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Nanjing dialect

The Nanjing dialect (simplified Chinese: 南京话; traditional Chinese: 南京話; pinyin: Nánjīnghuà), also known as Nankingese, Nanjingese and Nanjing Mandarin, is the prestige dialect of Mandarin spoken in the urban area of Nanjing, China. It is part of the Jianghuai group of Chinese varieties.[1]

Nanjing dialect
Nankinese
南京話
Nánjīnghuà
Native toPeople's Republic of China
RegionNanjing, Jiangsu province
EthnicityNanjing People (Han Chinese)
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Glottolognanj1234

Phonology edit

A number of features distinguish the Nanjing dialect from other Mandarin varieties. It maintains the glottal stop final and the entering tone, which Northern Mandarin or Southwestern Mandarin likely also had until recently. Like Northern Mandarin, it has preserved the retroflex initials of Middle Chinese. As with other Jianghuai Mandarin dialects, the Nanjing dialect has lost syllable-initial /n/, which have all become /l/. The opposite has occurred in Southwestern Mandarin, where /l/ has changed to /n/. Northern Mandarin, on the other hand, retains distinct /l/ and /n/ initials.

While Mandarin dialects typically feature two nasal finals (/n/ and /ŋ/), these have merged into one in Jianghuai Mandarin dialects.[2]

Expansion edit

The earliest dialect of Nanjing was an ancient Wu dialect during the Eastern Jin. After the Wu Hu uprising, the Jin Emperor and many northern Chinese fled south, establishing the new capital Jiankang in what is modern day Nanjing. It was during this time that the ancient Wu of Nanjing was replaced by Jianghuai Mandarin. Further events occurred, such as Hou Jing's rebellions during the Liang dynasty, the Sui dynasty invasion of the Chen dynasty which resulted in Jiankang's destruction, Ming Taizu's relocation of southerners from below the Yangtze to his newly established capital Nanjing, and the establishment of Nanjing as the capital of the Taiping Kingdom during the Taiping rebellion which resulted in a significant decrease in the city's population. These events all played a role in forming the Nanjing dialect of today.[3]

Old Nanjing dialect edit

Old Nanjing dialect is mostly found in old communities in Nanjing itself, and was the main form spoken in the 1930s.[4]

Initials of Old Nanjing dialect[4]
Labial Denti-alveolar Retroflex Alveolo-palatal Velar
Stop aspirated ⟨p⟩ ⟨t⟩ ⟨k⟩
unaspirated p ⟨b⟩ t ⟨d⟩ k ⟨g⟩
Affricate aspirated t͡sʰ ⟨c⟩ ʈ͡ʂʰ ⟨ch⟩ t͡ɕʰ ⟨q⟩
unaspirated t͡s ⟨z⟩ ʈ͡ʂ ⟨zh⟩ t͡ɕ ⟨j⟩
Fricative f ⟨f⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʂ ⟨sh⟩ ɕ ⟨x⟩ x ⟨h⟩
Sonorant m ⟨m⟩ l ⟨l⟩ ɻ ⟨r⟩

Note that there is no /n/, it has been merged with /l/

Finals of Old Nanjing dialect[4]
Nucleus /ɒ/ /o/ /e/ /aæ/ /əi/ /au/ /əu/ /ã/ /ẽ/ /əŋ/ /oŋ/ /əɹ/
Medial ɹ̩/ɻ̩ ⟨y/r⟩ ɒ̝ ⟨a⟩ o/ɔ̆ ⟨o⟩ e̽/ɛ̆ ⟨e/ä⟩ ⟨ä⟩ ə̙i ⟨ei⟩ a̙ʊ ⟨ao⟩ ə̙ʊ ⟨ou⟩ ã̙ ⟨ang⟩ əŋ ⟨eng⟩ o̝ŋ ⟨ong⟩ ⟨er⟩
/i/ i ⟨i⟩ iɒ̝ ⟨ia⟩ iɔ̆ ⟨io⟩ ie ⟨ie⟩ iaæ ⟨iä⟩ ia̙ʊ ⟨iao⟩ iə̙ʊ ⟨iou⟩ iã̙ ⟨iang⟩ iẽ ⟨iän⟩ ⟨ing⟩ io̝ŋ ⟨iong⟩
/u/ ⟨u⟩ uɒ̝ ⟨ua⟩ uɛ̆ ⟨uä⟩ uaæ ⟨uä⟩ uə̙i ⟨uei⟩ uã̙ ⟨uang⟩ uən ⟨uen⟩
/y/ y ⟨ü⟩ ye̽/yɛ̆ ⟨üe⟩ yẽ ⟨üän⟩ yin ⟨üin⟩

New Nanjing dialect edit

New Nanjing dialect is the variety most frequently spoken in Nanjing of today, and is often simply referred to as "Nanjing dialect". It has more influence from Beijing dialect.

