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Wikipedia

World Wide Fund for Nature

Coordinates: 46°24′57″N 06°16′41″E / 46.41583°N 6.27806°E / 46.41583; 6.27806

The World Wide Fund for Nature Inc. (WWF) is a Swiss-based international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment.[4] It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in Canada and the United States.

World Wide Fund for Nature Inc.
Formation29 April 1961; 61 years ago (1961-04-29)
Founders
TypeInternational NGO
Purpose
HeadquartersRue Mauverney 28
Gland, Vaud, Switzerland
Region
Worldwide
Methods
  • Lobbying
  • Research
  • Consultancy
President
Pavan Sukhdev
President Emeritus
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (†)
Director General
Kirsten Schuijt
Revenue
654 million (2013)
Websitewwf.panda.org
worldwildlife.org (US)
^ a: Also the WWF's first president.[3]

WWF is the world's largest conservation organization, with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries and supporting around 3,000 conservation and environmental projects.[5] They have invested over $1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995.[6] WWF is a foundation with 65% of funding from individuals and bequests, 17% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, and USAID) and 8% from corporations in 2020.[7][8]

WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature."[9] The Living Planet Report has been published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation.[4] In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns, including Earth Hour and Debt-for-nature swap, and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.[4][6]

WWF received criticism for its alleged corporate ties[10][11] and has been reprimanded for supporting eco-guards that hounded African forest dwellers in the proposed Messok Dja national park in the Republic of the Congo.[12]

WWF is part of the Steering Group of the Foundations Platform F20, an international network of foundations and philanthropic organizations.[13]

History

Founding

 
 
Earth Hour 2013 at the Verona Arena amphitheatre, Piazza Bra, Verona, Italy, before (top) and while the street lighting was switched off

The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was officially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper The Observer. This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact with Edward Max Nicholson, a person who had had thirty years experience of linking progressive intellectuals with big business interests through the Political and Economic Planning think tank.[1][14][15] Nicholson thought up the name of the organization and the original panda logo was designed by Sir Peter Scott. WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961, under the name of World Wildlife Fund. Its first office was opened on 11 September in IUCN's headquarters at Morges, Switzerland.

The WWF was conceived to act as an international fundraising organisation to support the work of existing conservation groups, primarily the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[16] Its establishment was marked with the signing of the Morges Manifesto, the founding document that sets out the fund's commitment to assisting worthy organizations struggling to save the world's wildlife:[17]

They need above all money, to carry out mercy missions and to meet conservation emergencies by buying land where wildlife treasures are threatened, and in many other ways. Money, for example, to pay guardians of wildlife refuges .... Money for education and propaganda among those who would care and help if only they understood. Money to send out experts to danger spots and to train more local wardens and helpers in Africa and elsewhere. Money to maintain a sort of 'war room' at the international headquarters of conservation, showing where the danger spots are and making it possible to ensure that their needs are met before it is too late.

— Morges Manifesto

Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld helped to found the WWF, becoming its first president in 1961. In 1963, the Foundation held a conference and published a major report warning of anthropogenic global warming, written by Noel Eichhorn based on the work of Frank Fraser Darling (then foundation vice president), Edward Deevey, Erik Eriksson, Charles Keeling, Gilbert Plass, Lionel Walford, and William Garnett.[18]

In 1970, along with Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and a few associates, Bernhard established the WWF's financial endowment The 1001: A Nature Trust to handle the organization's administration and fundraising. 1001 members each contributed $10,000 to the trust.[19] Prince Bernhard resigned his post after being involved in the Lockheed Bribery Scandal.[20]

Recent development

The WWF has set up offices and operations around the world. It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non-governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species. As more resources became available, its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, the reduction of pollution, and climate change. The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns.[citation needed]

 
A WWF hot air balloon in Mexico (2013)

In 1986, the organization changed its name to World Wide Fund for Nature, while retaining the WWF initials. However, it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada.[21]

1986 was the 25th anniversary of WWF's foundation, an event marked by a gathering in Assisi, Italy to which the organization's International President Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, invited religious authorities representing Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. These leaders produced The Assisi Declarations, theological statements showing the spiritual relationship between their followers and nature that triggered a growth in the engagement of those religions with conservation around the world.[21]

In the 1990s, WWF revised its mission statement to:[citation needed]

Stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature,

  • conserving the world's biological diversity;
  • ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable; [and]
  • promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.

WWF researchers and many others identified 238 ecoregions that represent the world's most biologically outstanding terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, based on a worldwide biodiversity analysis which the organization says was the first of its kind.[22] In the early 2000s (decade), its work was focused on a subset of these ecoregions, in the areas of forest, freshwater and marine habitat conservation, endangered species conservation, climate change, and the elimination of the most toxic chemicals.

We shan't save all we should like to, but we shall save a great deal more than if we had never tried.

— Sir Peter Scott[19]

In 1990, the Conservation Foundation was completely merged into WWF, after becoming an affiliate of WWF-US in 1985 when it became a distinct legal entity but with the same staff and board.[4] The organization now known as the Conservation Foundation in the United States is the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County.[16][23] In 1996, the organization obtained general consultative status from UNESCO.[citation needed]

Harvard University published a case study on WWF called "Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement":[24]

Panda symbol

 
The giant panda has become the symbol of WWF.

WWF's giant panda logo originated from a panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred from Beijing Zoo to London Zoo in 1958, three years before WWF was established. Being famous as the only panda residing in the Western world at that time, her uniquely recognisable physical features and status as an endangered species were seen as ideal to serve the organization's need for a strong recognisable symbol that would overcome all language barriers.[25] The organization also needed an animal that would have an impact in black and white printing. The logo was then designed by Sir Peter Scott from preliminary sketches by Gerald Watterson, a Scottish naturalist.[26][27]

The logo was slightly simplified and made more geometric in 1978, and was stylized and less detailed in 1986, at the time that the organization changed its name, with the new version featuring solid black shapes for eyes.[28] In 2000 a change was made to the font used for the initials "WWF" in the logo.[29]

Organization and operation

Policy-making

Policies of the WWF are made by board members elected for three-year terms. An Executive Team guides and develops WWF's strategy. There is also a National Council which stands as an advisory group to the board and a team of scientists and experts in conservation who research for WWF.

National and international law plays an important role in determining how habitats and resources are managed and used. Laws and regulations become one of the organization's global priorities.

