Solar power in New Zealand
Solar power in New Zealand is increasing in capacity, despite no government subsidies or interventions being available. As at the end of December 2022, New Zealand has 255 MW of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar power installed, of which 65 MW (25%) was installed that year.[1] In the 12 months to September 2022, 249 gigawatt-hours of electricity was estimated to have been generated by grid-connected solar, 0.57% of all electricity generated in the country.[2]
Although there are no subsidies, the declining costs of photovoltaics has caused a large increase in demand over the last few years. In 2009, the average turnkey price for a standard PV system of three kilowatts (kW) was about NZ$40,000; by 2019 this had dropped to approx. NZ$8,500.[3]
Distributed systems edit
As of the end of December 2022, 45,761 solar power systems had been installed in New Zealand. For new installations added in December 2022, the average residential system size was 5.7 kW and the average commercial system was 38.4 kW.[1]
The largest solar power system on a school in New Zealand was officially opened in a ceremony in February 2019 at Kaitaia College. Kelvin Davis, unveiled a plaque to acknowledge the installation of the 368 solar panel project which is spread across the rooftop of multiple buildings on the school campus.[4]
By January 2014, solar photovoltaic systems had been installed in 50 schools through the Schoolgen program, a program developed by Genesis Energy to educate students about renewable energy, particularly solar energy. Each school has been given a 2 kW capacity PV system, with a total distributed installed capacity of 100 kilowatts-peak (kWp). Since February 2007, a total of 513 megawatt-hours (MWh) of electrical energy have been recorded.[5]
In January 2020 Foodstuffs announced it would be installing a 1.1 MW PV array on its new Auckland distribution centre.[6][7] In October 2020 Watercare Services installed a 1 MW floating array on its Auckland wastewater treatment plant.[8]
In 2021, Kea Energy commissioned a solar power plant in the Wairau Valley in Marlborough with a potential capacity of 2.2 MW, with current plans to build capacity up to 1.85 MW as at March 2021.[9] In June 2021, the Todd Corporation commissioned a 2.1 MW solar plant at Kapuni in south Taranaki. The facility includes 5800 solar panels and was claimed to be the largest grid-connected solar plant at the time.[10]
| Name | Territorial authority | Coordinates | Capacity (MW) | Commissioned | Type | Operator |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rosedale Wastewater Treatment Plant | Auckland | 1 | 2020 | Floating | Watercare | |
| Foodstuffs North Island Distribution Centre | Auckland | 1.1 | 2021 | Roof mounted | Foodstuffs | |
| Countdown Auckland Distribution Centre (Wiri) | Auckland | 1 | Roof mounted | Countdown / Solar Bay | ||
| Yealands Winery | Marlborough | 0.4 | 2016 | Roof mounted | Yealands Winery | |
| Sylvia Park | Auckland | 0.35 | 2015 | Roof mounted | Kiwi Property |
| Name | Territorial authority | Coordinates | Number of Inverters | Capacity (MW) | Commissioned | Type | Operator |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wairau Valley Solar Farm | Marlborough | 41°36′31″S 173°25′50″E | 1 | 2 | 2021 | Ground mounted | Kea Energy |
