouns to specify motion away from or toward an objectThus interpretation of directional adverbs is entirely context dependent For example oNMtauhouset oiki1AGT goo tau t oikiNM house 1AGT go I m going to the house If I meet you landwards of the house this means that I m headed inland from my house If I meet you seawards of the house then it means I m headed inland to the house Some Tobelo directionals Deictic Adverbland dina ihasea dai okoup daku ilyedown dau ukuover doka ika nbsp References edit Tobelo at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Tugutil at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required Holton Gary 2003 Tobelo External links editTobelo Bible AppFurther reading editHolton Gary 2003 Tobelo Languages of the World Materials 328 Munich LINCOM Europa ISBN 3 89586 706 3 Hueting Anton 1908 Tobeloreesch Hollandsch woordenboek met Hollandsch Tobeloreesch inhoudsopgave s Gravenhage Nijhoff Hueting Anton 1908 O Tobelohoka manga totoade verhalen en vertellingen in de Tobeloreesche taal Bijdragen tot de Taal Land en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indie 61 1 318 doi 10 1163 22134379 90001891 JSTOR 20769537 Hueting Anton 1936 Iets over de spaakkunst van de Tobeloreesche taal Bijdragen tot de Taal Land en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indie 94 295 407 doi 10 1163 22134379 90001374 JSTOR 20770352 Taylor Paul Michael 1984 Tobelorese deixis Anthropological Linguistics 26 102 22 Taylor Paul Michael 1990 The Folk Biology of the Tobelo People A Study in Folk Classification Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Washington D C Smithsonian Institution Press 34 1 187 doi 10 5479 si 00810223 34 1 Voorhoeve C L 1988 The languages of the northern Halmaheran stock Papers in New Guinea Linguistics no 26 181 209 Pacific Linguistics A 76 Canberra Australian National University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tobelo language amp oldid 1181679356, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
