fbpx
Wikipedia

Omar al-Bashir

January 19, 2024

"al-Bashir" redirects here. For other people with the name, see Bashir.

Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir[b] (born 1 January 1944) is a Sudanese former military officer and politician who served as Sudan's head of state under various titles from 1989 until 2019, when he was deposed in a coup d'état.[2] He was subsequently incarcerated, tried and convicted on multiple corruption charges.[3][4] He came to power in 1989 when, as a brigadier general in the Sudanese Army, he led a group of officers in a military coup that ousted the democratically elected government of prime minister Sadiq al-Mahdi after it began negotiations with rebels in the south; he subsequently replaced President Ahmed al-Mirghani as head of state.[5] He was elected three times as president in elections that have been under scrutiny for electoral fraud.[6] In 1992, al-Bashir founded the National Congress Party, which remained the dominant political party in the country until 2019.[7] In March 2009, al-Bashir became the first sitting head of state to be indicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC), for allegedly directing a campaign of mass killing, rape, and pillage against civilians in Darfur.[8] On 11 February 2020, the Government of Sudan announced that it had agreed to hand over al-Bashir to the ICC for trial.[9]

His Excellency
Field Marshal
Omar al-Bashir
عمر البشير
Al-Bashir in 2009
4th President of Sudan
In office
16 October 1993 – 11 April 2019
Prime Minister
See list
Vice President
See list
Preceded byHimself as Chairman of the RCC
Succeeded byAhmed Awad Ibn Auf
(as Chairman of the Transitional Military Council)
Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation
In office
30 June 1989 – 16 October 1993
DeputyZubair Mohamed Salih
Preceded byAhmed al-Mirghani (as President)
Succeeded byHimself as President
Personal details
Born
Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir

(1944-01-01) 1 January 1944 (age 80)
Hosh Bannaga, Sudan[a]
Political partyNational Congress Party (1992–2019)
Spouse(s)Fatima Khalid
Widad Babiker Omer
Alma materEgyptian Military Academy
Military service
Allegiance
  •  Sudan
  •  Egypt
Branch/service Sudanese Army
Years of service1960–2019
Rank Field Marshal
Battles/wars
Criminal details
Criminal statusClaimed by ICC
Conviction(s)Money laundering
Corruption
Criminal penaltyTwo years in prison
Date apprehended
17 April 2019
Imprisoned atIncarcerated at the Kobar Prison, Khartoum, Sudan

In October 2005, al-Bashir's government negotiated an end to the Second Sudanese Civil War,[10] leading to a referendum in the south, resulting in the separation of the south as the country of South Sudan. In the Darfur region, he oversaw the War in Darfur that resulted in death tolls of around 10,000 according to the Sudanese Government,[11] but most sources suggest between 200,000[12] and 400,000.[13][14][15] During his presidency, there were several violent struggles between the Janjaweed militia and rebel groups such as the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) in the form of guerrilla warfare in the Darfur region. The civil war displaced[16] over 2.5 million people out of a total population of 6.2 million in Darfur[17] and created a crisis in the diplomatic relations between Sudan and Chad.[18] The rebels in Darfur lost the support from Libya after the death of Muammar Gaddafi and the collapse of his regime in 2011.[19][20][21]

In July 2008, the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), Luis Moreno Ocampo, accused al-Bashir of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes in Darfur.[22] The court issued an arrest warrant for al-Bashir on 4 March 2009 on counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity, but ruled that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for genocide.[23][24] However, on 12 July 2010, the court issued a second warrant containing three separate counts of genocide. The new warrant, like the first, was delivered to the Sudanese government, which did not recognize either the warrant or the ICC.[24] The indictments do not allege that Bashir personally took part in such activities; instead, they say that he is "suspected of being criminally responsible, as an indirect co-perpetrator".[25] The court's decision was opposed by the African Union, Arab League and Non-Aligned Movement as well as the governments of Libya, Somalia, Jordan, Turkey, Egypt, South Sudan, Djibouti, Eritrea, Pakistan, Algeria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Palestine, Ethiopia, Tunisia, Morocco, Lebanon, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.[26][27]

From December 2018 onwards, al-Bashir faced large-scale protests which demanded his removal from power. On 11 April 2019, Bashir was ousted in a military coup d'état.[28][29] In September 2019, Bashir was replaced by the Transitionary Military Council which transferred executive power to a mixed civilian–military Sovereignty Council and a civilian prime minister, Abdalla Hamdok. Two months later, the Forces of Freedom and Change alliance (which holds indirect political power during the 39-month Sudanese transition to democracy), Hamdok, and Sovereignty Council member Siddiq Tawer stated that Bashir would be eventually transferred to the ICC. He was convicted of corruption in December of that year and sentenced to two years in prison.[30][31][32] His trial regarding his role in the coup that brought him into power started on 21 July 2020.[33]

Early and family life edit

Al-Bashir was born on 1 January 1944 in Hosh Bannaga,[34] a village on the outskirts of Shendi, just north of the capital, Khartoum, to a family of African-Arab descent. His mother was Hedieh Mohamed al-Zain, who died in 2019.[35][36][37] His father, Hassan ibn Ahmed, was a smalltime dairy farmer. He is the second among twelve brothers and sisters, his younger brother Othman was killed in South Sudan during his presidency.[38] His uncle, Al Taib Mustafa, was a journalist, politician, and noted opponent of South Sudan.[39] As a boy, he was nicknamed 'Omeira' – Little Omar.[40] He belongs to the Banu Bedaria, a Bedouin tribe belonging to the larger Ja'alin coalition,[41] a Sudanese Arab tribe in middle north of Sudan (once a part of the Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan). As a child, Al-Bashir loved football. "Always in defence," a cousin said. "That's why he went into the army." He received his primary education there, and his family later moved to Khartoum North where he completed his secondary education and became a supporter of Al-Hilal. Al-Bashir is married to his cousin Fatima Khalid. He also has a second wife named Widad Babiker Omer, who had a number of children with her first husband Ibrahim Shamsaddin, a member of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation who had died in a helicopter crash. Al-Bashir does not have any children of his own.[42][40]

In 1975, al-Bashir was sent to the United Arab Emirates as the Sudanese military attaché. When he returned home, al-Bashir was made a garrison commander. In 1981, al-Bashir returned to his paratroop background when he became the commander of an armored parachute brigade.[43]

The Sudanese Ministry of Defense website says that al-Bashir was in the Western Command from 1967 to 1969 and then the Airborne Forces from 1969 to 1987 until he was appointed commander of the 8th Infantry Brigade (independent) from the period 1987 to 30 June 1989.[44]

Presidency edit

Coup d'état edit

Main article: 1989 Sudanese coup d'état
 
Omar al-Bashir in 1989

When he returned to Sudan as a colonel in the Sudanese Army, al-Bashir led a group of army officers in ousting the unstable coalition government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi in a bloodless military coup on 30 June 1989.[5] Under al-Bashir's leadership, the new military government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic legal code on the national level.[45] He then became chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (a newly established body with legislative and executive powers for what was described as a transitional period), and assumed the posts of chief of state, prime minister, chief of the armed forces, and Minister of Defence.[46] Subsequent to al-Bashir's promotion to the chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation, he allied himself with Hassan al-Turabi, the leader of the National Islamic Front, who, along with al-Bashir, began institutionalizing Sharia law in the northern part of Sudan. Further on, al-Bashir issued purges and executions of people whom he alleged to be coup leaders in the upper ranks of the army, the banning of associations, political parties, and independent newspapers, as well as the imprisonment of leading political figures and journalists.[47]

On 16 October 1993, al-Bashir's increased his power when he appointed himself President of the country, after which he disbanded the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation and all other rival political parties. The executive and legislative powers of the council were later given to al-Bashir completely.[48] In the early 1990s, al-Bashir's administration gave the green light to float a new currency called Sudanese dinar to replace the battered old Sudanese pound that had lost 90 percent of its worth during the turbulent 1980s; the currency was later changed back to pounds, but at a much higher rate. He was later elected president (with a five-year term) in the 1996 national election, where he was the only candidate legally allowed to run for election.[49]

Elections edit

Omar al-Bashir was elected president (with a five-year term) in the 1996 national election[49] and Hassan al-Turabi was elected to a seat in the National Assembly where he served as speaker of the National Assembly "during the 1990s".[50] In 1998, al-Bashir and the Presidential Committee put into effect a new constitution, allowing limited political associations in opposition to al-Bashir's National Congress Party and his supporters to be formed. On 12 December 1999, al-Bashir sent troops and tanks against parliament and ousted Hassan al-Turabi, the speaker of parliament, in a palace coup.[51]

He was reelected by popular vote for a five-year term during the 2000 Sudanese general election.[52]

From 2005 to 2010, a transitional government was set up under a 2005 peace accord that ended the 21-year long Second Sudanese Civil War and saw the formation of a power-sharing agreement between Salva Kiir's Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and al Bashir's National Congress Party (NCP).[53]

Al-Bashir was reelected president in the 2010 Sudanese general election with 68% of the popular vote;[54] while Salva Kiir was elected President of Southern Sudan. These elections were agreed on earlier in the 2005 peace accord.[53] The election was marked by corruption, intimidation, and inequality. European observers, from the European Union and the Carter Center, criticised the polls as "not meeting international standards". Candidates opposed to the SPLM said they were often detained or stopped from campaigning. Sudan Democracy First, an umbrella organisation in the north, put forward what it called strong evidence of rigging by al-Bashir's NCP. The Sudanese Network for Democracy and Elections (Sunde) spoke of harassment and intimidation in the south, by the security forces of the SPLM.[6]

Al-Bashir had achieved economic growth in Sudan.[55] This was pushed further by the drilling and extraction of oil-[55] However, economic growth was not shared by all. Headline inflation in 2012 approached the threshold of chronic inflation (period average 36%), about 11% up from the budget projection of 2012 reflecting the combined effects of inflationary financing, the depreciation of the exchange rate, and the continued removal of subsidies, as well as high food and energy prices. This economic downturn prompted cost of living riots that erupted into Arab Spring-style anti-government demonstrations, raising discontent within the Sudanese Workers' Trade Union Federation (SWTUF). They threatened to hold nationwide strikes in support of higher wages. The continued deterioration in the value of the Sudanese pound (SDG) posed grave downside risks to already soaring inflation. This, coupled with the economic slowdown, presents serious challenges to the implementation of the approved Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP).[56]

Tensions with Hassan al-Turabi edit

In the mid-1990s, a feud between al-Bashir and al-Turabi began, mostly due to al-Turabi's links to Islamic fundamentalist groups, as well as allowing them to operate out of Sudan, even personally inviting Osama bin Laden to the country.[57] The United States had listed Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism since 1993,[58] mostly due to al-Bashir and Hassan al-Turabi taking complete power in the early 1990s.[59] U.S. firms have been barred from doing business in Sudan since 1997.[60] In 1998, the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum was destroyed by a U.S. cruise missile strike because of its alleged production of chemical weapons and links to al-Qaeda. However the U.S. State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research wrote a report in 1999 questioning the attack on the factory, suggesting that the connection to bin Laden was not accurate; James Risen reported in The New York Times: "Now, the analysts renewed their doubts and told Assistant Secretary of State Phyllis Oakley that the C.I.A.'s evidence on which the attack was based was inadequate. Ms. Oakley asked them to double-check; perhaps there was some intelligence they had not yet seen. The answer came back quickly: There was no additional evidence. Ms. Oakley called a meeting of key aides and a consensus emerged: Contrary to what the Administration was saying, the case tying Al Shifa to Mr. bin Laden or to chemical weapons was weak."[61]

