A renewable portfolio standard (RPS) is a regulation that requires the increased production of energy from renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal. Other common names for the same concept include Renewable Electricity Standard (RES) at the United States federal level and Renewables Obligation in the UK.
The RPS mechanism places an obligation on electricity supply companies to produce a specified fraction of their electricity from renewable energy sources. Certified renewable energy generators earn certificates for every unit of electricity they produce and can sell these along with their electricity to supply companies. Supply companies then pass the certificates to some form of regulatory body to demonstrate their compliance with their regulatory obligations. RPS can rely on the private market for its implementation. In jurisdictions such as California, minimum RPS requirements are legislated. California Senate Bill 350 passed in October 2015 requires retail sellers and publicly owned utilities to procure 50 percent of their electricity from eligible renewable energy resources by 2030. RPS programs tend to allow more pricecompetition between different types of renewable energy, but can be limited in competition through eligibility and multipliers for RPS programs. Those supporting the adoption of RPS mechanisms claim that market implementation will result in competition, efficiency, and innovation that will deliver renewable energy at the lowest possible cost, allowing renewable energy to compete with cheaper fossil fuel energy sources.[1]
The German Renewable Energy Act, since its adoption in 2000, is producing strong growth in renewable power capacity by encouraging private investors through guaranteed Feed-in tariffs. Germany adopted targets more aggressive than the EU mandated targets in September 2010:
Renewable electricity – 35% by 2020 and 80% by 2050
Renewable energy – 18% by 2020, 30% by 2030, and 60% by 2050[8]
JapanEdit
Based on the 1997 Act on the Promotion of New Energy Usage, 118 million KWh was targeted in 2012 (METI).[9]
Republic of KoreaEdit
The Republic of Korea adopted the Act on the Promotion of the Development, Use, and Diffusion of New and Renewable Energy since 2012.[10]
The RO places an obligation on licensed electricity suppliers in the United Kingdom to source an increasing proportion of electricity from renewable sources, similar to a renewable portfolio standard. In 2010/11 it is 11.1% (4.0% in Northern Ireland). This figure was initially set at 3% for the period 2002/03 and under current[when?] political commitments rose to 15.4% (6.3% in Northern Ireland) by the period 2015/16 and then it runs until 2037 (2033 in Northern Ireland). The extension of the scheme from 2027 to 2037 was declared on 1 April 2010 and is detailed in the National Renewable Energy Action Plan.[13] Since its introduction the RO has more than tripled the level of eligible renewable electricity generation (from 1.8%[citation needed] of total UK supply to 7.0% in 2010[14]).
Selected state renewable portfolio standards with 2018 revisions. 29 states have adopted policies targeting a percentage of their energy to come from renewable sources.
In 2009, the US Congress considered Federal level RPS requirements. The American Clean Energy and Security Act reported out of committee in July by the Senate Committee on Energy & Natural Resources includes a Renewable Electricity Standard that called for 3% of U.S. electrical generation to come from non-hydro renewables by 2013, but the full Senate did not pass the bill.[15]
Different state RPS programs issue a different number of Renewable Energy Credits depending on the generation technology; for example, solar generation counts for twice as much as other renewable sources in Michigan and Virginia.[16]
The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory claims that RPS requirements were responsible for 60% of the total increase in American renewable electricity generation since the year 2000. However, the LBNL also reports that RPSs' role has been declining in recent years from 71% of the annual American renewables builds in the year 2013 to 46% just two years later, in 2015.[17]
^"State Renewable Portfolio Standards and Goals". www.ncsl.org. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
^Martinot, Eric and Li Junfeng (2010-07-21). "Renewable Energy Policy Update For China". RenewableEnergyWorld. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
^"EU renewable energy policy". EurActiv. 2010-11-09. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
^Austin, Anna (2010-03-12). "EU to meet renewable energy target". Biomass Power & Thermal Magazine. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
^Barbose, Galen (September 2016). "A retrospective analysis of benefits and impacts of U.S. renewable portfolio standards" (PDF). Energy Policy. 96: 645. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.06.035.