The WWF has been opposed to the extraction of oil from the Canadian tar sands and has campaigned on this matter. Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co-operative Group, the UK's largest consumer co-operative to publish reports which concluded that: (1) exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as 'runaway climate change;[30] (2) carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction;[31] (3) the $379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology;[32] and (4) the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta .[33]

The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt, enforce, strengthen and/or change policies, guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use. It also ensures government consent and/or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources.[34][35]

In 2012, David Nussbaum, Chief Executive of WWF-UK, spoke out against the way shale gas is used in the UK, saying: "... the Government must reaffirm its commitment to tackling climate change and prioritise renewables and energy efficiency."[36]

Collaboration

The organisation works on a number of global issues driving biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources, including species conservation, finance, business practices, laws, and consumption choices. Local offices also work on national or regional issues.[37]

WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals, including other NGOs, governments, business, investment banks, scientists, fishermen, farmers and local communities. It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers, and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner. It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment. The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return.[citation needed]

In October 2020, WWF was named as one of the alliance partner's of Prince William's Earthshot Prize, to find solutions to environmental issues.[38]

In March 2021, WWF announced an extension of their partnership with H&M to address sustainable supply chain practices.[39]

List of presidents

 
Yolanda Kakabadse, WWF president from 2010 to 2017
Years[40] Name[40] Country
  1961–1976 Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld   Netherlands
  1976–1981 John Hugo Loudon   Netherlands
  1981–1996 Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh   United Kingdom
  1996–1999 Syed Babar Ali   Pakistan
  2000–2000 Ruud Lubbers   Netherlands
  2000–2001 Sara Morrison   United Kingdom
  2001–2010 Chief Emeka Anyaoku   Nigeria
  2010–2017 Yolanda Kakabadse   Ecuador
  2018–present  Pavan Sukhdev   India

Notable initiatives and programs

Campaigns

Publications

WWF publishes the Living Planet Index in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London. Along with ecological footprint calculations, the Index is used to produce a bi-yearly Living Planet Report giving an overview of the impact of human activity on the world.[41] In 2019, WWF and Knorr jointly published the Future 50 Foods report identifying "50 Foods for Healthier People and a Healthier Planet".[42] In 2018, WWF, TRAFFIC and IFAW launched the Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking Online with 21 tech companies. [43] In 2017, Instagram accounts, Sal Lavallo and Jessica Nabongo ate a trafficked, endangered pangolin at a hotel in Gabon. [44] There is often no penalty to social media accounts for cruelty to animals on social media platforms.[45] [46]

The organization also regularly publishes reports, fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work, to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers.[47]

Promotions

  • No One's Gonna Change Our World was a charity album released in 1969, for the benefit of the WWF.[48]
  • Peter Rose and Anne Conlon are music theatre writers, well known for their environmental musicals for children, who were commissioned by WWF-UK to write several environmental musicals as part of an education plan.[49] Some were narrated by David Attenborough, and broadcast on television in numerous countries.
  • The British pop group S Club 7 were ambassadors for WWF-UK during their time together as a band (1999–2003).[50] Each of the members sponsored an endangered animal, and in 2000, traveled to the various locations around the world of their chosen animals for a seven-part BBC documentary series entitled S Club 7 Go Wild.
  • Environmentally Sound: A Select Anthology of Songs Inspired by the Earth is a benefit album released in 2006, for WWF-Philippines, featuring artists that included Up Dharma Down, Radioactive Sago Project, Kala, Johnny Alegre Affinity, Cynthia Alexander, and Joey Ayala.[51]
  • In June 2012, WWF launched an online music download store with fairsharemusic from which 50% of the profit goes to the charity.[52]
  • In April 2015, Hailey Gardiner released her solo EP, titled The Woods. In honor of Earth Day, 15% of the proceeds made towards the purchase of the EP would be donated to the WWF.[53]

Controversies and disputes

ARD documentary and PandaLeaks book

The German public television ARD aired a documentary on 22 June 2011 that claimed to show how the WWF cooperates with corporations such as Monsanto, providing sustainability certification in exchange for donations – essentially greenwashing.[54] WWF has denied the allegations.[55] By encouraging high-impact eco-tourism, the program alleges that WWF contributes to the destruction of habitat and species it claims to protect while also harming indigenous peoples.[56]

The filmmaker, German investigative journalist Wilfried Huismann, was sued by the WWF over his documentary and the book Schwarzbuch WWF published in 2012, which was based on the documentary. In an out of court settlement, he agreed to remove or revise certain claims. Speaking on behalf of WWF Germany, Marco Vollmar indicated "[Huismann] draws a distorted picture of false statements, defamations and exaggerations, but we will accept that as expressions of opinion." (Translated from the original German: "ein Zerrbild aus falschen Aussagen, Diffamierungen und Übertreibungen, aber das werden wir als Meinungsäußerungen hinnehmen.")[57]

In 2014, Huismann published a revised edition of his 2012 book, originally called The Silence of the Pandas. The original edition had become a bestseller in Germany, but was banned from Britain until 2014, when it was released under the title of PandaLeaks – The Dark Side of the WWF, after a series of injunctions and court orders.[58] The book criticizes WWF for its involvement with corporations that are responsible for large-scale destruction of the environment, such as Coca-Cola, and gives details into the existence of the secret 1001 Club, whose members, Huismann claims, continue to have an unhealthy influence on WWF's policy making.[58] WWF has denied the allegations made against it.[59]

Corporate partnerships

WWF has been accused by the campaigner Corporate Watch of being too close to business to campaign objectively.[10][11] WWF claims partnering with corporations such as Coca-Cola, Lafarge, Carlos Slim's and IKEA will reduce their effect on the environment.[60] WWF received €56 million (US$80 million) from corporations in 2010 (an 8% increase in support from corporations compared to 2009), accounting for 11% of total revenue for the year.[8]

For their 2019 fiscal year, WWF reported 4% of their total operating revenue coming from corporations.[61]

Human rights abuses by paramilitaries

In 2017, a report by Survival International claimed that WWF-funded paramilitaries are not only committing abuses against the indigenous Baka and Bayaka in the Congo Basin, who "face harassment and beatings, torture and death", but are also corrupt and aid in the destruction of conserved areas. The report accused WWF and its guards of partnering with several logging companies who carried out deforestation, while the rangers ignored wildlife trafficking networks.[62]

In 2019, an investigation by BuzzFeed News alleged that paramilitary groups funded by the organisation are engaged in serious human rights abuses against villagers, and the organisation has covered up the incidents and acted to protect the perpetrators from law enforcement. These armed groups were claimed to torture, sexually assault, and execute villagers based on false accusations. In one instance found by BuzzFeed News investigators, an 11-year-old boy was allegedly tortured by WWF-funded rangers in front of his parents;[63] WWF ignored all complaints against the rangers. In another incident, a ranger attempted to rape a Tharu woman and, when she resisted, attacked her with bamboo stick until she lost consciousness. While the ranger was arrested, the woman was pressured not to press charges, resulting in the ranger going free. In 2010, WWF-sponsored rangers reportedly killed a 12-year-old girl who was collecting tree bark in Bardiya National Park. Park and WWF officials allegedly obstructed investigations in these cases, by "falsifying and destroying evidence, falsely claiming the victims were poachers, and pressuring the families of the victims to withdraw criminal complaints".[63][64]