Initials of New Nanjing dialect[4]
Labial Denti-alveolar Retroflex Alveolo-palatal Velar
Stop aspirated ⟨p⟩ ⟨t⟩ ⟨k⟩
unaspirated p ⟨b⟩ t ⟨d⟩ k ⟨g⟩
Affricate aspirated t͡sʰ ⟨c⟩ ʈ͡ʂʰ ⟨ch⟩ t͡ɕʰ ⟨q⟩
unaspirated t͡s ⟨z⟩ ʈ͡ʂ ⟨zh⟩ t͡ɕ ⟨j⟩
Fricative f ⟨f⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʂ ⟨sh⟩, ʐ ⟨r⟩ ɕ ⟨x⟩ x ⟨h⟩
Sonorant m ⟨m⟩ l ⟨l⟩
Finals of New Nanjing dialect[4]
Nucleus /a/ /ɛ/ /e/ /o/ /ɔ/ /əi/ /əɯ/ /ã/ /ẽ/ /õ/ /ə̃/ /ɚ/
Medial ɹ̩/ɻ̩ ⟨y/r⟩ a ⟨a⟩ ɛ ⟨ä⟩ e ⟨e⟩ o ⟨o⟩ ɔ ⟨ao⟩ əi ⟨ei⟩ əɯ ⟨ou⟩ ã ⟨ang⟩ ⟨än⟩ õ ⟨ong⟩ ə̃ ⟨en⟩ ɚ ⟨er⟩
/i/ i ⟨i⟩ ia ⟨ia⟩ ⟨iä⟩ ie ⟨ie⟩ io ⟨io⟩ ⟨iao⟩ iəɯ ⟨iou⟩ ⟨iang⟩ iẽ ⟨iän⟩ ⟨iong⟩ ĩ ⟨in⟩
/u/ ⟨u⟩ ua ⟨ua⟩ ⟨uä⟩ uəi ⟨uei⟩ ⟨uang⟩ uə̃ ⟨uen⟩
/y/ y ⟨ü⟩ ye ⟨üe⟩ yẽ ⟨üän⟩ ⟨üin⟩

Prominence edit

Some linguists have studied the influence that Nanjing Jianghuai Mandarin had on the Mandarin-based koiné spoken by the Ming dynasty.[5] Although it was based on the Nanjing dialect, there were important differences and the koiné exhibited non-Jianghuai characteristics. Francisco Varo, a Dominican friar living in 17th century China pointed to Nanjing as one of several places Mandarin speech paralleled that of the elites.[5]

During the 19th century, dispute arose over whether the Nanjing dialect or Beijing dialect should be preferred by Western diplomats and translators, as the prestige of the Nanjing dialect seemed to be waning.[6] Even when it was clear that the Beijing dialect had gained prominence, many sinologists and missionaries maintained their preference for the Nanjing dialect. Leipzig-based professor Georg von der Gabelentz even argued that the Nanjing dialect was preferable for scientific texts because it had fewer homophones:[7]

Only in recent times has the northern dialect, pek-kuān-hoá, in the form [spoken] in the capital, kīng-hoá, begun to strive for general acceptance, and the struggle seems to be decided in its favor. It is preferred by the officials and studied by the European diplomats. Scholarship must not follow this practise. The Peking dialect is phonetically the poorest of all dialects and therefore has the most homophones. This is why it is most unsuitable for scientific purposes.

The originally Japanese book Mandarin Compass (官話指南) was modified with Nanjing dialect's tones and published with French commentary by Jiangnan-based French missionary Henri Boucher.[8] Calvin W. Mateer attempted to compromise between Northern and Southern Mandarin in his book A Course of Mandarin Lessons, published in 1892.[7]

Study of the Nanjing dialect edit

Important works written about the Nanjing dialect include Syllabar des Nankingdialektes oder der correkten Aussprache sammt Vocabular by Franz Kühnert, and Die Nanking Kuanhua by K. Hemeling.[9][10][11]

The English & Chinese vocabulary in the court dialect by Samuel Wells Williams was based on the Nanjing dialect, rather than the Beijing dialect. Williams also described the differences between Nanjing and Beijing Mandarin in the same book and noted the ways in which the Peking dialect differs from the Nanjing dialect, such as the palatalization of velars before front vowels. Williams also noted that the changes were consistent so that switching between pronunciations would not be difficult.[12]

