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Southern Hemisphere

December 15, 2023

This article is about the southern half of planet Earth. For use of the term describing astronomical observations, see Southern celestial hemisphere.

The Southern Hemisphere is the half (hemisphere) of Earth that is south of the Equator. It contains all or parts of five continents[1] (the whole of Antarctica, the whole of Australia, about 90% of South America, about one-third of Africa, and some islands off the continental mainland of Asia) and four oceans (the whole Southern Ocean, the majority of the Indian Ocean, the South Atlantic Ocean, and the South Pacific Ocean), as well as New Zealand and most of the Pacific Islands in Oceania. Its surface is 80.9% water, compared with 60.7% water in the Northern Hemisphere, and it contains 32.7% of Earth's land.[2]

The Southern Hemisphere from above the South Pole
The Southern Hemisphere is highlighted in yellow. The hemispheres appear to be unequal in this image because Antarctica is not shown.

Owing to the tilt of Earth's rotation relative to the Sun and the ecliptic plane, summer is from December to February (inclusive) and winter is from June to August (inclusive). September 22 or 23 is the vernal equinox and March 20 or 21 is the autumnal equinox. The South Pole is in the centre of the southern hemispherical region.

Characteristics edit

Southern Hemisphere climates tend to be slightly milder than those at similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, except in the Antarctic which is colder than the Arctic. This is because the Southern Hemisphere has significantly more ocean and much less land; water heats up and cools down more slowly than land.[3] The differences are also attributed to oceanic heat transfer and differing extents of greenhouse trapping.[4]

 
Aurora australis appearing in the night sky of Swifts Creek, 100 km (62 mi) north of Lakes Entrance, Victoria, Australia.

In the Southern Hemisphere, the Sun passes from east to west through the north, although north of the Tropic of Capricorn the mean Sun can be directly overhead or due south at midday. The Sun follows a right-to-left trajectory through the northern sky unlike the left-to-right motion of the Sun when seen from the Northern Hemisphere as it passes through the southern sky. Sun-cast shadows turn anticlockwise throughout the day and sundials have the hours increasing in the anticlockwise direction. During solar eclipses viewed from a point to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn, the Moon moves from left to right on the disc of the Sun (see, for example, photos with timings of the solar eclipse of November 13, 2012), while viewed from a point to the north of the Tropic of Cancer (i.e., in the Northern Hemisphere), the Moon moves from right to left during solar eclipses.

The Coriolis effect causes cyclones and tropical storms to spin clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere (as opposed to anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere).[5]

The southern temperate zone, a subsection of the Southern Hemisphere, is nearly all oceanic.

The Sagittarius constellation that includes the galactic centre is a southern constellation as well as both Magellanic Clouds. This, combined with clearer skies, makes for excellent viewing of the night sky from the Southern Hemisphere with brighter and more numerous stars.

 
Aurora australis appearing from Stewart Island/Rakiura in the south of New Zealand.

Forests in the Southern Hemisphere have special features which set them apart from those in the Northern Hemisphere. Both Chile and Australia share, for example, unique beech species or Nothofagus, and New Zealand has members of the closely related genera Lophozonia and Fuscospora. The eucalyptus is native to Australia but is now also planted in Southern Africa and Latin America for pulp production, and increasingly, biofuel uses.

One of the most notable animals to be found almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere is the penguin. A species is found around Isabela Island on the Galápagos archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, which straddles the equator.[6] However, most of Isabela and the rest of the archipelago is located in the Southern Hemisphere, and it is deemed by the International Hydrographic Organization as being wholly within the South Pacific Ocean, rather than the North Pacific.[7]

Demographics and human geography edit

 
A photo of Earth from Apollo 17 (Blue Marble) with the south pole at the top and the continent of Africa

More than 850 million people live in the Southern Hemisphere, representing around 10–12% of the total global human population.[8][9] Of those 850 million people, more than 215 million live in Brazil, the largest country by land area in the Southern Hemisphere, while more than 150 million live in Java, the most populous island in the world. The most populous country in the Southern Hemisphere is Indonesia, with 275 million people (roughly 30 million of whom live north of the Equator on the northern portions of the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, and Sulawesi, as well as most of North Maluku, while the rest of the population lives in the Southern Hemisphere).[citation needed] Portuguese is the most spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere, with over 230 million speakers in six countries – mostly in Brazil, but also in Angola, Mozambique, East Timor, and small parts of Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe that lie south of the Equator.[10]