In July 2019, Buzzfeed reported that a leaked report by the WWF accused guards of beating and raping women including pregnant women while torturing men by tying their penises with fishing lines. The investigations were cut short after paramilitary groups threatened investigators with death. The investigators accused WWF of covering up the crimes. Releasing an official statement, the WWF claimed that the report was not made public to ensure the safety of the victims and that the guards were suspended and are awaiting prosecution. However Buzzfeed accused the WWF of attempting to withhold the report to the US congressional committee investigating the human rights violations by providing highly redacted versions instead.[65][66]

In the Central African Republic, WWF officials were reportedly involved in an arms deal, where the organization paid for 15 Kalashnikov assault rifles and ammunition; but part of the money went unaccounted for and they were apparently defrauded by the CAR army representatives selling the weapons.[63]

The Kathmandu Post, which cooperated with BuzzFeed News on the investigations in Nepal, claimed there was intense lobbying and political pressure to release WWF-funded rangers arrested for murder. They interviewed activists who claimed they were promised donations for pressuring victims of abuse to drop charges against the rangers. When the local Tharu community protested, WWF officials carried out a counter-protest in favour of the accused and used park elephants to block Prithvi Highway.[67]

An investigation by Rainforest Foundation UK found evidence of widespread physical and sexual assault by 'eco-guards' employed by the Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo funded by WWF. These include two cases of gang rape, two extrajudicial killings, and multiple accounts of torture and other forms of mistreatment committed by park guards.[68]

In reply to the investigations, WWF stated that it takes any allegations seriously and would be launching an independent review into the cases raised. The organisation stated it has stringent policies designed to ensure it and its partners are safeguarding the rights and well-being of indigenous peoples and local communities, and should the review uncover any breaches, it is committed to taking swift action.[69]

These accusations were central to a four day sit-in protest carried out by members of Extinction Rebellion's XR Youth Solidarity Network at WWF-UK's headquarters in September 2021.[70]

Initialism dispute

In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation (now named WWE) for unfair trade practices. Both parties had shared the initials "WWF" since 1979. The conservation organization claimed that the professional wrestling company had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials.[71][72]

On 10 August 2001, a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature. The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001, but later withdrew their appeal. On 5 May 2002, the World Wrestling Federation changed its Web address from WWF.com to WWE.com, and replaced every "WWF" reference on the existing site with "WWE", officially announcing their name change to "World Wrestling Entertainment" a day later with a "Get the 'F' Out" marketing campaign. The company's stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE shortly after.

The wrestling organization's abandonment of "WWF" initialism did not end the two organizations' legal conflict. Later in 2002, the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for $360 million in damages, but was not successful. A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the British Court of Appeal on 28 June 2007. In 2003, World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre-existing products with the abandoned WWF logo. However, WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel, action figures, video games, and DVDs with the "WWE" initials. Additionally, the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to "WWF" in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom.

Starting with the 1,000th episode of Raw in July 2012, the WWF "scratch" logo is no longer censored in archival footage. In addition, the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage. In exchange, WWE is no longer permitted to use WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising, with any old-school logos for retro-themed programming now using a modification of the original WWF logo without the F.

Mekong River dolphins report

In June 2009, Touch Seang Tana, chairman of Cambodia's Commission for Conservation and Development of the Mekong River Dolphins Eco-tourism Zone, argued that the WWF had misrepresented the danger of extinction of the Mekong dolphin to boost fundraising.[73] The report stated that the deaths were caused by a bacterial disease that became fatal due to environmental contaminants suppressing the dolphins' immune systems.[74] He called the report unscientific and harmful to the Cambodian government and threatened WWF's Cambodian branch with suspension unless they met with him to discuss his claims.[75] Touch Seang Tana later said he would not press charges of supplying false information and would not make any attempt to prevent WWF from continuing its work in Cambodia, but advised WWF to adequately explain its findings and check with the commission before publishing another report. Criticism of the validity of reports critical of government action or inaction, where 'approval' has not been sought before publication, is common in Cambodia.[76]

In January 2012, Touch Seang Tana signed the "Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin" along with WWF and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration, an agreement binding the parties to work together on a "roadmap" addressing dolphin conservation in the Mekong River.[77]

Accountability

The Charity Navigator gave the WWF a 3-star overall rating, a 2-star financial rating and a 4-star accountability and transparency rating for the 2018 fiscal year.[78]

Manipulation of CO2 emissions data from nuclear energy

In 2009, in a scorecard report that they authored on carbon emissions in G8 countries, the WWF portrayed the greenhouse gas emissions of countries who use low-carbon nuclear power in their mix as a higher amount of emissions than realistically calculated. For example, for France, the WWF displayed a false value of 362 gCO2eq/kWh which is over 400% larger than the actual emissions in France. WWF explained the manipulation as follows:[79][80]

WWF does not consider nuclear power to be a viable policy option. The indicators "emissions per capita", "emissions per GdP" and "Co2 per kWh electricity" for all countries have therefore been adjusted as if the generation of electricity from nuclear power had produced 350 gCo2/kWh (emission factor for natural gas). Without the adjustment, the original indicators for France would have been much lower, e.g. 86 gCo2/kWh.

The scorecard for Sweden was also "adjusted" in similar way, where the WWF replaced the actual emissions of 47 gCO2eq/kWh with 212 gCO2eq/kWh.[80]

Nord Stream involvement

In 2011 Jochen Lamp, head of WWF Germany, was also head of Conservation Foundation German Baltic, sponsored by Nord Stream AG company building a controversial gas pipeline from Russia to Germany. While WWF headed by Lamp has been actively blocking the project using court cases, Nord Stream reached "an out-of-court agreement" with the Foundation, also headed by Lamp, involving transfer of 10 million EUR, after which WWF withdrew the case.[81][82]

Controversy on investments in multiple fossil fuel developments

Investigative journalism by NBC and later Naomi Klein, in 2008 and 2013 respectively, uncovered that the WWF has invested and profits from, multi-million dollar investment contracts it has put into oil, gas, coal and tar sands developments and did not pull out of these, divesting, when confronted but indicated it would at the minimum wait until 2020 to do so, in some of its fossil fuel ventures, as early ending would have not been as profitable for them. The WWF does not oppose fossil fuels but engages in what it internally terms as the "responsible development" of fossil fuels.[83]

Proposal to sell non-fungible tokens

In February 2022, WWF UK released plans to raise funds through selling NFTs (non-fungible tokens).[84] NFT is a unit of data stored on a blockchain. Critics point out transacting NFTs causes significant environmental impact.[85][86]

Listed as "foreign agents" in Russia

On 10 March 2023, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, WWF was listed as a "foreign agent" in Russia, for having tried to influence the Russian authorities "under the guise of protecting nature and the environment".[87]