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A renewable portfolio standard RPS is a regulation that requires the increased production of energy from renewable energy sources such as wind solar biomass and geothermal Other common names for the same concept include Renewable Electricity Standard RES at the United States federal level and Renewables Obligation in the UK The RPS mechanism places an obligation on electricity supply companies to produce a specified fraction of their electricity from renewable energy sources Certified renewable energy generators earn certificates for every unit of electricity they produce and can sell these along with their electricity to supply companies Supply companies then pass the certificates to some form of regulatory body to demonstrate their compliance with their regulatory obligations RPS can rely on the private market for its implementation In jurisdictions such as California minimum RPS requirements are legislated California Senate Bill 350 passed in October 2015 requires retail sellers and publicly owned utilities to procure 50 percent of their electricity from eligible renewable energy resources by 2030 RPS programs tend to allow more price competition between different types of renewable energy but can be limited in competition through eligibility and multipliers for RPS programs Those supporting the adoption of RPS mechanisms claim that market implementation will result in competition efficiency and innovation that will deliver renewable energy at the lowest possible cost allowing renewable energy to compete with cheaper fossil fuel energy sources 1 RPS type mechanisms have been adopted in several countries including the United Kingdom Italy Poland Sweden Belgium 2 and Chile as well as in 29 of 50 U S states and the District of Columbia 3 4 Contents 1 Policy by country 1 1 Australia 1 2 China 1 3 European Union 1 3 1 Germany 1 4 Japan 1 5 Republic of Korea 1 6 United Kingdom 1 7 United States 2 ReferencesPolicy by country EditAustralia Edit Renewable Energy Electricity Act 2000 Cth citation needed China Edit China adopted a renewable energy target in 2006 and modified it in 2009 to the following targets 5 Renewable electricity 500 GW by 2020 300 from hydro 150 from wind 30 from biomass and 20 from solar PV Renewable energy 15 by 2020 15 non fossil fuel which includes nuclear European Union Edit The European Union passed the Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources in 2001 and expanded it in 2007 to the following EU wide targets although member states are free to pass more aggressive targets 6 7 Renewable electricity 33 by 2020 Renewable energy 20 by 2020Germany Edit The German Renewable Energy Act since its adoption in 2000 is producing strong growth in renewable power capacity by encouraging private investors through guaranteed Feed in tariffs Germany adopted targets more aggressive than the EU mandated targets in September 2010 Renewable electricity 35 by 2020 and 80 by 2050 Renewable energy 18 by 2020 30 by 2030 and 60 by 2050 8 Japan Edit Based on the 1997 Act on the Promotion of New Energy Usage 118 million KWh was targeted in 2012 METI 9 Republic of Korea Edit The Republic of Korea adopted the Act on the Promotion of the Development Use and Diffusion of New and Renewable Energy since 2012 10 United Kingdom Edit The Renewables Obligation RO 11 is designed to encourage generation of electricity from eligible renewable sources in the United Kingdom It was introduced in England and Wales and in a different form the Renewables Obligation Scotland in Scotland in April 2002 and in Northern Ireland in April 2005 replacing the Non Fossil Fuel Obligation which operated from 1990 12 The RO places an obligation on licensed electricity suppliers in the United Kingdom to source an increasing proportion of electricity from renewable sources similar to a renewable portfolio standard In 2010 11 it is 11 1 4 0 in Northern Ireland This figure was initially set at 3 for the period 2002 03 and under current when political commitments rose to 15 4 6 3 in Northern Ireland by the period 2015 16 and then it runs until 2037 2033 in Northern Ireland The extension of the scheme from 2027 to 2037 was declared on 1 April 2010 and is detailed in the National Renewable Energy Action Plan 13 Since its introduction the RO has more than tripled the level of eligible renewable electricity generation from 1 8 citation needed of total UK supply to 7 0 in 2010 14 United States Edit Main article Renewable portfolio standards in the United States Selected state renewable portfolio standards with 2018 revisions 29 states have adopted policies targeting a percentage of their energy to come from renewable sources The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act is a law passed in 1978 by the United States Congress as part of the National Energy Act It was meant to promote clarification needed greater use of renewable energy mostly through feed in tariffs but contains little language declaring explicit renewable energy objectives or quotas In 2009 the US Congress considered Federal level RPS requirements The American Clean Energy and Security Act reported out of committee in July by the Senate Committee on Energy amp Natural Resources includes a Renewable Electricity Standard that called for 3 of U S electrical generation to come from non hydro renewables by 2013 but the full Senate did not pass the bill 15 Different state RPS programs issue a different number of Renewable Energy Credits depending on the generation technology for example solar generation counts for twice as much as other renewable sources in Michigan and Virginia 16 The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory claims that RPS requirements were responsible for 60 of the total increase in American renewable electricity generation since the year 2000 However the LBNL also reports that RPSs role has been declining in recent years from 71 of the annual American renewables builds in the year 2013 to 46 just two years later in 2015 17 References Edit awea org gt gt Policy Archived 2007 02 02 at the Wayback Machine Race to the Top The Expanding Role of U S State Renewable Portfolio Standards Archived 2012 09 13 at the Wayback Machine RPS Collaborative www cesa org Retrieved 2018 07 13 State Renewable Portfolio Standards and Goals www ncsl org Retrieved 2016 02 29 Martinot Eric and Li Junfeng 2010 07 21 Renewable Energy Policy Update For China RenewableEnergyWorld Retrieved 2010 11 14 EU renewable energy policy EurActiv 2010 11 09 Retrieved 2010 11 14 Austin Anna 2010 03 12 EU to meet renewable energy target Biomass Power amp Thermal Magazine Retrieved 2010 11 14 Barbose Galen September 2016 A retrospective analysis of benefits and impacts of U S renewable portfolio standards PDF Energy Policy 96 645 doi 10 1016 j enpol 2016 06 035 日本法令外国語訳データベースシステム 法令本文表示 新エネルギー利用等の促進に関する特別措置法 국가법령정보센터 Ofgem and ROC Ofgem What is the Renewables Obligation Renewable Energy PDF Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology October 2001 postnote 164 Retrieved June 13 2011 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help http www decc gov uk assets decc what 20we 20do uk 20energy 20supply energy 20mix renewable 20energy ored 25 nat ren energy action plan pdf bare URL PDF Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2011 08 29 Retrieved 2011 07 29 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link House and Senate Move to Address Climate and Energy Mixed Bag for Clean Energy Challenges of Playing Favorites State amp Federal RPS Programs Archived October 15 2009 at the Wayback Machine Renewables Portfolio Standards Resources rps lbl gov Retrieved 2017 03 02 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Renewable portfolio standard amp oldid 1110789666, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
