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Han Chinese subgroups

January 01, 1970

The Han Chinese people can be defined into subgroups based on linguistic, cultural, ethnic, genetic, and regional features. The terminology used in Mandarin to describe the groups is: "minxi" (Chinese: 民系; pinyin: mínxì; Wade–Giles: min2 hsi4; lit. 'ethnic lineages', pronounced [mǐnɕî]), used in mainland China or "zuqun" (Chinese: 族群; pinyin: zúqún; Wade–Giles: tzu2 ch'ün; lit. 'ethnic groups', pronounced [tsǔtɕʰy̌n]), used in Taiwan. No Han subgroup is recognized as one of People's Republic of China's 56 official ethnic groups, in Taiwan only three subgroups, Hoklo, Hakka and Waishengren are recognized.

Han subgroups edit

 
The eight main dialect areas of Mandarin in mainland China
 
The main varieties of Chinese in mainland China and Taiwan
Further information: Varieties of Chinese

Mandarin-speaking groups edit

  • Total Native Han Speakers: 885,000,000[1]

Mandarin, also known as the Northern dialects, is the largest of the Chinese languages. Even in regions where non-Mandarin speakers historically dominated, Mandarin is being brought in as a lingua franca. The Mandarin-speaking groups are the largest group in mainland China, but in the diaspora the Min, Hakka and Cantonese dialects are more numerous. The Dungan people of Central Asia are native Central Plains Mandarin-speaking Hui peoples. Other notable Mandarin-speaking peoples include the Sichuanese people and Jianghuai people.

Jianghuai people edit

Main articles: Jianghuai people and Lower Yangtze Mandarin

The Jianghuai people distribute in the Jianghuai region between the Yangtze river (Jiang, 江) and the Huai river (淮) in central Anhui and central Jiangsu. The Lower Yangtze Mandarin or the Jianghuai Mandarin is distinctive from other Mandarin dialects. The main dialects of the language is the Nanjing dialect.

Jiao-Liao people edit
Main articles: Jiaoliao Mandarin, Shandong Peninsula, and Liaodong Peninsula

The Jiao-Liao people are distributed on both Jiaodong Peninsula and Liaodong Peninsula. Since pre-historical periods, the 2 peninsulas have been closely related, culturally, economically etc.[2] Their strong relationship is partly attributed to Miaodao Archipalegos[2] (see Changdao County) in between the Bohai Strait, because they made the inter-strait voyage easier . The 2 peninsulas are both surrounded by the Bohai Sea to the west and the Yellow Sea to all other directions.

 
Jiaoliao Mandarin with its variants mapped

The Jiaoliao Mandarin differs from neighboring dialects significantly (e.g., Jilu Mandarin, Northeastern Mandarin), possibly due to the lack of population interchange and the insularity of Jiao-Liao Culture. The canonical style of Jiaoliao Mandarin is from Rongcheng, due to its antiquity.

Sichuanese people edit

Main articles: Sichuanese culture, Sichuanese people, and Southwestern Mandarin

The Sichuanese people are centered around Chongqing and Sichuan. The Southwestern Mandarin are also the lingua Franca in Guangxi and Hubei.

Wu-speaking groups edit

Main articles: Wuyue culture and Wu Chinese-speaking people
  • Total Native Han Speakers: 77,175,000[1]

Wu-speaking peoples, in particular, are concentrated in the Yangtze River basin (southern Jiangsu, the whole Shanghai, most of Zhejiang and parts of southern Anhui), northern Fujian, and northeastern Jiangxi. Scattered remnants of Wu-speaking Chinese are found in other parts of China, such as in Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing and Xinjiang, as a result after 1964. Most of them outside of Jiangnan region usually speak variants of Taihu Wu dialects. Wu Chinese is spoken chiefly in the Wu region. Jiangnanese people consist of both Shanghainese people and Ningbo people, as well as other ethnic Han in Jiangnan. They mostly speak variants of Taihu Wu Chinese. Other languages spoken are Jianghuai Mandarin and Xuanzhou Wu Chinese.