Romanization edit

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, romanization of Mandarin consisted of both Beijing and Nanjing pronunciations. The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal offered that romanizing for both Nanjing and Beijing dialects was beneficial. The journal explained that, for example, because and 西 are pronounced the same in Beijing (pinyin: ) but differently in Nanjing (with the latter being si), the Standard System retains the two spellings. The system similarly retains contrasts in Beijing that are missing in Nanjing, such as that between (pinyin: guān) and (pinyin: guāng).[13]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Chappell (2002), p. 244.
  2. ^ Norman (1988), p. 193.
  3. ^ Kurpaska (2010), p. 161.
  4. ^ a b c d e 分析綜合自何美齡(K.Hemeling)《南京官話》(1902)與趙元任《南京音系》(《科學》第13卷第8期,1929)
  5. ^ a b Ho (2003), p. 129.
  6. ^ Kaske (2008), pp. 67–68.
  7. ^ a b Kaske (2008), pp. 70–71.
  8. ^ Kaske (2008), pp. 71–72.
  9. ^ Ding, Yu & Li (2000), p. 74.
  10. ^ Coblin (2000b), p. 54.
  11. ^ Coblin (2000a), p. 271.
  12. ^ Williams (1844), pp. xxvi–xxvii.
  13. ^ The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal (1905), pp. 144–145.

Bibliography edit

  • Chappell, Hilary (2002), "The universal syntax of semantic primes in Mandarin Chinese", in Goddard, Cliff; Wierzbicka, Anna (eds.), Meaning and Universal Grammar: Theory and Empirical Findings, vol. 1, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 243–322, ISBN 90-272-3063-3.
  • Coblin, W. South (2000a), "A diachronic study of Míng Guānhuá phonology", Monumenta Serica, 48: 267–335, doi:10.1080/02549948.2000.11731346, JSTOR 40727264, S2CID 192485681.
  • ——— (2000b), "Late Apicalization in Nankingese", Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 28 (1): 52–66, JSTOR 23754004.
  • Ding, Bangxin; Yu, Aiqin; Li, Fanggui (2000), Yu yan bian hua yu Han yu fang yan: Li Fanggui xian sheng ji nian lun wen ji, Zhong yang yan jiu yuan yu yan xue yan jiu suo chou bei chu.
  • Hé, Dà'ān (2002), 第三屆國際漢學會議論文集: 語言組. 南北是非 : 漢語方言的差異與變化 (Third International Conference on Sinology: North-South non-language groups: Differences and changes in Chinese Dialects), vol. 7 of 第三屆國際漢學會議論文集: 語言組., 中央硏究院語言學硏究所, ISBN 957-671-936-4.
  • Ho, Dah-an (2003), "The characteristics of Mandarin dialects", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan languages, Routledge, pp. 126–130, ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.
  • Kaske, Elisabeth (2008), The politics of language in Chinese education, 1895-1919, vol. 82 of Sinica Leidensia, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-16367-6.
  • Kurpaska, Maria (2010), Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects", Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
  • Norman, Jerry (1988), Chinese, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3.
  • "Romanized Mandarin", The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, 36 (3): 144–145, 1905.
  • Williams, Samuel Wells (1844), English & Chinese vocabulary in the Court Dialect, Office of the Chinese Repository.

Further reading edit

  • Hemeling, Karl Ernst Georg (1907). Die Nanking Kuanhua. Göttingen: Druck der Dieterich'schen Univ.-Buchdruckerei (W. Fr. Kaestner).
  • Meigs, F. E. (1904). The Standard System of Mandarin Romanization. Shanghai: Educational Association of China. (radical index)
  • Williams, Samuel Wells (1844). English and Chinese vocabulary in the court dialect. Macao: Office of the Chinese Repository.