| Kapuni Solar Plant | South Taranaki | Not Stated | 2.1 | 2021 | Ground mounted | Sunergise | |
| Taylor's Pass Depot | Marlborough | 0.85 | 2023 | Ground mounted | Energy Marlborough Ltd | ||
| Waiuku Solar Farm | Auckland | 2.4 | 2023 | Ground mounted | Lightyears Solar / Prime Energy |
Grid-scale plants edit
In July 2019 Refining NZ announced plans for a 26 MW solar farm at the Marsden Point Oil Refinery, but by May 2020 the project was on hold.[11][12] In February 2020 Genesis Energy Limited announced plans for a 300 MW facility in the Waikato.[13]' In September 2020 Hawke's Bay Airport announced plans for a 10 MW farm on unused airport land.[14] In May 2020, the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment released a study that considered the economics of grid-scale solar and gave forecasts to 2060, showing that New Zealand has potential for gigawatts of grid-scale solar.[15]
In February 2021 Far North Solar Farm applied for resource consent for a 16 MW farm at Pukenui on the Aupouri Peninsula in Northland.[16] In May 2021 Lodestone Energy announced plans for five solar farms in the upper North Island, capable of generating 400 GWh annually.[17][18]
In December 2021 Christchurch Airport announced it would be hosting a 150 MW plant at Kōwhai Park, to be scaled up over 30 years.[19][20] On 30 December 2021 Island Green Power announced plans for a 200 MW solar farm in Waikato.[21] In April 2022 Helios Energy announced plans for a series of farms with a combined output of 1 GW.[22] In May 2022 Far North Solar Farm announced a partnership with Aquila Capital to build 1 GW of generation.[23]
Operating edit
| Name | Location | Operator | DC Capacity (MWp) | Nameplate Capacity (MWac) | Commissioned | Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lodestone Two | Kaitaia, Northland | Lodestone Energy | 32[24] | 23[25] | 2023[26] | 35°4′54″S 173°13′10″E / 35.08167°S 173.21944°E |
| Te Ihi o te Ra[27] | Gisborne Airport, Gisborne | Eastland Generation | 5.2 | 2023[28] |
Proposed and under construction edit
Only solar plants over 5 MW generating capacity are listed.
| Name | Location | Operator | Projected capacity (MW) | Status | Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ashley[29] | Ashley, Canterbury | Solar Bay | Proposed | ||
| Argyle Solar Farm | Wairau Valley, Marlborough | Manawa Energy | 28 | Proposed | |
| Ashburton Solar Farm | Ashburton, Canterbury | Lightyears Solar | 7 | Proposed | |
| Edgecumbe[30] | Edgecumbe, Bay of Plenty | Helios | 115 | Consented[31] | |
| Greytown[32] | Greytown, Wellington | Helios | 100 | Proposed | 41°5′55.8″S 175°26′21.45″E / 41.098833°S 175.4392917°E |
| Hawke's Bay Airport[33] | Napier, Hawke's Bay | Hawke's Bay Airport | 24 | Proposed | |
| Helensville[34] | Helensville, Auckland | HES Aotearoa | 70 | Proposed | 36°41′20″S 174°26′20″E / 36.68889°S 174.43889°E |
| Kōwhai Park[20] | Harewood, Canterbury | Christchurch Airport | 150 | Proposed | 43°29′45″S 172°30′38″E / 43.49583°S 172.51056°E |
| Lauriston[35] | Lauriston, Canterbury | Genesis[36] | 50 | Consented | |
| Leeston[37] | Leeston, Canterbury | Keax | 160 | Proposed | |
| Lodestone One[38] | Dargaville, Northland | Lodestone Energy | 60 | Proposed | |
| Lodestone Three | Waiotahe, Bay of Plenty | Lodestone Energy | Proposed | ||