Among the largest metropolitan areas in the Southern Hemisphere are Jakarta (34 million people), São Paulo (22 million), Kinshasa-Brazzaville (19 million), Buenos Aires (16 million), Rio de Janeiro (12 million), Johannesburg, Lima (11 million each), Surabaya (10 million), Bandung (9 million), Luanda (8 million), Dar es Salaam, Santiago (7 million each), Belo Horizonte, Semarang (6 million each), Sydney and Melbourne (5 million each). Important financial and commercial centres in the Southern Hemisphere include São Paulo, where the B3 (stock exchange) is headquartered, along with Sydney, home to the Australian Securities Exchange, Jakarta, the seat of the Indonesia Stock Exchange, Johannesburg, home to the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, and Buenos Aires, headquarters of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange, the oldest stock market in the Southern Hemisphere.

Common tourist destinations in the Southern Hemisphere include Bali, Buenos Aires, Cape Town, Easter Island, Lima, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney and Tahiti.[11][12] According to a 2017 report, the most popular Southern Hemisphere "bucket list" destinations among Australians were Antarctica, New Zealand, the Galápagos Islands, South Africa and Peru.[13]

Quito, Ecuador is the closest major city to the equatorial line on the planet, and Ushuaia, Argentina claims the title of world's southernmost city. Cape Town, Christchurch, Hobart, Punta Arenas and Ushuaia are officially acknowledged as the five international Antarctic gateway cities that serve as primary entry points for travel to the Antarctic region.[14][15]

Among the most developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere is Australia, with a nominal GDP per capita of US$67,464 and a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.951, the fifth-highest in the world as of the 2022 report. New Zealand is also well developed, with a nominal GDP per capita of US$49,847 and an HDI of 0.937, putting it at number 13 in the world in 2022. The least developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere cluster in Africa and Oceania, with Mozambique and Burundi at the lowest ends of the HDI, at 0.446 (number 185 in the world) and 0.426 (number 187 in the world), respectively. The nominal GDPs per capita of these two countries do not go above US$550, a tiny fraction of the incomes enjoyed by Australians and New Zealanders.

The Southern Hemisphere has long been secondary in the global distribution of demographic, economic and political power, as it has less land than the Northern Hemisphere.[16] In recent times, however, countries such as Australia have made greater efforts to economically engage with those from their hemisphere.[16] Before the Age of Discovery, the Southern Hemisphere was largely cut off from the cultural constructs of the Western and Eastern worlds.[16] Some view both the West and the East as being Northern Hemisphere-centric concepts.[17]

The most widespread religions in the modern Southern Hemisphere are Christianity, prevalent in South America, Africa, Oceania, and East Timor, followed by Islam in East Africa and Indonesia, and Hinduism, which is mostly concentrated on/around the islands of Bali, Mauritius, and Fiji.

The oldest continuously inhabited city in the Southern Hemisphere is Bogor, in western Java, which was founded in 669. Ancient texts from the Hindu kingdoms prevalent in the area definitively record 669 CE as the year when Bogor was founded. However, some evidence shows that Zanzibar, an ancient port with around 200,000 inhabitants off the coast of Tanzania, may be older than Bogor. A Greco-Roman text written between 1 and 100 CE, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, mentioned the island of Menuthias (Ancient Greek: Μενουθιάς) as a trading port on the east African coast, which is probably the small Tanzanian island of Unguja on which Zanzibar is located. The oldest monumental civilizations in the Southern Hemisphere are the Norte Chico civilization and Casma–Sechin culture from the northern coast of Peru. These civilizations built cities, pyramids, and plazas in the coastal river valleys of northern Peru with some ruins dating back to 3600 BCE. Easter Island, located about 3,500 kilometres from Chile and French Polynesia, is considered to be the most remote place on Earth to have been permanently inhabited by humans before the Age of Discovery.[18] It was settled by a Polynesian group known as the Rapa Nui. Areas of the Southern Hemisphere that had no contact with humans before the Age of Discovery include Christmas Island and Mauritius (in the Indian Ocean), the Galápagos Islands, Juan Fernández Islands and Lord Howe Island (in the South Pacific), the Falkland Islands and Tristan da Cunha (in the South Atlantic) and the continent of Antarctica.