The Shanghainese people are centered around Shanghai and speak the Shanghainese dialect of Wu. Ningbo people are another Wu-speaking Chinese group and speak the Ningbo dialect. Wenzhou people are a Wu-speaking Chinese group who speak Wenzhounese. Though a significant minority are also speakers of a dialect of Min Nan known as Zhenan Min. If Huizhou Chinese was fully considered to be a subdivision of Wu Chinese, then people from Huizhou are considered to be Wu-speaking.

Wu Chinese is also spoken by a minuscule minority, particularly by mainlanders, both in Taiwan and in Hong Kong, as also other overseas Chinese communities.

Yue-speaking groups edit

Main articles: Lingnan culture, Cantonese people, and Taishanese people
  • Total Native Han Speakers: 66,000,000[1]

Yue or Cantonese speakers are predominant in the Pearl River basin (western-central Guangdong and eastern-central Guangxi), as well as in Hong Kong and Macau. The Yue dialects spoken in Guangxi province are mutually intelligible with Cantonese. For instance, Wuzhou is about 120 miles upstream from Guangzhou, but its dialect is more like that of Guangzhou than is that of Taishan which is 60 miles southwest of Guangzhou and separated by several rivers from it. Cantonese is also spoken by some locals in Hainan. For example, the Mai dialect which is closely related to Cantonese, is spoken in Hainan Province.

There are Cantonese-speaking communities in Southeast Asia, particularly in Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, and to a lesser extent, in Indonesia. Many Cantonese emigrants, particularly Taishanese peoples, also migrated to United States and Canada, and later in Australia and New Zealand as well. As a result, Cantonese continues to be widely used by Chinese communities of Guangzhou and Hong Kong/Macau origin in the Western World and has not been completely supplanted by Mandarin.

Min-speaking groups edit

Main articles: Teochew culture, Hokkien culture, and Min Chinese speakers
  • Total Native Han Speakers of Min (all groups): 60,000,000[3]

Min speakers are scattered throughout southern China but mostly concentrated on provinces of Fujian and Hainan, with some parts in Guangdong (especially in Chaoshan), the tip of southern Zhejiang and Taiwan.

There are several main dialects in Min Chinese. The Fuzhou dialect of Min Dong, is spoken by the Fuzhou people who are native to the city of Fuzhou. The dialect of Puxian Min is represented by the Putian people (also known as Xinghua or Henghua), the Puxian-speaking people are native to Puxian.

The Hokkien dialects of Min Nan spoken in Southern Fujian and Taiwan is the largest Min division and spoken by larger Hoklo population compared to other Min dialects. Furthermore, Hokkien is further extended into other unique Min Nan groups who speaks variants of the Min Nan dialect. The Teochew people who are native to eastern Guangdong and Hainanese people who are native of Hainan island are all Min Nan dialect groups. The dialect of Cangnan, which is Zhenan Min, is spoken in Wenzhou, Zhejiang. Outside of mainland China and Taiwan, Min Nan also make up the biggest Chinese dialect group among the overseas Chinese populations in Southeast Asia such as Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines.

Xiang-speaking groups edit

Main articles: Culture of Hunan and Hunanese people
  • Total Native Han Speakers: 36,015,000[1]

Xiang speakers mostly live in Hunan province, and so are often called Hunanese people. Xiang-speaking people are also found in the adjacent provinces of Hubei, Jiangxi and Sichuan. The Xiangnan Tuhua users are the minority ethnic subgroup in this region.

Hakka-speaking groups edit

Main articles: Hakka culture and Hakka people
  • Total Native Han Speakers: 34,000,000[1]

The Hakka people speaks Hakka and are predominant in parts of Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi and Taiwan. They are one of the largest groups found among the Ethnic Han in Southeast Asia.