After being re-elected president of Sudan with a five-year-term in the 1996 election with 75.7% of the popular vote,[62] al-Bashir issued the registration of legalised political parties in 1999 after being influenced by al-Turabi. Rival parties such as the Liberal Democrats of Sudan and the Alliance of the Peoples' Working Forces, headed by former Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry, were established and were allowed to run for election against al-Bashir's National Congress Party, however, they failed to achieve significant support, and al-Bashir was re-elected president, receiving 86.5% of the popular vote in the 2000 presidential election. At the legislative elections that same year, al-Bashir's National Congress Party won 355 out of 360 seats, with al-Turabi as its chairman. However, after al-Turabi introduced a bill to reduce the president's powers, prompting al-Bashir to dissolve parliament and declare a state of emergency, tensions began to rise between al-Bashir and al-Turabi. Reportedly, al-Turabi was suspended as chairman of National Congress Party, after he urged a boycott of the president's re-election campaign. Then, a splinter-faction led by al-Turabi, the Popular National Congress Party (PNC) signed an agreement with Sudan People's Liberation Army, which led al-Bashir to believe that they were plotting to overthrow him and the government.[62]

Further on, al-Turabi's influence and that of his party's "'internationalist' and ideological wing" waned "in favor of the 'nationalist' or more pragmatic leaders who focus on trying to recover from Sudan's disastrous international isolation and economic damage that resulted from ideological adventurism".[63] At the same time, Sudan worked to appease the United States and other international critics by expelling members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad and encouraging bin Laden to leave.[64]

On al-Bashir's orders, al-Turabi was imprisoned based on allegations of conspiracy in 2000 before being released in October 2003.[65] Al-Turabi was again imprisoned in March 2004[66] and released in July 2005, at the height of the peace agreement in the civil war.[67][68]

Engagement with the U.S. and European countries edit

 
Bashir and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick, 2005

From the early 1990s, after al-Bashir assumed power, Sudan backed Iraq in its invasion of Kuwait[69][70] and was accused of harboring and providing sanctuary and assistance to Islamic terrorist groups. Carlos the Jackal, Osama bin Laden, Abu Nidal and others labeled "terrorist leaders" by the United States and its allies resided in Khartoum. Sudan's role in the Popular Arab and Islamic Congress (PAIC), spearheaded by Hassan al-Turabi, represented a matter of great concern to the security of American officials and dependents in Khartoum, resulting in several reductions and evacuations of American personnel from Khartoum in the early to mid 1990s.[71]

Sudan's Islamist links with international terrorist organizations represented a special matter of concern for the American government, leading to Sudan's 1993 designation as a state sponsor of terrorism and a suspension of U.S. Embassy operations in Khartoum in 1996. In late 1994, in an initial effort to reverse his nation's growing image throughout the world as a country harboring terrorists, Bashir secretly cooperated with French special forces to orchestrate the capture and arrest on Sudanese soil of Carlos the Jackal.[72]

 
Sudan's offer of and request for counter-terrorism assistance, April 1997

In early 1996, al-Bashir authorized his Defense Minister at the time, El Fatih Erwa, to make a series of secret trips to the United States[73] to hold talks with American officials, including officers of the CIA and United States Department of State about American sanctions policy against Sudan and what measures might be taken by the Bashir regime to remove the sanctions. Erwa was presented with a series of demands from the United States, including demands for information about Osama bin Laden and other radical Islamic groups. The US demand list also encouraged Bashir's regime to move away from activities, such as hosting the Popular Arab and Islamic Congress, that impinged on Sudanese efforts to reconcile with the West. Sudan's Mukhabarat (central intelligence agency) spent half a decade amassing intelligence data on bin Laden and a wide array of Islamists through their periodic annual visits for the PAIC conferences.[74] In May 1996, after the series of Erwa secret meetings on US soil, the Clinton Administration demanded that Sudan expel Bin Laden. Bashir complied.[75]

Controversy erupted about whether Sudan had offered to extradite bin Laden in return for rescinding American sanctions that were interfering with Sudan's plans to develop oil fields in southern areas of the country. American officials insisted the secret meetings were agreed only to pressure Sudan into compliance on a range of anti-terrorism issues. The Sudanese insisted that an offer to extradite bin Laden had been made in a secret one-on-one meeting at a Fairfax hotel between Erwa and the then CIA Africa Bureau chief on condition that Washington end sanctions against Bashir's regime. Ambassador Timothy M. Carney attended one of the Fairfax hotel meetings. In a joint opinion piece in the Washington Post Outlook Section in 2003, Carney and Ijaz argued that in fact the Sudanese had offered to extradite bin Laden to a third country in exchange for sanctions relief.[76]

In August 1996, American hedge-fund manager Mansoor Ijaz traveled to Sudan and met with senior officials including al-Turabi and al-Bashir. Ijaz asked Sudanese officials to share intelligence data with US officials on bin Laden and other Islamists who had traveled to and from Sudan during the previous five years. Ijaz conveyed his findings to US officials upon his return, including Sandy Berger, then Clinton's deputy national security adviser, and argued for the US to constructively engage the Sudanese and other Islamic countries.[77] In April 1997, Ijaz persuaded al-Bashir to make an unconditional offer of counterterrorism assistance in the form of a signed presidential letter that Ijaz delivered to Congressman Lee H. Hamilton by hand.[78]

In late September 1997, months after the Sudanese overture (made by al-Bashir in the letter to Hamilton), the U.S. State Department, under Secretary of State Madeleine Albright's directive, first announced it would return American diplomats to Khartoum to pursue counterterrorism data in the Mukhabarat's possession. Within days, the U.S. reversed that decision[79] and imposed harsher and more comprehensive economic, trade, and financial sanctions against Sudan, which went into effect in October 1997.[80] In August 1998, in the wake of the East Africa embassy bombings, the U.S. launched cruise missile strikes against Khartoum.[81] U.S. Ambassador to Sudan, Tim Carney, departed post in February 1996[82] and no new ambassador was designated until December 2019, when U.S. president Donald Trump's administration reached an agreement with the new Sudanese government to exchange ambassadors.[83]

Al-Bashir announced in August 2015 that he would travel to New York in September to speak at the United Nations. It was unclear to date if al-Bashir would have been allowed to travel, due to previous sanctions.[84]

South Sudan edit

Main article: Second Sudanese Civil War
 
2011 South Sudanese independence referendum

When al-Bashir took power the Second Sudanese Civil War had been ongoing for nine years. The war soon effectively developed into a conflict between the Sudan People's Liberation Army and al-Bashir's government. The war resulted in millions of southerners being displaced, starved, and deprived of education and health care, with almost two million casualties.[85] Because of these actions, various international sanctions were placed on Sudan. International pressure intensified in 2001, however, and leaders from the United Nations called for al-Bashir to make efforts to end the conflict and allow humanitarian and international workers to deliver relief to the southern regions of Sudan.[86] Much progress was made throughout 2003. The peace was consolidated with the official signing by both sides of the Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement 9 January 2005, granting Southern Sudan autonomy for six years, to be followed by a referendum on independence. It created a co-vice president position and allowed the north and south to split oil deposits equally, but also left both the north's and south's armies in place. John Garang, the south's peace agreement appointed co-vice president, died in a helicopter crash on 1 August 2005, three weeks after being sworn in.[87] This resulted in riots, but the peace was eventually re-established[88] and allowed the southerners to vote in a referendum of independence at the end of the six-year period.[89] On 9 July 2011, following a referendum, the region of Southern Sudan split off from Sudan to form South Sudan.[90]

War in Darfur edit

Main article: War in Darfur
 
Series of droughts in Darfur led to disputes over land between non-Arab sedentary farmers and Arab Janjaweed nomads (see illustrative photo).

Since 1968, Sudanese politicians had attempted to create separate factions of "Africans" and "Arabs" in the western area of Darfur, a difficult task as the population were substantially intermarried and could not be distinguished by skin tone. This internal political instability was aggravated by cross-border conflicts with Chad and Libya[91] and the 1984–1985 Darfur famine.[92] In 2003, the Justice and Equality Movement and the Sudanese Liberation Army –accusing the government of neglecting Darfur and oppressing non-Arabs in favor of Arabs – began an armed insurgency.[93]

Estimates vary of the number of deaths resulting from attacks on the non-Arab/Arabized population by the Janjaweed militia: the Sudanese government claim that up to 10,000 have been killed in this conflict; the United Nations reported that about 300,000 had died as of 2010,[12] and other reports place the figures at between 200,000 and 400,000.[11] During an interview with David Frost for the Al Jazeera English programme Frost Over The World in June 2008, al-Bashir insisted that no more than 10,000 had died in Darfur.[94]

The Sudanese government had been accused of suppressing information by jailing and killing witnesses since 2004, and tampering with evidence, such as covering up mass graves.[95][96][97] The Sudanese government has also arrested and harassed journalists, thus limiting the extent of press coverage of the situation in Darfur.[98][99][100][101] While the United States government has described the conflict as genocide,[102] the UN has not recognized the conflict as such.[103] (see List of declarations of genocide in Darfur)

The United States Government stated in September 2004 "that genocide has been committed in Darfur and that the Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed bear responsibility and that genocide may still be occurring".[104] On 29 June 2004, U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell met with al-Bashir in Sudan and urged him to make peace with the rebels, end the crisis, and lift restrictions on the delivery of humanitarian aid to Darfur.[105] Kofi Annan met with al-Bashir three days later and demanded that he disarm the Janjaweed.[106]

After fighting stopped in July and August, on 31 August 2006, the United Nations Security Council had approved Resolution 1706 which called for a new UN peacekeeping force consisting of 17,300 military personnel and 3,300 civilians[107] and named the United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID).[108] It was intended to have supplanted or supplemented a 7,000-troop African Union Mission in Sudan peacekeeping force.[109] Sudan strongly objected to the resolution and said that it would see the UN forces in the region as "foreign invaders".[110] A day after rejecting the UN forces into Sudan, the Sudanese military launched a major offensive in the region.[111] In March 2007, the United Nations Human Rights Council accused Sudan's government of taking part in "gross violations" in Darfur[112] and urged the international community to take urgent action to protect people in Darfur.[113] A high-level technical consultation was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 11–12 June 2007, pursuant to the 4 June 2007 letters of the secretary-general and the chairperson of the African Union Commission, which were addressed to al-Bashir.[114] The technical consultations were attended by delegations from the Government of Sudan, the African Union, and the United Nations.[115][116]

 
Darfur refugee camp in Chad, 2005

In 2009, General Martin Luther Agwai, head of the UNAMID, said the war was over in the region, although low-level disputes remained. "Banditry, localised issues, people trying to resolve issues over water and land at a local level. But real war as such, I think we are over that," he said.[117] This perspective is contradicted by reports which indicate that violence continues in Darfur while peace efforts have been stalled repeatedly. Violence between Sudan's military and rebel fighters has beset South Kordofan and Blue Nile states since disputed state elections in May 2011, an ongoing humanitarian crisis that has prompted international condemnation and U.S. congressional hearings. In 2012, tensions between Sudan and South Sudan reached a boiling point when the Sudanese military bombed territory in South Sudan, leading to hostilities over the disputed Heglig (or Panthou) oil fields located along the Sudan-South Sudan border.[118] Omar al-Bashir sought the assistance of numerous non-western countries after the West, led by America, imposed sanctions against him, he said: "From the first day, our policy was clear: To look eastward, toward China, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and even Korea and Japan, even if the Western influence upon some [of these] countries is strong. We believe that the Chinese expansion was natural because it filled the space left by Western governments, the United States, and international funding agencies. The success of the Sudanese experiment in dealing with China without political conditions or pressures encouraged other African countries to look toward China."[119]

Chadian President Idriss Déby visited Khartoum in 2010 and Chad kicked out the Darfuri rebels it had previously supported. Both Sudanese and Chadian sides together established a joint military border patrol.[120]

On 26 October 2011, al-Bashir said that Sudan gave military support to the Libyan rebels, who overthrew Muammar Gaddafi. In a speech broadcast live on state television, al-Bashir said the move was in response to Gaddafi's support for Sudanese rebels three years ago. Sudan and Libya have had a complicated and frequently antagonistic relationship for many years. President al-Bashir said the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), a Darfuri rebel group, had attacked Khartoum three years ago using Libyan trucks, equipment, arms, ammunition and money. He said God had given Sudan a chance to respond, by sending arms, ammunition and humanitarian support to the Libyan revolutionaries. "Our God, high and exalted, from above the seven skies, gave us the opportunity to reciprocate the visit," he said. "The forces which entered Tripoli, part of their arms and capabilities, were 100% Sudanese," he told the crowd. His speech was well received by a large crowd in the eastern Sudanese town of Kassala. But the easy availability of weapons in Libya, and that country's poorly guarded border with Darfur, are also of great concern to the Sudanese authorities.[121]

Al-Bashir in his speech said that his government's priority was to end the armed rebellion and tribal conflicts in order to save blood and direct the energies of young people towards building Sudan instead of "killing and destruction". He called upon youth of the rebel groups to lay down arms and join efforts to build the country.[122] Al Bashir sees himself as a man wronged and misunderstood. He takes full responsibility for the conflict in Darfur, he says, but says that his government did not start the fighting and has done everything in its power to end it.[25]

Al Bashir had signed two peace agreements for Darfur:

The agreement also provided for power sharing at the national level: movements that sign the agreement will be entitled to nominate two ministers and two four ministers of state at the federal level and will be able to nominate 20 members to the national legislature. The movements will be entitled to nominate two state governors in the Darfur region.[127]

Indictment by the ICC edit

Main article: International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur § Omar al-Bashir
 
Al-Bashir is accused of directing attacks against civilians in Darfur.