List of continents or submerged continents in the Southern Hemisphere edit

Continents or Submerged Continent
Africa Antarctica Asia Australia South America Zealandia
About one-third of the continent, from south of Mogadishu in Somalia in the east to south of Libreville in Gabon in the west. From the Equator (Latitude: 0°) to Cape Agulhas (Latitude: 34°50′S). The entire continent and its associated islands are within the Southern Hemisphere. From Prime Head, at the northern tip of the Trinity Peninsula (Latitude: 63°12′48″S) to the South Pole (Latitude: 90° S). The entire continental mainland is within the Northern Hemisphere, only the southern portion of Maritime Southeast Asia, including East Timor and most of Indonesia, plus the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of 26 atolls of Maldives in the Indian Ocean. From the Equator (Latitude: 0°) to Pamana Island, Indonesia (Latitude: 11°00'S). The entire continent and most of its associated islands are within the Southern Hemisphere. From the Equator (Latitude: 0°) to Bishop and Clerk Islets, Tasmania, Australia (Latitude: 55°03′ S). Most of the continent, from south of the Amazon River mouth in Brazil in the east to north of Quito in Ecuador in the west. From the Equator (Latitude: 0°) to Águila Islet, Diego Ramírez Islands, Chile (Latitude: 56°32′16″S), or, if the South Sandwich Islands are included as part of South America, Cook Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Latitude: 59°29′20″S). The entire submerged continent, including New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and other associated low-lying islands above sea level, is within the Southern Hemisphere. From Belep, New Caledonia, France (Latitude: 19°45′00″S) to Jacquemart Island (Latitude: 52°37′S).

List of mainland countries or territories in the Southern Hemisphere edit

List of island countries or territories in the Southern Hemisphere edit

Countries or Territories
Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern
Entirely
Partly
Entirely
Partly
Entirely
Mostly
Partly
Entirely

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The entire continental mainland is wholly within the Northern Hemisphere, only the southern portion of Maritime Southeast Asia, plus the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of 26 atolls of Maldives in the Indian Ocean are in the Southern Hemisphere.

References edit

  1. ^ "Hemisphere Map". WorldAtlas. from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  2. ^ Life on Earth: A - G.. 1. ABC-CLIO. 2002. p. 528. ISBN 9781576072868. from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  3. ^ Granite specific heat = 0.79 and water = 4.18 J/g⋅K see Heat capacity#Table of specific heat capacities.
  4. ^ Kang, Sarah M.; Seager, Richard. "Croll Revisited: Why is the Northern Hemisphere Warmer than the Southern Hemisphere?" (PDF). Columbia University. (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-07. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
  5. ^ "Surface Ocean Currents". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
  6. ^ "World Penguin Day: 6 places you'd never have thought you could see them". The Independent. 2021-04-25. from the original on 2022-03-05. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  7. ^ International Hydrographic Organization (1953). (PDF). Nature (3rd ed.). 172 (4376): 484. Bibcode:1953Natur.172R.484.. doi:10.1038/172484b0. S2CID 36029611. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  8. ^ "90% Of People Live In The Northern Hemisphere - Business Insider". Business Insider. 4 May 2012. from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  9. ^ "GIC - Article". galegroup.com. from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  10. ^ "Potencial Económico da Língua Portuguesa" (PDF). University of Coimbra. (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-24. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
  11. ^ Bahamondes, Bianca (2016-11-17). "10 Best Southern Hemisphere Destinations Where It Will Soon Be Summer". The Daily Meal. from the original on 2022-03-05. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  12. ^ "Southern Hemisphere round the world holiday with Easter Island and Tahiti". Travel Nation. from the original on 2022-03-05. Retrieved 2022-03-05.
  13. ^ "Aussies set for summer exodus". The Australian.
  14. ^ Salazar, Juan Francisco; James, Paul; Leane, Elizabeth; Magee, Liam (2021). "Antarctic Cities: From Gateways to Custodial Cities". Institute for Culture and Society. Western Sydney University. Penrith, New South Wales: 193. ISBN 9781741085280.
  15. ^ Roldan, Gabriela (2015). "A door to the ice?: the significance of the Antarctic Gateway Cities today". Journal of Antarctic Affairs. 2: 58–70.
  16. ^ a b c Benjamin Reilly (July 2013). "Australia as a Southern Hemisphere power" (PDF). www.files.ethz.ch. Australian Strategic Policy Institute. (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  17. ^ Paton, Michelle; Chengmin, Zhang (January 2014). "Southern culture and the North/South divide: More than a metaphor". The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia. 46: 26–40. from the original on 2023-01-22. Retrieved 2022-02-25 – via search.informit.org (Atypon).
  18. ^ Hemm, Robert & Mendez, Marcelo. (2003). Aerial Surveys of Isle De Pasqua: Easter Island and the New Birdmen. 10.1007/978-1-4615-0183-1_12