| Lodestone Four | Edgecumbe, Bay of Plenty | Lodestone Energy | 32 | Under construction[39] | |
| Lodestone Five | Whitianga, Waikato | Lodestone Energy | Proposed | ||
| Maniototo | Maniototo, Otago | Helios | 300 | Proposed[40][41] | |
| Massey University[42] | Massey University, Palmerston North | Solar Bay | 6 | Proposed | 40°23′30.75″S 175°37′50.42″E / 40.3918750°S 175.6306722°E |
| Maungaturoto | Maungaturoto, Northland | Solar Bay | 20 | Under construction[43] | |
| Naseby | Naseby, Otago | Solar Bay | 50 | Consented[44] | |
| Ongaonga[45] | Ongaonga, Hawke's Bay | Sky Solar | Proposed | 39°55′15.55″S 176°26′46.64″E / 39.9209861°S 176.4462889°E | |
| Ongaonga 2[46] | Ongaonga, Hawke's Bay | Helios Energy | 100 | Proposed | 39°55′39.22″S 176°25′25.48″E / 39.9275611°S 176.4237444°E |
| Palmerston North[47] | Palmerston North, Manawatu | Kiwi Solar farms | 28 | Proposed | |
| Pukenui | Pukenui, Northland | Far North Solar Farm | 16 | Under construction | 34°49′06″S 173°6′38″E / 34.81833°S 173.11056°E |
| Ruakaka[48] | Marsden Point, Northland | Meridian Energy | 75 | Proposed | |
| Seaview Road, Seddon | Seddon, Marlborough | Energy Marlborough Ltd | 5 | Consented | |
| Skinner Road[49] | Stratford, Taranaki | Ranui Generation | 40 | Proposed | |
| Smith Canal[50] | near Ruawai, Northland | Lightyears | 11 | Proposed | |
| Tauhei[51] | Te Aroha, Waikato | Harmony Energy | 185[52] | Consented[53] | 37°35′18.17″S 175°43′18.75″E / 37.5883806°S 175.7218750°E |
| Taupō[54] | Taupō, Waikato | Nova Energy | 400 | Consented[55] | 38°53′44.49″S 176°25′25.55″E / 38.8956917°S 176.4237639°E |
| The Point | Mackenzie District | Far North Solar Farm | 420 | Proposed[56] | 44°19′18.71″S 170°12′3.55″E / 44.3218639°S 170.2009861°E |
| Three Stream[49] | Kaponga, Taranaki | Ranui Generation | 30 | Proposed | |
| Tikokino[49] | Tikokino, Hawke’s Bay | Ranui Generation | 55 | Proposed | |
| Twin Rivers[49] | Kaitaia, Northland | Ranui Generation | 30 | Proposed | |
| Waipara | Waipara, Canterbury | Far North Solar Farm | 135 | Proposed[57] | 43°2′52.03″S 172°43′58.09″E / 43.0477861°S 172.7328028°E |
| Ward | Ward, Marlborough | Energy Marlborough Ltd | 15 | Proposed | |
| Waiterimu[21] | near Ohinewai, Waikato | Island Green Power | 200 | Proposed | 37°28′35.57″S 175°16′14.7″E / 37.4765472°S 175.270750°E |
Cost-effectiveness edit
Retail buy-back rates for solar power exported to the grid range from 7 to 17 cents, plus 15% GST if the system owner is GST-registered.[58] Cost-effectiveness of a residential solar power occurs when system owners aim to use more of their solar power than what they export, by means of timed appliances, turning on appliances when the sun is out, energy management systems and battery storage. Commercial buildings that use power during the day can get a high return on their investment.[59]
A 2015 study found that PV was more economical than grid supply if all the PV electricity was used on site and none was exported to the grid. For residential and commercial installations, improving energy efficiency is a lower cost option than PV.[60]
Statistics edit
|
| Network reporting region | Installations | Uptake (%) | Total capacity (MW) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bay of Islands (Top Energy) | 1,766 | 5.16 | 10.29 |
| Whangarei and Kaipara (Northpower) | 2,105 | 3.38 | 11.83 |