Regional organisations

WWF-Australia

The Australian arm of WWF was established on 29 June 1978 in an old factory in Sydney, with three staff and a budget of around A$80,000 for the first year, consisting of a A$50,000 grant from the Commonwealth Government and a further A$20,500 in corporate donations. As of 2020, WWF-Australia is the country's biggest conservation organisation, which operates projects throughout Australia as well as the wider Oceania region.[88] Between 2015 and 2019 WWF-Australia reported an average revenue of $28.74 million per year. In 2020, WWF-Australia reported a total revenue of over $80 million driven by the global & local response to the Australian bushfires.[89]

In 1990, WWF-Australia established the national Threatened Species Network (TSN) with the federal government, which remained operational until 2009. In 1999 it participated in the creation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, at that time the most encompassing biodiversity conservation laws in the world. In 2003/4 the organisation played a part in getting the government to raise the level of protection for the Great Barrier Reef and the Ningaloo Reef, and since then has participated in or managed many conservation programs, such as the reintroduction of black-flanked rock-wallabies to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia.[88]

Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina

In Argentina, WWF is represented by Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, an independent organization which is also a part of the network.

See also

References

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External links

  • Panda.org (WWF International website)
  • World Wildlife Fund, WWF-US Website.
  • WWF's channel on YouTube.
  • WWF's global network
      • WWF-UK
    • WWF Armenia
    • WWF-Pakistan
    • WWF-India
    • WWF Guianas
    • WWF Russia