nanjing, dialect, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, chinese, january, 2012, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, chinese, article, machine, translation, like, de. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese January 2012 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Chinese article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 267 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at zh 南京話 see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated zh 南京話 to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Nanjing dialect simplified Chinese 南京话 traditional Chinese 南京話 pinyin Nanjinghua also known as Nankingese Nanjingese and Nanjing Mandarin is the prestige dialect of Mandarin spoken in the urban area of Nanjing China It is part of the Jianghuai group of Chinese varieties 1 Nanjing dialectNankinese南京話 NanjinghuaNative toPeople s Republic of ChinaRegionNanjing Jiangsu provinceEthnicityNanjing People Han Chinese Language familySino Tibetan SiniticChineseMandarinJianghuaiNanjing dialectLanguage codesISO 639 3 Glottolognanj1234 Contents 1 Phonology 1 1 Expansion 1 2 Old Nanjing dialect 1 3 New Nanjing dialect 2 Prominence 3 Study of the Nanjing dialect 3 1 Romanization 4 References 4 1 Citations 4 2 Bibliography 5 Further readingPhonology editA number of features distinguish the Nanjing dialect from other Mandarin varieties It maintains the glottal stop final and the entering tone which Northern Mandarin or Southwestern Mandarin likely also had until recently Like Northern Mandarin it has preserved the retroflex initials of Middle Chinese As with other Jianghuai Mandarin dialects the Nanjing dialect has lost syllable initial n which have all become l The opposite has occurred in Southwestern Mandarin where l has changed to n Northern Mandarin on the other hand retains distinct l and n initials While Mandarin dialects typically feature two nasal finals n and ŋ these have merged into one in Jianghuai Mandarin dialects 2 Expansion edit The earliest dialect of Nanjing was an ancient Wu dialect during the Eastern Jin After the Wu Hu uprising the Jin Emperor and many northern Chinese fled south establishing the new capital Jiankang in what is modern day Nanjing It was during this time that the ancient Wu of Nanjing was replaced by Jianghuai Mandarin Further events occurred such as Hou Jing s rebellions during the Liang dynasty the Sui dynasty invasion of the Chen dynasty which resulted in Jiankang s destruction Ming Taizu s relocation of southerners from below the Yangtze to his newly established capital Nanjing and the establishment of Nanjing as the capital of the Taiping Kingdom during the Taiping rebellion which resulted in a significant decrease in the city s population These events all played a role in forming the Nanjing dialect of today 3 Old Nanjing dialect edit Old Nanjing dialect is mostly found in old communities in Nanjing itself and was the main form spoken in the 1930s 4 Initials of Old Nanjing dialect 4 Labial Denti alveolar Retroflex Alveolo palatal VelarStop aspirated pʰ p tʰ t kʰ k unaspirated p b t d k g Affricate aspirated t sʰ c ʈ ʂʰ ch t ɕʰ q unaspirated t s z ʈ ʂ zh t ɕ j Fricative f f s s ʂ sh ɕ x x h Sonorant m m l l ɻ r Note that there is no n it has been merged with l Finals of Old Nanjing dialect 4 Nucleus ɒ o e aae ei au eu a ẽ eŋ oŋ eɹ Medial ɹ ɻ y r ɒ a o ɔ o e ɛ e a aae a e i ei a ʊ ao e ʊ ou a ang eŋ eng o ŋ ong eɹ er i i i iɒ ia iɔ io ie ie iaae ia ia ʊ iao ie ʊ iou ia iang iẽ ian iŋ ing io ŋ iong u u u uɒ ua uɛ ua uaae ua ue i uei ua uang uen uen y y u ye yɛ ue yẽ uan yin uin New Nanjing dialect edit New Nanjing dialect is the variety most frequently spoken in Nanjing of today and is often simply referred to as Nanjing dialect It has more influence from Beijing dialect Initials of New Nanjing dialect 4 Labial Denti alveolar Retroflex Alveolo palatal VelarStop aspirated pʰ p tʰ t kʰ k unaspirated p b t d k g Affricate aspirated t sʰ c ʈ ʂʰ ch t ɕʰ q unaspirated t s z ʈ ʂ zh t ɕ j Fricative f f s s ʂ sh ʐ r ɕ x x h Sonorant m m l l Finals of New Nanjing dialect 4 Nucleus a ɛ e o ɔ ei eɯ a ẽ o e ɚ Medial ɹ ɻ y r a a ɛ a e e o o ɔ ao ei ei eɯ ou a ang ẽ an o ong e en ɚ er i i i ia ia iɛ ia ie ie io io iɔ iao ieɯ iou ia iang iẽ ian io iong ĩ in u u u ua ua uɛ ua uei uei ua uang ue uen y y u ye ue yẽ uan yĩ uin Prominence editSome linguists have studied the influence that Nanjing Jianghuai Mandarin had on the Mandarin based koine spoken by the Ming dynasty 5 Although it was based on the Nanjing dialect there were important differences and the koine exhibited non Jianghuai characteristics Francisco Varo a Dominican friar living in 17th century China pointed to Nanjing as one of several places Mandarin speech paralleled that of the elites 5 During the 19th century dispute arose over whether the Nanjing dialect or Beijing dialect should be preferred by Western diplomats and translators as the prestige of the Nanjing dialect seemed to be waning 6 Even when it was clear that the Beijing