Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom
The Lord High Admiral (of England beginning in the 14th century, later of Great Britain and then the United Kingdom)[1] is the ceremonial head of the Royal Navy. Most have been courtiers or members of British royal family, and not professional naval officers. The office of Lord High Admiral is one of the nine English Great Officers of State.
| Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom | |
|---|---|
Flag of the Lord High Admiral | |
| Type | Great Officer of State |
| Appointer | The Monarch |
| Term length | At His Majesty's Pleasure |
| Precursor |
|
| Formation |
|
| First holder | The 3rd Earl of Arundel as High Admiral of England, Ireland and Aquitaine |
| Deputy | Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom |
History
In 1385 Edward, Earl of Rutland, was appointed Admiral of England, uniting the offices of Admiral of the North and Admiral of the West, dating from 1294. From 1388 the offices of Admiral of the North and of the West were again distinct, though often held by the same man, until "Admirals of England" were appointed continuously from 1406.[2] The titles "High Admiral" and "Lord Admiral" were both used, eventually combining in "Lord High Admiral". The Lord High Admiral did not originally have command at sea, but had jurisdiction over maritime affairs and the authority to establish courts of Admiralty.[3]
During the reign of Henry VIII (1509–47) the English Navy had expanded to a point where it could not be managed by a single Lord High Admiral alone, therefore day-to-day management of the navy was handed over to a committee that later became known as the Navy Board. The navy board had Samuel Pepys as one of its members during the reign of Charles II (1660–85), and it ran side-by-side with the Board of Admiralty.[3]
From the early 17th century onwards, when an individual Lord High Admiral was appointed, there was also a Council of the Lord High Admiral which assisted him to perform some of the duties of the Admiralty. When this office was not occupied by an individual, it was "put into commission" and exercised by a Board of Admiralty headed by a First Lord of the Admiralty; this was the usual arrangement from 1709 until it was merged with the Admiralty in 1832.[3]
However, the office of Lord High Admiral, which—except for brief periods during its long history—had remained extant, was not abolished as an official naval post until 1964.[3] In 1964, the office of First Lord of the Admiralty was also abolished and the functions of the Lords Commissioners of Admiralty were transferred to the new Admiralty Board becoming a sub-committee (Navy) of the tri-service Defence Council of the United Kingdom. The ancient title of Lord High Admiral was resumed, by the sovereign personally.[3]
Elizabeth II held the title for the next 47 years, until in 2011 she conferred the office upon her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh to celebrate his 90th birthday.[4] Philip had served in the Royal Navy during the Second World War, but gave up a promising naval career to support Elizabeth as her consort.[5]
Current status
Upon Prince Philip's death in 2021, the holder of the office became obscure. It is unknown whether the office of Lord High Admiral reverted back to the Crown, or if it is currently vacant, in which case it remains as such until His Majesty either assumes it, or grants it upon someone else. The Ministry of Defence had confirmed they did not hold information on the issue, but suggested it had been resumed by the then Queen in right of the Crown.[6] Upon Queen Elizabeth II's death in 2022, the office was reported to have been passed to King Charles III.[7]
List of High Admirals
High Admirals of England, Ireland 1385–1512
| High Admiral | Term of office | |
|---|---|---|
| Richard FitzAlan 4th Earl of Arundel[2] | 1385 | 1388 |
| Edward 1st Earl of Rutland & Cork[8] | 1390 | 1397 |
| John Beaufort 1st Earl of Somerset[9] | 1397 | 1398 |
| Thomas Percy 1st Earl of Worcester[10] | 1398 | 1400 |
