Solar power by country

Many countries and territories have installed significant solar power capacity into their electrical grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources. Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

• Photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar panels, either on rooftops or in ground-mounted solar farms, converting sunlight directly into electric power.
• Concentrated solar power (CSP, also known as "concentrated solar thermal") plants use solar thermal energy to make steam, that is thereafter converted into electricity by a turbine.

Share of electricity production from solar, 2022^[1]

Global photovoltaic power potential^[2]

The worldwide growth of photovoltaics is extremely dynamic and varies strongly by country. In April 2022, the total global solar power capacity reached 1 TW.^[3] In 2022, the leading country for solar power was China, with about 390 GW,^[4][5] accounting for nearly two-fifths of the total global installed solar capacity. As of 2022, there are more than 40 countries around the world with a cumulative PV capacity of more than one gigawatt, including Canada, South Africa, Chile, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Austria, Argentina and the Philippines.

The top installers of 2022 included China, the United States, and India.^[6][7] Japan, Brazil, the Netherlands, France, Mexico and Germany were also among the top installers of 2022. The available solar PV capacity in Australia is now sufficient to supply more than 15% of the nation's electrical energy while Honduras, Italy, Spain, Germany and Greece can produce between 9% and 14% of their respective annual domestic electricity consumption.^[8][9][10]

After an almost two decade long hiatus, the deployment of CSP resumed in 2007. However, the design for several new projects is being changed to cheaper photovoltaics.^[11] Most operational CSP stations are located in Spain and the United States, while large solar farms using photovoltaics are being constructed in an expanding list of geographic regions. Other countries, like Finland, Denmark, Israel, Ukraine and Algeria, can also produce any portions of their electricity consumption.

Global use figures

Solar photovoltaics (PV)

See also: Growth of photovoltaics

Top 10 countries by added solar PV capacity in 2021^[12]^[13]     China: 53,009 MW (40.0%)   United States: 19,647 MW (14.8%)   India: 10,299 MW (7.8%)   Brazil: 5,176 MW (3.9%)   Germany: 4,740 MW (3.6%)   Japan: 4,427 MW (3.3%)   Spain: 3,363 MW (2.5%)   Netherlands: 3,299 MW (2.5%)   France: 2,687 MW (2.0%)   Poland: 2,302 MW (1.7%)   Taiwan: 1,883 MW (1.4%)   Mexico: 1,877 MW (1.4%)   Australia: 1,732 MW (1.3%)   Chile: 1,263 MW (1.0%)   All others: 16,981 MW (12.8%)

Top 10 countries by cumulative solar PV capacity in 2021^[14]^[13]     China: 306,973 MW (35.8%)   United States: 95,209 MW (11.1%)   Japan: 74,191 MW (8.7%)   Germany: 58,461 MW (6.8%)   India: 56,951 MW (6.6%)   Italy: 22,698 MW (2.6%)   Australia: 19,076 MW (2.2%)   South Korea: 18,161 MW (2.1%)   Vietnam: 16,660 MW (1.9%)   Spain: 15,952 MW (1.9%)   France: 14,718 MW (1.7%)   Netherlands: 14,249 MW (1.7%)   United Kingdom: 13,689 MW (1.6%)   Brazil: 13,055 MW (1.5%)   All others: 116,697 MW (13.6%)

In 2022, China had the highest solar power capacity in the world, followed by the United States and Japan.

Solar PV capacity by country and territory (MW) and share of total electricity consumption[ view/edit ]