On 14 July 2008, the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), Luis Moreno Ocampo, alleged that al-Bashir bore individual criminal responsibility for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes that had been committed in Darfur since 2003. The prosecutor accused al-Bashir of having "masterminded and implemented" a plan to destroy the three main ethnic groups—Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa—with a campaign of murder, rape, and deportation.[22][128] The arrest warrant is supported by NATO, the Genocide Intervention Network, and Amnesty International.[129]

An arrest warrant for al-Bashir was issued on 4 March 2009 by a pre-trial chamber composed of judges Akua Kuenyehia of Ghana, Anita Usacka of Latvia, and Sylvia Steiner of Brazil[130] indicting him on five counts of crimes against humanity (murder, extermination, forcible transfer, torture and rape) and two counts of war crimes (pillaging and intentionally directing attacks against civilians).[23][131] The court ruled that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for genocide.[24][132] However, Usacka wrote a dissenting opinion arguing that there were "reasonable grounds to believe that Omar Al Bashir has committed the crime of genocide".[132]

Sudan is not a state party to the Rome Statute establishing the ICC, and thus claims that it does not have to execute the warrant. However, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593 (2005) referred Sudan to the ICC, which gives the court jurisdiction over international crimes committed in Sudan and obligates Government of Sudan to cooperate with the ICC,[133] and therefore the court, Amnesty International and others insist that Sudan must comply with the arrest warrant of the International Criminal Court.[24][134] Amnesty International stated that al-Bashir must turn himself in to face the charges, and that the Sudanese authorities must detain him and turn him over to the ICC if he refuses.[135]

Al-Bashir was the first sitting head of state ever indicted by the ICC.[24] However, the Arab League[136] and the African Union condemned the warrant. Following the indictment Al-Bashir visited China,[137] Djibouti,[138][139] Egypt, Ethiopia, India,[140] Libya,[141][142] Nigeria,[143] Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and several other countries, all of which refused to have him arrested. ICC member state Chad also refused to arrest al-Bashir during a state visit in July 2010.[144] He was also invited to attend confrences in Denmark[145] and Turkey.[146] On 28 November 2011, following a visit to Kenya, Kenya's High Court Judge Nicholas Ombija ordered the Minister of Internal Security to arrest al-Bashir, "should he set foot in Kenya in the future".[147] In June 2015, while in South Africa for an African Union meeting, al-Bashir was prohibited from leaving that country while a court decided whether he should be handed over to the ICC for war crimes.[148] He, nevertheless, was allowed to leave South Africa soon afterward.[149] Luis Moreno Ocampo and Amnesty International claimed that al-Bashir's plane could be intercepted in International Airspace. Sudan announced that the presidential plane would always be escorted by fighter jets of the Sudanese Air Force to prevent his arrest. In March 2009, just before al-Bashir's visit to Qatar, the Sudanese government was reportedly considering sending fighter jets to accompany his plane to Qatar, possibly in response to France expressing support for an operation to intercept his plane in international airspace, as France has military bases in Djibouti and the United Arab Emirates.[150]

 
Al-Bashir in Beijing, China, 3 November 2006

The charges against al-Bashir have been criticised and ignored in Sudan and abroad, particularly in Africa and the Muslim world. Former president of the African Union Muammar al-Gaddafi characterized the indictment as a form of terrorism. He also believed that the warrant is an attempt "by (the west) to recolonise their former colonies".[151] Egypt said, it was "greatly disturbed" by the ICC decision and called for an emergency meeting of the UN security council to defer the arrest warrant.[152] The Arab League Secretary-General Amr Moussa expressed that the organization emphasizes its solidarity with Sudan and condemned the warrant for "undermining the unity and stability of Sudan".[153] The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation denounced the warrant as unwarranted and totally unacceptable. It argued that the warrant demonstrated "selectivity and double standard applied in relation to issues of war crimes".[154] There have been large demonstrations by Sudanese people supporting President Bashir and opposing the ICC charges.[155]

Al-Bashir has rejected the charges, saying "Whoever has visited Darfur, met officials and discovered their ethnicities and tribes ... will know that all of these things are lies."[156] He described the charges as "not worth the ink they are written in".[157] The warrant was to be delivered to the Sudanese government, which stated that they would not carry it out.[24][133][134]

The Sudanese government retaliated against the warrant by expelling a number of international aid agencies, including Oxfam and Mercy Corps.[158] President Bashir described the aid agencies as thieves who take "99 percent of the budget for humanitarian work themselves, giving the people of Darfur 1 percent" and as spies in the work of foreign regimes. Bashir promised that national agencies will provide aid to Darfur.[159]

 
Al-Bashir in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 31 January 2009

Al-Bashir was one of the candidates in the 2010 Sudanese presidential election, the first democratic election with multiple political parties participating since the 1986 election.[160][161] It had been suggested that by holding and winning a legitimate presidential elections in 2010, al-Bashir had hoped to evade the ICC's warrant for his arrest.[162] On 26 April, he was officially declared the winner after Sudan's election commission announced he had received 68% of the votes cast in the election.[163] However, The New York Times noted the voting was "marred by boycotts and reports of intimidation and widespread fraud".[164]

In August 2013, Bashir's plane was blocked from entering Saudi Arabian airspace when Bashir was attempting to attend the inauguration of Iranian President Hassan Rouhani,[165] whose country is the main supplier of weapons to Sudan.[166]

A second arrest warrant for al-Bashir was issued on 12 July 2010. The ICC issued an additional warrant adding 3 counts of genocide for the ethnic cleansing of the Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa tribes.[139] The new warrant included the court's conclusion that there were reasonable grounds to suspect that al-Bashir acted with specific intent to destroy in part the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups in the Darfur region.[167] The charges against al-Bashir, in three separate counts, include "genocide by killing", "genocide by causing serious bodily or mental harm" and "genocide by deliberately inflicting on each target group conditions of life calculated to bring about the group's physical destruction".[168] The new warrant acted as a supplement to the first, whereby the charges initially brought against al-Bashir all remained in place, but now included the crime of genocide which was initially ruled out, pending appeal.[169]

 
Al-Bashir with Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, Tehran, 31 August 2012
 
Al-Bashir and Russian President Vladimir Putin during a meeting in Sochi on 27 November 2017

Al-Bashir said that Sudan is not a party to the ICC treaty and could not be expected to abide by its provisions just like the United States, China and Russia. He said "It is a political issue and double standards, because there are obvious crimes like Palestine, Iraq and Afghanistan, but [they] did not find their way to the International Criminal Court". He added "The same decision in which [the] Darfur case [was] being transferred to the court stated that the American soldiers [in Iraq and Afghanistan] would not be questioned by the court, so it is not about justice, it is a political issue." Al Bashir accused Luis Moreno Ocampo, the ICC's chief prosecutor since 2003, of repeatedly lying in order to damage his reputation and standing. Al-Bashir said "The behaviour of the prosecutor of the court, it was clearly the behaviour of a political activist not a legal professional. He is now working on a big campaign to add more lies." He added, "The biggest lie was when he said I have $9bn in one of the British banks, and thank God, the British bank and the [British] finance minister … denied these allegations." He also said: "The clearest cases in the world such as Palestine and Iraq and Afghanistan, clear crimes to the whole humanity – all were not transferred to the court."[25]

In October 2013, several members of the African Union expressed anger at the ICC, calling it "racist" for failing to file charges against Western leaders or Western allies while prosecuting only African suspects so far. The African Union demanded that the ICC protect African heads of state from prosecution.[170]

 
Al Bashir meeting with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, New Delhi, India, 30 October 2015

Military intervention in Yemen edit

In 2015, Sudan participated in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former president Ali Abdullah Saleh,[171] who was deposed during the 2011–2012 Yemeni Revolution.[172] Reuters reported that "The war in Yemen has given Omar Hassan al-Bashir, a skilled political operator who has ruled Sudan for a quarter-century, an opportunity to show wealthy Sunni powers that he can be an asset against Iranian influence – if the price is right."[173]

Allegations of corruption edit

During the Second Sudanese Civil War, Al-Bashir allegedly looted Sudan of much of its wealth. According to leaked US diplomatic cables, $9 billion of his siphoned wealth was stored in banks in London. Luis Moreno-Ocampo, the chief prosecutor of the ICC, stated that some of the funds were being held in the partially nationalized Lloyds Banking Group. He also reportedly told US officials it was necessary to go public with the scale of al-Bashir's extortion to turn public opinion against him.[174] One US official stated "Ocampo suggested if Bashir's stash of money were disclosed (he put the figure at $9bn), it would change Sudanese public opinion from him being a 'crusader' to that of a thief." "Ocampo reported Lloyds bank in London may be holding or knowledgeable of the whereabouts of his money," the report says. "Ocampo suggested exposing Bashir had illegal accounts would be enough to turn the Sudanese against him."[175] A leaked diplomatic cable allegedly reveals that the Sudanese president had embezzled US$9 billion in state funds, but Lloyds Bank "insisted it was not aware of any link with Bashir," while a Sudanese government spokesman called the claim "ludicrous" and attacked the motives of the prosecutor.[176] In an interview with the Guardian, al-Bashir said, referring to ICC Prosecutor Ocampo, "The biggest lie was when he said I have $9 billion in one of the British banks, and thank God, the British bank and the [British] finance minister ... denied these allegations."[25] The arrest warrant actively increased public support for al-Bashir in Sudan.[177]

 
The meeting of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in Sudan, January 2019

Part of the $8.9 billion fine the BNP Paribas paid for sanctions violations was related to their trade with Sudan. While smaller fines have also been given to other banks,[178] US Justice Department officials said that they found the BNP particularly uncooperative, calling it Sudan's de facto central bank.[179]

African space agency edit

In 2012, al-Bashir proposed setting up a continent wide space agency in Africa. In a statement he said; "I'm calling for the biggest project, an African space agency. Africa must have its space agency... [It] will liberate Africa from technological domination".[180] This followed previous calls in 2010 by the African Union (AU) to conduct a feasibility study that would draw up a "road map for the creation of the African space agency". African astronomy received a massive boost when South Africa was awarded the majority shares of the Square Kilometre Array, the world's biggest radio telescope. It will see dishes erected in nine African countries. But skeptics have questioned whether a continental body in the style of NASA or the European Space Agency would be affordable.[180]

Ousting from power edit

Main article: 2019 Sudanese coup d'état

On 11 April 2019, al-Bashir was removed from his post by the Sudanese Armed Forces[181] after many months of protests and civil uprisings.[182] He was immediately placed under house arrest pending the formation of a transitional council.[183] At the time of his arrest al-Bashir had been the longest-serving leader of Sudan since the country gained independence in 1956, and was the longest-ruling president of the Arab League. The army also ordered the arrest of all ministers in al-Bashir's cabinet, dissolved the National Legislature and formed a Transitional Military Council, led by his own First Vice President and Defense Minister, Lieutenant General Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf.[181]

Post-presidency edit

On 17 April 2019, al-Bashir was moved from house arrest to Khartoum's Kobar Prison.[184] On 13 May 2019, prosecutors charged al-Bashir with "inciting and participating in" the killing of protesters.[185] A trial for corruption (after $130 million was found in his home)[186] and money laundering against al-Bashir started during the following months.[30] On 14 December 2019, he was convicted for money laundering and corruption. He was sentenced to two years in prison.[187]

On 21 July 2020, his trial regarding the coup that brought him to power started. About 20 military personnel were indicted for their roles in the coup.[33] On 20 December 2022, al-Bashir said that he bears full responsibility for the events that took place in the country on June 30, 1989.[188] The trial is expected to continue for several more months and if convicted, Bashir could face a death sentence.[189]

International Criminal Court edit

On 5 November 2019, the Forces of Freedom and Change alliance (FFC), which holds indirect political power during the 39-month Sudanese transition to democracy, stated that it had reached a consensus decision in favour of transferring al-Bashir to the ICC after the completion of his corruption and money laundering trial.[30] In the following days, Sudanese transition period Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok and Sovereignty Council member Siddiq Tawer stated that al-Bashir would be transferred to the ICC.[31][32] On 11 February 2020, Sudan's ruling military council agreed to hand over the ousted al-Bashir to the ICC in The Hague to face charges of crimes against humanity in Darfur.[190] In October 2020, ICC Chief Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda and a delegation arrived in Sudan to discuss with the government about Bashir's indictment. In a deal with Darfurian rebels, the government agreed to set up a special war crimes court that would include Bashir.[191]

Detention edit

On 26 April 2023, the Sudanese Armed Forces stated that al-Bashir, Bakri Hassan Saleh, Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein and two other former officials were taken from Kobar Prison to Alia Military Hospital in Omdurman due to the conflict that erupted earlier that month.[192][193]

See also edit

References edit

  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of State.