External links edit

  • Southern Hemisphere Countries 2021
  •   Media related to Southern Hemisphere at Wikimedia Commons

December 15, 2023
southern, hemisphere, this, article, about, southern, half, planet, earth, term, describing, astronomical, observations, southern, celestial, hemisphere, half, hemisphere, earth, that, south, equator, contains, parts, five, continents, whole, antarctica, whole. This article is about the southern half of planet Earth For use of the term describing astronomical observations see Southern celestial hemisphere The Southern Hemisphere is the half hemisphere of Earth that is south of the Equator It contains all or parts of five continents 1 the whole of Antarctica the whole of Australia about 90 of South America about one third of Africa and some islands off the continental mainland of Asia and four oceans the whole Southern Ocean the majority of the Indian Ocean the South Atlantic Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean as well as New Zealand and most of the Pacific Islands in Oceania Its surface is 80 9 water compared with 60 7 water in the Northern Hemisphere and it contains 32 7 of Earth s land 2 The Southern Hemisphere from above the South PoleThe Southern Hemisphere is highlighted in yellow The hemispheres appear to be unequal in this image because Antarctica is not shown Owing to the tilt of Earth s rotation relative to the Sun and the ecliptic plane summer is from December to February inclusive and winter is from June to August inclusive September 22 or 23 is the vernal equinox and March 20 or 21 is the autumnal equinox The South Pole is in the centre of the southern hemispherical region Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Demographics and human geography 3 List of continents or submerged continents in the Southern Hemisphere 4 List of mainland countries or territories in the Southern Hemisphere 5 List of island countries or territories in the Southern Hemisphere 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksCharacteristics editSouthern Hemisphere climates tend to be slightly milder than those at similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere except in the Antarctic which is colder than the Arctic This is because the Southern Hemisphere has significantly more ocean and much less land water heats up and cools down more slowly than land 3 The differences are also attributed to oceanic heat transfer and differing extents of greenhouse trapping 4 nbsp Aurora australis appearing in the night sky of Swifts Creek 100 km 62 mi north of Lakes Entrance Victoria Australia In the Southern Hemisphere the Sun passes from east to west through the north although north of the Tropic of Capricorn the mean Sun can be directly overhead or due south at midday The Sun follows a right to left trajectory through the northern sky unlike the left to right motion of the Sun when seen from the Northern Hemisphere as it passes through the southern sky Sun cast shadows turn anticlockwise throughout the day and sundials have the hours increasing in the anticlockwise direction During solar eclipses viewed from a point to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn the Moon moves from left to right on the disc of the Sun see for example photos with timings of the solar eclipse of November 13 2012 while viewed from a point to the north of the Tropic of Cancer i e in the Northern Hemisphere the Moon moves from right to left during solar eclipses The Coriolis effect causes cyclones and tropical storms to spin clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as opposed to anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere 5 The southern temperate zone a subsection of the Southern Hemisphere is nearly all oceanic The Sagittarius constellation that includes the galactic centre is a southern constellation as well as both Magellanic Clouds This combined with clearer skies makes for excellent viewing of the night sky from the Southern Hemisphere with brighter and more numerous stars nbsp Aurora australis appearing from Stewart Island Rakiura in the south of New Zealand Forests in the Southern Hemisphere have special features which set them apart from those in the Northern Hemisphere Both Chile and Australia share for example unique beech species or Nothofagus and New Zealand has members of the closely related genera Lophozonia and Fuscospora The eucalyptus is native to Australia but is now also planted in Southern Africa and Latin America for pulp production and increasingly biofuel uses One of the most notable animals to be found almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere is the penguin A species is found around Isabela Island on the Galapagos archipelago in the Pacific Ocean which straddles the equator 6 However most