	2016^[8]		2017^[15]		2018^[16]^[17]		2019^[18]^[19]		2020^[20]^[21]		2021^[22]^[23]		2022^[24]		W per capita 2019	W per capita 2021	Share of total consumption^1
Country or territory	New	Total	New	Total	New	Total	New	Total	New	Total	New	Total	New	Total
China	34,540	78,070	53,000	131,000	45,000	175,018	30,100	204,700	49,655	254,355	52,618	306,973	86,059	393,032	147	217	6.5% (2022)^[25]
European Union		91,890	4,737	96,627	7,832	104,459	16,186	120,645	18,296	138,941	25,734	164,675	35,972	200,647	295	400	8.7% (2022)^[25]
United States	14,730	40,300	10,600	51,000	10,600	53,184	13,300	60,682	14,890	75,572	19,637	95,209	17,806	113,015	184	289	5.1% (2022)^[25]
Japan	8,600	42,750	7,000	49,000	6,500	55,500	7,000	63,000	4,000	67,000	7,191	74,191	4,642	78,833	498	590	10.2% (2022)^[25]
Germany	1,520	41,220	1,800	42,000	3,000	45,930	3,900	49,200	4,583	53,783	4,678	58,461	8,093	66,554	593	711	12.4% (2022)^[25]
India	3,970	9,010	9,100	18,300	10,800	26,869	9,900	35,089	4,122	39,211	10,473	49,684	13,462	63,146	32	36	9.5% (2022)^[25]
Australia	839	5,900	1,250	7,200	3,800	11,300	3,700	15,928	1,699	17,627	1,449	19,076	7,716	26,792	637	990	15.7% (2022)^[25]
Italy	373	19,279	409	19,700	420	20,120	600	20,800	800	21,600	1,098	22,698	2,385	25,083	345	381	9.1% (2022)^[25]
Brazil^[26]^[27]		200	900	1,100	1,313	2,413	2,138	4,595	3,145	7,881	5,827	14,197	9,882	24,079	22	64	2.5% (2021)^[28]
South Korea	850	4,350	1,200	5,600	2,000	7,862	3,100	11,200	3,375	14,575	3,586	18,161	2,814	20,975	217	350	4.7% (2022)^[25]
Spain^[29]		4,669	19	4,688	19	4,707	4,004	8,711	5,378	14,089	1,863	15,952	4,566	20,518	186	237	19.1% (2022)^[25]
Netherlands	519	2,135	776	2,911	1,697	4,608	2,618	7,226	3,882	11,108	3,803	14,911	4,232	19,143	396	757	14.3% (2022)^[30]
Vietnam		6	3	9	97	106	4,800	5,695	10,909	16,504	156	16,660	1,814	18,474	60	171	9.9% (2022)^[31]
France	559	7,130	870	8,000	1,483	9,483	417	9,900	1,833	11,733	2,985	14,718	2,701	17,419	148	218	4.6% (2022)^[25]
United Kingdom	1,970	11,630	900	12,700	408	13,108	233	13,346	177	13,563	126	13,689	723	14,412	200	203	4.7% (2022)^[25]
Poland						487	813	1,300	2,636	3,936	2,321	6,257	4,910	11,167	34	165	5.4% (2022)^[32]
Taiwan						2,618	1,482	4,100	1,717	5,817	1,883	7,700	2,024	9,724	172	327	3.7% (2022)^[31]
Turkey	584	832	2,600	3,400	1,600	5,063	932	5,995	673	6,668	1,149	7,817	1,609	9,426	73	92	6.6% (2022)^[25]
Mexico	150	320	150	539	2,700	3,200	1,226	4,426	1,218	5,644	1,396	7,040	1,986	9,026	35	55	5.2% (2022)^[25]
Ukraine	99	531	211	742	1,200	2,003	1,557	3,560	1,800	5,360	2,702	8,062	0	8,062	114	183	5.0% (2020)^[33]
Belgium	170	3,422	284	3,800	226	4,026	505	4,531	1,115	5,646	939	6,585	313	6,898	394	569	8.7% (2022)^[25]
South Africa	536	1,450	13	1,800	759	2,559	2	2,561	3,429	5,990	231	6,221	105	6,326	44	105	4.2% (2022)^[25]
Chile	746	1,610	668	1,800	337	2,137	511	2,648	557	3,205	1,263	4,468	1,782	6,250	142	234	17.0% (2022)^[25]
Greece						2,652	111	2,763	484	3,247	1,030	4,277	1,280	5,557	258	329	17.5% (2022)^[25]
Switzerland	250	1,640	260	1,900	346	2,246	332	2,498	493	2,973	683	3,449	1,084	4,533	295	412	7.1% (2022)^[25]
Israel	130	910	60	1,100	-30	1,070	120	1,190	1,059	2,249	306	2,555	1,856	4,411	134	277	12.3% (2022)^[25]
Canada	200	2,715	212	2,900	213	3,113	197	3,310	15	3,325	305	3,630	771	4,401	88	96	1.0% (2022)^[25]
Austria	154	1,077	153	1,250	181	1,431	147	1,578	642	2,220	472	2,692	856	3,548	178	302	5.9% (2022)^[25]
Thailand	726	2,150	251	2,700	20	2,720	262	2,982	6	2,988	77	3,065	0	3,065	43	44	3.4% (2022)^[25]
United Arab Emirates		42	213	255	239	494	1,289	1,783	756	2,539	166	2,705	335	3,040	185	273	4.9% (2021)^[31]
Hungary						665	612	1,277	676	1,953	178	2,131	857	2,988	131	218	11.1% (2021)^[34]
Czech Republic	48	2,131	63	2,193	-115	2,078	-8	2,070	3	2,073	46	2,119	508	2,627	194	198	3.5% (2022)^[25]
Sweden	60	175	93	303	118	421	223	644	773	1,417	160	1,577	1,029	2,606	63	152	1.9% (2022)^[25]
Portugal	58	513	57	577	93	670	158	828	197	1,025	776	1,801	735	2,536	81	174	8.4% (2022)^[25]
Denmark	70	900	60	910	88	998	81	1,079	221	1,300	240	1,540	950	2,490	186	264	7.3% (2022)^[25]
Kazakhstan		58	117	175	315	490	660	1,150	569	1,719	204	1,923	108	2,031			1.2% (2022)^[31]
Bulgaria		1,028	8	1,036	0	1,036	29	1,065	8	1,073	202	1,275	673	1,948	152	171	5.8% (2022)^[25]
Malaysia	54	286	50	386	52	438	444	882	611	1,493	294	1,787	146	1,933	28	55	0.6% (2022)^[25]
Jordan		298	173	471	358	829	169	998	361	1,359	162	1,521	393	1,914	100	149	16.0% (2021)^[31]
Russia	15	77	159	236	310	546	518	1,064	364	1,428	233	1,661	155	1,816	7	11	0.2% (2022)^[31]
Egypt		48	121	169	581	750	897	1,647	47	1,694	-19	1,675	49	1,724	17	17
Philippines	756	900				886	36	922	126	1,048	322	1,370	255	1,625	9	13
Romania		1,372	2	1,374	3	1,377	9	1,386	1	1,387	11	1,398	16	1,414	71	74	4.4% (2022)^[25]
Pakistan		589	66	655	24	679	34	713	24	737	346	1,083	160	1,243	6	6
Argentina		9	0	9	182	191	251	442	322	764	307	1,071	33	1,104	10	24	2.1% (2022)^[35]
Morocco		202	2	204	530	734	0	734	0	774	80	854	4	858	6	21	4.8% (2022)^[25]
Dominican Republic		73	33	106	99	205	100	305	65	370	224	594	148	742		45
Sri Lanka		63	68	131	54	185	100	285	146	431	193	624	90	714		20
El Salvador		28	98	126	80	206	187	403	75	478	165	643	21	664		74
Puerto Rico		247	55	302	3	305	31	336	48	384	104	491	148	639		154
Oman		2	6	8	0	8	1	9	100	109	29	138	500	638		27
Slovenia		232	15	247	0	247	17	264	106	370	91	461	171	632		175
Finland^[36]	17	37	23	80	54	134	81	215	176	391	34	425	166	591	39	73	0.4% (2022)^[25]
Singapore		97	21	118	42	160	95	255	74	329	158	487	85	572	45	76	0.8% (2018)^[37]
Lithuania^[16]	1	70	4	74	10	84	19	103	61	164	91	255	313	568	37	121	10.3% (2022)^[38]
Iran	34	43	141	184	102	286	81	367	85	414	42	456	83	539	5	5	0.4% (2019)^[17]
Slovakia		533	-5	528	-56	472	0	472	63	535	0	537	0	537	87	98	2.4% (2022)^[25]
Bangladesh		161	24	185	16	201	83	284	33	317	163	480	57	537	2	2
Estonia		10	5	15	17	32	89	121	87	208	187	395	140	535		311
Honduras		414	37	451	34	485	26	511	14	525	4	529	0	529	53	53	12.9% (2022)^[25]
Panama		93	54	147	46	193	5	198	0	198	267	465	57	522		108
Cyprus	14	84	21	105	8	113	16	129	71	200	116	316	148	464	147	262	3.3% (2016)^[39]
Algeria		219	181	400	23	423	0	423	25	448	0	448	12	460	10	10
Colombia		2	9	11	75	86	4	90	17	107	77	184	273	457		4
Cambodia		18	9	29	0	29	95	124	191	315	61	376	80	456		26
Saudi Arabia		24	10	34	50	84	325	409	0	409	30	439	1	440		13
Peru		146	152	298	27	325	6	331	0	331	1	332	0	332		10
Norway	11	27	18	45	23	68	22	90	62	152	53	205	116	321	17	42	0.2% (2022)^[25]
Luxembourg		122	5	127	7	134	16	150	45	195	83	277	42	319	244	330
Kenya		32	14	46	61	107	20	127	20	147	71	218	89	307		3
Armenia		1	1	2	15	17	34	50	56	106	111	217	89	306		62
New Zealand		53	17	70	20	90	27	117	25	142	95	237	66	303		29
Indonesia		88	10	98	0	98	57	155	17	172	53	225	66	291		0.77
Uruguay		89	154	243	5	248	6	254	2	256	2	258	12	270		69
Belarus		51	102	153	4	157	0	157	2	159	1	160	109	269		29
Senegal		43	70	113	21	134	0	134	21	155	83	238	25	263	8	14
Cuba		37	28	65	123	128	31	159	4	163	83	246	12	258		22
Yemen		80	20	100	150	250	0	250	3	253	0	253	4	257		8
Uzbekistan		2	1	3	1	4	0	4	0	4	100	104	149	253		3
Mali		18	1	19	0	19	0	19	40	59	30	89	140	229		5
Malta	20	93	19	112	15	127	27	154	30	184	22	206	0	206	312	373	9.6% (2021)^[40]
Sudan		26	10	36	23	59	21	80	37	117	19	136	54	190		3
Croatia^[16]	8	56	4	60	1	68	17	85	24	109	19	138	44	182	17	27
Namibia		36	34	70	18	88	63	151	0	151	0	151	25	176	55	57
Bolivia		6	2	8	62	70	50	120	0	120	50	170	0	170		15
Malawi		12	7	19	7	26	54	80	2	82	59	141	2	143		7
Ireland		6	11	17	15	32	26	58	35	93	42	135	0	135		27
Nepal	2	3	25	28	10	38	7	45	25	70	23	93	24	117	17	3	0.1% (2020)^[20]
Guatemala		93	6	99	2	101	0	101	0	101	0	101	4	105		6
Ghana		38	9	47	19	66	6	72	23	95	3	98	0	98		3
Iraq		37	0	37	0	37	0	37	0	37	0	37	5	42
World total	76,800	306,500	95,000	401,500	108,500	510,000	70,760	580,760	133,210	713,970	135,503	849,473	203,642	1,053,115	83	108	6.2% (2022)^[25]
^1 Share of total electricity consumption for latest available year