  1. ^ "Sudan's Omar Al-Bashir attends Mid-East's Largest Arms Fair". BBC News. 1 March 2015. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  2. ^ "Sudan coup: Why Omar al-Bashir was overthrown". BBC News. 15 April 2019. from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  3. ^ Alsaafin, Linah (24 August 2019). "Omar al-Bashir on trial: Will justice be delivered?". Al Jazeera. from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  4. ^ "Omar al-Bashir: Sudan ex-leader sentenced for corruption". BBC News. 14 December 2019. from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  5. ^ a b "FACTBOX – Sudan's President Omar Hassan al-Bashir". Reuters. 14 July 2008. from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
  6. ^ a b "Dream election result for Sudan's President Bashir". BBC News. 27 April 2010. from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  7. ^ Eliza Mackintosh; James Griffiths (11 April 2019). "Sudan's government has been dissolved". CNN. from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  8. ^ "Genocide in Darfur". United Human Rights Council. from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  9. ^ Magdy, Samy (11 February 2020). "Official: Sudan to hand over al-Bashir for genocide trial". AP News. from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  10. ^ "South Sudan profile". BBC News. 5 July 2011. from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  11. ^ a b "Death toll disputed in Darfur". NBC News. 28 March 2008. from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  12. ^ a b "Q&A: Sudan's Darfur conflict". BBC News. 23 February 2010. from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  13. ^ "Africa :: Sudan — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 2 November 2021. from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  14. ^ "Darfur peace talks to resume in Abuja on Tuesday: AU". People's Daily Online. from the original on 30 November 2005. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  15. ^ "Hundreds Killed in Attacks in Eastern Chad". The Washington Post. 11 April 2007. from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  16. ^ Alfred de Montesquiou (16 October 2006). "AUF Ineffective, Complain Refugees in Darfur". The Washington Post. from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  17. ^ Darfur – overview 11 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, unicef.org.
  18. ^ "Sudan cuts Chad ties over attack". BBC News. 11 May 2008. from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  19. ^ Copnall, James (26 November 2011). "Sudan armed Libyan rebels, says President Bashir". BBC News. from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  20. ^ "Libya leader thanks Sudan for weapons that helped former rebels oust Gadhafi". Haaretz. Reuters. 26 November 2011. from the original on 20 November 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  21. ^ "Sudan: Country Studies". Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 22 March 2011. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  22. ^ a b International Criminal Court (14 July 2008). . Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  23. ^ a b International Criminal Court (4 March 2009). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2009. (358 KB). Retrieved on 4 March 2009.
  24. ^ a b c d e f "Warrant issued for Sudan's Bashir". BBC News. 4 March 2009. from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  25. ^ a b c d Simon Tisdall (20 April 2011). "Omar al-Bashir: genocidal mastermind or bringer of peace?". The Guardian. from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  26. ^ HENRY OWUOR in Khartoum (5 March 2009). . Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  27. ^ "International Criminal Court Cases in Africa: Status and Policy Issues" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  28. ^ Abdelaziz, Khalid; Abdelaty, Ali; El Sherif, Mohamed; Saba, Yousef; Nichols, Michelle; Aboudi, Sami; Lewis, Aidan (11 April 2019). "Sudan's Bashir Forced to Step Down". Reuters. from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  29. ^ Hassan, Mai; Kodouda, Ahmed (11 October 2019). "Sudan's Uprising: The Fall of a Dictator". Journal of Democracy. 30 (4): 89–103. doi:10.1353/jod.2019.0071. ISSN 1086-3214.
  30. ^ a b c "Sudan's Forces for Freedom and Change: 'Hand Al Bashir to ICC'". Radio Dabanga. 5 November 2019. from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  31. ^ a b "الوساطة تسلم مقترحات جديدة حول النقاط العالقة في وثيقة سلام دارفور Sudan's PM says al-Bashir to be handed over to the ICC" [Mediation receives new proposals on sticking points in the Darfur Peace Document]. Sudan Tribune. 5 November 2019. from the original on 6 November 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  32. ^ a b "اجواء مشحونة تخيم على ابيى بعد اشتباكات دامية بين الدينكا والمسيرية" [A charged atmosphere hangs over Abyei after bloody clashes between the Dinka and the Misseriya]. Sudan Tribune. 8 November 2019. from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  33. ^ a b "Sudan's ex-President Bashir on trial for 1989 coup". BBC News. 21 July 2020. from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  34. ^ "The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir" (PDF). International Criminal Court. July 2021. (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2023.
  35. ^ "البشير يحضر جنازة والدته وسط حراسة أمنية مشددة" [Al-Bashir attends his mother's funeral amid tight security]. صفحة أولى. from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  36. ^ "البشير يحضر مراسم دفن والدته.. وجدل على 'تويتر'" [Al-Bashir attends his mother's burial ceremony ... and controversy on Twitter]. السودان نيوز 365. 30 July 2019. from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  37. ^ [Al-Bashir attending his mother's burial ceremony]. 30 July 2019. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  38. ^ Fanack (12 February 2020). "الرئيس عمر البشير" [President Omar al-Bashir]. وقائع الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا (in Arabic). from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  39. ^ "وفاة خال البشير... أبرز خصوم جنوب السودان" [The death of Al-Bashir's uncle... the most prominent opponent of South Sudan]. Asharq Al-Awsat (in Arabic). 16 May 2021. from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  40. ^ a b Moorcraft, Paul (30 April 2015). Omar Al-Bashir and Africa's Longest War. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 9781473854963. from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  41. ^ "Omar al-Bashir: Sudan's ousted president". BBC. 14 August 2019. from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  42. ^ Fred Bridgland (14 July 2008). The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  43. ^ "Profile: Omar al-Bashir". from the original on 24 December 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  44. ^ . 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014.
  45. ^ Bekele, Yilma (12 July 2008). "Chickens are coming home to roost!". Ethiopian Review. from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  46. ^ Cowell, Alan (1 July 1989). "Military Coup in Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime". The New York Times. from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  47. ^ Kepel, Jihad (2002), p.181
  48. ^ Walker, Peter (14 July 2008). "Profile: Omar al-Bashir". The Guardian. London. from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  49. ^ a b New York Times, 16 March 1996, p.4
  50. ^ The Appendix of the 9/11 Commission Report
  51. ^ Stefano Bellucci, "Islam and Democracy: The 1999 Palace Coup", Middle East Policy 7, no. 3 (June 2000):168
  52. ^ "Sudan Government 2001 – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". Workmall.com. from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  53. ^ a b "Sudan president wins re-election". Al Jazeera. 27 April 2010. from the original on 28 January 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  54. ^ "IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Sudan". Electionguide.org. from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  55. ^ a b Gettleman, Jeffrey (24 October 2006). "War in Sudan? Not Where the Oil Wealth Flows". The New York Times. from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  56. ^ "Sudan". from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  57. ^ Shahzad (23 February 2002). . Asia Times. Archived from the original on 20 October 2002. Retrieved 2 December 2007.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  58. ^ . Fox News. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  59. ^ . atimes.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2002.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  60. ^ Spetalnick, Matt (7 October 2017). "U.S. lifts Sudan sanctions, wins commitment against arms deals with North Korea". Reuters. from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  61. ^ Risen, James (27 October 1999). "To Bomb Sudan Plant, or Not: A Year Later, Debates Rankle". The New York Times. from the original on 5 October 2002. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  62. ^ a b "Profile: Sudan's President Bashir". BBC News. 25 November 2003. from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  63. ^ Fuller, The Future of Political Islam, (2003), p.111
  64. ^ Wright, The Looming Tower, (2006), pp.221–3
  65. ^ Wasil Ali, "Sudanese Islamist opposition leader denies link with Darfur rebels" 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Sudan Tribune, 13 May 2008.
  66. ^ "Profile: Sudan's Islamist leader". BBC. 15 January 2009. from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  67. ^ Lansford, Tom (19 March 2019). Political Handbook of the World 2018–2019. CQ Press. ISBN 978-1-5443-2713-6. from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  68. ^ "Head of opposition backs ICC's arrest warrant for Bashir". France 24. AFP. 9 March 2009. from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  69. ^ Middleton, Drew (4 October 1982). "Sudanese Brigades Could Provide Key Aid for Iraq; Military Analysis". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  70. ^ Perlez, Jane (26 August 1998). "After the Attacks: The Connection; Iraqi Deal with Sudan on Nerve Gas Is Reported". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  71. ^ "U.S. – Sudan Relations". U.S. Embassy in Sudan. from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  72. ^ "Carlos the Jackal Reportedly Arrested During Liposuction". Los Angeles Times. 21 August 1994. from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  73. ^ "1996 CIA Memo to Sudanese Official". The Washington Post. 3 October 2001. from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  74. ^ "The Osama Files". Vanity Fair. January 2002. from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  75. ^ . History Commons. 18 May 1996. Archived from the original on 18 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  76. ^ Carney, Timothy; Mansoor Ijaz (30 June 2002). . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
  77. ^ . The Washington Post. 29 April 1997. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014.
  78. ^ Ijaz, Mansoor (30 September 1998). "Olive Branch Ignored". Los Angeles Times. from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  79. ^ Carney, Timothy; Ijaz, Mansoor (30 June 2002). "Intelligence Failure? Let's Go Back to Sudan". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  80. ^ Malik, Mohamed; Malik, Malik (18 March 2015). "The Efficacy of United States Sanctions on the Republic of Sudan". Journal of Georgetown University-Qatar Middle Eastern Studies Student Association. 2015 (1): 3. doi:10.5339/messa.2015.7. ISSN 2311-8148.
  81. ^ McIntyre, Jamie; Koppel, Andrea (21 August 1998). "Pakistan lodges protest over U.S. missile strikes". CNN. from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  82. ^ Miniter, Richard (1 August 2003). Losing Bin Laden: How Bill Clinton's Failures Unleashed Global Terror. Regnery Publishing. pp. 114, 140. ISBN 978-0-89526-074-1.
  83. ^ Wong, Edward (4 December 2019). "Trump Administration Moves to Upgrade Diplomatic Ties With Sudan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  84. ^ "Omar al-Bashir to speak at UN Summit in New York". Eyewitness News. from the original on 7 August 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  85. ^ . Archived from the original on 10 December 2004.
  86. ^ Morrison, J. Stephen; de Waal, Alex (1 March 2005). "Can Sudan Escape its Intractability?". In Crocker, Chester A.; Hampson, Fen Osler; Aall, Pamela (eds.). Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace. p. 162. ISBN 978-1929223602.
  87. ^ "Sudan bids rebel leader farewell". BBC News. 6 August 2005. from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  88. ^ . IRIN. 12 February 2004. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  89. ^ "Sudanese flesh out final deal". BBC News. 7 October 2004. from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  90. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (9 July 2011). "After Years of Struggle, South Sudan Becomes a New Nation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  91. ^ Prunier, G., The Ambiguous Genocide, Ithaca, NY, 2005, pp. 42–44
  92. ^ Prunier, pp. 47–52
  93. ^ Pilling, David (11 April 2019). "Bashir: Sudan's autocrat turned pariah leaves ruptured country". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  94. ^ . Al Jazeera. 21 September 2008. Archived from the original on 28 January 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  95. ^ Grave, A Mass (28 May 2007). . The Australian. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
  96. ^ "Darfur Destroyed – Summary". Human Rights Watch. 7 May 2004. from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  97. ^ "Darfur Destroyed – Destroying Evidence?". Human Rights Watch. June 2004. from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  98. ^ "Country of Origin Report: Sudan" (PDF). Research, Development and Statistics (RDS), Home Office, UK. 27 October 2006. (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
