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Cercozoa

January 04, 2023

Cercozoa is a phylum of diverse single-celled eukaryotes.[3][4] They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level,[5] and are instead defined by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or polyubiquitin.[6] They were the first major eukaryotic group to be recognized mainly through molecular phylogenies.[7] They are the natural predators of many species of microbacteria and Archea.[citation needed] They are closely related to the phylum Retaria, comprising amoeboids that usually have complex shells, and together form a supergroup called Rhizaria.[8]

Characteristics

The group includes most amoeboids and flagellates that feed by means of filose pseudopods. These may be restricted to part of the cell surface, but there is never a true cytostome or mouth as found in many other protozoa. They show a variety of forms[9] and have proven difficult to define in terms of structural characteristics, although their unity is strongly supported by phylogenetic studies.

Diversity

Some cercozoans are grouped by whether they are "filose" or "reticulose" in the behavior of their cytoskeleton when moving:[10]

  • Filose, meaning their pseudopods develop as filopodia. For example:
    • Euglyphids, filose amoebae with shells of siliceous scales or plates, which are commonly found in soils, nutrient-rich waters, and on aquatic plants.
    • Gromia, a shelled amoeba.
    • Tectofilosids, filose amoebae that produce organic shells.
    • Cercomonads, common soil-dwelling amoeboflagellates.
  • Reticulose, meaning they form a reticulating net of pseudopods. For example:
    • Chlorarachniophytes, set apart by the presence of chloroplasts bound by four membranes and still possess a vestigial nucleus, called a nucleomorph. As such, they have been of great interest to researchers studying the endosymbiotic origins of organelles.

Other important ecological groups are:

Ecology

As well as being highly diverse in morphology and physiology, Cercozoa also shows high ecological diversity.[12] The phylum Cercozoa includes many of the most abundant and ecologically significant protozoa in soil, marine and freshwater ecosystems.[7]

Soil-dwelling cercozoans are one of the dominant groups of free-living eukaryotic microorganisms found in temperate soils, accounting for around 30% of identifiable protozoan DNA in arid or semi-arid soils and 15% in more humid soils. In transcriptomic analyses they account for 40-60% of all identifiable protozoan RNA found in forest and grassland soils. They also comprise 9-24% of all operational taxonomic units found in the ocean floor.[12]

Some cercozoa are coprophilic or coprozoic, meaning they use feces as a source of nutrients or as transport through animal hosts. The faecal habitat is an understudied reservoir of microbial eukaryotic diversity, dominated by amoeboflagellates from the phylum Cercozoa. Strongly coprophilic examples of cercozoa are the flagellates Cercomonas, Proleptomonas and Helkesimastix, and the sorocarpic amoeba Guttulinopsis. Many new cercozoan lineages, especially among sarcomonads, have been discovered through phylogenetic sampling of feces because they appear preferentially in this medium.[13]

Cercozoan bacterivores (i.e. predators of bacteria) are highly diverse and important in the plant phyllosphere, the leaf surfaces of plants. Particularly sarcomonads, with their ability to cyst, feed and multiply within hours, are perfectly adapted to the fluctuating environmental factors in the phyllosphere. Their predation causes shifts in the bacterial communities: they reduce populations of alphaproteobacteria and betaproteobacteria, which are less resistant to their grazing, in favour of other bacterial populations such as gammaproteobacteria.[14]

Phylogeny

Paraphyletic Cercozoa[8]

The initial molecular phylogenetic analyses of Cercozoa, based on ribosomal RNA and tubulins, recognized two subphyla, Endomyxa and Filosa, and showed a close relationship with phylum Retaria.[10][16]

However, the monophyly of the group was still uncertain. Posterior phylogenomic analyses consistently recovered Cercozoa as a paraphyletic group, and Endomyxa was often clustered with Retaria.[17][18][19] As a result, the current taxonomy of Rhizaria places Endomyxa inside the phylum Retaria instead of Cercozoa, which has therefore become synonymous with Filosa.[8]

Despite the taxonomic change of Endomyxa into phylum Retaria, thanks to better phylogenomic sampling a 2019 analysis recovered phylum Cercozoa as a monophyletic group, with Endomyxa being the sister group to Filosa. In the same analysis, Endomyxa, Filosa, Reticulofilosa and Monadofilosa are proven to be monophyletic too.[15]

In addition to Endomyxa and Filosa, a variety of clades inside Cercozoa have been discovered in other analyses and have slowly been described and named, such as Tremulida (previously known as Novel Clade 11)[16] and Aquavolonida (Novel Clade 10),[20] although their specific positions among the two main cercozoan subphyla have yet to be refined.