Gan Chinese-speaking groups edit

Main articles: Culture of Jiangxi and Gan Chinese-speaking people
  • Total Native Han Speakers: 20,580,000[1]

The origin of Gan-speaking peoples in China are from Jiangxi province in China. Gan-speaking populations are also found in Fujian, southern Anhui and Hubei provinces, and linguistic enclaves are found in Taiwan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian and non-Gan speaking Jiangxi.

Smaller groups edit

Other minor subgroups include speakers of the Tanka people, Gaoshan Han, Tunpu, Caijia, Peranakans, Chuanqing, Kwongsai people, Waxiang people and Taz people.

Han subgroups by subculture edit

Main article: Chinese culture

The culture of the Han Chinese is complex and diverse. The vast geographic scale of China has led the Han to culturally separate themselves into northern and southern divisions.

North edit

South edit

Han subgroups by region of China edit

Mainland China edit

Further information on the Han Chinese in mainland China: Ethnic groups in China

The Han people originated in mainland China. Each Han subgroup is generally associated with a particular region in China; the Cantonese originated in Liangguang, the Putian in Puxian, the Foochow in Fuzhou, the Hoklo in Southern Fujian, the Chaoshan/Teochew in eastern Guangdong,[7] the Hakka in eastern/central Guangdong and western Fujian, and the Shanghainese in Shanghai.

Hong Kong edit

Further information on the Han Chinese in Hong Kong: Hong Kong people
See also: Tanka people

In Hong Kong, a majority of the population are Cantonese. According to the CIA World Factbook, 89% of Hong Kongers speak the Cantonese language.[8] Other Han Chinese peoples present in Hong Kong include the Hakka, Teochew, Hoklo and Shanghainese besides ethnic minorities like the Tankas.

Macau edit

See also: Tanka people

As per the 2021 census of Macau, 89.4% of Macau's population declared themselves to be of Chinese ethnicity.[9] Most speak Cantonese as their "usual language" (81%).[10] In English, the term Macanese people tends to refer to people of mixed Cantonese and Portuguese descent.[11] Macau people is used to describe anyone who originates from or lives in Macau.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Top 100 Languages by Population". from the original on 2016-12-19. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  2. ^ a b Duan, Tian-Jing (June 2003). "Some Problems of Yueshi Culture in Jiaodong Peninsula and Liaodong Peninsula" (PDF). Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University: 9–10. (PDF) from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2023-03-28 – via Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University.
  3. ^ Brown, David P. "Top 100 Languages by Population - First Language Speakers". Davidpbrown.co.uk. from the original on 19 December 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  4. ^ "晉語的使用範圍與歷史起源".
  5. ^ "晉語是中國北方的唯一一個非官話方言，但是否歸屬官話". from the original on 2021-03-22. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
  6. ^ "山西方言與山西文化".
  7. ^ James Stuart Olson (1998). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-28853-4. from the original on 2023-04-24. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  8. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook – Hong Kong". CIA. 2008. from the original on 2021-06-10. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  9. ^ Statistics and Census Service (DSEC) (2022). Detailed Results of 2021 Population Census (Revised Version) (Report). Macau. p. 10. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  10. ^ Statistics and Census Service (DSEC) (2022). Detailed Results of 2021 Population Census (Revised Version) (Report). Macau. p. 16. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  11. ^ Clayton, Cathryn H. (2009). Sovereignty at the Edge: Macau & the Question of Chineseness. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-03545-4.