Concentrated solar power

See also: Concentrated solar power § Deployment around the world

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1984

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Worldwide CSP capacity since 1984 in MW_p

National CSP capacities in 2018 (MW_p)

Country	Total	Added
Spain	2,300	0
United States	1,738	0
South Africa	400	100
Morocco	380	200
India	225	0
China	210	200
United Arab Emirates	100	0
Saudi Arabia	50	50
Algeria	25	0
Egypt	20	0
Australia	12	0
Thailand	5	0
Source: REN21 Global Status Report, 2017 and 2018^[41]^[42]^[43]

Africa

Main article: Solar power in Africa

Many African countries receive on average a very high number of days per year of bright sunlight, especially the dry areas, which include the arid deserts (such as the Sahara) and the semi-desert steppes (such as the Sahel).^[44] This gives solar power the potential to bring energy to virtually any location in Africa without the need for expensive large-scale grid-level infrastructural developments. The distribution of solar resources across Africa is fairly uniform, with more than 85% of the continent's landscape receiving at least 2,000 kWh/(m² year). A study indicates that a solar generating facility covering just 0.3% of the area comprising North Africa could supply all of the energy required by the European Union.^[45]

Algeria

Main article: Solar power in Algeria

Algeria has the highest technical and economical potential for solar power exploitation in the MENA region, with about 170 TWh per year. First industrial scale solar thermal power project has been initiated by inauguration of Hassi R'Mel power station in 2011. This new hybrid power plant combines a 25-megawatt (MW) concentrating solar power array in conjunction with a 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant. In addition, Algeria has launched in 2011 a national program to develop renewable energy based on photovoltaics (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP) and wind power, and to promote energy efficiency. The program consists of installing up to 12 GW of power generating capacity from renewable sources to meet the domestic electricity demand by 2030.

Egypt

Main article: Solar power in Egypt

Benban Solar Park is a Photovoltaic power station with a total capacity of 1650 MW nominal power which corresponds to an annual production of approximately 3.8 TWh. It is located in Benban (Aswan Governorate) in the western desert, approximately 650 km south of Cairo and 40 km northwest of Aswan. Benban is currently^[when?] the 4th largest solar power plant in the world.^{[citation needed]}

Morocco

Main article: Solar power in Morocco

Solar power in Morocco is enabled by the country having one of the highest rates of solar insolation among other countries— about 3,000 hours per year of sunshine but up to 3,600 hours in the desert. Morocco has launched one of the world's largest solar energy projects costing an estimated $9 billion. The aim of the project is to create 2,000 megawatts of solar generation capacity by the year 2020.^[46] Five solar power stations are to be constructed, including both photovoltaic and concentrated solar power technology. The Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN), a public-private venture, has been established to lead the project. The first plant will be commissioned in 2015,^[47] and the entire project in 2020. Once completed, the solar project will provide 38% of Morocco's annual electricity generation.