Classification

The classification of Cercozoa as revised in 2018,[8] with the addition of Endomyxa:[15]

Phylum Cercozoa Cavalier-Smith 1998 emend. 2018
 Clade Filosa
  Subphylum Reticulofilosa Cavaler-Smith 1997
   Class Chlorarachnea Hibberd & Norris 1984 (as Chlorarachniophyceae)
   Class Granofilosea Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2009
   Class Skiomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2012
  Subphylum Monadofilosa Cavalier-Smith 1997
   Superclass Eoglissa Cavalier-Smith 2011 emend. 2018
    Class Metromonadea Cavalier-Smith 2007
    Class Helkesea Cavalier-Smith 2018
   Superclass Ventrifilosa Cavalier-Smith 2012 emend. 2018
    Class Sarcomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 stat. nov. 1995 emend. 2018
     Subclass Paracercomonada Cavalier-Smith 2018
     Subclass Pediglissa Cavalier-Smith 2018
    Class Imbricatea Cavalier-Smith 2003 emend. 2018
     Subclass Placonuda Cavalier-Smith 2012
     Subclass Placoperla Cavalier-Smith 2012
     Subclass Krakenia Cavalier-Smith 2018
    Class Thecofilosea Cavalier-Smith 2003 emend. 2012
     Subclass Ventricleftia Cavalier-Smith 2018
     Subclass Eothecia Cavalier-Smith 2012
     Subclass Phaeodaria Haeckel 1879
     Subclass Tectosia Cavalier-Smith 2012
 Clade Endomyxa
  Superclass Marimyxia Cavalier-Smith 2018
   Class Gromiidea Cavalier-Smith 2003 emend. 2018
   Class Ascetosporea Sprague 1979 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2002
  Superclass Proteomyxia Lankester 1885 ex Cavalier-Smith 2018
   Class Vampyrellidea Cavalier-Smith 2018
   Class Phytomyxea Engler & Prantl 1897