  99. ^ . Los Angeles Times. 26 August 2006. Archived from the original on 29 August 2006.
  100. ^ . International Press Institute. 2005. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009.
  101. ^ Beeston, Richard (12 August 2004). "Police put on a show of force, but are Darfur's militia killers free to roam?". The Times. London. from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  102. ^ "Darfur: A 'Plan B' to Stop Genocide?". US Department of State. 11 April 2007. from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  103. ^ Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General (PDF) 1 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations, 25 January 2005
  104. ^ Kessler, Glenn; Lynch, Colum (10 September 2004). "U.S. Calls Killings in Sudan Genocide". The Washington Post. from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  105. ^ Marquis, Christopher (30 June 2004). "Powell to Press Sudan to Ease the Way for Aid in Darfur". The New York Times. from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  106. ^ Elgabir, Nima (2 July 2004). "Sudan rejects 30-day deadline". Independent Online. Retrieved 15 July 2008.[dead link]
  107. ^ "Sudan warms to Darfur force plan". CNN. 17 November 2006. from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  108. ^ Bonkoungou, Mathieu; Bavier, Joe (5 November 2016). Evans, Catherine (ed.). "Burkina Faso to withdraw Darfur peacekeepers by July". Reuters. from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  109. ^ "U.N. OKs 26,000 Darfur Peacekeepers". CBS News. Associated Press. 31 July 2007. from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  110. ^ Weiss, Thomas G. (20 May 2013). What's Wrong with the United Nations and How to Fix it. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-7456-6146-9. from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  111. ^ . Canana.com. Associated Press. 1 September 2006. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  112. ^ Muller, Joachim; Sauvant, Karl P. (2011). Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 2009/2010. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. xxii. ISBN 978-0-19-975911-8. from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  113. ^ Waddington, Richard (12 March 2007). "Sudan orchestrated Darfur crimes, U.N. mission says". Reuters. from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  114. ^ "Conclusions of the high-level AU UN consultations with the Government of Sudan on the Hybrid Operation". African Union. 12 July 2007. from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  115. ^ Lederer, Edith M. (12 June 2007). "Sudan accepts plan for joint peacekeeping force for Darfur". Associated Press. from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  116. ^ "Sudanese president answers questions on Darfur". Finalcall.com. 14 May 2007. from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
  117. ^ "War in Sudan's Darfur 'is over'". BBC News. 27 August 2009. from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  118. ^ . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  119. ^ Sam Dealey (14 August 2009). . Time. Archived from the original on 18 August 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  120. ^ "Sudan, Chad agree to end proxy wars". Mail & Guardian. 9 February 2010. from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  121. ^ "Sudan armed Libyan rebels, says President Bashir". BBC News. 26 October 2011. from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  122. ^ "Bashir vows to end rebellion and tribal clashes before 2015 elections". Sudan Tribune. 28 March 2009. from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  123. ^ United Nations. "UNAMID Background". from the original on 6 November 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  124. ^ . Conflict Encyclopedia. Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  125. ^ Kessler, Glenn; Wax, Emily (5 May 2006). "Sudan, Main Rebel Group Sign Peace Deal". The Washington Post. from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  126. ^ (PDF), 27 April 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2018, retrieved 4 February 2014
  127. ^ . Radio Dabanga. 15 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013.
  128. ^ Simons, Marlise; Polgreen, Lydia (14 July 2008). "Hague court accuses Sudanese president of genocide". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  129. ^ Abomo, Paul Tang (22 May 2018). R2P and the US Intervention in Libya. Springer. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-319-78831-9. from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  130. ^ (Official Channel of the ICC) on YouTube
  131. ^ . International Criminal Court. 4 March 2009. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  132. ^ a b International Criminal Court (4 March 2009). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2009. (7.62 MB). Retrieved on 4 March 2009
  133. ^ a b Amnesty International – Document – Sudan: Amnesty International calls for arrest of President Al Bashir. 4 March 2009
  134. ^ a b "Sudan ICC charges concern Mbeki". BBC News. 27 July 2008. from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  135. ^ . Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  136. ^ "Arab leaders back 'wanted' Bashir". BBC News. from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2009.
  137. ^ sda/ddp/afp/dpa (29 June 2011). . Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  138. ^ . Coalition for the International Criminal Court. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  139. ^ a b "BashirWatch". United to End Genocide. from the original on 8 March 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  140. ^ "India-Africa summit: Arrest Sudan President Omar al-Bashir, demands Amnesty International". The Indian Express. New Delhi. 26 October 2015. from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  141. ^ "Sudan's Bashir offers help to Libya during criticised visit". BBC News. 7 January 2012. from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  142. ^ "Sudan president Bashir visits Libya". The Belfast Telegraph. 7 January 2012. from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  143. ^ "Bashir leaves Nigeria amid calls for arrest". Al Jazeera. from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  144. ^ Rice, Xan (22 July 2010). "Chad refuses to arrest Omar al-Bashir on genocide charges". The Guardian. London. from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  145. ^ . Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  146. ^ . Amnesty International. 6 November 2009. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  147. ^ "Kenyan court issues arrest order for Sudan's Bashir". Reuters. 28 November 2011. from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  148. ^ Mataboge, Mmanaledi (14 June 2015). "SA court to rule on Sudan president's fate". Mail & Guardian. from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  149. ^ "Laughter as court told Al-Bashir has left". News24. 15 June 2015. from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  150. ^ Elias Kifle (28 March 2009). . Ethiopian Review. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013.
  151. ^ "Sudan leader in Qatar for summit". BBC News. 29 March 2009. from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  152. ^ Rice, Xan (4 March 2009). "Uproar in Sudan over Bashir war crimes warrant". The Guardian. from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  153. ^ "Arab leaders snub al-Bashir warrant". Al Jazeera. from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  154. ^ "The Organization of the Islamic Conference". Council on Foreign Relations. from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  155. ^ . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  156. ^ Thomasson, Emma (14 July 2008). "ICC prosecutor seeks arrest of Sudan's Bashir". Reuters. from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
  157. ^ "IRIN Africa – SUDAN: The case against Bashir – Sudan – Conflict – Human Rights – Refugees/IDPs". IRIN. 4 March 2009. from the original on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  158. ^ "Sudan orders aid agency expulsions". CNN. 4 March 2009. from the original on 6 March 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  159. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Sudan: We will fill the aid gaps, government insists". Refworld. from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  160. ^ . Sudan Tribune. 26 July 2008. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  161. ^ . Sudan Tribune. 28 July 2008. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  162. ^ "Sudan's al-Bashir wins landmark presidential poll". France 24. 26 April 2010. from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
  163. ^ "President Omar al-Bashir declared winner of Sudan poll". BBC News. 26 April 2010. from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
  164. ^ Simons, Marlise (12 July 2010). "International Court Adds Genocide to Charges Against Sudan Leader". The New York Times. from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  165. ^ "Sudan President Blocked from Saudi Air Space". Voice of America. 4 August 2013. from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  166. ^ "Under Omar al-Bashir, Sudan is in steepening decline". The Economist. Khartoum. 1 February 2014. from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  167. ^ RTTNews [1] 24 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine 12 July 2010, accessed 12 July 2010
  168. ^ Morris, P Sean (February 2018). "Economic Genocide Under International Law". The Journal of Criminal Law. 82 (1): 29. doi:10.1177/0022018317749698. ISSN 0022-0183.
  169. ^ "Pre-Trial Chamber I issues a second warrant of arrest against Omar Al Bashir for counts of genocide". International Criminal Court. 12 July 2010. from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  170. ^ Geoffrey York (13 October 2013). "African Union demands ICC exempt leaders from prosecution". The Globe and Mail. from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  171. ^ "Sudan Joining Saudi Campaign in Yemen Shows Shift in Region Ties 6 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine". Bloomberg. 27 March 2015.
  172. ^ "Saudi-led coalition strikes rebels in Yemen, inflaming tensions in region 16 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine". CNN. 27 March 2015.
  173. ^ "Sudan maintains balancing act with Saudi, Iran 1 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine". Reuters. 30 April 2015.
  174. ^ "Profile: Sudan's Omar al-Bashir". BBC. 5 December 2011. from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  175. ^ Hirsch, Afua (17 December 2010). "WikiLeaks cables: Sudanese president 'stashed $9bn in UK banks". The Guardian. from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  176. ^ "Bank denies WikiLeaks' Sudan claim". Nuneaton-news. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
  177. ^ . Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  178. ^ Mohammed Amin (13 October 2019). "Bashir's billions and the banks that helped him: Sudan fights to recover stolen funds". Middle East Eye. from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  179. ^ Nate Raymond (1 May 2015). "BNP Paribas sentenced in $8.9 billion accord over sanctions violations". Reuters. from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019. Authorities said that BNP essentially functioned as the "central bank for the government of Sudan," concealing its tracks and failing to cooperate when first contacted by law enforcement
  180. ^ a b David Smith (6 September 2012). "Sudanese president calls for African space agency". The Guardian. from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  181. ^ a b McKintosh, Eliza; Griffiths, James (11 April 2019). "Sudan's Omar al-Bashir forced out in coup". Cable News Network. from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  182. ^ . Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  183. ^ "Jubilation as Sudan's Omar Al-Bashir 'under house arrest now'". Arab News. 11 April 2019. from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  184. ^ "Sudan crisis: Ex-President Omar al-Bashir moved to prison". BBC News. 17 April 2019. from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  185. ^ "Sudan's Omar al-Bashir charged over killing of protesters". Al Jazeera. 13 May 2019. from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  186. ^ "Two years in a rest home for Sudan's former tyrant". The Economist. 18 December 2019. from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  187. ^ Dahir, Abdi Latif (13 December 2019). "Sudan's Ousted Leader Is Sentenced to Two Years for Corruption". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  188. ^ "الرئيس السوداني المعزول عمر البشير: أتحمل المسؤولية عن أحداث 30 يونيو 1989 (فيديو)" [Deposed Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir: I bear responsibility for the events of June 30, 1989 (video)]. mubasher.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  189. ^ "Sudan's Bashir admits role in 1989 coup during trial". Al Arabiya English. 20 December 2022. from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  190. ^ "Sudan signals it may send former dictator Omar al-Bashir to ICC". The Guardian. 11 February 2020. from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  191. ^ "Omar Bashir: ICC delegation begins talks in Sudan over former leader". BBC News. 17 October 2020. from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  192. ^ "Former Sudan Officials Leave Prison, Raising Questions about Bashir". VOA News. 26 April 2023. from the original on 26 April 2023.
  193. ^ Dahir, Abdi Latif (26 April 2023). "Mystery of Ex-Dictator's Whereabouts Adds to Crisis in Sudan". The New York Times. from the original on 26 April 2023.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Sudan was known as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan at the time of al-Bashir's birth.
  2. ^ Arabic: عمر حسن أحمد البشير, romanized: ʿUmar Ḥasan ʾAḥmad al-Bashīr, pronounced [ba'ʃiːr];[1]