January 01, 1970
chinese, subgroups, chinese, people, defined, into, subgroups, based, linguistic, cultural, ethnic, genetic, regional, features, terminology, used, mandarin, describe, groups, minxi, chinese, 民系, pinyin, mínxì, wade, giles, min2, hsi4, ethnic, lineages, pronou. The Han Chinese people can be defined into subgroups based on linguistic cultural ethnic genetic and regional features The terminology used in Mandarin to describe the groups is minxi Chinese 民系 pinyin minxi Wade Giles min2 hsi4 lit ethnic lineages pronounced mi nɕi used in mainland China or zuqun Chinese 族群 pinyin zuqun Wade Giles tzu2 ch un lit ethnic groups pronounced tsu tɕʰy n used in Taiwan No Han subgroup is recognized as one of People s Republic of China s 56 official ethnic groups in Taiwan only three subgroups Hoklo Hakka and Waishengren are recognized Contents 1 Han subgroups 1 1 Mandarin speaking groups 1 1 1 Jianghuai people 1 1 1 1 Jiao Liao people 1 1 2 Sichuanese people 1 2 Wu speaking groups 1 3 Yue speaking groups 1 4 Min speaking groups 1 5 Xiang speaking groups 1 6 Hakka speaking groups 1 7 Gan Chinese speaking groups 1 8 Smaller groups 2 Han subgroups by subculture 2 1 North 2 2 South 3 Han subgroups by region of China 3 1 Mainland China 3 2 Hong Kong 3 3 Macau 4 See also 5 ReferencesHan subgroups editThis section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed February 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message nbsp The eight main dialect areas of Mandarin in mainland China nbsp The main varieties of Chinese in mainland China and Taiwan Further information Varieties of Chinese Mandarin speaking groups edit Total Native Han Speakers 885 000 000 1 Mandarin also known as the Northern dialects is the largest of the Chinese languages Even in regions where non Mandarin speakers historically dominated Mandarin is being brought in as a lingua franca The Mandarin speaking groups are the largest group in mainland China but in the diaspora the Min Hakka and Cantonese dialects are more numerous The Dungan people of Central Asia are native Central Plains Mandarin speaking Hui peoples Other notable Mandarin speaking peoples include the Sichuanese people and Jianghuai people Jianghuai people edit Main articles Jianghuai people and Lower Yangtze Mandarin The Jianghuai people distribute in the Jianghuai region between the Yangtze river Jiang 江 and the Huai river 淮 in central Anhui and central Jiangsu The Lower Yangtze Mandarin or the Jianghuai Mandarin is distinctive from other Mandarin dialects The main dialects of the language is the Nanjing dialect Jiao Liao people edit Main articles Jiaoliao Mandarin Shandong Peninsula and Liaodong Peninsula The Jiao Liao people are distributed on both Jiaodong Peninsula and Liaodong Peninsula Since pre historical periods the 2 peninsulas have been closely related culturally economically etc 2 Their strong relationship is partly attributed to Miaodao Archipalegos 2 see Changdao County in between the Bohai Strait because they made the inter strait voyage easier The 2 peninsulas are both surrounded by the Bohai Sea to the west and the Yellow Sea to all other directions nbsp Jiaoliao Mandarin with its variants mapped The Jiaoliao Mandarin differs from neighboring dialects significantly e g Jilu Mandarin Northeastern Mandarin possibly due to the lack of population interchange and the insularity of Jiao Liao Culture The canonical style of Jiaoliao Mandarin is from Rongcheng due to its antiquity Sichuanese people edit Main articles Sichuanese culture Sichuanese people and Southwestern Mandarin The Sichuanese people are centered around Chongqing and Sichuan The Southwestern Mandarin are also the lingua Franca in Guangxi and Hubei Wu speaking groups edit Main articles Wuyue culture and Wu Chinese speaking people Total Native Han Speakers 77 175 000 1 Wu speaking peoples in particular are concentrated in the Yangtze River basin southern Jiangsu the whole Shanghai most of Zhejiang and parts of southern Anhui northern Fujian and northeastern Jiangxi Scattered remnants of Wu speaking Chinese are found in other parts of China such as in Guizhou Sichuan Chongqing and Xinjiang as a result after 1964 Most of them outside of Jiangnan