Gallery

References

  1. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 73 (3): 203–266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x. PMID 9809012. S2CID 6557779.
  2. ^ Cavalier-Smith T (1997). "Amoeboflagellates and mitochondrial cristae in eukaryote evolution: megasystematics of the new protozoan subkingdoms eozoa and neozoa". Archiv für Protistenkunde. 147 (3–4): 237–258. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80051-6. ISSN 0003-9365.
  3. ^ Nikolaev SI, Berney C, Fahrni JF, et al. (May 2004). "The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (21): 8066–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308602101. PMC 419558. PMID 15148395.
  4. ^ Hoppenrath, M.; Leander B.S. (2006). "Ebriid phylogeny and the expansion of the Cercozoa". Protist. 157 (3): 279–90. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2006.03.002. PMID 16730229.
  5. ^ Chantangsi, C. (2009). Comparative morphology and molecular evolution of marine interstitial cercozoans. PhD thesis. University of British Columbia.
  6. ^ "SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY: CERCOZOA". Retrieved 2009-03-28.
  7. ^ a b Bass D, Cavalier-Smith T (1 November 2004). "Phylum-specific environmental DNA analysis reveals remarkably high global biodiversity of Cercozoa (Protozoa)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 54 (6): 2393–2404. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63229-0.
  8. ^ a b c d Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; E. Chao, Ema; Lewis, Rhodri (2018), "Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria", Protoplasma, 255 (5): 1517–1574, doi:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1, PMC 6133090, PMID 29666938
  9. ^ Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (October 2003). "Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)" (PDF). Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–58. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112. PMID 14658494.
  10. ^ a b c Bass D, Chao EE, Nikolaev S, et al. (February 2009). "Phylogeny of Novel Naked Filose and Reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea Revised". Protist. 160 (1): 75–109. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.07.002. PMID 18952499.
  11. ^ Nakamura, Yasuhide; Imai, Ichiro; Yamaguchi, Atsushi; Tuji, Akihiro; Not, Fabrice; Suzuki, Noritoshi (2015). "Molecular Phylogeny of the Widely Distributed Marine Protists, Phaeodaria (Rhizaria, Cercozoa)". Protist. 166 (3): 363–373. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2015.05.004. PMID 26083083.
  12. ^ a b Harder C, Rønn R, Brejnrod A, et al. (8 March 2016). "Local diversity of heathland Cercozoa explored by in-depth sequencing". The ISME Journal. 10 (10): 2488–2497. doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.31. PMID 26953604.
  13. ^ Bass D, Silberman JD, Brown MW, Pearce RA, Tice AK, Jousset A, Geisen S, Hartikainen H (23 February 2016). "Coprophilic amoebae and flagellates, including Guttulinopsis, Rosculus and Helkesimastix, characterise a divergent and diverse rhizarian radiation and contribute to a large diversity of faecal-associated protists". Environmental Microbiology. 18 (5): 1604–1619. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13235.
  14. ^ Flues S, Bass D, Bonkowski M (15 June 2017). "Grazing of leaf-associated Cercomonads (Protists: Rhizaria: Cercozoa) structures bacterial community composition and function". Environmental Microbiology. 19 (8): 3297–3309. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13824. PMID 28618206.
  15. ^ a b c Irwin, Nicholas A.T.; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Burki, Fabien; Keeling, Patrick J. (2019-01-01). "Phylogenomics supports the monophyly of the Cercozoa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 130: 416–423. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.09.004. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 30318266. S2CID 52982396.
  16. ^ a b Howe, Alexis T.; Bass, David; Scoble, Josephine M.; Lewis, Rhodri; Vickerman, Keith; Arndt, Hartmut; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2011). "Novel Cultured Protists Identify Deep-branching Environmental DNA Clades of Cercozoa: New Genera Tremula, Micrometopion, Minimassisteria, Nudifila, Peregrinia". Protist. 162 (2): 332–372. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.10.002. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 21295519.
  17. ^ Burki F, Corradi N, Sierra R, Meyer GR, Abbott CL, Keeling PJ, et al. (July 2013). "Phylogenomics of the Intracellular Parasite Mikrocytos mackini Reveals Evidence for a Mitosome in Rhizaria". Current Biology. 23 (16): 1541–1547. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.033. PMID 23891116. S2CID 8257631.
  18. ^ Burki F, Kudryavtsev A, Matz MV, et al. (2010). "Evolution of Rhizaria: new insights from phylogenomic analysis of uncultivated protists". BMC Evol Biol. 10: 377. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-377. PMC 3014934. PMID 21126361.
  19. ^ Krabberød, Anders K.; Orr, Russell J.S.; Bråte, Jon; Kristensen, Tom; Bjørklund, Kjell R.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran (2017). "Single Cell Transcriptomics, Mega-Phylogeny, and the Genetic Basis of Morphological Innovations in Rhizaria". Mol. Biol. Evol. 34 (7): 1557–1573. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx075. PMC 5455982. PMID 28333264.
  20. ^ Bass D, Tikhonenkov DV, Foster R, Dyal P, Janouškovec J, Keeling PJ, Gardner M, Neuhauser S, Hartikainen H, Mylnikov AP, Berney C (2018). "Rhizarian 'Novel Clade 10' Revealed as Abundant and Diverse Planktonic and Terrestrial Flagellates, including Aquavolon n. gen". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 65 (6): 828–842. doi:10.1111/jeu.12524. PMC 6282753. PMID 29658156.