of Isabela and the rest of the archipelago is located in the Southern Hemisphere and it is deemed by the International Hydrographic Organization as being wholly within the South Pacific Ocean rather than the North Pacific 7 Demographics and human geography edit nbsp A photo of Earth from Apollo 17 Blue Marble with the south pole at the top and the continent of AfricaMore than 850 million people live in the Southern Hemisphere representing around 10 12 of the total global human population 8 9 Of those 850 million people more than 215 million live in Brazil the largest country by land area in the Southern Hemisphere while more than 150 million live in Java the most populous island in the world The most populous country in the Southern Hemisphere is Indonesia with 275 million people roughly 30 million of whom live north of the Equator on the northern portions of the islands of Sumatra Borneo and Sulawesi as well as most of North Maluku while the rest of the population lives in the Southern Hemisphere citation needed Portuguese is the most spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere with over 230 million speakers in six countries mostly in Brazil but also in Angola Mozambique East Timor and small parts of Equatorial Guinea and Sao Tome and Principe that lie south of the Equator 10 Among the largest metropolitan areas in the Southern Hemisphere are Jakarta 34 million people Sao Paulo 22 million Kinshasa Brazzaville 19 million Buenos Aires 16 million Rio de Janeiro 12 million Johannesburg Lima 11 million each Surabaya 10 million Bandung 9 million Luanda 8 million Dar es Salaam Santiago 7 million each Belo Horizonte Semarang 6 million each Sydney and Melbourne 5 million each Important financial and commercial centres in the Southern Hemisphere include Sao Paulo where the B3 stock exchange is headquartered along with Sydney home to the Australian Securities Exchange Jakarta the seat of the Indonesia Stock Exchange Johannesburg home to the Johannesburg Stock Exchange and Buenos Aires headquarters of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange the oldest stock market in the Southern Hemisphere Common tourist destinations in the Southern Hemisphere include Bali Buenos Aires Cape Town Easter Island Lima Rio de Janeiro Sydney and Tahiti 11 12 According to a 2017 report the most popular Southern Hemisphere bucket list destinations among Australians were Antarctica New Zealand the Galapagos Islands South Africa and Peru 13 Quito Ecuador is the closest major city to the equatorial line on the planet and Ushuaia Argentina claims the title of world s southernmost city Cape Town Christchurch Hobart Punta Arenas and Ushuaia are officially acknowledged as the five international Antarctic gateway cities that serve as primary entry points for travel to the Antarctic region 14 15 Among the most developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere is Australia with a nominal GDP per capita of US 67 464 and a Human Development Index HDI of 0 951 the fifth highest in the world as of the 2022 report New Zealand is also well developed with a nominal GDP per capita of US 49 847 and an HDI of 0 937 putting it at number 13 in the world in 2022 The least developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere cluster in Africa and Oceania with Mozambique and Burundi at the lowest ends of the HDI at 0 446 number 185 in the world and 0 426 number 187 in the world respectively The nominal GDPs per capita of these two countries do not go above US 550 a tiny fraction of the incomes enjoyed by Australians and New Zealanders The Southern Hemisphere has long been secondary in the global distribution of demographic economic and political power as it has less land than the Northern Hemisphere 16 In recent times however countries such as Australia have made greater efforts to economically engage with those from their hemisphere 16 Before the Age of Discovery the Southern Hemisphere was largely cut off from the cultural constructs of the Western and Eastern worlds 16 Some view both the West and the East as being Northern Hemisphere centric concepts 17 The most widespread religions in the modern Southern Hemisphere are Christianity prevalent in South America Africa Oceania and East Timor followed by Islam in East Africa and Indonesia and Hinduism which is mostly concentrated on around the islands of Bali Mauritius and Fiji The oldest continuously inhabited city in the Southern Hemisphere is Bogor in western Java which was founded in 669 Ancient texts from the Hindu kingdoms prevalent in the area definitively record 669 CE as the year when Bogor was founded However some evidence shows that Zanzibar an ancient port with around 200 000 inhabitants off the coast of Tanzania may be older than Bogor A Greco Roman