| Thomas Plantagenet 1st Duke of Clarence[11] | 1404 | 1405 |
| John Beaufort 1st Earl of Somerset[2] | 1406 | 1407 |
| Edmund Holland 4th Earl of Kent[2] | 1407 | 1408 |
| Thomas Beaufort 1st Duke of Exeter[2] | 1408 | 1426 |
| John of Lancaster 1st Duke of Bedford[2] | 1426 | 1435 |
| John Holland 2nd Duke of Exeter[2] | 1435 | 1447 |
| William de la Pole 1st Duke of Suffolk[2] | 1447 | 1450 |
| Henry Holland 3rd Duke of Exeter[2] | 1450 | 1460 |
| Richard Neville 16th Earl of Warwick[2] | 1461 | 1462 |
| William Neville 1st Earl of Kent[2] | 1462 | 1462 |
| Richard Plantagenet 1st Duke of Gloucester[2] | 1462 | 1470 |
| Richard Neville 16th Earl of Warwick[2] | 1470 | 1471 |
| Richard Plantagenet 1st Duke of Gloucester[2] | 1471 | 1483 |
| John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk[2] | 1483 | 1485 |
| John de Vere 13th Earl of Oxford[2] | 1485 | 1512 |
Lord Admirals of England, 1512–1638
| Lord Admiral | Term of office | |
|---|---|---|
| Sir Edward Howard[2] | 1512 | 1513 |
| Thomas Howard 2nd Earl of Surrey[2] | 1513 | 1525 |
| Henry FitzRoy 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset[2] | 1525 | 1536 |
| William FitzWilliam 1st Earl of Southampton[2] | 1536 | 1540 |
| John Russell 1st Lord Russell[2] | 1540 | 1542 |
| John Dudley 1st Viscount Lisle[2] | 1542 | 1546 |
| Thomas Seymour 1st Lord Seymour of Sudeley[2] | 1546 | 1549 |
| John Dudley 1st Earl of Warwick[2] | 1549 | 1550 |
| Edward Clinton 9th Lord Clinton[2] | 1550 | 1554 |
| William Howard 1st Lord Howard of Effingham[2] | 1554 | 1558 |
| Edward Clinton 1st Earl of Lincoln[2] | 1558 | 1585 |
| Charles Howard 1st Earl of Nottingham Baron Howard of Effingham before 1596 Earl of Nottingham from 1596[2] | 1585 | 1619 |
| George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham[2] | 1619 | 1628 |
Lord High Admirals of England, 1638–1707
| Lord High Admiral | Term of office | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Algernon Percy 10th Earl of Northumberland | 1638 | 1642 | |
| Francis Cottington 1st Lord Cottington | 1643 | 1646 | |
| Prince James The Duke of York[12] | 1660 | 1673 | |
| King Charles II[12] | 1673 | 1673 | |
| Prince Rupert The Duke of Cumberland[12] | 1673 | 1679 | |
| In commission:[13] William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker Sir Thomas Lyttleton[12] | 1679 | 1684 | |
| King Charles II[12] | 1684 | 1685 | |
| King James II[12] | 1685 | 1688 | |
| King William III[12] | 1689 | 1689 | |
| Arthur Herbert 1st Earl of Torrington[12] | 1689 | 1689 | |
| Thomas Herbert 8th Earl of Pembroke[12] | 1701 | 1702 | |
| Prince George The Duke of Cumberland | 1702 | 28 June 1707 | |
Lord High Admirals of Great Britain, 1707–1800
Before 1707 there was an office of Lord High Admiral of Scotland. Following the Act of Union 1707, all jurisdictions were placed under the office of Lord High Admiral of Great Britain.
| Lord High Admiral | Term of office | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Prince George The Duke of Cumberland | 28 June 1707 | 28 October 1708 | |
| Queen Anne[12] | 23 October 1708 | 1708 | |
| Thomas Herbert The Earl of Pembroke[12] | 1708 | 8 November 1709 | |
| Office in commission | 8 November 1709 | 31 December 1800 | |
Lord High Admirals of the United Kingdom, 1801–present
| Lord High Admiral | Term of office | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Office in commission | 1 January 1801 | 10 May 1827 | |
| Prince William Henry The Duke of Clarence[14] | 10 May 1827 | 19 September 1828 | |
| Office in commission[15] | 19 September 1828 | 1 April 1964 | |
| Queen Elizabeth II[16] | 1 April 1964 | 10 June 2011 | |
| Prince Philip The Duke of Edinburgh[17] | 10 June 2011 | 9 April 2021 | |
| see current status[6] | 9 April 2021 | — | |
Former command flags
Tudor period
First command Flag of the Lord Admiral of England (1554–1558) under Mary I and Philip II when on board a ship.
First command Flag of the Lord Admiral of England under Henry VIII, Edward VI and Elizabeth I (1545–1553, 1559–1603) when on board a ship.
