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Northern Hemisphere

May 19, 2023

This article is about the Hemisphere of Earth. For astronomical observations of the sky, see Northern celestial hemisphere.

Coordinates: 90°0′0″N 0°0′0″E / 90.00000°N 0.00000°E / 90.00000; 0.00000

The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the Solar System as Earth's North Pole.[1]

Northern Hemisphere shaded blue. The hemispheres appear unequal here because Antarctica is not shown.
Northern Hemisphere from above the North Pole

Due to Earth's axial tilt of 23.439281°, winter in the Northern Hemisphere lasts from the December solstice (typically December 21 UTC) to the March equinox (typically March 20 UTC), while summer lasts from the June solstice through to the September equinox (typically on 23 September UTC). The dates vary each year due to the difference between the calendar year and the astronomical year. Within the Northern Hemisphere, oceanic currents can change the weather patterns that affect many factors within the north coast. Such events include El Niño–Southern Oscillation.

Trade winds blow from east to west just above the equator. The winds pull surface water with them, creating currents, which flow westward due to the Coriolis effect. The currents then bend to the right, heading north. At about 30 degrees north latitude, a different set of winds, the westerlies, push the currents back to the east, producing a closed clockwise loop.[2]

Its surface is 60.7% water, compared with 80.9% water in the case of the Southern Hemisphere, and it contains 67.3% of Earth's land.[3] The continents of Europe and North America are located entirely on Earth's Northern Hemisphere, which also contains almost the entire continent of Asia, about two thirds of Africa, and a small part of South America.

Geography and climate

 
Northern hemisphere glaciation during the last ice ages. The setup of 3 to 4 kilometer thick ice sheets caused a sea level lowering of about 120 m.
 
Canadian Rockies in North America

During the 2.5 million years of the Pleistocene, numerous cold phases called glacials (Quaternary ice age), or significant advances of continental ice sheets, in Europe and North America, occurred at intervals of approximately 40,000 to 100,000 years. The long glacial periods were separated by more temperate and shorter interglacials which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years. The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.[4] Earth is currently in an interglacial period of the Quaternary, called the Holocene.[5] The glaciations that occurred during the glacial period covered many areas of the Northern Hemisphere.

The Arctic is a region around the North Pole (90° latitude). Its climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow. Areas inside the Arctic Circle (66°34′ latitude) experience some days in summer when the Sun never sets, and some days during the winter when it never rises. The duration of these phases varies from one day for locations right on the Arctic Circle to several months near the Pole, which is the middle of the Northern Hemisphere.

Between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer (23°26′ latitude) lies the Northern temperate zone. The changes in these regions between summer and winter are generally mild, rather than extreme hot or cold. However, a temperate climate can have very unpredictable weather.

Tropical regions (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator, 0° latitude) are generally hot all year round and tend to experience a rainy season during the summer months, and a dry season during the winter months.

In the Northern Hemisphere, objects moving across or above the surface of the Earth tend to turn to the right because of the Coriolis effect. As a result, large-scale horizontal flows of air or water tend to form clockwise-turning gyres.[6] These are best seen in ocean circulation patterns in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans.[citation needed] Within the Northern Hemisphere, oceanic currents can change the weather patterns that affect many factors within the north coast; such as El Niño.[citation needed]

For the same reason, flows of air down toward the northern surface of the Earth tend to spread across the surface in a clockwise pattern. Thus, clockwise air circulation is characteristic of high pressure weather cells in the Northern Hemisphere. Conversely, air rising from the northern surface of the Earth (creating a region of low pressure) tends to draw air toward it in a counterclockwise pattern. Hurricanes and tropical storms (massive low-pressure systems) spin counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.[7]

The shadow of a sundial moves clockwise on latitudes north of the subsolar point and anticlockwise to the south. During the day at these latitudes, the Sun tends to rise to its maximum at a southerly position. Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator, the sun can be seen to the north, directly overhead, or to the south at noon, dependent on the time of year. In the Southern Hemisphere, the midday Sun is predominantly in the north.