| Waitemata (Vector) | 5,022 | 1.97 | 26.23 |
| Auckland (Vector) | 4,880 | 1.32 | 34.91 |
| Counties (Counties Power) | 1,594 | 3.33 | 8.85 |
| Thames Valley (Powerco) | 1,182 | 1.57 | 6.74 |
| Waikato (WEL Networks) | 2,328 | 2.36 | 14.39 |
| Waipa (Waipa Networks) | 1,094 | 3.74 | 7.62 |
| King Country (The Lines Company) | 173 | 0.72 | 1.59 |
| Tauranga (Powerco) | 2,326 | 2.50 | 13.03 |
| Rotorua (Unison Networks) | 439 | 1.36 | 2.71 |
| Eastern Bay of Plenty (Horizon Energy) | 561 | 2.22 | 2.67 |
| Taupo (Unison Networks) | 251 | 1.39 | 1.22 |
| Eastland (Eastland Network) | 466 | 1.80 | 2.03 |
| Hawke's Bay (Unison Networks) | 1,975 | 3.00 | 10.82 |
| Central Hawke's Bay (Centralines) | 286 | 3.22 | 1.81 |
| Southern Hawke's Bay (Scanpower) | 74 | 1.08 | 1.00 |
| Wairarapa (Powerco) | 833 | 3.09 | 4.27 |
| Taranaki (Powerco) | 1,003 | 1.65 | 8.21 |
| Whanganui (Powerco) | 493 | 1.43 | 2.61 |
| Manawatu (Powerco) | 898 | 1.55 | 5.18 |
| Kapiti and Horowhenua (Electra) | 1,277 | 2.73 | 6.17 |
| Wellington (Wellington Electricity) | 2,547 | 1.41 | 12.42 |
| Nelson (Nelson Electricity) | 298 | 3.23 | 1.34 |
| Tasman (Network Tasman) | 2,022 | 4.72 | 13.06 |
| Marlborough (Marlborough Lines) | 980 | 3.69 | 8.24 |
| Buller (Buller Electricity) | 34 | 0.70 | 0.17 |
| West Coast (Westpower) | 73 | 0.51 | 0.39 |
| North Canterbury (MainPower) | 1,700 | 3.89 | 9.01 |
| Central Canterbury (Orion) | 4,952 | 2.25 | 28.30 |
| Ashburton (EA Networks) | 440 | 2.12 | 2.93 |
| South Canterbury (Alpine Energy) | 693 | 2.04 | 3.60 |
| Waitaki (Network Waitaki) | 203 | 1.51 | 1.40 |
| Queenstown (Aurora Energy) | 583 | 3.14 | 3.41 |
| Central Otago (Aurora Energy) | 1,464 | 6.04 | 8.32 |
| Otago (OtagoNet) | 298 | 1.91 | 2.07 |
| Dunedin (Aurora Energy) | 601 | 1.06 | 2.63 |
| Southland (The Power Company) | 547 | 1.45 | 3.25 |
| Invercargill (Electricity Invercargill) | 139 | 0.79 | 0.81 |
| Total | 48,600 | 2.13 | 285.46 |
| As at | ICP count | ICP uptake rate (%) | Total capacity installed (MW) | Avg. capacity installed (kW) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31 December 2013 | 2,236 | 0.11092 | 8.326 | 3.724 |
| 31 December 2014 | 5,423 | 0.26616 | 21.634 | 3.989 |
| 31 December 2015 | 9,377 | 0.45512 | 37.126 | 3.959 |
| 31 December 2016 | 13,654 | 0.65528 | 52.972 | 3.880 |
| 31 December 2017 | 18,049 | 0.85537 | 70.185 | 3.889 |
| 31 December 2018 | 22,355 | 1.04626 | 90.160 | 4.033 |
| 31 December 2019 | 26,476 | 1.22233 | 116.584 | 4.403 |
| 31 December 2020 | 30,639 | 1.39407 | 143.510 | 4.684 |
| 31 December 2021 | 36,618 | 1.65042 | 189.556 | 5.148 |
| 31 December 2022 | 45,886 | 2.02678 | 257.320 | 5.642 |
See also edit
- Solar power
- Photovoltaic power station
- Energy in New Zealand
- Electricity sector in New Zealand
- Renewable energy in New Zealand
- Wind power in New Zealand
- Ocean power in New Zealand
- Geothermal power in New Zealand
- Biofuel in New Zealand
- Hydroelectric power in New Zealand
- Solar hot water in New Zealand
- Renewable energy commercialisation
- Renewable energy by country
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External links edit
- Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority - Solar Energy
- Sustainable Electricity Association of New Zealand
- The price of a solar power system