Somalia

Main article: Solar power in Somalia

South Africa

Main article: Solar power in South Africa

South Africa had 1329 MW of PV installations and 100 MW of concentrating solar thermal at the end of 2016. It is expected to reach an installed capacity 8,400 MW by 2030, along with 8,400 MW of wind power.^[48] The country's insolation greatly exceeds the average values in Europe, Russia, and most of North America.^[49]

Asia

Armenia

Main article: Solar power in Armenia

Armenia due its geographical and climate properties is well-suited for the solar energy utilization. According to the Ministry of Energy Infrastructure and Natural Resources of Armenia the country is capable of producing 1850 kWh/m² per year. For comparison European countries are capable of around 1000 kWh/m² per year on average.^[50] Two main panel types utilized in Armenia are the photovoltaic and thermal solar panels. The country is aiming to invest heavy in the segment of renewable energy, as that arises from the geopolitical situation in the region, where Armenia has tenuous relations with some competitive (due to distance) oil-reach suppliers of the region. Thus, besides the investment in the sector by the state - e.g. providing finance for solar energy utilization for rural areas, Armenia also prepared a suitable legislative base to help attract foreign investments of capital - e.g. the guarantee by the state to buy at least for 15 years the surplus energy that will be produced by the solar plants.^[51] The country is aiming to developing its economy sustainably, through increase in the technological potential and productivity.

China

Main article: Solar power in China

 

Benefitting from favorable policies and declining costs of modules, photovoltaic solar installation has grown consistently, with China expected to account for 50% of new global solar photovoltaic projects by 2024.^[52][53]

China is leading the world in solar PV generation, with the total installed capacity exceeding 200 GW by the end of 2019.^[4][54] Since overtaking Germany in 2015, China has been #1 in the world in solar power.^[55] China is the world's largest market for both photovoltaics and solar thermal energy. and in the last few years, more than half of the total PV additions came from the country. Solar power in the People's Republic of China is one of the biggest industries and the subsidies by the government have helped in bringing down the cost of solar power, not only in China, but the whole world. China also leads the world in solar water heating with 290 GWth in operation at the end of 2014, accounting for about 70% of the total world capacity. China's goal is to reach 1,300 GW of Solar Capacity by 2050.

Georgia

Main article: Solar energy in Georgia (country)

India

Main article: Solar power in India

Installed solar PV on 31 March

Year	Cumulative Capacity (in MW)
2010	161
2011	461
2012	1,205
2013	2,319
2014	2,632
2015	3,744
2016	6,763
2017	12,289
2018	21,651
2019	28,181
2020	34,627
2021	40,085
2022	56,951

India has the world's third fastest expanding solar power program (next only to China & USA). In the year 2017 alone India added a record 9,255 MW of solar power with another 9,627 MW of solar projects under development.^{[56][57][58][59]} India launched its National Solar Mission in 2010 under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, with plans to generate 20 GW by 2022. This target has been achieved four years ahead of its deadline with India surpassing 20 GW of installed solar capacity in January 2018.^{[60][57][61][62][63]} In January 2015, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced an initiative to increase the solar capacity to 100 GW^[64] and total renewable power capacity to 175 gigawatts (GW) by 2022. This target is ambitious considering the worldwide installed solar capacity at that time was 177 GW, out of which only 2.5 GW was installed in India.

To reach the goal of 100 GW of installed solar capacity by 2022, Modi's government has set a target to auction at least 77 gigawatts of additional solar power capacity by March 2020.^[65] A total of 1.2 GW of solar power is tendered in the first week of 2018 and a solar power tender of 20 GW, world's largest so far, is to be auctioned off in one go in 2018.^[65] Several large grid-scale solar parks are in operation, several of which are among the world's largest such as Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park with the capacity of 1,000 MW, the Kamuthi Solar Power Project with the capacity of 648 MW, the 345 MW Charanka Solar Park, the 480 MW Bhadla Solar Park with a proposed capacity of 2,255 MW and the Gujarat solar parks with a combined capacity of 605 MW.^[66] In July 2017, Indian Railways rolled out trains with rooftop solar to power the lights, fans and displays inside the coaches.^[67][68] Cochin International Airport, seventh busiest in India, is the first one in the world to run entirely on solar power,^[69][70] handling more than 1,000 flights a week. Similarly, the Union Territory of Diu is fully run by solar power.^[71]

Solar power features prominently in Modi government's US$2.5 billion SAUBHAGYA scheme launched in July 2015 to electrify every Indian household by 2019 — a huge task considering around 300 million people were without electricity. The use of local mini-grids run on solar power is “a big part of the push, with 60 percent of new connections expected to be to renewable power", according to a report by the International Energy Agency.^[72] The government provides subsidy of up to 90% of the upfront capital cost to install solar-powered water pumping systems for irrigation and drinking water.^[32] As of 30 November 2017, more than 142,000 solar pumps have been installed to irrigate the agricultural fields.^[33] This scheme weans farmers away from diesel-powered pumps and generates extra income for them by allowing to sell surplus power to the grid. It is one of the innovative ways that the government is empowering the rural population with the help of solar energy by addressing specific issues such as water availability. The solar panels are being built over the irrigation canals to preserve water from evaporation in drought-prone sunny areas. The world's first canal-top solar project was set up on Narmada in Gujarat in 2012. For the last mile connectivity in remote and inaccessible areas, the government provides solar power packs of 200 to 300 watt-peak (Wp), along with battery bank, that includes five LED lights, one DC fan and one DC power plug.^[34] Other schemes includes Solar Street Light Scheme, providing solar direct current lighting systems, solar lanterns, solar cookers, etc.

In January 2016, the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, and the former President of France, François Hollande, laid the foundation stone for the headquarters of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) in Gwalpahari, India, an alliance of 121 countries, announced at the Paris COP21 climate summit.^[73][74] The ISA focuses on promoting and developing solar energy and reducing production and development costs through wider deployment of solar technologies in the developing world.^[75][76] On 30 June 2016, the alliance entered into a partnership with the World Bank for accelerating mobilization of finance for solar energy — an estimated US$1000 billion in investments that will be needed by 2030, to meet ISA's goals for the massive deployment of affordable solar energy worldwide.