When viewed from the Northern Hemisphere, the Moon appears inverted compared to a view from the Southern Hemisphere.[8][9] The North Pole faces away from the galactic center of the Milky Way. This results in the Milky Way being sparser and dimmer in the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere, making the Northern Hemisphere more suitable for deep-space observation, as it is not "blinded" by the Milky Way.[citation needed]

Demographics

As of 2015, the Northern Hemisphere is home to approximately 6.4 billion people which is around 87.0% of the earth's total human population of 7.3 billion people.[10][11][12]

List of continents, countries or territories, and oceans in the Northern Hemisphere

Continents
Africa Asia Americas Europe
about two-thirds, from north of Libreville in Gabon in the west to north of Mogadishu in Somalia in the east. the entire continental mainland. Part of Indonesia, and 24 out of 26 atolls of Maldives in the Indian Ocean, are also in the Northern Hemisphere. all of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean islands. About one-fifth of South America, from north of Quito in Ecuador in the west to north of the Amazon River mouth in Brazil in the east. entirely in the Northern Hemisphere[note 1]
Countries or Territories
Africa Asia Americas Europe[note 1]
Entirely
Mostly
Partly
Entirely
Mostly
Partly
Entirely
Mostly
Partly
Entirely
Mostly
Ocean
Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific
Entirely
Entirely
Mostly
Entirely
Mostly
Entirely
Mostly
Partly

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b The continent itself is entirely within the Northern Hemisphere. However, some overseas territories of the countries of France and the United Kingdom are in the Southern Hemisphere.

References

  1. ^ Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; Bowell, Edward G.; Conrad, Albert R.; Consolmagno, Guy J.; et al. (2010). (PDF). Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 109 (2): 101–135. Bibcode:2011CeMDA.109..101A. doi:10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4. S2CID 189842666. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-09-26.
  2. ^ Society, National Geographic (2019-07-01). "Ocean Currents". National Geographic Society. from the original on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  3. ^ Life on Earth: A – G.. 1. ABC-CLIO. 2002. p. 528. ISBN 9781576072868. from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  4. ^ "Quaternary Period". National Geographic. 2017-01-06. from the original on 2020-11-29. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
  5. ^ "How long can we expect the present Interglacial period to last?". U.S. Department of the Interior. from the original on 2022-07-26. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
  6. ^ US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Boundary Currents – Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education". oceanservice.noaa.gov. from the original on 2010-05-15. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
  7. ^ "Hurricanes: Science and Society: Primary Circulation". www.hurricanescience.org. from the original on 2010-12-28. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
  8. ^ Laura Spitler. "Does the Moon look different in the northern and southern hemispheres? (Beginner) – Curious About Astronomy? Ask an Astronomer". cornell.edu. from the original on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  10. ^ Calculated from World Population Yearbook 2019(in thousands) World total population: 7,359,970 Northern Hemisphere population: 6,405,030 87.0% Southern Hemisphere population: 954,940 13.0% Note 1) If there is no data for 2019, the latest data was used. Note 2) Countries with land that straddles the equator are divided into half populations in each of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
  11. ^ "90% Of People Live In The Northern Hemisphere – Business Insider". Business Insider. 4 May 2012. from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  12. ^ "GIC – Article". galegroup.com. from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2015.