world, wide, fund, nature, this, article, rely, excessively, sources, closely, associated, with, subject, potentially, preventing, article, from, being, verifiable, neutral, please, help, improve, replacing, them, with, more, appropriate, citations, reliable, . This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable independent third party sources July 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Coordinates 46 24 57 N 06 16 41 E 46 41583 N 6 27806 E 46 41583 6 27806 The World Wide Fund for Nature Inc WWF is a Swiss based international non governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment 4 It was formerly named the World Wildlife Fund which remains its official name in Canada and the United States World Wide Fund for Nature Inc Formation29 April 1961 61 years ago 1961 04 29 FoundersPrince Bernhard of Lippe Biesterfeld a Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh Julian Huxley 1 Max Nicholson Peter Scott Guy Mountfort Godfrey A Rockefeller 2 TypeInternational NGOPurposeEnvironmentalism Conservation EcologyHeadquartersRue Mauverney 28Gland Vaud SwitzerlandRegionWorldwideMethodsLobbyingResearchConsultancyPresidentPavan SukhdevPresident EmeritusPrince Philip Duke of Edinburgh Director GeneralKirsten SchuijtRevenue 654 million 2013 Websitewwf wbr panda wbr org worldwildlife wbr org US a Also the WWF s first president 3 WWF is the world s largest conservation organization with over five million supporters worldwide working in more than 100 countries and supporting around 3 000 conservation and environmental projects 5 They have invested over 1 billion in more than 12 000 conservation initiatives since 1995 6 WWF is a foundation with 65 of funding from individuals and bequests 17 from government sources such as the World Bank DFID and USAID and 8 from corporations in 2020 7 8 WWF aims to stop the degradation of the planet s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature 9 The Living Planet Report has been published every two years by WWF since 1998 it is based on a Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation 4 In addition WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns including Earth Hour and Debt for nature swap and its current work is organized around these six areas food climate freshwater wildlife forests and oceans 4 6 WWF received criticism for its alleged corporate ties 10 11 and has been reprimanded for supporting eco guards that hounded African forest dwellers in the proposed Messok Dja national park in the Republic of the Congo 12 WWF is part of the Steering Group of the Foundations Platform F20 an international network of foundations and philanthropic organizations 13 Contents 1 History 1 1 Founding 1 2 Recent development 2 Panda symbol 3 Organization and operation 3 1 Policy making 3 2 Collaboration 3 3 List of presidents 4 Notable initiatives and programs 4 1 Campaigns 4 2 Publications 4 3 Promotions 5 Controversies and disputes 5 1 ARD documentary and PandaLeaks book 5 2 Corporate partnerships 5 3 Human rights abuses by paramilitaries 5 4 Initialism dispute 5 5 Mekong River dolphins report 5 6 Accountability 5 7 Manipulation of CO2 emissions data from nuclear energy 5 8 Nord Stream involvement 5 9 Controversy on investments in multiple fossil fuel developments 5 10 Proposal to sell non fungible tokens 5 11 Listed as foreign agents in Russia 6 Regional organisations 6 1 WWF Australia 6 2 Fundacion Vida Silvestre Argentina 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksHistory EditFounding Edit Earth Hour 2013 at the Verona Arena amphitheatre Piazza Bra Verona Italy before top and while the street lighting was switched off The idea for a fund on behalf of endangered animals was officially proposed by Victor Stolan to Sir Julian Huxley in response to articles he published in the British newspaper The Observer This proposal led Huxley to put Stolan in contact with Edward Max Nicholson a person who had had thirty years experience of linking progressive intellectuals with big business interests through the Political and Economic Planning think tank 1 14 15 Nicholson thought up the name of the organization and the original panda logo was designed by Sir Peter Scott WWF was conceived on 29 April 1961 under the name of World Wildlife Fund Its first office was opened on 11 September in IUCN s headquarters at Morges Switzerland The WWF was conceived to act as an international fundraising organisation to support the work of existing conservation groups primarily the International Union for Conservation of Nature 16 Its establishment was marked with the signing of the Morges Manifesto the founding document that sets out the fund s commitment to assisting worthy organizations struggling to save the world s wildlife 17 They need above all money to carry out mercy missions and to meet conservation emergencies by buying land where wildlife treasures are threatened and in many other ways Money for example to pay guardians of wildlife refuges Money for education and propaganda among those who would care and help if only they understood Money to send out experts to danger spots and to train more local wardens and helpers in Africa and elsewhere Money to maintain a sort of war room at the international headquarters of conservation showing where the danger spots are and making it possible to ensure that their needs are met before it is too late Morges Manifesto Prince Bernhard of Lippe Biesterfeld helped to found the WWF becoming its first president in 1961 In 1963 the Foundation held a conference and published a major report warning of anthropogenic global warming written by Noel Eichhorn based on the work of Frank Fraser Darling then foundation vice president Edward Deevey Erik Eriksson Charles Keeling Gilbert Plass Lionel Walford and William Garnett 18 In 1970 along with Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh and a few associates Bernhard established the WWF s financial endowment The 1001 A Nature Trust to handle the organization s administration and fundraising 1001 members each contributed 10 000 to the trust 19 Prince Bernhard resigned his post after being involved in the Lockheed Bribery Scandal 20 Recent development EditThe WWF has set up offices and operations around the world It originally worked by fundraising and providing grants to existing non governmental organizations with an initial focus on the protection of endangered species As more resources became available its operations expanded into other areas such as the preservation of biological diversity sustainable use of natural resources the reduction of pollution and climate change The organization also began to run its own conservation projects and campaigns citation needed A WWF hot air balloon in Mexico 2013 In 1986 the organization changed its name to World Wide Fund for Nature while retaining the WWF initials However it continued at that time to operate under the original name in the United States and Canada 21 1986 was the 25th anniversary of WWF s foundation an event marked by a gathering in Assisi Italy to which the organization s International President Prince Philip the Duke of Edinburgh invited religious authorities representing Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam and Judaism These leaders produced The Assisi Declarations theological statements showing the spiritual relationship between their followers and nature that triggered a growth in the engagement of those religions with conservation around the world 21 In the 1990s WWF revised its mission statement to citation needed Stop the degradation of the planet s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature conserving the world s biological diversity ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption WWF researchers and many others identified 238 ecoregions that represent the world s most biologically outstanding terrestrial freshwater and marine habitats based on a worldwide biodiversity analysis which the organization says was the first of its kind 22 In the early 2000s decade its work was focused on a subset of these ecoregions in the areas of forest freshwater and marine habitat conservation endangered species conservation climate change and the elimination of the most toxic chemicals We shan t save all we should like to but we shall save a great deal more than if we had never tried Sir Peter Scott 19 In 1990 the Conservation Foundation was completely merged into WWF after becoming an affiliate of WWF US in 1985 when it became a distinct legal entity but with the same staff and board 4 The organization now known as the Conservation Foundation in the United States is the former Forest Foundation of DuPage County 16 23 In 1996 the organization obtained general consultative status from UNESCO citation needed Harvard University published a case study on WWF called Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords WWF amp the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement 24 Panda symbol Edit The giant panda has become the symbol of WWF WWF s giant panda logo originated from a panda named Chi Chi that had been transferred from Beijing Zoo to London Zoo in 1958 three years before WWF was established Being famous as the only panda residing in the Western world at that time her uniquely recognisable physical features and status as an endangered species were seen as ideal to serve the organization s need for a strong recognisable symbol that would overcome all language barriers 25 The organization also needed an animal that would have an impact in black and white printing The logo was then designed by Sir Peter Scott from preliminary sketches by Gerald Watterson a Scottish naturalist 26 27 The logo was slightly simplified and made more geometric in 1978 and was stylized and less detailed in 1986 at the time that the organization changed its name with the new version featuring solid black shapes for eyes 28 In 2000 a change was made to the font used for the initials WWF in the logo 29 Organization and operation