External links edit

  • at Trial Watch.
  • at The Hague Justice Portal.
  • , Sudan Inside, 18 November 2007.
  • by Michael Johns, Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum No. 245, 28 July 1989.
  • Arrest Warrant for Sudan's President Bashir: Arabs Are Leaving Themselves out of the International Justice System
  • , opinion by Reed Brody, European Union Institute for Security Studies, March 2009.
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
Political offices
Preceded by President of Sudan
1989–2019 		Vacant

January 19, 2024
omar, bashir, bashir, redirects, here, other, people, with, name, bashir, omar, hassan, ahmad, bashir, born, january, 1944, sudanese, former, military, officer, politician, served, sudan, head, state, under, various, titles, from, 1989, until, 2019, when, depo. al Bashir redirects here For other people with the name see Bashir Omar Hassan Ahmad al Bashir b born 1 January 1944 is a Sudanese former military officer and politician who served as Sudan s head of state under various titles from 1989 until 2019 when he was deposed in a coup d etat 2 He was subsequently incarcerated tried and convicted on multiple corruption charges 3 4 He came to power in 1989 when as a brigadier general in the Sudanese Army he led a group of officers in a military coup that ousted the democratically elected government of prime minister Sadiq al Mahdi after it began negotiations with rebels in the south he subsequently replaced President Ahmed al Mirghani as head of state 5 He was elected three times as president in elections that have been under scrutiny for electoral fraud 6 In 1992 al Bashir founded the National Congress Party which remained the dominant political party in the country until 2019 7 In March 2009 al Bashir became the first sitting head of state to be indicted by the International Criminal Court ICC for allegedly directing a campaign of mass killing rape and pillage against civilians in Darfur 8 On 11 February 2020 the Government of Sudan announced that it had agreed to hand over al Bashir to the ICC for trial 9 His Excellency Field MarshalOmar al Bashirعمر البشيرAl Bashir in 20094th President of SudanIn office 16 October 1993 11 April 2019Prime MinisterSee list Bakri Hassan SalehMotazz MoussaMohamed Tahir AyalaVice PresidentSee list First Vice PresidentsZubair Mohamed SalihAli Osman TahaJohn GarangSalva Kiir MayarditAli Osman TahaBakri Hassan SalehAhmed Awad Ibn AufSecond Vice PresidentsGeorge Kongor AropMoses Kacoul MacharAli Osman TahaAl Haj Adam YoussefHassabu Mohamed AbdalrahmanOsman Mohamed Yousif KibirPreceded byHimself as Chairman of the RCCSucceeded byAhmed Awad Ibn Auf as Chairman of the Transitional Military Council Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National SalvationIn office 30 June 1989 16 October 1993DeputyZubair Mohamed SalihPreceded byAhmed al Mirghani as President Succeeded byHimself as PresidentPersonal detailsBornOmar Hassan Ahmad al Bashir 1944 01 01 1 January 1944 age 80 Hosh Bannaga Sudan a Political partyNational Congress Party 1992 2019 Spouse s Fatima KhalidWidad Babiker OmerAlma materEgyptian Military AcademyMilitary serviceAllegiance Sudan EgyptBranch serviceSudanese ArmyYears of service1960 2019RankField MarshalBattles warsFirst Sudanese Civil War Yom Kippur War First Congo War Second Sudanese Civil WarCriminal detailsCriminal statusClaimed by ICCConviction s Money laundering CorruptionCriminal penaltyTwo years in prisonDate apprehended17 April 2019Imprisoned atIncarcerated at the Kobar Prison Khartoum SudanIn October 2005 al Bashir s government negotiated an end to the Second Sudanese Civil War 10 leading to a referendum in the south resulting in the separation of the south as the country of South Sudan In the Darfur region he oversaw the War in Darfur that resulted in death tolls of around 10 000 according to the Sudanese Government 11 but most sources suggest between 200 000 12 and 400 000 13 14 15 During his presidency there were several violent struggles between the Janjaweed militia and rebel groups such as the Sudanese Liberation Army SLA and the Justice and Equality Movement JEM in the form of guerrilla warfare in the Darfur region The civil war displaced 16 over 2 5 million people out of a total population of 6 2 million in Darfur 17 and created a crisis in the diplomatic relations between Sudan and Chad 18 The rebels in Darfur lost the support from Libya after the death of Muammar Gaddafi and the collapse of his regime in 2011 19 20 21 In July 2008 the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court ICC Luis Moreno Ocampo accused al Bashir of genocide crimes against humanity and war crimes in Darfur 22 The court issued an arrest warrant for al Bashir on 4 March 2009 on counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity but ruled that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for genocide 23 24 However on 12 July 2010 the court issued a second warrant containing three separate counts of genocide The new warrant like the first was delivered to the Sudanese government which did not recognize either the warrant or the ICC 24 The indictments do not allege that Bashir personally took part in such activities instead they say that he is suspected of being criminally responsible as an indirect co perpetrator 25 The court s decision was opposed by the African Union Arab League and Non Aligned Movement as well as the governments of Libya Somalia Jordan Turkey Egypt South Sudan Djibouti Eritrea Pakistan Algeria Iraq Saudi Arabia Kuwait Oman Palestine Ethiopia Tunisia Morocco Lebanon Bahrain Qatar and the United Arab Emirates 26 27 From December 2018 onwards al Bashir faced large scale protests which demanded his removal from power On 11 April 2019 Bashir was ousted in a military coup d etat 28 29 In September 2019 Bashir was replaced by the Transitionary Military Council which transferred executive power to a mixed civilian military Sovereignty Council and a civilian prime minister Abdalla Hamdok Two months later the Forces of Freedom and Change alliance which holds indirect political power during the 39 month Sudanese transition to democracy Hamdok and Sovereignty Council member Siddiq Tawer stated that Bashir would be eventually transferred to the ICC He was convicted of corruption in December of that year and sentenced to two years in prison 30 31 32 His trial regarding his role in the coup that brought him into power started on 21 July 2020 33 Contents 1 Early and family life 2 Presidency 2 1 Coup d etat 2 2 Elections 2 3 Tensions with Hassan al Turabi 2 4 Engagement with the U S and European countries 2 5 South Sudan 2 6 War in Darfur 2 7 Indictment by the ICC 2 8 Military intervention in Yemen 2 9 Allegations of corruption 2 10 African space agency 2 11 Ousting from power 3 Post presidency 3 1 International Criminal Court 3 2 Detention 4 See also 5 References 6 Notes 7 External linksEarly and family life editAl Bashir was born on 1 January 1944 in Hosh Bannaga 34 a village on the outskirts of Shendi just north of the capital Khartoum to a family of African Arab descent His mother was Hedieh Mohamed al Zain who died in 2019 35 36 37 His father Hassan ibn Ahmed was a smalltime dairy farmer He is the second among twelve brothers and sisters his younger brother Othman was killed in South Sudan during his presidency 38 His uncle Al Taib Mustafa was a journalist politician and noted opponent of South Sudan 39 As a boy he was nicknamed Omeira Little Omar 40 He belongs to the Banu Bedaria a Bedouin tribe belonging to the larger Ja alin coalition 41 a Sudanese Arab tribe in middle north of Sudan once a part of the Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan As a child Al Bashir loved football Always in defence a cousin said That s why he went into the army He received his primary education there and his family later moved to Khartoum North where he completed his secondary education and became a supporter of Al Hilal Al Bashir is married to his cousin Fatima Khalid He also has a second wife named Widad Babiker Omer who had a number of children with her first husband Ibrahim Shamsaddin a member of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation who had died in a helicopter crash Al Bashir does not have any children of his own 42 40 In 1975 al Bashir was sent to the United Arab Emirates as the Sudanese military attache When he returned home al Bashir was made a garrison commander In 1981 al Bashir returned to his paratroop background when he became the commander of an armored parachute brigade 43 The Sudanese Ministry of Defense website says that al Bashir was in the Western Command from 1967 to 1969 and then the Airborne Forces from 1969 to 1987 until he was appointed commander of the 8th Infantry Brigade independent from the period 1987 to 30 June 1989 44 Presidency editCoup d etat edit Main article 1989 Sudanese coup d etat nbsp Omar al Bashir in 1989When he returned to Sudan as a colonel in the Sudanese Army al Bashir led a group of army officers in ousting the unstable coalition government of Prime Minister Sadiq al Mahdi in a bloodless military coup on 30 June 1989 5 Under al Bashir s leadership the new military government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic legal code on the national level 45 He then became chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation a newly established body with legislative and executive powers for what was described as a transitional period and assumed the posts of chief of state prime minister chief of the armed forces and Minister of Defence 46 Subsequent to al Bashir s promotion to the chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation he allied himself with Hassan al Turabi the leader of the National Islamic Front who along with al Bashir began institutionalizing Sharia law in the northern part of Sudan Further on al Bashir issued purges and executions of people whom he alleged to be coup leaders in the upper ranks of the army the banning of associations political parties and independent newspapers as well as the imprisonment of leading political figures and journalists 47 On 16 October 1993 al Bashir s increased his power when he appointed himself President of the country after which he disbanded the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation and all other rival political parties The executive and legislative powers of the council were later given to al Bashir completely 48 In the early 1990s al Bashir s administration gave the green light to float a new currency called Sudanese dinar to replace the battered old Sudanese pound that had lost 90 percent of its worth during the turbulent 1980s the currency was later changed back to pounds but at a much higher rate He was later elected president with a five year term in the 1996 national election where he was the only candidate legally allowed to run for election 49 Elections edit Omar al Bashir was elected president with a five year term in the 1996 national election 49 and Hassan al Turabi was elected to a seat in the National Assembly where he served as speaker of the National Assembly during the 1990s 50 In 1998 al Bashir and the Presidential Committee put into effect a new constitution allowing limited political associations in opposition to al Bashir s National Congress Party and his supporters to be formed On 12 December 1999 al Bashir sent troops and tanks against parliament and ousted Hassan al Turabi the speaker of parliament in a palace coup 51 He was reelected by popular vote for a five year term during the 2000 Sudanese general election 52 From 2005 to 2010 a transitional government was set up under a 2005 peace accord that ended the 21 year long Second Sudanese Civil War and saw the formation of a power sharing agreement between Salva Kiir s Sudan People s Liberation Movement SPLM and al Bashir s National Congress Party NCP 53 Al Bashir was reelected president in the 2010 Sudanese general election with 68 of the popular vote 54 while Salva Kiir was elected President of Southern Sudan These elections were agreed on earlier in the 2005 peace accord 53 The election was marked by corruption intimidation and inequality European observers from the European Union and the Carter Center criticised the polls as not meeting international standards Candidates opposed to the SPLM said they were often detained or stopped from campaigning Sudan Democracy First an umbrella organisation in the north put forward what it called strong evidence of rigging by al Bashir s NCP The Sudanese Network for Democracy and Elections Sunde spoke of harassment and intimidation in the south by the security forces of the SPLM 6 Al Bashir had achieved economic growth in Sudan 55 This was pushed further by the drilling and extraction of oil 55 However economic growth was not shared by all Headline inflation in 2012 approached the threshold of chronic inflation period average 36 about 11 up from the budget projection of 2012 reflecting the combined effects of inflationary financing the depreciation of the exchange rate and the continued removal of subsidies as well as high food and energy prices This economic downturn prompted cost of living riots that erupted into Arab Spring style anti government demonstrations raising discontent within the Sudanese Workers Trade Union Federation SWTUF They threatened to hold nationwide strikes in support of higher wages The continued deterioration in the value of the Sudanese pound SDG posed grave downside risks to already soaring inflation This coupled with the economic slowdown presents serious challenges to the implementation of the approved Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper I PRSP 56 Tensions with Hassan al Turabi edit In the mid 1990s a feud between al Bashir and al Turabi began mostly due to al Turabi s links to Islamic fundamentalist groups as well as allowing them to operate out of Sudan even personally inviting Osama bin Laden to the country 57 The United States had listed Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism since 1993 58 mostly due to al Bashir and Hassan al Turabi taking complete power in the early 1990s 59 U S firms have been barred from doing business in Sudan since 1997 60 In 1998 the Al Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum was destroyed by a U S cruise missile strike because of its alleged production of chemical weapons and links to al Qaeda However the U S State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research wrote a report in 1999 questioning the attack on the factory suggesting that the connection to bin Laden was not accurate James Risen reported in The New York Times Now the analysts renewed their doubts and told Assistant Secretary of State Phyllis Oakley that the C I A s evidence on which the attack was based was inadequate Ms Oakley asked them to double check perhaps there was some intelligence they had not yet seen The answer came back quickly There was no additional evidence Ms Oakley called a meeting of key aides and a consensus emerged Contrary to what the Administration was saying the case tying Al Shifa to Mr bin Laden