region usually speak variants of Taihu Wu dialects Wu Chinese is spoken chiefly in the Wu region Jiangnanese people consist of both Shanghainese people and Ningbo people as well as other ethnic Han in Jiangnan They mostly speak variants of Taihu Wu Chinese Other languages spoken are Jianghuai Mandarin and Xuanzhou Wu Chinese The Shanghainese people are centered around Shanghai and speak the Shanghainese dialect of Wu Ningbo people are another Wu speaking Chinese group and speak the Ningbo dialect Wenzhou people are a Wu speaking Chinese group who speak Wenzhounese Though a significant minority are also speakers of a dialect of Min Nan known as Zhenan Min If Huizhou Chinese was fully considered to be a subdivision of Wu Chinese then people from Huizhou are considered to be Wu speaking Wu Chinese is also spoken by a minuscule minority particularly by mainlanders both in Taiwan and in Hong Kong as also other overseas Chinese communities Yue speaking groups edit Main articles Lingnan culture Cantonese people and Taishanese people Total Native Han Speakers 66 000 000 1 Yue or Cantonese speakers are predominant in the Pearl River basin western central Guangdong and eastern central Guangxi as well as in Hong Kong and Macau The Yue dialects spoken in Guangxi province are mutually intelligible with Cantonese For instance Wuzhou is about 120 miles upstream from Guangzhou but its dialect is more like that of Guangzhou than is that of Taishan which is 60 miles southwest of Guangzhou and separated by several rivers from it Cantonese is also spoken by some locals in Hainan For example the Mai dialect which is closely related to Cantonese is spoken in Hainan Province There are Cantonese speaking communities in Southeast Asia particularly in Vietnam Singapore Malaysia and to a lesser extent in Indonesia Many Cantonese emigrants particularly Taishanese peoples also migrated to United States and Canada and later in Australia and New Zealand as well As a result Cantonese continues to be widely used by Chinese communities of Guangzhou and Hong Kong Macau origin in the Western World and has not been completely supplanted by Mandarin Min speaking groups edit Main articles Teochew culture Hokkien culture and Min Chinese speakers Total Native Han Speakers of Min all groups 60 000 000 3 Min speakers are scattered throughout southern China but mostly concentrated on provinces of Fujian and Hainan with some parts in Guangdong especially in Chaoshan the tip of southern Zhejiang and Taiwan There are several main dialects in Min Chinese The Fuzhou dialect of Min Dong is spoken by the Fuzhou people who are native to the city of Fuzhou The dialect of Puxian Min is represented by the Putian people also known as Xinghua or Henghua the Puxian speaking people are native to Puxian The Hokkien dialects of Min Nan spoken in Southern Fujian and Taiwan is the largest Min division and spoken by larger Hoklo population compared to other Min dialects Furthermore Hokkien is further extended into other unique Min Nan groups who speaks variants of the Min Nan dialect The Teochew people who are native to eastern Guangdong and Hainanese people who are native of Hainan island are all Min Nan dialect groups The dialect of Cangnan which is Zhenan Min is spoken in Wenzhou Zhejiang Outside of mainland China and Taiwan Min Nan also make up the biggest Chinese dialect group among the overseas Chinese populations in Southeast Asia such as Singapore Malaysia Indonesia and Philippines Xiang speaking groups edit Main articles Culture of Hunan and Hunanese people Total Native Han Speakers 36 015 000 1 Xiang speakers mostly live in Hunan province and so are often called Hunanese people Xiang speaking people are also found in the adjacent provinces of Hubei Jiangxi and Sichuan The Xiangnan Tuhua users are the minority ethnic subgroup in this region Hakka speaking groups edit Main articles Hakka culture and Hakka people Total Native Han Speakers 34 000 000 1 The Hakka people speaks Hakka and are predominant in parts of Guangdong Guangxi Fujian Jiangxi and Taiwan They are one of the largest groups found among the Ethnic Han in Southeast Asia Gan Chinese speaking groups edit Main articles Culture of Jiangxi and Gan Chinese