EditPolicy making Edit Policies of the WWF are made by board members elected for three year terms An Executive Team guides and develops WWF s strategy There is also a National Council which stands as an advisory group to the board and a team of scientists and experts in conservation who research for WWF National and international law plays an important role in determining how habitats and resources are managed and used Laws and regulations become one of the organization s global priorities The WWF has been opposed to the extraction of oil from the Canadian tar sands and has campaigned on this matter Between 2008 and 2010 the WWF worked with The Co operative Group the UK s largest consumer co operative to publish reports which concluded that 1 exploiting the Canadian tar sands to their full potential would be sufficient to bring about what they described as runaway climate change 30 2 carbon capture and storage CCS technology cannot be used to reduce the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to a level comparable to that of other methods of oil extraction 31 3 the 379 billion which is expected to be spent extracting oil from tar sands could be better spent on research and development in renewable energy technology 32 and 4 the expansion of tar sands extraction poses a serious threat to the caribou in Alberta 33 The organization convinces and helps governments and other political bodies to adopt enforce strengthen and or change policies guidelines and laws that affect biodiversity and natural resource use It also ensures government consent and or keeps their commitment to international instruments relating to the protection of biodiversity and natural resources 34 35 In 2012 David Nussbaum Chief Executive of WWF UK spoke out against the way shale gas is used in the UK saying the Government must reaffirm its commitment to tackling climate change and prioritise renewables and energy efficiency 36 Collaboration Edit The organisation works on a number of global issues driving biodiversity loss and unsustainable use of natural resources including species conservation finance business practices laws and consumption choices Local offices also work on national or regional issues 37 WWF works with a large number of different groups to achieve its goals including other NGOs governments business investment banks scientists fishermen farmers and local communities It also undertakes public campaigns to influence decision makers and seeks to educate people on how to live in a more environmentally friendly manner It urges people to donate funds to protect the environment The donors can also choose to receive gifts in return citation needed In October 2020 WWF was named as one of the alliance partner s of Prince William s Earthshot Prize to find solutions to environmental issues 38 In March 2021 WWF announced an extension of their partnership with H amp M to address sustainable supply chain practices 39 List of presidents Edit Yolanda Kakabadse WWF president from 2010 to 2017 Years 40 Name 40 Country 1961 1976 Prince Bernhard of Lippe Biesterfeld Netherlands 1976 1981 John Hugo Loudon Netherlands 1981 1996 Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh United Kingdom 1996 1999 Syed Babar Ali Pakistan 2000 2000 Ruud Lubbers Netherlands 2000 2001 Sara Morrison United Kingdom 2001 2010 Chief Emeka Anyaoku Nigeria 2010 2017 Yolanda Kakabadse Ecuador 2018 present Pavan Sukhdev IndiaNotable initiatives and programs EditCampaigns Edit Debt for Nature Swap Earth Hour Healthy Grown Marine Stewardship CouncilPublications Edit WWF publishes the Living Planet Index in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London Along with ecological footprint calculations the Index is used to produce a bi yearly Living Planet Report giving an overview of the impact of human activity on the world 41 In 2019 WWF and Knorr jointly published the Future 50 Foods report identifying 50 Foods for Healthier People and a Healthier Planet 42 In 2018 WWF TRAFFIC and IFAW launched the Coalition to End Wildlife Trafficking Online with 21 tech companies 43 In 2017 Instagram accounts Sal Lavallo and Jessica Nabongo ate a trafficked endangered pangolin at a hotel in Gabon 44 There is often no penalty to social media accounts for cruelty to animals on social media platforms 45 46 The organization also regularly publishes reports fact sheets and other documents on issues related to its work to raise awareness and provide information to policy and decision makers 47 Promotions Edit No One s Gonna Change Our World was a charity album released in 1969 for the benefit of the WWF 48 Peter Rose and Anne Conlon are music theatre writers well known for their environmental musicals for children who were commissioned by WWF UK to write several environmental musicals as part of an education plan 49 Some were narrated by David Attenborough and broadcast on television in numerous countries The British pop group S Club 7 were ambassadors for WWF UK during their time together as a band 1999 2003 50 Each of the members sponsored an endangered animal and in 2000 traveled to the various locations around the world of their chosen animals for a seven part BBC documentary series entitled S Club 7 Go Wild Environmentally Sound A Select Anthology of Songs Inspired by the Earth is a benefit album released in 2006 for WWF Philippines featuring artists that included Up Dharma Down Radioactive Sago Project Kala Johnny Alegre Affinity Cynthia Alexander and Joey Ayala 51 In June 2012 WWF launched an online music download store with fairsharemusic from which 50 of the profit goes to the charity 52 In April 2015 Hailey Gardiner released her solo EP titled The Woods In honor of Earth Day 15 of the proceeds made towards the purchase of the EP would be donated to the WWF 53 Controversies and disputes EditARD documentary and PandaLeaks book Edit The German public television ARD aired a documentary on 22 June 2011 that claimed to show how the WWF cooperates with corporations such as Monsanto providing sustainability certification in exchange for donations essentially greenwashing 54 WWF has denied the allegations 55 By encouraging high impact eco tourism the program alleges that WWF contributes to the destruction of habitat and species it claims to protect while also harming indigenous peoples 56 The filmmaker German investigative journalist Wilfried Huismann was sued by the WWF over his documentary and the book Schwarzbuch WWF published in 2012 which was based on the documentary In an out of court settlement he agreed to remove or revise certain claims Speaking on behalf of WWF Germany Marco Vollmar indicated Huismann draws a distorted picture of false statements defamations and exaggerations but we will accept that as expressions of opinion Translated from the original German ein Zerrbild aus falschen Aussagen Diffamierungen und Ubertreibungen aber das werden wir als Meinungsausserungen hinnehmen 57 In 2014 Huismann published a revised edition of his 2012 book originally called The Silence of the Pandas The original edition had become a bestseller in Germany but was banned from Britain until 2014 when it was released under the title of PandaLeaks The Dark Side of the WWF after a series of injunctions and court orders 58 The book criticizes WWF for its involvement with corporations that are responsible for large scale destruction of the environment such as Coca Cola and gives details into the existence of the secret 1001 Club whose members Huismann claims continue to have an unhealthy influence on WWF s policy making 58 WWF has denied the allegations made against it 59 Corporate partnerships Edit WWF has been accused by the campaigner Corporate Watch of being too close to business to campaign objectively 10 11 WWF claims partnering with corporations such as Coca Cola Lafarge Carlos Slim s and IKEA will reduce their effect on the environment 60 WWF received 56 million US 80 million from corporations in 2010 an 8 increase in support from corporations compared to 2009 accounting for 11 of total revenue for the year 8 For their 2019 fiscal year WWF reported 4 of their total operating revenue coming from corporations 61 Human rights abuses by paramilitaries Edit In 2017 a report by Survival International claimed that WWF funded paramilitaries are not only committing abuses against the indigenous Baka and Bayaka in the Congo Basin who face harassment and beatings torture and death but are also corrupt and aid in the destruction of conserved areas The report accused WWF and its guards of partnering with several logging companies who carried out deforestation while the rangers ignored wildlife trafficking networks 62 In 2019 an investigation by BuzzFeed News alleged that paramilitary groups funded by the organisation are engaged in serious human rights abuses against villagers and the organisation has covered up the incidents and acted to protect the perpetrators from law enforcement These armed groups were claimed to torture sexually assault and execute villagers based on false accusations In one instance found by BuzzFeed News investigators an 11 year old boy was allegedly tortured by WWF funded rangers in front of his parents 63 WWF ignored all complaints against the rangers In another incident a ranger attempted to rape a Tharu woman and when she resisted attacked her with bamboo stick until she lost consciousness While the ranger was arrested the woman was pressured not to press charges resulting in the ranger going free In 2010 WWF sponsored rangers reportedly killed a 12 year old girl who was collecting tree bark in Bardiya National Park Park and WWF officials allegedly obstructed investigations in these cases by falsifying and destroying evidence falsely claiming the victims were poachers and pressuring the families of the victims to withdraw criminal complaints 63 64 In July 2019 Buzzfeed reported that a leaked report by the WWF accused guards of beating and raping women including pregnant women while torturing men by tying