At the World Future Energy Summit (WFES) held in Abu Dhabi in January 2018, the government of India announced the setting up of a $350 million solar development fund to enable financing of solar projects. Prime Minister Narendra Modi promoted solar energy during the plenary speech at World Economic Forum annual meet in Davos in 2018 and invited investments in the sector in India promising ease of doing business.^[77] Modi's ambitious plan when announced in the leading up to the Paris COP21 climate summit received much skepticism and the government's strategy to scale-up the renewable energy by relying on competitive bidding to reduce the cost was regarded as infeasible. However, starting around 2016–2017, new renewable energy became cheaper to build than running existing coal-fired plants in India. As of January 2018, 65% of coal power generation in India is being sold at higher rates than new renewable energy bids in competitive power auctions.^[78] India has scrapped tenders for coal-fired power stations and around 80% of new coal-fired power plants under planning have been halted or canceled.^[79] In the month of May 2017 alone, plans for building coal power for nearly 14 GW – about the same as the total amount in the UK – were canceled on account of declining solar costs.^[80] Analyst Tim Buckley said “Measures taken by the Indian Government to improve energy efficiency coupled with ambitious renewable energy targets and the plummeting cost of solar has had an impact on existing as well as proposed coal fired power plants, rendering an increasing number as financially unviable. India's solar tariffs have literally been free falling in recent months."^[80][81] As reported by NYTimes in May 2017, "According to research released last week at a United Nations climate meeting in Germany, China and India should easily exceed the targets they set for themselves in the 2015 Paris Agreement..... India is now expected to obtain 40 percent of its electricity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2022, eight years ahead of schedule."^[82][83]

Japan

Main article: Solar power in Japan

Solar power in Japan has been expanding since the late 1990s. By the end of 2017, cumulative installed PV capacity reached over 50 GW with nearly 8 GW installed in the year 2017. The country is a leading manufacturer of solar panels and is in the top 4 ranking for countries with the most solar PV installed. Overall installed capacity is now estimated to be sufficient to supply 2.5% of the nation's annual electricity demand.^[10] The insolation is good at about 4.3 to 4.8 kWh/(m²·day).

Japan was the world's second largest market for solar PV growth in 2013 and 2014, adding a record 6.9 GW and 9.6 GW of nominal nameplate capacity, respectively.

Myanmar

Main article: Solar power in Myanmar

Pakistan

Pakistan has set up a solar power park, funded by the Chinese company TBEA, in the Cholistan desert near Yazman, about 30 kilometers from the eastern city of Bahawalpur. The solar project, which is set up on 5,000 acres, is producing 100 MW . Another Chinese company, Zonergy is setting up 900MW of Solar Power Plant in the same region.

The first unit was completed with a cost of 15 billion rupees in a short period of eleven months. The electricity generated by the project will be added to the national grid through grid stations and power supply transmission lines. Second phase of the park will comprise 900 MW which will be completed with the help of Chinese Government.^[84][85][86]

Philippines

In 2019, the Philippines generated a modest 1,246 GWh of solar energy.^[87] Given the country's geographic location advantage and the high potential for generating electricity from solar energy, its generation capacity is expected to increase from the current 1.2% of the total 23 GW to at least 3.5% of the total 43 GW generating capacity by 2040.^[88]

South Korea

Main article: Energy in South Korea

The Sinan solar power plant is a 24 MW photovoltaic power station in Sinan, Jeollanam-do, South Korea. As of 2009^[update], it is the largest photovoltaic installation in Asia. The project was developed by the German company Conergy and it cost US$150 million. It was built by the Dongyang Engineering & Construction Corporation.^[89]

Taiwan

Main article: Renewable energy in Taiwan

The government has a long-term plan to make the PV solar capacity become 6.5 GW by 2020 and 20 GW by 2025.^[90] To give further incentives, the government has designated solar energy and LED industries as two industries to actively develop in the near future.

Uzbekistan

Main article: Solar power in Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan has been working towards increasing its solar power capacity, with a goal of reaching 4 GW by 2026 and 5 GW by 2030. However, additional policies and support mechanisms may be needed to reach the country's maximum solar energy potential and continue to increase its use of solar energy in the coming years.^[91]

Thailand

Main article: Solar power in Thailand

In 2015, Thailand has more solar power capacity than all the rest of Southeast Asia combined. Thailand's solar capacity will rise to 2,500-2,800 MW in the end of 2015 from about 1,300 MW in 2014. Thailand aims to increase its solar capacity to 6,000 MW by 2036. That would account for 9% of total electricity generation.^[92]

Middle East

Cyprus

Main article: Solar power in Cyprus

Israel

Main article: Solar power in Israel

 

The Negev Desert is home to the Israeli solar research industry, in particular the National Solar Energy Center and the Arava Valley, which is the sunniest area of Israel.

There is no oil on Israeli land and the country's tenuous relations with its oil-rich neighbors (see Arab–Israeli conflict) has made the search for a stable source of energy a national priority.^[93][94] So Israel has embraced solar energy. Israeli innovation and research has advanced solar technology to a degree that it is almost cost-competitive with fossil fuels.^[95] Its abundant sun made the country a natural location for the promising technology. The high amount of sunshine received by the Negev Desert every year has spurred an internationally renowned solar research and development industry, with Arnold Goldman (founder of Luz, Luz II and BrightSource Energy), Harry Tabor and David Faiman of the National Solar Energy Center its more prominent members.^[93] At the end of 2008 a feed-in tariff scheme was approved, which immediately put in motion the building of many residential and commercial solar energy power station projects. Luz and Bright Source R&D centers in Jerusalem pioneered industrial scale solar energy fields with initial installations in California's Mojave Desert.

Jordan

Main article: Solar power in Jordan

Lebanon

The ongoing economic crisis in Lebanon has led to a shortage in electricity, in response the Lebanese people are increasingly turning to solar power to provide electricity. The government is targeting to cover 30% of its energy consumption from renewables by 2030.^[96] Years 2020 and 2021 saw a huge demand on residential solar systems. No given official numbers yet.

Total capacity was estimated at 90 MW by 2020, with further 100 MW installed in 2021 and another 500 MW installed in 2022, for a cumulative installed capacity of approximately 690 MW at the end of 2022.^[97]

Saudi Arabia

Main article: Solar power in Saudi Arabia

The Saudi agency in charge of developing the nations renewable energy sector, Ka-care, announced in May 2012 that the nation would install 41 gigawatts of solar capacity by 2032, this plan was later revised to 9.5 GW installed capacity. At the time of this announcement, Saudi Arabia had only 0.003 gigawatts of installed solar energy capacity.^[98]

In 2018 there has been a proposal for a total of 200 GW of solar power capacity by 2030. The newly announced project is estimated to cost $200 billion through 2030.^{[citation needed]}

Turkey

Main article: Solar power in Turkey

Registered solar capacity of Turkey stood at 3,420 MW by the end of 2017,^[99] although the actual installation can be lower. The increase in registrations mostly happened in December and was attributed to a reduction in feed-in tariffs starting from 2018 (from US$0.13 to US$0.10).