speaking people Total Native Han Speakers 20 580 000 1 The origin of Gan speaking peoples in China are from Jiangxi province in China Gan speaking populations are also found in Fujian southern Anhui and Hubei provinces and linguistic enclaves are found in Taiwan Shaanxi Sichuan Zhejiang Hunan Hainan Guangdong Fujian and non Gan speaking Jiangxi Smaller groups edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message Other minor subgroups include speakers of the Tanka people Gaoshan Han Tunpu Caijia Peranakans Chuanqing Kwongsai people Waxiang people and Taz people Han subgroups by subculture editMain article Chinese culture The culture of the Han Chinese is complex and diverse The vast geographic scale of China has led the Han to culturally separate themselves into northern and southern divisions North edit Zhongyuan culture 中原 Beijing culture 北京 Shandong culture 魯 鲁 Jin culture 晉 晋 4 5 6 Dongbei culture 東北 东北 South edit Hubei culture 楚 Lingnan culture 粵 粤 Hakka culture 客 Teochew culture 潮 Hokkien culture 閩南 闽南 Xinghua culture 興化 Fuzhou Culture 闽都 闽东 Jiangxi culture 贛 Huizhou culture 徽 Hunanese culture 湘 Sichuanese culture 蜀 Wuyue culture 吳 吴 Wenzhou culture 瓯 Haipai culture 海 Hong Kong culture 港 Macanese culture 澳 Han subgroups by region of China editMainland China edit Further information on the Han Chinese in mainland China Ethnic groups in China The Han people originated in mainland China Each Han subgroup is generally associated with a particular region in China the Cantonese originated in Liangguang the Putian in Puxian the Foochow in Fuzhou the Hoklo in Southern Fujian the Chaoshan Teochew in eastern Guangdong 7 the Hakka in eastern central Guangdong and western Fujian and the Shanghainese in Shanghai Hong Kong edit Further information on the Han Chinese in Hong Kong Hong Kong people See also Tanka people In Hong Kong a majority of the population are Cantonese According to the CIA World Factbook 89 of Hong Kongers speak the Cantonese language 8 Other Han Chinese peoples present in Hong Kong include the Hakka Teochew Hoklo and Shanghainese besides ethnic minorities like the Tankas Macau edit See also Tanka people As per the 2021 census of Macau 89 4 of Macau s population declared themselves to be of Chinese ethnicity 9 Most speak Cantonese as their usual language 81 10 In English the term Macanese people tends to refer to people of mixed Cantonese and Portuguese descent 11 Macau people is used to describe anyone who originates from or lives in Macau See also editOverseas Chinese Regional discrimination in China Ethnic groups of Southeast AsiaReferences edit a b c d e f Top 100 Languages by Population Archived from the original on 2016 12 19 Retrieved 2009 10 16 a b Duan Tian Jing June 2003 Some Problems of Yueshi Culture in Jiaodong Peninsula and Liaodong Peninsula PDF Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University 9 10 Archived PDF from the original on 2023 02 25 Retrieved 2023 03 28 via Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University Brown David P Top 100 Languages by Population First Language Speakers Davidpbrown co uk Archived from the original on 19 December 2016 Retrieved 2 June 2018 晉語的使用範圍與歷史起源 晉語是中國北方的唯一一個非官話方言 但是否歸屬官話 Archived from the original on 2021 03 22 Retrieved 2018 10 19 山西方言與山西文化 James Stuart Olson 1998 An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China Greenwood Press ISBN 0 313 28853 4 Archived from the original on 2023 04 24 Retrieved 2021 07 14 CIA The World Factbook Hong Kong CIA 2008 Archived from the original on 2021 06 10 Retrieved 2009 02 08 Statistics and Census Service DSEC 2022 Detailed Results of 2021 Population Census Revised Version Report Macau p 10 Retrieved 2023 06 24 Statistics and Census Service DSEC 2022 Detailed Results of 2021 Population Census Revised Version Report Macau p 16 Retrieved 2023 06 24 Clayton Cathryn H 2009 Sovereignty at the Edge Macau amp the Question of Chineseness Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Asia Center ISBN 978 0 674 03545 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Han Chinese subgroups amp oldid 1214885887, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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