or to chemical weapons was weak 61 After being re elected president of Sudan with a five year term in the 1996 election with 75 7 of the popular vote 62 al Bashir issued the registration of legalised political parties in 1999 after being influenced by al Turabi Rival parties such as the Liberal Democrats of Sudan and the Alliance of the Peoples Working Forces headed by former Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry were established and were allowed to run for election against al Bashir s National Congress Party however they failed to achieve significant support and al Bashir was re elected president receiving 86 5 of the popular vote in the 2000 presidential election At the legislative elections that same year al Bashir s National Congress Party won 355 out of 360 seats with al Turabi as its chairman However after al Turabi introduced a bill to reduce the president s powers prompting al Bashir to dissolve parliament and declare a state of emergency tensions began to rise between al Bashir and al Turabi Reportedly al Turabi was suspended as chairman of National Congress Party after he urged a boycott of the president s re election campaign Then a splinter faction led by al Turabi the Popular National Congress Party PNC signed an agreement with Sudan People s Liberation Army which led al Bashir to believe that they were plotting to overthrow him and the government 62 Further on al Turabi s influence and that of his party s internationalist and ideological wing waned in favor of the nationalist or more pragmatic leaders who focus on trying to recover from Sudan s disastrous international isolation and economic damage that resulted from ideological adventurism 63 At the same time Sudan worked to appease the United States and other international critics by expelling members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad and encouraging bin Laden to leave 64 On al Bashir s orders al Turabi was imprisoned based on allegations of conspiracy in 2000 before being released in October 2003 65 Al Turabi was again imprisoned in March 2004 66 and released in July 2005 at the height of the peace agreement in the civil war 67 68 Engagement with the U S and European countries edit nbsp Bashir and U S Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick 2005From the early 1990s after al Bashir assumed power Sudan backed Iraq in its invasion of Kuwait 69 70 and was accused of harboring and providing sanctuary and assistance to Islamic terrorist groups Carlos the Jackal Osama bin Laden Abu Nidal and others labeled terrorist leaders by the United States and its allies resided in Khartoum Sudan s role in the Popular Arab and Islamic Congress PAIC spearheaded by Hassan al Turabi represented a matter of great concern to the security of American officials and dependents in Khartoum resulting in several reductions and evacuations of American personnel from Khartoum in the early to mid 1990s 71 Sudan s Islamist links with international terrorist organizations represented a special matter of concern for the American government leading to Sudan s 1993 designation as a state sponsor of terrorism and a suspension of U S Embassy operations in Khartoum in 1996 In late 1994 in an initial effort to reverse his nation s growing image throughout the world as a country harboring terrorists Bashir secretly cooperated with French special forces to orchestrate the capture and arrest on Sudanese soil of Carlos the Jackal 72 nbsp Sudan s offer of and request for counter terrorism assistance April 1997In early 1996 al Bashir authorized his Defense Minister at the time El Fatih Erwa to make a series of secret trips to the United States 73 to hold talks with American officials including officers of the CIA and United States Department of State about American sanctions policy against Sudan and what measures might be taken by the Bashir regime to remove the sanctions Erwa was presented with a series of demands from the United States including demands for information about Osama bin Laden and other radical Islamic groups The US demand list also encouraged Bashir s regime to move away from activities such as hosting the Popular Arab and Islamic Congress that impinged on Sudanese efforts to reconcile with the West Sudan s Mukhabarat central intelligence agency spent half a decade amassing intelligence data on bin Laden and a wide array of Islamists through their periodic annual visits for the PAIC conferences 74 In May 1996 after the series of Erwa secret meetings on US soil the Clinton Administration demanded that Sudan expel Bin Laden Bashir complied 75 Controversy erupted about whether Sudan had offered to extradite bin Laden in return for rescinding American sanctions that were interfering with Sudan s plans to develop oil fields in southern areas of the country American officials insisted the secret meetings were agreed only to pressure Sudan into compliance on a range of anti terrorism issues The Sudanese insisted that an offer to extradite bin Laden had been made in a secret one on one meeting at a Fairfax hotel between Erwa and the then CIA Africa Bureau chief on condition that Washington end sanctions against Bashir s regime Ambassador Timothy M Carney attended one of the Fairfax hotel meetings In a joint opinion piece in the Washington Post Outlook Section in 2003 Carney and Ijaz argued that in fact the Sudanese had offered to extradite bin Laden to a third country in exchange for sanctions relief 76 In August 1996 American hedge fund manager Mansoor Ijaz traveled to Sudan and met with senior officials including al Turabi and al Bashir Ijaz asked Sudanese officials to share intelligence data with US officials on bin Laden and other Islamists who had traveled to and from Sudan during the previous five years Ijaz conveyed his findings to US officials upon his return including Sandy Berger then Clinton s deputy national security adviser and argued for the US to constructively engage the Sudanese and other Islamic countries 77 In April 1997 Ijaz persuaded al Bashir to make an unconditional offer of counterterrorism assistance in the form of a signed presidential letter that Ijaz delivered to Congressman Lee H Hamilton by hand 78 In late September 1997 months after the Sudanese overture made by al Bashir in the letter to Hamilton the U S State Department under Secretary of State Madeleine Albright s directive first announced it would return American diplomats to Khartoum to pursue counterterrorism data in the Mukhabarat s possession Within days the U S reversed that decision 79 and imposed harsher and more comprehensive economic trade and financial sanctions against Sudan which went into effect in October 1997 80 In August 1998 in the wake of the East Africa embassy bombings the U S launched cruise missile strikes against Khartoum 81 U S Ambassador to Sudan Tim Carney departed post in February 1996 82 and no new ambassador was designated until December 2019 when U S president Donald Trump s administration reached an agreement with the new Sudanese government to exchange ambassadors 83 Al Bashir announced in August 2015 that he would travel to New York in September to speak at the United Nations It was unclear to date if al Bashir would have been allowed to travel due to previous sanctions 84 South Sudan edit Main article Second Sudanese Civil War nbsp 2011 South Sudanese independence referendumWhen al Bashir took power the Second Sudanese Civil War had been ongoing for nine years The war soon effectively developed into a conflict between the Sudan People s Liberation Army and al Bashir s government The war resulted in millions of southerners being displaced starved and deprived of education and health care with almost two million casualties 85 Because of these actions various international sanctions were placed on Sudan International pressure intensified in 2001 however and leaders from the United Nations called for al Bashir to make efforts to end the conflict and allow humanitarian and international workers to deliver relief to the southern regions of Sudan 86 Much progress was made throughout 2003 The peace was consolidated with the official signing by both sides of the Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement 9 January 2005 granting Southern Sudan autonomy for six years to be followed by a referendum on independence It created a co vice president position and allowed the north and south to split oil deposits equally but also left both the north s and south s armies in place John Garang the south s peace agreement appointed co vice president died in a helicopter crash on 1 August 2005 three weeks after being sworn in 87 This resulted in riots but the peace was eventually re established 88 and allowed the southerners to vote in a referendum of independence at the end of the six year period 89 On 9 July 2011 following a referendum the region of Southern Sudan split off from Sudan to form South Sudan 90 War in Darfur edit Main article War in Darfur nbsp Series of droughts in Darfur led to disputes over land between non Arab sedentary farmers and Arab Janjaweed nomads see illustrative photo Since 1968 Sudanese politicians had attempted to create separate factions of Africans and Arabs in the western area of Darfur a difficult task as the population were substantially intermarried and could not be distinguished by skin tone This internal political instability was aggravated by cross border conflicts with Chad and Libya 91 and the 1984 1985 Darfur famine 92 In 2003 the Justice and Equality Movement and the Sudanese Liberation Army accusing the government of neglecting Darfur and oppressing non Arabs in favor of Arabs began an armed insurgency 93 Estimates vary of the number of deaths resulting from attacks on the non Arab Arabized population by the Janjaweed militia the Sudanese government claim that up to 10 000 have been killed in this conflict the United Nations reported that about 300 000 had died as of 2010 12 and other reports place the figures at between 200 000 and 400 000 11 During an interview with David Frost for the Al Jazeera English programme Frost Over The World in June 2008 al Bashir insisted that no more than 10 000 had died in Darfur 94 The Sudanese government had been accused of suppressing information by jailing and killing witnesses since 2004 and tampering with evidence such as covering up mass graves 95 96 97 The Sudanese government has also arrested and harassed journalists thus limiting the extent of press coverage of the situation in Darfur 98 99 100 101 While the United States government has described the conflict as genocide 102 the UN has not recognized the conflict as such 103 see List of declarations of genocide in Darfur The United States Government stated in September 2004 that genocide has been committed in Darfur and that the Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed bear responsibility and that genocide may still be occurring 104 On 29 June 2004 U S Secretary of State Colin Powell met with al Bashir in Sudan and urged him to make peace with the rebels end the crisis and lift restrictions on the delivery of humanitarian aid to Darfur 105 Kofi Annan met with al Bashir three days later and demanded that he disarm the Janjaweed 106 After fighting stopped in July and August on 31 August 2006 the United Nations Security Council had approved Resolution 1706 which called for a new UN peacekeeping force consisting of 17 300 military personnel and 3 300 civilians 107 and named the United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur UNAMID 108 It was intended to have supplanted or supplemented a 7 000 troop African Union Mission in Sudan peacekeeping force 109 Sudan strongly objected to the resolution and said that it would see the UN forces in the region as foreign invaders 110 A day after rejecting the UN forces into Sudan the Sudanese military launched a major offensive in the region 111 In March 2007 the United Nations Human Rights Council accused Sudan s government of taking part in gross violations in Darfur 112 and urged the international community to take urgent action to protect people in Darfur 113 A high level technical consultation was held in Addis Ababa Ethiopia on 11 12 June 2007 pursuant to the 4 June 2007 letters of the secretary general and the chairperson of the African Union Commission which were addressed to al Bashir 114 The technical consultations were attended by delegations from the Government of Sudan the African Union and the United Nations 115 116 nbsp Darfur refugee camp in Chad 2005In 2009 General Martin Luther Agwai head of the UNAMID said the war was over in the region although low level disputes remained Banditry localised issues people trying to resolve issues over water and land at a local level But real war as such I think we are over that he said 117 This perspective is contradicted by reports which indicate that violence continues in Darfur while peace efforts have been stalled repeatedly Violence between Sudan s military and rebel fighters has beset South Kordofan and Blue Nile states since disputed state elections in May 2011 an ongoing humanitarian crisis that has prompted international condemnation and U S congressional hearings In 2012 tensions between Sudan and South Sudan reached a boiling point when the Sudanese military bombed territory in South Sudan leading to hostilities over the disputed Heglig or Panthou oil fields located along the Sudan South Sudan border 118 Omar al Bashir sought the assistance of numerous non western countries after the West led by America imposed sanctions against him he said From the first day our policy was clear To look eastward toward China Malaysia India Pakistan Indonesia and even Korea and Japan even if the Western influence upon some of these countries is strong We believe that the Chinese expansion was natural because it filled the space left by Western governments the United States and international funding agencies The success of the Sudanese experiment in dealing with China without political conditions or pressures encouraged other African countries to look toward China 119 Chadian President Idriss Deby visited Khartoum in 2010 and Chad kicked out the Darfuri rebels it had previously supported Both Sudanese and Chadian sides together established a joint military border patrol 120 On 26 October 2011 al Bashir said that Sudan gave military support to the Libyan rebels who overthrew Muammar Gaddafi In a speech broadcast live on state television al Bashir said the move was in response to Gaddafi s support for Sudanese rebels three years ago Sudan and Libya have had a complicated and frequently antagonistic relationship for many years President al Bashir said the Justice and Equality Movement JEM a Darfuri rebel group had attacked Khartoum three years ago using Libyan trucks equipment arms ammunition and money He said God had given Sudan a chance to respond by sending arms ammunition and humanitarian support to the Libyan revolutionaries Our God high and exalted from above the seven skies gave us the opportunity to reciprocate the visit he said The forces which entered Tripoli part