text written between 1 and 100 CE the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mentioned the island of Menuthias Ancient Greek Menoy8ias as a trading port on the east African coast which is probably the small Tanzanian island of Unguja on which Zanzibar is located The oldest monumental civilizations in the Southern Hemisphere are the Norte Chico civilization and Casma Sechin culture from the northern coast of Peru These civilizations built cities pyramids and plazas in the coastal river valleys of northern Peru with some ruins dating back to 3600 BCE Easter Island located about 3 500 kilometres from Chile and French Polynesia is considered to be the most remote place on Earth to have been permanently inhabited by humans before the Age of Discovery 18 It was settled by a Polynesian group known as the Rapa Nui Areas of the Southern Hemisphere that had no contact with humans before the Age of Discovery include Christmas Island and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean the Galapagos Islands Juan Fernandez Islands and Lord Howe Island in the South Pacific the Falkland Islands and Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic and the continent of Antarctica List of continents or submerged continents in the Southern Hemisphere editContinents or Submerged ContinentAfrica Antarctica Asia Australia South America ZealandiaAbout one third of the continent from south of Mogadishu in Somalia in the east to south of Libreville in Gabon in the west From the Equator Latitude 0 to Cape Agulhas Latitude 34 50 S The entire continent and its associated islands are within the Southern Hemisphere From Prime Head at the northern tip of the Trinity Peninsula Latitude 63 12 48 S to the South Pole Latitude 90 S The entire continental mainland is within the Northern Hemisphere only the southern portion of Maritime Southeast Asia including East Timor and most of Indonesia plus the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of 26 atolls of Maldives in the Indian Ocean From the Equator Latitude 0 to Pamana Island Indonesia Latitude 11 00 S The entire continent and most of its associated islands are within the Southern Hemisphere From the Equator Latitude 0 to Bishop and Clerk Islets Tasmania Australia Latitude 55 03 S Most of the continent from south of the Amazon River mouth in Brazil in the east to north of Quito in Ecuador in the west From the Equator Latitude 0 to Aguila Islet Diego Ramirez Islands Chile Latitude 56 32 16 S or if the South Sandwich Islands are included as part of South America Cook Island South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Latitude 59 29 20 S The entire submerged continent including New Caledonia New Zealand Norfolk Island and other associated low lying islands above sea level is within the Southern Hemisphere From Belep New Caledonia France Latitude 19 45 00 S to Jacquemart Island Latitude 52 37 S List of mainland countries or territories in the Southern Hemisphere editCountries or TerritoriesAfrica Asia note 1 Americas Antarctica AustraliaEntirelyAngola Botswana Burundi Eswatini Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mozambique Namibia Rwanda South Africa Tanzania Zambia ZimbabweMostlyDemocratic Republic of the Congo Gabon Republic of the CongoPartlyEquatorial Guinea Kenya Somalia Uganda EntirelyArgentina Bolivia Chile Paraguay Peru UruguayMostlyBrazil EcuadorPartlyColombia EntirelyAntarctica Antarctic Treaty signatories EntirelyPapua New Guinea Australia New ZealandList of island countries or territories in the Southern Hemisphere editCountries or TerritoriesAtlantic Indian Pacific SouthernEntirelyAnnobon Equatorial Guinea Bouvet Island Norway Falkland Islands Islas Malvinas Administered by the United Kingdom Claimed by Argentina Saint Helena Ascension and Tristan da Cunha United Kingdom Ascension Island Saint Helena Tristan da Cunha Gough Island South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Administered by the United Kingdom Claimed by Argentina Snake Island BrazilPartlySao Tome and Principe most of Rolas Island EntirelyAshmore and Cartier Islands Australia Australia British Indian Ocean Territory Administered by the United Kingdom Claimed by Mauritius Australian Indian Ocean Territories Australia Christmas Island Cocos Keeling Islands Comoros East Timor French Southern Territories France Heard Island and McDonald Islands Australia Java and Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesia Madagascar Mauritius Mayotte France Prince Edward Islands South Africa Reunion France SeychellesPartlyMaldives Sumatra Indonesia EntirelyAmerican Samoa United States Australia Cook Islands New Zealand Coral Sea Islands Australia Desventuradas Islands Insular Chile Easter Island Insular Chile Salas and Gomez Island Fiji Rotuma French