United Arab Emirates

Main article: Solar power in the United Arab Emirates

In 2013, the Shams solar power station, a 100 MW Concentrated solar power plant near Abu Dhabi became operational. The US$600 million Shams 1 is the largest CSP plant outside the United States and Spain and is expected to be followed by two more stations, Shams 2 and Shams 3.^[100]

Yemen

Main article: Solar power in Yemen

Europe

See also: Solar power in the European Union

Top-left: solar panels on the BedZED development in the London Borough of Sutton. Bottom-left: residential rooftop solar PV in Wetherby, Leeds. Right: the CIS Tower was clad in building-integrated PV and connected to the grid in 2005.

European deployment of photovoltaics has slowed down considerably since the record year of 2011. This is mainly due to the strong decline of new installations in some major markets such as Germany and Italy, while the United Kingdom and some smaller European countries are still expected to break new records in 2014.^[101]Spain deployed about 350 MW (+18%) of concentrated solar power (CSP) in 2013, and remains a worldwide leader of this technology. European countries still account for about 60 percent of worldwide deployed capacity of solar power in 2013.^[102][103]

Austria

Main article: Solar power in Austria

Austria had 421.7 MW of photovoltaics at the end of 2012, 234.5 MW of which was installed that year. Most of it is grid connected.^[104] Photovoltaic deployment in Austria had been rather modest for many years, while in other European countries, such as Germany, Italy or Spain installations were booming with new records year after year until 2011. The tide has turned in 2012. New PV installations jumped to more than 200 megawatt per year in Austria in an overall declining European solar market. The European Photovoltaic Industry Association forecasts, that Austria, together with other midsized countries, will contribute significantly to European PV deployment in the coming years.^[105]

Belarus

Main article: Solar power in Belarus

Belgium

Main article: Solar power in Belgium

In October 2009, the city of Antwerp announced that they wanted to install 2,500 m² of solar panels on the roofs of public buildings, which would be worth 265,000 kWh per annum.^[106]

In December 2009, Katoen Natie announced that they would install 800,000 m² of solar panels in various places, including Antwerp.^[107] It is expected that the installed solar power in the Flemish region will be increased by 25% when finished,^[107] resulting in the largest installation in Europe.,^[107] the total cost being 166 million euros.^[108]

Bulgaria

Main article: Solar power in Bulgaria

Bulgaria had seen a record year in 2012 when its PV capacity multiplied several times over to more than 1 GW. In 2013, however, further deployment came to a halt.

Czech Republic

Main article: Solar power in the Czech Republic

Denmark

Main article: Solar power in Denmark

Finland

Main article: Solar power in Finland

France

Main article: Solar power in France

Germany

Main article: Solar power in Germany

 

Erlasee Solar Park

Germany is among the top-4 ranked countries in terms of installed photovoltaic solar capacity. The overall capacity has reached 42.98 gigawatts (GW) by the end of 2017.^[109][110] Photovoltaics contribute almost 6% to the national electricity demands. Germany has seen an outstanding period of photovoltaic installations from 2010 until 2012. During this boom, about 22 GW, or a third of the worldwide PV installations of that period was deployed in Germany alone. However, the boom period ended in 2012, and Germany's national PV market has since declined significantly, due to the amendments in the German Renewable Energy Act (EEG) that reduced feed-in tariffs and set constraints on utility-scaled installations, limiting their size to no more than 10 MW.^[111]

The current version of the EEG only guarantees financial assistance as long as the overall PV capacity has not yet reached 52 GW. It also foresees to regulate annual PV growth within a range of 2.5 GW to 3.5 GW by adjusting the guaranteed fees accordingly. The legislative reforms stipulates a 40 to 45 percent share from renewable energy sources by 2025 and a 55 to 60 percent share by 2035.^[112]

Large PV power plants in Germany include Senftenberg Solarpark, Finsterwalde Solar Park, Lieberose Photovoltaic Park, Strasskirchen Solar Park, Waldpolenz Solar Park, and Köthen Solar Park.

Greece

Main article: Solar power in Greece

By September 2013, the total installed photovoltaic capacity in Greece had reached 2,523.5 MWp from which the 987.2 MWp were installed in the period between January–September 2013 despite the unprecedented financial crisis.^[113] Greece ranks fifth worldwide with regard to per capita installed PV capacity. It is expected that PV produced energy will cover up to 7% of the country's electricity demand in 2014.^[114]

A large solar PV plant is planned for the island of Crete. Research continues into ways to make the actual solar collecting cells less expensive and more efficient. Smaller solar PV farms exist throughout the country.

Hungary

Main article: Solar power in Hungary

Italy

Main article: Solar power in Italy

Italy added nearly 400 MW of solar PV capacity in the year 2017 reaching a total installed PV capacity of around 19.7 GW.^[115]

At the end of 2010 there were 155,977 solar PV plants, with a total capacity of 3,469.9 MW.^[116]: 24 The number of plants and the total capacity surged in 2009 and 2010 following high incentives from Conto Energia. The total power capacity installed tripled and plants installed doubled in 2010 compared to 2009, with an increase of plant's average dimensions.^[116]: 24

Energy production from photovoltaics was 1,905.7 GWh in 2010. Annual growth rates were fast in recent years: 251% in 2009 and 182% in 2010.^[116]: 30 More than a fifth of the total production in 2010 came from the southern region of Apulia.^[116]: 30

In December 2012, solar PV in Italy provided employment to 100,000 people especially in design and installation.^[117]

Lithuania

Main article: Solar power in Lithuania

Netherlands

Main article: Solar power in the Netherlands

Poland

Main article: Solar power in Poland

Portugal

Main article: Solar power in Portugal

A large photovoltaic power project, the Serpa solar power plant, has been completed in Portugal, in one of Europe's sunniest areas.^[118] The 11 megawatt plant covers 150 acres (0.61 km²) and comprises 52,000 PV panels. The panels are raised 2 metres off the ground and the area will remain productive grazing land. The project will provide enough energy for 8,000 homes and will save an estimated 30,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions per year.^[119][120]

The Moura photovoltaic power station is located in the municipality of Moura, in the interior region of Alentejo, Portugal. Its construction involves two stages, with the first one being constructed in 13 months and completed in 2008, and the other will be completed by 2010, at a total cost of €250 million for the project.