External links

  Media related to Northern Hemisphere at Wikimedia Commons

May 19, 2023
northern, hemisphere, this, article, about, hemisphere, earth, astronomical, observations, northern, celestial, hemisphere, coordinates, 00000, 00000, 00000, 00000, half, earth, that, north, equator, other, planets, solar, system, north, defined, being, same, . This article is about the Hemisphere of Earth For astronomical observations of the sky see Northern celestial hemisphere Coordinates 90 0 0 N 0 0 0 E 90 00000 N 0 00000 E 90 00000 0 00000 The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator For other planets in the Solar System north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the Solar System as Earth s North Pole 1 Northern Hemisphere shaded blue The hemispheres appear unequal here because Antarctica is not shown Northern Hemisphere from above the North Pole Due to Earth s axial tilt of 23 439281 winter in the Northern Hemisphere lasts from the December solstice typically December 21 UTC to the March equinox typically March 20 UTC while summer lasts from the June solstice through to the September equinox typically on 23 September UTC The dates vary each year due to the difference between the calendar year and the astronomical year Within the Northern Hemisphere oceanic currents can change the weather patterns that affect many factors within the north coast Such events include El Nino Southern Oscillation Trade winds blow from east to west just above the equator The winds pull surface water with them creating currents which flow westward due to the Coriolis effect The currents then bend to the right heading north At about 30 degrees north latitude a different set of winds the westerlies push the currents back to the east producing a closed clockwise loop 2 Its surface is 60 7 water compared with 80 9 water in the case of the Southern Hemisphere and it contains 67 3 of Earth s land 3 The continents of Europe and North America are located entirely on Earth s Northern Hemisphere which also contains almost the entire continent of Asia about two thirds of Africa and a small part of South America Contents 1 Geography and climate 2 Demographics 3 List of continents countries or territories and oceans in the Northern Hemisphere 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksGeography and climate Edit Northern hemisphere glaciation during the last ice ages The setup of 3 to 4 kilometer thick ice sheets caused a sea level lowering of about 120 m Canadian Rockies in North America During the 2 5 million years of the Pleistocene numerous cold phases called glacials Quaternary ice age or significant advances of continental ice sheets in Europe and North America occurred at intervals of approximately 40 000 to 100 000 years The long glacial periods were separated by more temperate and shorter interglacials which lasted about 10 000 15 000 years The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10 000 years ago 4 Earth is currently in an interglacial period of the Quaternary called the Holocene 5 The glaciations that occurred during the glacial period covered many areas of the Northern Hemisphere The Arctic is a region around the North Pole 90 latitude Its climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers Precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow Areas inside the Arctic Circle 66 34 latitude experience some days in summer when the Sun never sets and some days during the winter when it never rises The duration of these phases varies from one day for locations right on the Arctic Circle to several months near the Pole which is the middle of the Northern Hemisphere Between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer 23 26 latitude lies the Northern temperate zone The changes in these regions between summer and winter are generally mild rather than extreme hot or cold However a temperate climate can have very unpredictable weather Tropical regions between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator 0 latitude are generally hot all year round and tend to experience a rainy season during the summer months and a dry season during the winter months In the Northern Hemisphere objects moving across or above the surface of the Earth tend to turn to the right because of the Coriolis effect As a result large scale horizontal flows of air or water tend to form clockwise turning gyres 6 These are best seen in ocean circulation patterns in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans citation needed Within the Northern Hemisphere oceanic currents can change the weather patterns that affect many factors within the north coast such as El Nino citation needed For the same reason flows of air down toward the northern surface of the Earth tend to spread across the surface in a clockwise pattern Thus clockwise air circulation is characteristic of high pressure weather cells in the Northern Hemisphere Conversely air rising from the northern surface of the Earth creating a region of low pressure tends to draw air toward it in a counterclockwise pattern Hurricanes and tropical storms massive low pressure systems spin counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere 7 The shadow of a sundial moves clockwise on latitudes north of the subsolar point and anticlockwise to the south During the day at these latitudes the Sun tends to rise to its maximum at a southerly position Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator the sun can be seen to the north directly overhead or to the south at noon dependent on the time of year In the Southern Hemisphere the midday Sun is predominantly in the north When viewed from the Northern Hemisphere the Moon appears inverted compared to a view from the Southern Hemisphere 8 9 The North Pole faces away from the galactic center of the Milky Way This results in the Milky Way being sparser and dimmer in the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere making the Northern Hemisphere more suitable for deep space observation as it is not blinded by the Milky Way citation needed Demographics EditAs of 2015 the Northern Hemisphere is home to approximately 6 4 