dialect had gained prominence many sinologists and missionaries maintained their preference for the Nanjing dialect Leipzig based professor Georg von der Gabelentz even argued that the Nanjing dialect was preferable for scientific texts because it had fewer homophones 7 Only in recent times has the northern dialect pek kuan hoa in the form spoken in the capital king hoa begun to strive for general acceptance and the struggle seems to be decided in its favor It is preferred by the officials and studied by the European diplomats Scholarship must not follow this practise The Peking dialect is phonetically the poorest of all dialects and therefore has the most homophones This is why it is most unsuitable for scientific purposes The originally Japanese book Mandarin Compass 官話指南 was modified with Nanjing dialect s tones and published with French commentary by Jiangnan based French missionary Henri Boucher 8 Calvin W Mateer attempted to compromise between Northern and Southern Mandarin in his book A Course of Mandarin Lessons published in 1892 7 Study of the Nanjing dialect editImportant works written about the Nanjing dialect include Syllabar des Nankingdialektes oder der correkten Aussprache sammt Vocabular by Franz Kuhnert and Die Nanking Kuanhua by K Hemeling 9 10 11 The English amp Chinese vocabulary in the court dialect by Samuel Wells Williams was based on the Nanjing dialect rather than the Beijing dialect Williams also described the differences between Nanjing and Beijing Mandarin in the same book and noted the ways in which the Peking dialect differs from the Nanjing dialect such as the palatalization of velars before front vowels Williams also noted that the changes were consistent so that switching between pronunciations would not be difficult 12 Romanization edit In the 19th and early 20th centuries romanization of Mandarin consisted of both Beijing and Nanjing pronunciations The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal offered that romanizing for both Nanjing and Beijing dialects was beneficial The journal explained that for example because 希 and 西 are pronounced the same in Beijing pinyin xi but differently in Nanjing with the latter being si the Standard System retains the two spellings The system similarly retains contrasts in Beijing that are missing in Nanjing such as that between 官 pinyin guan and 光 pinyin guang 13 References editCitations edit Chappell 2002 p 244 Norman 1988 p 193 Kurpaska 2010 p 161 a b c d e 分析綜合自何美齡 K Hemeling 南京官話 1902 與趙元任 南京音系 科學 第13卷第8期 1929 a b Ho 2003 p 129 Kaske 2008 pp 67 68 a b Kaske 2008 pp 70 71 Kaske 2008 pp 71 72 Ding Yu amp Li 2000 p 74 Coblin 2000b p 54 Coblin 2000a p 271 Williams 1844 pp xxvi xxvii The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal 1905 pp 144 145 Bibliography edit Chappell Hilary 2002 The universal syntax of semantic primes in Mandarin Chinese in Goddard Cliff Wierzbicka Anna eds Meaning and Universal Grammar Theory and Empirical Findings vol 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company pp 243 322 ISBN 90 272 3063 3 Coblin W South 2000a A diachronic study of Ming Guanhua phonology Monumenta Serica 48 267 335 doi 10 1080 02549948 2000 11731346 JSTOR 40727264 S2CID 192485681 2000b Late Apicalization in Nankingese Journal of Chinese Linguistics 28 1 52 66 JSTOR 23754004 Ding Bangxin Yu Aiqin Li Fanggui 2000 Yu yan bian hua yu Han yu fang yan Li Fanggui xian sheng ji nian lun wen ji Zhong yang yan jiu yuan yu yan xue yan jiu suo chou bei chu He Da an 2002 第三屆國際漢學會議論文集 語言組 南北是非 漢語方言的差異與變化 Third International Conference on Sinology North South non language groups Differences and changes in Chinese Dialects vol 7 of 第三屆國際漢學會議論文集 語言組 中央硏究院語言學硏究所 ISBN 957 671 936 4 Ho Dah an 2003 The characteristics of Mandarin dialects in Thurgood Graham LaPolla Randy J eds The Sino Tibetan languages Routledge pp 126 130 ISBN 978 0 7007 1129 1 Kaske Elisabeth 2008 The politics of language in Chinese education 1895 1919 vol 82 of Sinica Leidensia BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 16367 6 Kurpaska Maria 2010 Chinese Language s A Look Through the Prism of The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 021914 2 Norman Jerry 1988 Chinese Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 29653 3 Romanized Mandarin The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal 36 3 144 145 1905 Williams Samuel Wells 1844 English amp Chinese vocabulary in the Court Dialect Office of the Chinese Repository Further reading editHemeling Karl Ernst Georg 1907 Die Nanking Kuanhua Gottingen Druck der Dieterich schen Univ Buchdruckerei W Fr Kaestner Meigs F E 1904 The Standard System of Mandarin Romanization Shanghai Educational Association of China radical index Williams Samuel Wells 1844 English and Chinese vocabulary in the court dialect Macao Office of the Chinese Repository Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nanjing dialect amp oldid 1180079967, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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