Romania

Main article: Solar power in Romania

Romania has an installed capacity of 1.2 GW as of 2014. Romania is located in an area with a good solar potential of 210 sunny days per year and with an annual solar energy flux between 1,000 kWh/m2/year and 1,300 kWh/m2/year. The most important solar regions of Romania are the Black Sea coast, Dobrogea and Oltenia.

Russia

 

A solar power plant in Russia

Current production of 5 MW is very modest, however there are plans for an expansion in capacity by 70 MW in 2012–13 in a $210 million joint project by Rosnano and Renova.^[121] The development of renewable energy in Russia has been held back by the lack of a conducive framework and government policy.^[122]

Spain

Main article: Solar power in Spain

 

The first three units of Solnova in the foreground, with the two towers of the PS10 and PS20 solar power stations in the background

Spain was an early adopter in the development of solar energy, since it is one of the countries of Europe with more hours of sunshine. The Spanish government committed to achieving a target of 12 percent of primary energy from renewable energy by 2010 with an installed solar generating capacity of 3000 megawatts (MW).^[123] Spain is the top tenth in the installed PV solar capacity and used to export 80 percent of solar power output to Germany.^[124] Total solar power in Spain reached nearly 7 GW by the end of 2016 including both installed PV and CSP.^[125] Nearly 8 TWh of electricity was generated from photovoltaics, and 5 TWh from CSP plants in 2016.^[126] Solar PV accounted for nearly 3% of total electricity generation in 2016 along with an additional of 1.9% from solar thermal.^[127]

Through a ministerial ruling in March 2004, the Spanish government removed economic barriers to the connection of renewable energy technologies to the electricity grid. The Royal Decree 436/2004 equalized conditions for large-scale solar thermal and photovoltaic plants and guaranteed feed-in tariffs, which led to a boost in solar power adoption in Spain.^[128] In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, the Spanish government drastically cut its subsidies for solar power and capped future increases in capacity at 500 MW per year leading to a stagnation in the new installations.^[129]

Switzerland

Main article: Solar power in Switzerland

Ukraine

Main article: Solar power in Ukraine

United Kingdom

Main article: Solar power in the United Kingdom

At the end of 2011, there were 230,000 solar power projects in the United Kingdom,^[130] with a total installed generating capacity of 750 megawatts (MW).^[131] By February 2012 the installed capacity had reached 1,000 MW.^[132] Solar power use has increased very rapidly in recent years, albeit from a small base, as a result of reductions in the cost of photovoltaic (PV) panels, and the introduction of a Feed-in tariff (FIT) subsidy in April 2010.^[130] In 2012, the government said that 4 million homes across the UK will be powered by the sun within eight years,^[133] representing 22,000 MW of installed solar power capacity by 2020.^[130] As of April 2015, PV capacity had risen to 6,562 MW across 698,860 installations.^[134] The latest government figures indicates UK solar photovoltaic (PV) generation capacity has reached 12,404 MW in December 2017.^[135]

North America

Canada

Main article: Solar power in Canada

Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant near Sarnia, Ontario, was in September 2010 the world's largest photovoltaic plant with an installed capacity of 80 MW_p.^[136] until surpassed by a plant in China. The Sarnia plant covers 950 acres (380 ha) and contains about 10.3 million sq feet / 966,000 square metres (96.6 ha), which is about 1.3 million thin film panels. The expected annual energy yield is about 120,000 MW·h, which if produced in a coal-fired plant would require emission of 39,000 tonnes of CO₂ per year.

Canada has many regions that are sparsely populated and difficult to access, but also does not have optimal access to sunlight given the high latitudes of much of the country. Photovoltaic cells are increasingly used as standalone units, mostly as off-grid distributed electricity generation to power remote homes, telecommunications equipment, oil and pipeline monitoring stations and navigational devices. The Canadian PV market has grown quickly and Canadian companies make solar modules, controls, specialized water pumps, high efficiency refrigerators and solar lighting systems.^[137] Ontario has subsidized solar power energy to promote its growth.

One of the most important uses for PV cells is in northern communities, many of which depend on high-cost diesel fuel to generate electricity. Since the 1970s, the federal government and industry has encouraged the development of solar technologies for these communities. Some of these efforts have focused on the use of hybrid systems that provide power 24 hours a day, using solar power when sunlight is available, in combination with another energy source.^[137]

Dominican Republic

Main article: Electricity sector in the Dominican Republic § Solar

In June 2021, the Girasol Solar Park was inaugurated as the largest solar PV farm in the country and the entire Antilles region. It has a total installed capacity of 120 megawatts and it is estimated that it will produce 240,000 MWh per year, enough to supply the electricity consumption of more than 100,000 Dominican homes. Girasol will avoid the emission into the atmosphere of 150,000 tons of CO₂ annually and the import of 400,000 barrels of oil, which contributes to mitigate the effects of climate change and represents savings in foreign exchange, respectively.^[138][139]

Before this, in the Dominican Republic, the Monte Plata Project was the largest operating solar plant in the Caribbean with an installed capacity of 69MW.^[140][141]

Jamaica

Main article: Solar power in Jamaica

In 2014, a 1.6 MW photovoltaic rooftop system at a seaside resort, located near the parish capital, Lucea in the parish of Hanover, was inaugurated.^[142][143] It was developed by Sofos Jamaica,^[144] and is the largest in Jamaica until a 20 MW utility-scale solar PV plant is constructed in the Parish of Clarendon in 2015.^{[145][146][147]}

No central database yet exists with information on installed capacity but, web searches reveal media articles, press releases and vendor web pages that share some details. Based on these sources up to the middle of 2015, there was over 3.7 MW connected to the grid but, a sizeable portion of that total, including the 1.6 MW rooftop system of a seaside resort^[143] and a commercial 500 kW-system in the country's capital, Kingston,^[148] do not feed power back to the grid despite being interconnected.