their penises with fishing lines The investigations were cut short after paramilitary groups threatened investigators with death The investigators accused WWF of covering up the crimes Releasing an official statement the WWF claimed that the report was not made public to ensure the safety of the victims and that the guards were suspended and are awaiting prosecution However Buzzfeed accused the WWF of attempting to withhold the report to the US congressional committee investigating the human rights violations by providing highly redacted versions instead 65 66 In the Central African Republic WWF officials were reportedly involved in an arms deal where the organization paid for 15 Kalashnikov assault rifles and ammunition but part of the money went unaccounted for and they were apparently defrauded by the CAR army representatives selling the weapons 63 The Kathmandu Post which cooperated with BuzzFeed News on the investigations in Nepal claimed there was intense lobbying and political pressure to release WWF funded rangers arrested for murder They interviewed activists who claimed they were promised donations for pressuring victims of abuse to drop charges against the rangers When the local Tharu community protested WWF officials carried out a counter protest in favour of the accused and used park elephants to block Prithvi Highway 67 An investigation by Rainforest Foundation UK found evidence of widespread physical and sexual assault by eco guards employed by the Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo funded by WWF These include two cases of gang rape two extrajudicial killings and multiple accounts of torture and other forms of mistreatment committed by park guards 68 In reply to the investigations WWF stated that it takes any allegations seriously and would be launching an independent review into the cases raised The organisation stated it has stringent policies designed to ensure it and its partners are safeguarding the rights and well being of indigenous peoples and local communities and should the review uncover any breaches it is committed to taking swift action 69 These accusations were central to a four day sit in protest carried out by members of Extinction Rebellion s XR Youth Solidarity Network at WWF UK s headquarters in September 2021 70 Initialism dispute Edit See also WWE Legal disputes and controversies In 2000 the World Wide Fund for Nature sued the World Wrestling Federation now named WWE for unfair trade practices Both parties had shared the initials WWF since 1979 The conservation organization claimed that the professional wrestling company had violated a 1994 agreement regarding international use of the WWF initials 71 72 On 10 August 2001 a UK court ruled in favour of the World Wide Fund for Nature The World Wrestling Federation filed an appeal in October 2001 but later withdrew their appeal On 5 May 2002 the World Wrestling Federation changed its Web address from WWF com to WWE com and replaced every WWF reference on the existing site with WWE officially announcing their name change to World Wrestling Entertainment a day later with a Get the F Out marketing campaign The company s stock ticker also switched from WWF to WWE shortly after The wrestling organization s abandonment of WWF initialism did not end the two organizations legal conflict Later in 2002 the World Wide Fund for Nature petitioned the court for 360 million in damages but was not successful A subsequent request to overturn by the World Wide Fund for Nature was dismissed by the British Court of Appeal on 28 June 2007 In 2003 World Wrestling Entertainment won a limited decision which permitted them to continue marketing certain pre existing products with the abandoned WWF logo However WWE was mandated to issue newly branded merchandise such as apparel action figures video games and DVDs with the WWE initials Additionally the court order required the company to remove both auditory and visual references to WWF in its library of video footage outside the United Kingdom Starting with the 1 000th episode of Raw in July 2012 the WWF scratch logo is no longer censored in archival footage In addition the WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage In exchange WWE is no longer permitted to use WWF initials or logo in any new original footage packaging or advertising with any old school logos for retro themed programming now using a modification of the original WWF logo without the F Mekong River dolphins report Edit In June 2009 Touch Seang Tana chairman of Cambodia s Commission for Conservation and Development of the Mekong River Dolphins Eco tourism Zone argued that the WWF had misrepresented the danger of extinction of the Mekong dolphin to boost fundraising 73 The report stated that the deaths were caused by a bacterial disease that became fatal due to environmental contaminants suppressing the dolphins immune systems 74 He called the report unscientific and harmful to the Cambodian government and threatened WWF s Cambodian branch with suspension unless they met with him to discuss his claims 75 Touch Seang Tana later said he would not press charges of supplying false information and would not make any attempt to prevent WWF from continuing its work in Cambodia but advised WWF to adequately explain its findings and check with the commission before publishing another report Criticism of the validity of reports critical of government action or inaction where approval has not been sought before publication is common in Cambodia 76 In January 2012 Touch Seang Tana signed the Kratie Declaration on the Conservation of the Mekong River Irrawaddy Dolphin along with WWF and the Cambodian Fisheries Administration an agreement binding the parties to work together on a roadmap addressing dolphin conservation in the Mekong River 77 Accountability Edit The Charity Navigator gave the WWF a 3 star overall rating a 2 star financial rating and a 4 star accountability and transparency rating for the 2018 fiscal year 78 Manipulation of CO2 emissions data from nuclear energy Edit In 2009 in a scorecard report that they authored on carbon emissions in G8 countries the WWF portrayed the greenhouse gas emissions of countries who use low carbon nuclear power in their mix as a higher amount of emissions than realistically calculated For example for France the WWF displayed a false value of 362 gCO2eq kWh which is over 400 larger than the actual emissions in France WWF explained the manipulation as follows 79 80 WWF does not consider nuclear power to be a viable policy option The indicators emissions per capita emissions per GdP and Co2 per kWh electricity for all countries have therefore been adjusted as if the generation of electricity from nuclear power had produced 350 gCo2 kWh emission factor for natural gas Without the adjustment the original indicators for France would have been much lower e g 86 gCo2 kWh The scorecard for Sweden was also adjusted in similar way where the WWF replaced the actual emissions of 47 gCO2eq kWh with 212 gCO2eq kWh 80 Nord Stream involvement Edit In 2011 Jochen Lamp head of WWF Germany was also head of Conservation Foundation German Baltic sponsored by Nord Stream AG company building a controversial gas pipeline from Russia to Germany While WWF headed by Lamp has been actively blocking the project using court cases Nord Stream reached an out of court agreement with the Foundation also headed by Lamp involving transfer of 10 million EUR after which WWF withdrew the case 81 82 Controversy on investments in multiple fossil fuel developments Edit Investigative journalism by NBC and later Naomi Klein in 2008 and 2013 respectively uncovered that the WWF has invested and profits from multi million dollar investment contracts it has put into oil gas coal and tar sands developments and did not pull out of these divesting when confronted but indicated it would at the minimum wait until 2020 to do so in some of its fossil fuel ventures as early ending would have not been as profitable for them The WWF does not oppose fossil fuels but engages in what it internally terms as the responsible development of fossil fuels 83 Proposal to sell non fungible tokens Edit In February 2022 WWF UK released plans to raise funds through selling NFTs non fungible tokens 84 NFT is a unit of data stored on a blockchain Critics point out transacting NFTs causes significant environmental impact 85 86 Listed as foreign agents in Russia Edit On 10 March 2023 during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine WWF was listed as a foreign agent in Russia for having tried to influence the Russian authorities under the guise of protecting nature and the environment 87 Regional organisations EditWWF Australia Edit The Australian arm of WWF was established on 29 June 1978 in an old factory in Sydney with three staff and a budget of around A 80 000 for the first year consisting of a A 50 000 grant from the Commonwealth Government and a further A 20 500 in corporate donations As of 2020 update WWF Australia is the country s biggest conservation organisation which operates projects throughout Australia as well as the wider Oceania region 88 Between 2015 and 2019 WWF Australia reported an average revenue of 28 74 million per year In 2020 WWF Australia reported a total revenue of over 80 million driven by the global amp local response to the Australian bushfires 89 In 1990 WWF Australia established the national Threatened Species Network TSN with the federal government which remained operational until 2009 In 1999 it participated in the creation of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act at that time the most encompassing biodiversity conservation laws in the world In 2003 4 the organisation played a part in getting the government to raise the level of protection for the Great Barrier Reef and the Ningaloo Reef and since then has participated in or managed many conservation programs such as the reintroduction of black flanked rock wallabies to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia 88 Fundacion Vida Silvestre Argentina Edit In Argentina WWF is represented by Fundacion Vida Silvestre Argentina an independent organization which is also a part of the network See also Edit Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portalCentres of Plant Diversity Conservation movement Environmental Dispute Resolution Fund Environmental movement Eugene Green Energy Standard founded by the WWF Global 200 ecoregions identified by the WWF as priorities for conservation List of environmental organizations Natural environment Sustainability Sustainable development Traffic conservation programme a joint programme of WWF and the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN West Coast Environmental Law World Conservation Award created in conjunction with the WWF WWE formerly named WWF World Wrestling Federation References Edit a b WWF in the 60s World Wide Fund for Nature Archived from the original on 26 January 2011 Retrieved 19 August 2012 In Memoriam Godfrey A Rockefeller Archived 14 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine World Wildlife Fund 29 January 2010 WWF Who We Are History Worldwildlife org Archived from the original on 6 February 2012 Retrieved 19 August 2012 a b c d History WWF World Wildlife Fund Archived from the original on 13 April 2020 Retrieved 22 January 2019 WWF conservation projects around the world Archived from the original on 12 February 2021 Retrieved 6 February 2009 a b WWF Endangered Species Conservation World Wildlife Fund Archived from the original on 17 April 2018 Retrieved 18 April 2018 How is WWF run Archived PDF from the original on 13 June 2022 Retrieved 13 June 2022 a b WWFN International Annual Review PDF World Wide Fund for Nature 2020 p 60 Retrieved 13 June 2022 WWF s 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international foundation for saving the world s wildlife and wild places and countries 1962 1965 Collins a b History WWF World Wildlife Fund Archived from the original on 13 April 2020 Retrieved 27 March 2015 History Fifty Years of Environmental Conservation Archived 3 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine With link to PDF Archived 15 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine of Morges Manisto World Wide Fund for Nature wwf panda org Retrieved 20 June 2017 Eichhorn Noel 1963 Implications of Rising Carbon Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere A statement of trends and implications of carbon dioxide research reviewed at a conference of scientists New York The Conservation Foundation Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 Retrieved 27 March 2015 a b in English WWF Finland History of WWF International Obituary HRH Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands The Telegraph 4 December 2004 Archived from the original on 8 November 2008 Retrieved 30 November 2017 a b WWF in the 80 s WWF Archived from the 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original on 7 March 2019 Retrieved 6 March 2019 Rose Peter Conlon Anne Dept World Wide Fund for Nature UK Education 1993 Yanomamo an ecological musical for soloists chorus narrator amp stage band London Josef Weinberger in association with the World Wide Fund for Nature Archived from the original on 23 March 2022 Retrieved 6 March 2019 Golden Anna Louise 17 June 2014 S Club 7 St Martin s Press ISBN 9781466873940 Archived from the original on 23 March 2022 Retrieved 29 October 2020 The Harmonics of being Environmentally Sound World Wide Fund for Nature Philippines 18 August 2006 Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 Retrieved 30 June 2010 Trachtenberg Bruce S 22 June 2010 Nonprofit Newswire British Website Connects Music Lovers and Charities Non Profit News Nonprofit Quarterly Archived from the original on 6 March 2019 Retrieved 6 March 2019 The Woods Gardiner Sisters Archived from the original on 6 March 2019 Retrieved 6 March 2019 Der Pakt mit dem Panda Was uns der WWF verschweigt Pact with the Panda What the WWF conceals DasErste de tagesschau de ARD 22 June 2011 Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 Retrieved 25 July 2011 See also program overview for rebroadcast Archived 2 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine 2 April 2012 programm ARD de noting the objections raised by WWF supporters after the initial broadcast and retracting two claims made in the film retrieved 16 July 2017 WWF WWF Mitarbeiter treffen Chief Kasimirus Sangara Archived from the original on 9 July 2011 Retrieved 9 July 2011 Harryman Ian Spring 2016 Ecological Problem Solving A Comparative Study of Primate Conservation Undergraduate Honors University of Colorado Boulder Retrieved 15 July 2019 Seidler Christoph 20 July 2012 environmental organization and critics before agreement www spiegel de Spiegel Online Archived from the original on 12 March 2019 Retrieved 15 July 2019 a b Vidal John 4 October 2014 WWF International accused of selling its soul to corporations The Guardian Archived from the original on 12 October 2014 Retrieved 13 December 2016 A quick guide to the silence of the pandas documentary WWF Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 26 March 2015 Changing the nature of business World Wide Fund for Nature Archived from the original on 23 April 2010 Retrieved 19 August 2012 Funding and Financial Overview WWF World Wildlife Fund Archived from the original on 28 March 2020 Retrieved 19 February 2020 How will we survive PDF Survival International 2017 Archived PDF from the original on 6 January 2019 Retrieved 6 March 2019 a b c Warren Tom Baker Katie J M 4 March 2019 WWF Funds Guards Who Have Tortured And Killed People www buzzfeednews com Archived from the original on 4 March 2019 Retrieved 4 March 2019 McVeigh Karen 4 March 2019 WWF accused of funding guards who tortured and killed scores of people The Guardian Archived from the original on 4 March 2019 Retrieved 4 March 2019 Leaked Report WWF Backed Guards Raped Pregnant Women And Tortured Villagers At A Wildlife Park Funded By The US Government BuzzFeed News Archived from the original on 19 July 2019 Retrieved 19 July 2019 Statement on safeguarding human rights in conservation and addressing allegations of human rights abuse WWF wwf panda org Archived from the original on 6 August 2019 Retrieved 19 July 2019 Nepali park officials tortured a man to death Then the government and the World Wide Fund for Nature rewarded them Kathmandu Post 3 March 2019 Archived from the original on 5 March 2019 Retrieved 5 March 2019 Widespread human rights abuses in Africa s largest forest park Rainforest Foundation UK 4 March 2019 Archived from the original on 8 March 2019 Retrieved 7 March 2019 WWF response to Buzzfeed reports wwf panda org 4 March 2019 Archived from the original on 6 October 2021 Retrieved 6 March 2019 WWF office sit in enters second day as XR keeps up London protests The Guardian 1 September 2021 Archived from the original on 21 October 2021 Retrieved 20 October 2021 InternetNews Realtime IT News Wildlife Fund Pins Wrestling Federation Archived 14 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine Text of the 1994 legal agreement with the World Wrestling Federation Archived 13 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine Cambodia Rejects CNN WWF Reports about Mekong Dolphin CRIEnglish com 24 June 2009 Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 Retrieved 2 March 2013 Mekong dolphins on the brink of extinction Archived from the original on 16 September 2016 Retrieved 21 September 2016 Cambodia threatens to suspend WWF after dolphin report 24 June 2009 Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 Retrieved 2 August 2017 Cambodian Government s Request for Meetings Seen as Intimidation Archived from the original on 25 February 2020 Retrieved 24 April 2020 Authors of report on dolphins will not face charges official says Archived from the original on 25 February 2014 Retrieved 22 August 2009 World Wide Fund Archived 1 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine Charity Navigator G8 Climate Scorecards PDF WWF 2009 Archived PDF from the original on 2 August 2021 Retrieved 1 April 2021 Alt URL a b The WWF cheats on the climate scorecards Nuclear Power Yes Please Archived from the original on 14 January 2012 Retrieved 1 April 2021 KAMINSKI Michal Tomasz Parliamentary question Funding of German ecologists by Nord Stream E 004021 2011 European Parliament www europarl europa eu Retrieved 1 September 2022 Parliamentary question Answer to Question No E 004021 11 E 004021 2011 ASW European Parliament www europarl europa eu Retrieved 1 September 2022 WWF scandal Part 9 WWF invested US million in an oil and gas fund REDD Monitor Tokens for Nature WWF Archived from the original on 2 February 2022 Retrieved 2 February 2022 Seabrook Victoria 2 February 2022 WWF UK faces backlash over destructive plans to sell eco friendly NFTs Sky News Archived from the original on 2 February 2022 Retrieved 2 February 2022 Stewart Josh 25 October 2021 World Wildlife Foundation Launches NFT to Help Protect Endangered Species NFT Magazine Archived from the original on 1 January 2022 Retrieved 18 January 2022 Russia lists World Wildlife Fund others as foreign agents ABC News 11 March 2023 a b The Brief History Of WWF Australia WWF Australia Archived from the original on 23 March 2022 Retrieved 13 December 2020 Australian Charities and Not for profits Commission WWF Australia ACNC 23 January 2021 Archived from the original on 11 April 2021 Retrieved 11 April 2021 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to WWF World Wide Fund For Nature Panda org WWF International website World Wildlife Fund WWF US Website WWF s channel on YouTube WWF s global network WWF UK WWF Armenia WWF Pakistan WWF India WWF Guianas WWF Russia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title World Wide Fund for Nature amp oldid 1144828101, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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