External links

  • Tree of Life Cercozoa

January 04, 2023
cercozoa, phylum, diverse, single, celled, eukaryotes, they, lack, shared, morphological, characteristics, microscopic, level, instead, defined, molecular, phylogenies, rrna, actin, polyubiquitin, they, were, first, major, eukaryotic, group, recognized, mainly. Cercozoa is a phylum of diverse single celled eukaryotes 3 4 They lack shared morphological characteristics at the microscopic level 5 and are instead defined by molecular phylogenies of rRNA and actin or polyubiquitin 6 They were the first major eukaryotic group to be recognized mainly through molecular phylogenies 7 They are the natural predators of many species of microbacteria and Archea citation needed They are closely related to the phylum Retaria comprising amoeboids that usually have complex shells and together form a supergroup called Rhizaria 8 CercozoaCercomonasScientific classificationKingdom ChromistaInfrakingdom RhizariaPhylum CercozoaCavalier Smith 1998 1 ClassesFilosa Monadofilosa Eoglissa Ventrifilosa Reticulofilosa Chlorarachnea Granofilosea Skiomonadea Endomyxa Marimyxia Gromiidea Ascetosporea Proteomyxia Vampyrellidea PhytomyxeaSynonymsRhizopoda Dujardin 1835 stat nov Haeckel 1866 emend Cavalier Smith 1996 2 Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Diversity 3 Ecology 4 Phylogeny 5 Classification 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External linksCharacteristics EditThe group includes most amoeboids and flagellates that feed by means of filose pseudopods These may be restricted to part of the cell surface but there is never a true cytostome or mouth as found in many other protozoa They show a variety of forms 9 and have proven difficult to define in terms of structural characteristics although their unity is strongly supported by phylogenetic studies Diversity EditSome cercozoans are grouped by whether they are filose or reticulose in the behavior of their cytoskeleton when moving 10 Filose meaning their pseudopods develop as filopodia For example Euglyphids filose amoebae with shells of siliceous scales or plates which are commonly found in soils nutrient rich waters and on aquatic plants Gromia a shelled amoeba Tectofilosids filose amoebae that produce organic shells Cercomonads common soil dwelling amoeboflagellates Reticulose meaning they form a reticulating net of pseudopods For example Chlorarachniophytes set apart by the presence of chloroplasts bound by four membranes and still possess a vestigial nucleus called a nucleomorph As such they have been of great interest to researchers studying the endosymbiotic origins of organelles Other important ecological groups are Granofilosea comprising several groups traditionally considered heliozoa such as Heliomonadida Desmothoracida and Gymnosphaerida 10 Phaeodaria marine protozoa previously considered radiolarians 11 Phytomyxea parasites of mostly plants including the fungi like plasmodiophores Ascetosporea parasites of mostly marine invertebrates Ecology EditAs well as being highly diverse in morphology and physiology Cercozoa also shows high ecological diversity 12 The phylum Cercozoa includes many of the most abundant and ecologically significant protozoa in soil marine and freshwater ecosystems 7 Soil dwelling cercozoans are one of the dominant groups of free living eukaryotic microorganisms found in temperate soils accounting for around 30 of identifiable protozoan DNA in arid or semi arid soils and 15 in more humid soils In transcriptomic analyses they account for 40 60 of all identifiable protozoan RNA found in forest and grassland soils They also comprise 9 24 of all operational taxonomic units found in the ocean floor 12 Some cercozoa are coprophilic or coprozoic meaning they use feces as a source of nutrients or as transport through animal hosts The faecal habitat is an understudied reservoir of microbial eukaryotic diversity dominated by amoeboflagellates from the phylum Cercozoa Strongly coprophilic examples of cercozoa are the flagellates Cercomonas Proleptomonas and Helkesimastix and the sorocarpic amoeba Guttulinopsis Many new cercozoan lineages especially among sarcomonads have been discovered through phylogenetic sampling of feces because they appear preferentially in this medium 13 Cercozoan bacterivores i e predators of bacteria are highly diverse and important in the plant phyllosphere the leaf surfaces of