Mexico

Main article: Solar power in Mexico

Mexico was the greatest solar energy producer in Latin America before being overtaken by Brazil. Currently, it is the second largest Latin American producer, with an installed capacity of over 9 GW (in 2022).^[149]

United States

Main article: Solar power in the United States

 

The SEGS CSS plant in San Bernardino County, California was built in the 1980s.

 

U.S. President Barack Obama addressed an audience at the Nellis in May 2009.

Solar power in the United States includes utility-scale solar power plants as well as local distributed generation, mostly from rooftop photovoltaics. Installations have been growing rapidly in recent years as costs have declined with the U.S. hitting 76 GW of installed solar PV capacity at the end of 2019.^[150] The United States is in the top 4 ranking for countries with the most solar PV installed. The American Solar Energy Industries Association projected that total solar PV capacity would reach over 100 GW by 2021.^[151]

Electrical generation has been rising in tandem with capacity as U.S. Energy Information Administration data show that utility-scale solar power generated 1.8% of total U.S. electricity in 2019, up from <0.1% in 2005.^[152][153] This figure is even higher in certain states, already reaching over 10% of generation in five states (California, Hawaii, Nevada, Massachusetts, and Vermont).^[154]

The United States conducted much early research in photovoltaics and concentrated solar power and is among the top countries in the world in deploying the technology, being home to 4 of the 10 largest utility-scale photovoltaic power stations in the world as of 2017. The energy resource continues to be encouraged through official policy with 29 states having set mandatory renewable energy targets as of October 2015, solar power being specifically included in 20 of them.^[155][156] Aside from utility projects, roughly 784,000 homes and businesses in the nation have installed solar systems through the second quarter of 2015.^[157]

Oceania

A number of Pacific island states have committed to high percentages of renewable energy use, both to serve as an example to other countries and to cut the high costs of imported fuels. A number of solar installations have been financed and assisted by Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates.^[158] Solar farms have gone online in Tuvalu, Fiji and Kiribati.^[159] UAE-Pacific Partnership Fund solar projects completed by Masdar in 2016 included: 1MW in the Solomon Islands, 500 kW in Nauru, 600 kW in the Marshall Islands, 600 kW in Micronesia and a 450 kW solar-diesel hybrid plant in Palau.^[160][161] American Samoa has 2 MW of solar installed at Pago Pago Airport.^[162]

Australia

Main article: Solar power in Australia

 

Broken Hill Solar Plant, New South Wales

Australia had over 23,466 megawatts (MW) of installed photovoltaic (PV) solar power by September 2021 making it a leader in solar power deployment on a watts per capita basis.^[163] The largest solar power station in Australia is the 313 MW Limondale Solar Farm. Other significant solar arrays include the 275 MW Darlington Point Solar Farm, 220 MW Bungala solar plant, 200 MW Sunraysia Solar Farm and 174 MW Wellington Solar Farm.

A 9 MW_e (megawatts, electrical) solar thermal `coal saver' system was constructed at Liddell power station. The system used `compact linear Fresnel reflector' technology developed in Australia. It provided solar-powered steam to the 600 MW black coal power station's boiler feedwater heater. By 2016, it was "effectively" closed and an effort to build a similar 40 MW solar boost at Kogan Creek coal power station was stopped.^[164]

The planned Australia–ASEAN Power Link aims to connect Singapore to 26,000MW of solar and wind energy in the north west of Australia.

New Zealand

Main article: Solar power in New Zealand

Solar power in New Zealand currently only generates 0.1 percent of New Zealand's electricity since more emphasis has been placed on hydroelectric, geothermal, and wind power in New Zealand's push for renewable energy. Solar power systems were installed in 42 schools in New Zealand in the Schoolgen program, a program developed by Genesis Energy to educate students in solar power. Each participating school has a 2 kW solar panel. Between February 2007 and 29 December 29, 2012, 395.714 MWh were produced.^[165]

In 2010, New Zealand's largest thin film solar array was the 20 kW array installed at Hubbard Foods^[166] A 21.6 kW photovoltaic array was installed in Queenstown in 2009.^[167] In April 2012, New Zealand's largest solar power plant was the 68.4 kW array installed to meet 70% of the electricity needs of South Auckland Forging Engineering Ltd, which is expected to pay for itself in eight to nine years.^[168][169]

South America

Argentina

Argentina reached a milestone of 1 GW of solar power in 2021.^{[citation needed]}

Brazil

 

Pirapora Solar Complex [pt], one of the largest in Brazil and Latin America, with a capacity of 321 MW

Main article: Solar power in Brazil

Brazil began to install solar energy on a massive scale starting in 2017, quickly becoming the Latin American country with the most solar energy installed. The total installed solar power in Brazil was estimated at 21 GW at October 2022, generating approximately 2.48% of the country's electricity demand. In 2023 Brazil will be among the 10 largest countries in the world in terms of installed solar power.^[170] In 2020, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (7.8 GW).^[171]

In 2022, Brazil entered, for the first time, the list of the ten countries with the highest accumulated installed power from photovoltaic solar source. The country ended 2022 with 24 gigawatts (GW) of solar operating power. With this result, Brazil took eighth place in the international ranking.^[172]

Chile

 

Heliostats at Cerro Dominador Solar Thermal Plant

Main article: Solar power in Chile

Chile is currently the third Latin American country (and second in South America) with the most installed solar energy, 4.4 GW in 2021.^[173] As the Atacama Desert has the highest solar irradiation in the world, and Chile has always had problems obtaining energy (the country basically does not produce oil, gas and coal), renewable energy is seen as the solution for the country's shortcomings in the energy field.^[174][175]

The 246MW El Romero solar photovoltaic plant open in November 2016 at Vallenar in the Atacama region^[176] It was the largest solar farm in Latin America when it opened.

By the first half of 2015 Chile reached 546 MW of PV installed capacity, and 1,647 MW are under construction.^[177]

See also

•  Energy portal
•  Renewable energy portal

• Wind power by country
• Growth of photovoltaics
• International Solar Alliance
• List of photovoltaic power stations
• List of solar thermal power stations
• Renewable energy
• Renewable energy commercialization
• Solar energy
• Solar thermal energy

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