First command Flag of the Lord Admiral of England (1603–1625) under James VI and I when on board a ship.
Second command Flag of the Lord Admiral of England (1545–1625) when on board a ship.
The earliest known instructions given to the Lord Admiral to fly command flags were given by King Henry VIII in 1545 the Lord Admiral was ordered to fly the flag of the arms of the King on the top of the main masthead with the flag of the cross of Saint George on the top of the front (fore) masthead.[18]
See also
References
- ^ "Lord High Admiral's Divisions takes place at BRNC | Royal Navy". www.royalnavy.mod.uk. Ministry of Defence, 2 May 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Houbraken, Jacobus; Thoyras, Paul de Rapin; Vertue, George (1747). The History of England, A List of Admirals of England, 1228-1745. J. and P. Knapton. p. 271.
- ^ a b c d e Kemp, Dear; Kemp, Peter, eds. (2007). "Lord High Admiral". The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191727504.
- ^ "The Duke of Edinburgh Appointed Lord High Admiral". royal.gov.uk. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
- ^ "Prince Philip receives Navy title for 90th birthday". BBC News. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
- ^ a b "Lord High Admiral (Freedom of Information)" (PDF). WhatDoTheyKnow. 15 June 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
A search for the requested information has now been completed within the Ministry of Defence (MOD), and I can confirm that no information in scope of your request is held. [...] you may find it helpful to note that Her Majesty The Queen bestowed the appointment of Lord High Admiral on His Royal Highness (HRH) The Duke of Edinburgh, via Letters Patent, on his 90th Birthday (10 Jun 2011). As the title of Lord High Admiral is not hereditary and was resumed by the sovereign personally in 1964, upon the Death of HRH The Duke of Edinburgh it will have been subsumed back into the Crown. As this title is personally held by Her Majesty, it is within her gift to decide if it remains with the Crown or if it will be awarded to another individual.
- ^ "Queen Elizabeth II: The naval college where the monarch met the duke". BBC. 17 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
The Queen held the title of Lord High Admiral, which has now been passed to the King.
- ^ Schomberg, Isaac (1802). Naval Chronology: Or, An Historical Summary of Naval & Maritime Events, from the Time of the Romans, to the Treaty of Peace, 1802. T. Egerton. p. 188.
Sir Nicholas Tamworth, Admiral of the North.
- ^ Schomberg, Isaac (1802). Naval Chronology: Or, An Historical Summary of Naval & Maritime Events, from the Time of the Romans, to the Treaty of Peace, 1802. T. Egerton. p. 188.
Sir Nicholas Tamworth, Admiral of the North.
- ^ Schomberg, Isaac (1802). Naval Chronology: Or, An Historical Summary of Naval & Maritime Events, from the Time of the Romans, to the Treaty of Peace, 1802. T. Egerton. p. 188.
Sir Nicholas Tamworth, Admiral of the North.
- ^ Schomberg, Isaac (1802). Naval Chronology: Or, An Historical Summary of Naval & Maritime Events, from the Time of the Romans, to the Treaty of Peace, 1802. T. Egerton. p. 188.
Sir Nicholas Tamworth, Admiral of the North.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k National Archives, Kew, ref. ADM 4/410 List of the Lords High Admiral and Commissioners for executing that Office, which have been appointed since the year 1660 (1915)
- ^ "No. 1485". The London Gazette. 9 February 1679. p. 2.
- ^ "No. 18360". The London Gazette. 11 May 1827. p. 1033.
- ^ "No. 18506". The London Gazette. 19 September 1828. p. 1733.
- ^ "No. 43288". The London Gazette. 3 April 1964. p. 2895.
The QUEEN this day was graciously pleased to assume the title of Lord High Admiral [...]
- ^ "https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11437314"
- ^ Perrin, W. G. (William Gordon) (1922). "Flags of Command". British flags, their early history, and their development at sea; with an account of the origin of the flag as a national device. Cambridge, England: Cambridge : The University Press. p. 77.
Sources
- Houbraken, Jacobus. Thoyras, Paul de Rapin. Vertue, George. (1747). The History of England, A List of Admirals of England (1224-1745). England. Kanpton. P and J.