plants Particularly sarcomonads with their ability to cyst feed and multiply within hours are perfectly adapted to the fluctuating environmental factors in the phyllosphere Their predation causes shifts in the bacterial communities they reduce populations of alphaproteobacteria and betaproteobacteria which are less resistant to their grazing in favour of other bacterial populations such as gammaproteobacteria 14 Phylogeny EditParaphyletic Cercozoa 8 Rhizaria Filosa ReticulofilosaMonadofilosa Cercozoa Retaria EndomyxaEctoreta TaxopodidaForaminiferaRadiolariaMonophyletic Cercozoa 15 Rhizaria Cercozoa Filosa ReticulofilosaMonadofilosaEndomyxaLapot guseviRetaria ForaminiferaPolycystineaAcanthareaThe initial molecular phylogenetic analyses of Cercozoa based on ribosomal RNA and tubulins recognized two subphyla Endomyxa and Filosa and showed a close relationship with phylum Retaria 10 16 However the monophyly of the group was still uncertain Posterior phylogenomic analyses consistently recovered Cercozoa as a paraphyletic group and Endomyxa was often clustered with Retaria 17 18 19 As a result the current taxonomy of Rhizaria places Endomyxa inside the phylum Retaria instead of Cercozoa which has therefore become synonymous with Filosa 8 Despite the taxonomic change of Endomyxa into phylum Retaria thanks to better phylogenomic sampling a 2019 analysis recovered phylum Cercozoa as a monophyletic group with Endomyxa being the sister group to Filosa In the same analysis Endomyxa Filosa Reticulofilosa and Monadofilosa are proven to be monophyletic too 15 In addition to Endomyxa and Filosa a variety of clades inside Cercozoa have been discovered in other analyses and have slowly been described and named such as Tremulida previously known as Novel Clade 11 16 and Aquavolonida Novel Clade 10 20 although their specific positions among the two main cercozoan subphyla have yet to be refined Classification EditThe classification of Cercozoa as revised in 2018 8 with the addition of Endomyxa 15 Phylum Cercozoa Cavalier Smith 1998 emend 2018 Clade Filosa Subphylum Reticulofilosa Cavaler Smith 1997 Class Chlorarachnea Hibberd amp Norris 1984 as Chlorarachniophyceae Class Granofilosea Cavalier Smith amp Bass 2009 Class Skiomonadea Cavalier Smith 2012 Subphylum Monadofilosa Cavalier Smith 1997 Superclass Eoglissa Cavalier Smith 2011 emend 2018 Class Metromonadea Cavalier Smith 2007 Class Helkesea Cavalier Smith 2018 Superclass Ventrifilosa Cavalier Smith 2012 emend 2018 Class Sarcomonadea Cavalier Smith 1993 stat nov 1995 emend 2018 Subclass Paracercomonada Cavalier Smith 2018 Subclass Pediglissa Cavalier Smith 2018 Class Imbricatea Cavalier Smith 2003 emend 2018 Subclass Placonuda Cavalier Smith 2012 Subclass Placoperla Cavalier Smith 2012 Subclass Krakenia Cavalier Smith 2018 Class Thecofilosea Cavalier Smith 2003 emend 2012 Subclass Ventricleftia Cavalier Smith 2018 Subclass Eothecia Cavalier Smith 2012 Subclass Phaeodaria Haeckel 1879 Subclass Tectosia Cavalier Smith 2012 Clade Endomyxa Superclass Marimyxia Cavalier Smith 2018 Class Gromiidea Cavalier Smith 2003 emend 2018 Class Ascetosporea Sprague 1979 stat nov Cavalier Smith 2002 Superclass Proteomyxia Lankester 1885 ex Cavalier Smith 2018 Class Vampyrellidea Cavalier Smith 2018 Class Phytomyxea Engler amp Prantl 1897Gallery Edit Cercomonas sp Cercozoa Cercomonadida Ebria sp Cercozoa Ebridea Rhipidodendron sp Cercozoa Spongomonadea Euglypha sp Cercozoa Euglyphida Phaeodarians Cercozoa Phaeodarea Clathrulina elegans Cercozoa Desmothoracida Chlorarachnion sp Cercozoa Chlorarachniophyta Vampyrella sp Cercozoa Vampyrellidae Orciraptor agilis Viridiraptoridae attacking Mougeotia sp Zygnemataceae Gromia Cercozoa Gromiidea Powdery scab Cercozoa Plasmodiophorida Auranticordis Cercozoa Marimonadida References Edit Cavalier Smith T 1998 A revised six kingdom system of life Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 73 3 203 266 doi 10 1111 j 1469 185X 1998 tb00030 x PMID 9809012 S2CID 6557779 Cavalier Smith T 1997 Amoeboflagellates and mitochondrial cristae in eukaryote evolution megasystematics of the new protozoan subkingdoms eozoa and neozoa Archiv fur Protistenkunde 147 3 4 237 258 doi 10 1016 S0003 9365 97 80051 6 ISSN 0003 9365 Nikolaev SI Berney C Fahrni JF et al May 2004 The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 21 8066 71 doi 10 1073 pnas 0308602101 PMC 419558 PMID 15148395 Hoppenrath