Polynesia France Tahiti Jarvis Island United States Juan Fernandez Islands Insular Chile Alejandro Selkirk Island Robinson Crusoe Island Santa Clara Island Most of the Galapagos Islands Bartolome Island Daphne Island Espanola Island Fernandina Island Floreana Island Guy Fawkes Island James Island Jervis Island Nameless Island North Seymour Island Pinzon Island Santa Cruz Island Santa Fe Island San Cristobal Island South Plaza Island Nauru New Caledonia France New Zealand Niue New Zealand Norfolk Island Australia Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Henderson Ducie and Oeno Islands United Kingdom Samoa Solomon Islands Tasmania Australia Macquarie Island Tokelau New Zealand Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna France MostlyIsabela Island Galapagos Islands Kiribati Sulawesi and Western New Guinea Indonesia PartlyKalimantan Indonesia Maluku Islands Indonesia EntirelyAntarctic islands Balleny Islands Antarctic Treaty signatories Claimed by New Zealand Peter I Island Antarctic Treaty signatories Claimed by Norway South Orkney Islands Antarctic Treaty signatories Claimed by Argentina and the United Kingdom South Shetland Islands Antarctic Treaty signatories Claimed by Argentina Chile and the United Kingdom See also editAntarctica Australia continent Geographical zone Global North and Global South Land and water hemispheres Northern Hemisphere South Pole ZealandiaNotes edit The entire continental mainland is wholly within the Northern Hemisphere only the southern portion of Maritime Southeast Asia plus the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of 26 atolls of Maldives in the Indian Ocean are in the Southern Hemisphere References edit Hemisphere Map WorldAtlas Archived from the original on 22 April 2021 Retrieved 13 June 2014 Life on Earth A G 1 ABC CLIO 2002 p 528 ISBN 9781576072868 Archived from the original on 22 January 2023 Retrieved 8 September 2016 Granite specific heat 0 79 and water 4 18 J g K see Heat capacity Table of specific heat capacities Kang Sarah M Seager Richard Croll Revisited Why is the Northern Hemisphere Warmer than the Southern Hemisphere PDF Columbia University Archived PDF from the original on 2021 09 07 Retrieved 2018 05 02 Surface Ocean Currents National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Archived from the original on 6 July 2017 Retrieved 13 June 2014 World Penguin Day 6 places you d never have thought you could see them The Independent 2021 04 25 Archived from the original on 2022 03 05 Retrieved 2022 03 05 International Hydrographic Organization 1953 Limits of Oceans and Seas PDF Nature 3rd ed 172 4376 484 Bibcode 1953Natur 172R 484 doi 10 1038 172484b0 S2CID 36029611 Archived from the original PDF on 8 October 2011 Retrieved 28 December 2020 90 Of People Live In The Northern Hemisphere Business Insider Business Insider 4 May 2012 Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 Retrieved 3 January 2023 GIC Article galegroup com Archived from the original on 18 April 2016 Retrieved 3 January 2023 Potencial Economico da Lingua Portuguesa PDF University of Coimbra Archived PDF from the original on 2021 10 24 Retrieved 2017 05 15 Bahamondes Bianca 2016 11 17 10 Best Southern Hemisphere Destinations Where It Will Soon Be Summer The Daily Meal Archived from the original on 2022 03 05 Retrieved 2022 03 05 Southern Hemisphere round the world holiday with Easter Island and Tahiti Travel Nation Archived from the original on 2022 03 05 Retrieved 2022 03 05 Aussies set for summer exodus The Australian Salazar Juan Francisco James Paul Leane Elizabeth Magee Liam 2021 Antarctic Cities From Gateways to Custodial Cities Institute for Culture and Society Western Sydney University Penrith New South Wales 193 ISBN 9781741085280 Roldan Gabriela 2015 A door to the ice the significance of the Antarctic Gateway Cities today Journal of Antarctic Affairs 2 58 70 a b c Benjamin Reilly July 2013 Australia as a Southern Hemisphere power PDF www files ethz ch Australian Strategic Policy Institute Archived PDF from the original on 28 March 2022 Retrieved 17 March 2022 Paton Michelle Chengmin Zhang January 2014 Southern culture and the North South divide More than a metaphor The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia 46 26 40 Archived from the original on 2023 01 22 Retrieved 2022 02 25 via search informit org Atypon Hemm Robert amp Mendez Marcelo 2003 Aerial Surveys of Isle De Pasqua Easter Island and the New Birdmen 10 1007 978 1 4615 0183 1 12External links editSouthern Hemisphere Countries 2021 nbsp Media related to Southern Hemisphere at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Southern Hemisphere amp oldid 1185125406, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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