billion people which is around 87 0 of the earth s total human population of 7 3 billion people 10 11 12 List of continents countries or territories and oceans in the Northern Hemisphere EditContinentsAfrica Asia Americas Europeabout two thirds from north of Libreville in Gabon in the west to north of Mogadishu in Somalia in the east the entire continental mainland Part of Indonesia and 24 out of 26 atolls of Maldives in the Indian Ocean are also in the Northern Hemisphere all of North America Central America and the Caribbean islands About one fifth of South America from north of Quito in Ecuador in the west to north of the Amazon River mouth in Brazil in the east entirely in the Northern Hemisphere note 1 Countries or TerritoriesAfrica Asia Americas Europe note 1 EntirelyAlgeria Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Libya Mali Mauritania Morocco Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone South Sudan Sudan Togo TunisiaMostlyEquatorial Guinea Kenya Sao Tome and Principe Somalia UgandaPartlyDemocratic Republic of the Congo Gabon Republic of the Congo EntirelyAfghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Georgia India Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam YemenMostlyMaldivesPartlyIndonesia EntirelyBelize Canada Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Suriname United States VenezuelaMostlyColombiaPartlyBrazil Ecuador EntirelyAlbania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine Vatican CityMostlyFrance United KingdomOceanArctic Atlantic Indian PacificEntirelyJan Mayen Norway Kaffeklubben Island Denmark Queen Elizabeth Islands Canada Russian Arctic islands Russia Svalbard Norway EntirelyAkrotiri and Dhekelia British Overseas Territories Anguilla British Overseas Territories Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Kingdom of the Netherlands Bahamas Guernsey British Overseas Territories Jersey British Overseas Territories Barbados Belize Bermuda British Overseas Territories Bioko Equatorial Guinea Bonaire Kingdom of the Netherlands British Virgin Islands British Overseas Territories Cape Verde Cayman Islands British Overseas Territories Curacao Kingdom of the Netherlands Cyprus Dominica Dominican Republic Faroe Islands Kingdom of Denmark Greenland Kingdom of Denmark Grenada Guyana Haiti Iceland Isle of Man British Overseas Territories Jamaica Montserrat British Overseas Territories Puerto Rico Territories of the United States Saba Kingdom of the Netherlands Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin Overseas Collectivity of France Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Kingdom of the Netherlands Sint Maarten Kingdom of the Netherlands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands British Overseas Territories U S Virgin Islands Territories of the United StatesMostlySao Tome and Principe EntirelyBahrain Andaman Islands India Sri Lanka Socotra Yemen MostlyBorneo Brunei and Malaysia or Kalimantan in Indonesia Sumatra Indonesia Maldives Singapore EntirelyGuam Territories of the United States Hainan China Hawaii U S state Japan Northern Mariana Islands Territories of the United States Palau Philippines Formosa Taiwan MostlyMaluku Islands Indonesia PartlyKiribati Sulawesi Indonesia Western New Guinea Indonesia See also EditSouthern Hemisphere Hemispheres of Earth Africa Asia Americas Europe Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean North South divide disambiguation Global NorthNotes Edit a b The continent itself is entirely within the Northern Hemisphere However some overseas territories of the countries of France and the United Kingdom are in the Southern Hemisphere References Edit Archinal Brent A A Hearn Michael F Bowell Edward G Conrad Albert R Consolmagno Guy J et al 2010 Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements 2009 PDF Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 109 2 101 135 Bibcode 2011CeMDA 109 101A doi 10 1007 s10569 010 9320 4 S2CID 189842666 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2018 09 26 Society National Geographic 2019 07 01 Ocean Currents National Geographic Society Archived from the original on 2021 11 20 Retrieved 2020 10 16 Life on Earth A G 1 ABC CLIO 2002 p 528 ISBN 9781576072868 Archived from the original on 22 January 2023 Retrieved 8 September 2016 Quaternary Period National Geographic 2017 01 06 Archived from the original on 2020 11 29 Retrieved 2022 05 06 How long can we expect the present Interglacial period to last U S Department of the Interior Archived from the original on 2022 07 26 Retrieved 2022 05 06 US Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boundary Currents Currents NOAA s National Ocean Service Education oceanservice noaa gov Archived from the original on 2010 05 15 Retrieved 2020 07 31 Hurricanes Science and Society Primary Circulation www hurricanescience org Archived from the original on 2010 12 28 Retrieved 2021 08 11 Laura Spitler Does the Moon look different in the northern and southern hemispheres Beginner Curious About Astronomy Ask an Astronomer cornell edu Archived from the original on 4 November 2015 Retrieved 10 November 2015 Perspective of the Moon from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 Retrieved 22 October 2013 Calculated from World Population Yearbook 2019 in thousands World total population 7 359 970 Northern Hemisphere population 6 405 030 87 0 Southern Hemisphere population 954 940 13 0 Note 1 If there is no data for 2019 the latest data was used Note 2 Countries with land that straddles the equator are divided into half populations in each of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres 90 Of People Live In The Northern Hemisphere Business Insider Business Insider 4 May 2012 Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 Retrieved 10 November 2015 GIC Article galegroup com Archived from the original on 18 April 2016 Retrieved 10 November 2015 External links Edit Media related to Northern Hemisphere at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Northern Hemisphere amp oldid 1155579656, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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