M Leander B S 2006 Ebriid phylogeny and the expansion of the Cercozoa Protist 157 3 279 90 doi 10 1016 j protis 2006 03 002 PMID 16730229 Chantangsi C 2009 Comparative morphology and molecular evolution of marine interstitial cercozoans PhD thesis University of British Columbia SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY CERCOZOA Retrieved 2009 03 28 a b Bass D Cavalier Smith T 1 November 2004 Phylum specific environmental DNA analysis reveals remarkably high global biodiversity of Cercozoa Protozoa International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54 6 2393 2404 doi 10 1099 ijs 0 63229 0 a b c d Cavalier Smith Thomas E Chao Ema Lewis Rhodri 2018 Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria Protoplasma 255 5 1517 1574 doi 10 1007 s00709 018 1241 1 PMC 6133090 PMID 29666938 Cavalier Smith T Chao EE October 2003 Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa Protozoa PDF Protist 154 3 4 341 58 doi 10 1078 143446103322454112 PMID 14658494 a b c Bass D Chao EE Nikolaev S et al February 2009 Phylogeny of Novel Naked Filose and Reticulose Cercozoa Granofilosea cl n and Proteomyxidea Revised Protist 160 1 75 109 doi 10 1016 j protis 2008 07 002 PMID 18952499 Nakamura Yasuhide Imai Ichiro Yamaguchi Atsushi Tuji Akihiro Not Fabrice Suzuki Noritoshi 2015 Molecular Phylogeny of the Widely Distributed Marine Protists Phaeodaria Rhizaria Cercozoa Protist 166 3 363 373 doi 10 1016 j protis 2015 05 004 PMID 26083083 a b Harder C Ronn R Brejnrod A et al 8 March 2016 Local diversity of heathland Cercozoa explored by in depth sequencing The ISME Journal 10 10 2488 2497 doi 10 1038 ismej 2016 31 PMID 26953604 Bass D Silberman JD Brown MW Pearce RA Tice AK Jousset A Geisen S Hartikainen H 23 February 2016 Coprophilic amoebae and flagellates including Guttulinopsis Rosculus and Helkesimastix characterise a divergent and diverse rhizarian radiation and contribute to a large diversity of faecal associated protists Environmental Microbiology 18 5 1604 1619 doi 10 1111 1462 2920 13235 Flues S Bass D Bonkowski M 15 June 2017 Grazing of leaf associated Cercomonads Protists Rhizaria Cercozoa structures bacterial community composition and function Environmental Microbiology 19 8 3297 3309 doi 10 1111 1462 2920 13824 PMID 28618206 a b c Irwin Nicholas A T Tikhonenkov Denis V Hehenberger Elisabeth Mylnikov Alexander P Burki Fabien Keeling Patrick J 2019 01 01 Phylogenomics supports the monophyly of the Cercozoa Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 130 416 423 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2018 09 004 ISSN 1055 7903 PMID 30318266 S2CID 52982396 a b Howe Alexis T Bass David Scoble Josephine M Lewis Rhodri Vickerman Keith Arndt Hartmut Cavalier Smith Thomas 2011 Novel Cultured Protists Identify Deep branching Environmental DNA Clades of Cercozoa New Genera Tremula Micrometopion Minimassisteria Nudifila Peregrinia Protist 162 2 332 372 doi 10 1016 j protis 2010 10 002 ISSN 1434 4610 PMID 21295519 Burki F Corradi N Sierra R Meyer GR Abbott CL Keeling PJ et al July 2013 Phylogenomics of the Intracellular Parasite Mikrocytos mackini Reveals Evidence for a Mitosome in Rhizaria Current Biology 23 16 1541 1547 doi 10 1016 j cub 2013 06 033 PMID 23891116 S2CID 8257631 Burki F Kudryavtsev A Matz MV et al 2010 Evolution of Rhizaria new insights from phylogenomic analysis of uncultivated protists BMC Evol Biol 10 377 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 10 377 PMC 3014934 PMID 21126361 Krabberod Anders K Orr Russell J S Brate Jon Kristensen Tom Bjorklund Kjell R Shalchian Tabrizi Kamran 2017 Single Cell Transcriptomics Mega Phylogeny and the Genetic Basis of Morphological Innovations in Rhizaria Mol Biol Evol 34 7 1557 1573 doi 10 1093 molbev msx075 PMC 5455982 PMID 28333264 Bass D Tikhonenkov DV Foster R Dyal P Janouskovec J Keeling PJ Gardner M Neuhauser S Hartikainen H Mylnikov AP Berney C 2018 Rhizarian Novel Clade 10 Revealed as Abundant and Diverse Planktonic and Terrestrial Flagellates including Aquavolon n gen Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 65 6 828 842 doi 10 1111 jeu 12524 PMC 6282753 PMID 29658156 External links EditTree of Life Cercozoa phylogeny of Phaeodarea Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cercozoa amp oldid 1131409171, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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