of their arms and capabilities were 100 Sudanese he told the crowd His speech was well received by a large crowd in the eastern Sudanese town of Kassala But the easy availability of weapons in Libya and that country s poorly guarded border with Darfur are also of great concern to the Sudanese authorities 121 Al Bashir in his speech said that his government s priority was to end the armed rebellion and tribal conflicts in order to save blood and direct the energies of young people towards building Sudan instead of killing and destruction He called upon youth of the rebel groups to lay down arms and join efforts to build the country 122 Al Bashir sees himself as a man wronged and misunderstood He takes full responsibility for the conflict in Darfur he says but says that his government did not start the fighting and has done everything in its power to end it 25 Al Bashir had signed two peace agreements for Darfur The 2006 Darfur Peace Agreement also known as the Abuja Agreement was signed on 5 May 2006 123 by the government of Sudan along with a faction of the SLA led by Minni Minnawi However the agreement was rejected by two other smaller groups the Justice and Equality Movement JEM and a rival faction of the SLA led by Abdul Wahid al Nur 124 125 The 2011 Darfur Peace Agreement also known as the Doha Agreement was signed in July 2011 between the government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement This agreement established a compensation fund for victims of the Darfur conflict allowed the president of Sudan to appoint a vice president from Darfur and established a new Darfur Regional Authority to oversee the region until a referendum can determine its permanent status within the Republic of Sudan 126 The agreement also provided for power sharing at the national level movements that sign the agreement will be entitled to nominate two ministers and two four ministers of state at the federal level and will be able to nominate 20 members to the national legislature The movements will be entitled to nominate two state governors in the Darfur region 127 Indictment by the ICC edit Main article International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur Omar al Bashir nbsp Al Bashir is accused of directing attacks against civilians in Darfur On 14 July 2008 the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court ICC Luis Moreno Ocampo alleged that al Bashir bore individual criminal responsibility for genocide crimes against humanity and war crimes that had been committed in Darfur since 2003 The prosecutor accused al Bashir of having masterminded and implemented a plan to destroy the three main ethnic groups Fur Masalit and Zaghawa with a campaign of murder rape and deportation 22 128 The arrest warrant is supported by NATO the Genocide Intervention Network and Amnesty International 129 An arrest warrant for al Bashir was issued on 4 March 2009 by a pre trial chamber composed of judges Akua Kuenyehia of Ghana Anita Usacka of Latvia and Sylvia Steiner of Brazil 130 indicting him on five counts of crimes against humanity murder extermination forcible transfer torture and rape and two counts of war crimes pillaging and intentionally directing attacks against civilians 23 131 The court ruled that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for genocide 24 132 However Usacka wrote a dissenting opinion arguing that there were reasonable grounds to believe that Omar Al Bashir has committed the crime of genocide 132 Sudan is not a state party to the Rome Statute establishing the ICC and thus claims that it does not have to execute the warrant However United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593 2005 referred Sudan to the ICC which gives the court jurisdiction over international crimes committed in Sudan and obligates Government of Sudan to cooperate with the ICC 133 and therefore the court Amnesty International and others insist that Sudan must comply with the arrest warrant of the International Criminal Court 24 134 Amnesty International stated that al Bashir must turn himself in to face the charges and that the Sudanese authorities must detain him and turn him over to the ICC if he refuses 135 Al Bashir was the first sitting head of state ever indicted by the ICC 24 However the Arab League 136 and the African Union condemned the warrant Following the indictment Al Bashir visited China 137 Djibouti 138 139 Egypt Ethiopia India 140 Libya 141 142 Nigeria 143 Qatar Saudi Arabia the United Arab Emirates and several other countries all of which refused to have him arrested ICC member state Chad also refused to arrest al Bashir during a state visit in July 2010 144 He was also invited to attend confrences in Denmark 145 and Turkey 146 On 28 November 2011 following a visit to Kenya Kenya s High Court Judge Nicholas Ombija ordered the Minister of Internal Security to arrest al Bashir should he set foot in Kenya in the future 147 In June 2015 while in South Africa for an African Union meeting al Bashir was prohibited from leaving that country while a court decided whether he should be handed over to the ICC for war crimes 148 He nevertheless was allowed to leave South Africa soon afterward 149 Luis Moreno Ocampo and Amnesty International claimed that al Bashir s plane could be intercepted in International Airspace Sudan announced that the presidential plane would always be escorted by fighter jets of the Sudanese Air Force to prevent his arrest In March 2009 just before al Bashir s visit to Qatar the Sudanese government was reportedly considering sending fighter jets to accompany his plane to Qatar possibly in response to France expressing support for an operation to intercept his plane in international airspace as France has military bases in Djibouti and the United Arab Emirates 150 nbsp Al Bashir in Beijing China 3 November 2006The charges against al Bashir have been criticised and ignored in Sudan and abroad particularly in Africa and the Muslim world Former president of the African Union Muammar al Gaddafi characterized the indictment as a form of terrorism He also believed that the warrant is an attempt by the west to recolonise their former colonies 151 Egypt said it was greatly disturbed by the ICC decision and called for an emergency meeting of the UN security council to defer the arrest warrant 152 The Arab League Secretary General Amr Moussa expressed that the organization emphasizes its solidarity with Sudan and condemned the warrant for undermining the unity and stability of Sudan 153 The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation denounced the warrant as unwarranted and totally unacceptable It argued that the warrant demonstrated selectivity and double standard applied in relation to issues of war crimes 154 There have been large demonstrations by Sudanese people supporting President Bashir and opposing the ICC charges 155 Al Bashir has rejected the charges saying Whoever has visited Darfur met officials and discovered their ethnicities and tribes will know that all of these things are lies 156 He described the charges as not worth the ink they are written in 157 The warrant was to be delivered to the Sudanese government which stated that they would not carry it out 24 133 134 The Sudanese government retaliated against the warrant by expelling a number of international aid agencies including Oxfam and Mercy Corps 158 President Bashir described the aid agencies as thieves who take 99 percent of the budget for humanitarian work themselves giving the people of Darfur 1 percent and as spies in the work of foreign regimes Bashir promised that national agencies will provide aid to Darfur 159 nbsp Al Bashir in Addis Ababa Ethiopia 31 January 2009Al Bashir was one of the candidates in the 2010 Sudanese presidential election the first democratic election with multiple political parties participating since the 1986 election 160 161 It had been suggested that by holding and winning a legitimate presidential elections in 2010 al Bashir had hoped to evade the ICC s warrant for his arrest 162 On 26 April he was officially declared the winner after Sudan s election commission announced he had received 68 of the votes cast in the election 163 However The New York Times noted the voting was marred by boycotts and reports of intimidation and widespread fraud 164 In August 2013 Bashir s plane was blocked from entering Saudi Arabian airspace when Bashir was attempting to attend the inauguration of Iranian President Hassan Rouhani 165 whose country is the main supplier of weapons to Sudan 166 A second arrest warrant for al Bashir was issued on 12 July 2010 The ICC issued an additional warrant adding 3 counts of genocide for the ethnic cleansing of the Fur Masalit and Zaghawa tribes 139 The new warrant included the court s conclusion that there were reasonable grounds to suspect that al Bashir acted with specific intent to destroy in part the Fur Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups in the Darfur region 167 The charges against al Bashir in three separate counts include genocide by killing genocide by causing serious bodily or mental harm and genocide by deliberately inflicting on each target group conditions of life calculated to bring about the group s physical destruction 168 The new warrant acted as a supplement to the first whereby the charges initially brought against al Bashir all remained in place but now included the crime of genocide which was initially ruled out pending appeal 169 nbsp Al Bashir with Iran s Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei Tehran 31 August 2012 nbsp Al Bashir and Russian President Vladimir Putin during a meeting in Sochi on 27 November 2017Al Bashir said that Sudan is not a party to the ICC treaty and could not be expected to abide by its provisions just like the United States China and Russia He said It is a political issue and double standards because there are obvious crimes like Palestine Iraq and Afghanistan but they did not find their way to the International Criminal Court He added The same decision in which the Darfur case was being transferred to the court stated that the American soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan would not be questioned by the court so it is not about justice it is a political issue Al Bashir accused Luis Moreno Ocampo the ICC s chief prosecutor since 2003 of repeatedly lying in order to damage his reputation and standing Al Bashir said The behaviour of the prosecutor of the court it was clearly the behaviour of a political activist not a legal professional He is now working on a big campaign to add more lies He added The biggest lie was when he said I have 9bn in one of the British banks and thank God the British bank and the British finance minister denied these allegations He also said The clearest cases in the world such as Palestine and Iraq and Afghanistan clear crimes to the whole humanity all were not transferred to the court 25 In October 2013 several members of the African Union expressed anger at the ICC calling it racist for failing to file charges against Western leaders or Western allies while prosecuting only African suspects so far The African Union demanded that the ICC protect African heads of state from prosecution 170 nbsp Al Bashir meeting with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi New Delhi India 30 October 2015Military intervention in Yemen edit In 2015 Sudan participated in the Saudi Arabian led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former president Ali Abdullah Saleh 171 who was deposed during the 2011 2012 Yemeni Revolution 172 Reuters reported that The war in Yemen has given Omar Hassan al Bashir a skilled political operator who has ruled Sudan for a quarter century an opportunity to show wealthy Sunni powers that he can be an asset against Iranian influence if the price is right 173 Allegations of corruption edit During the Second Sudanese Civil War Al Bashir allegedly looted Sudan of much of its wealth According to leaked US diplomatic cables 9 billion of his siphoned wealth was stored in banks in London Luis Moreno Ocampo the chief prosecutor of the ICC stated that some of the funds were being held in the partially nationalized Lloyds Banking Group He also reportedly told US officials it was necessary to go public with the scale of al Bashir s extortion to turn public opinion against him 174 One US official stated Ocampo suggested if Bashir s stash of money were disclosed he put the figure at 9bn it would change Sudanese public opinion from him being a crusader to that of a thief Ocampo reported Lloyds bank in London may be holding or knowledgeable of the whereabouts of his money the report says Ocampo suggested exposing Bashir had illegal accounts would be enough to turn the Sudanese against him 175 A leaked diplomatic cable allegedly reveals that the Sudanese president had embezzled US 9 billion in state funds but Lloyds Bank insisted it was not aware of any link with Bashir while a Sudanese government spokesman called the claim ludicrous and attacked the motives of the prosecutor 176 In an interview with the Guardian al Bashir said referring to ICC Prosecutor Ocampo The biggest lie was when he said I have 9 billion in one of the British banks and thank God the British bank and the British finance minister denied these allegations 25 The arrest warrant actively increased public support for al Bashir in Sudan 177 nbsp The meeting of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation OIC in Sudan January 2019Part of the 8 9 billion fine the BNP Paribas paid for sanctions violations was related to their trade with Sudan While smaller fines have also been given to other banks 178 US Justice Department officials said that they found the BNP particularly uncooperative calling it Sudan s de facto central bank 179 African space agency edit In 2012 al Bashir proposed setting up a continent wide space agency in Africa In a statement he said I m calling for the biggest project an African space agency Africa must have its space agency It will liberate Africa from technological domination 180 This followed previous calls in 2010 by the African Union AU to conduct a feasibility study that would draw up a road map for the creation of the African space agency African astronomy received a massive boost when South Africa was awarded the majority shares of the Square Kilometre Array the world s biggest radio telescope It will see dishes erected in nine African countries But skeptics have questioned whether a continental body in the style of NASA or the European Space Agency would be affordable 180 Ousting from power edit Main article 2019 Sudanese coup d etat On 11 April 2019 al Bashir was removed from his post by the Sudanese Armed Forces 181 after many months of protests and civil uprisings 182 He was immediately placed under house arrest pending the formation of a transitional council 183 At the time of his arrest al Bashir had been the longest serving leader of Sudan since the country gained independence in 1956 and was the longest ruling president of the Arab League The army also ordered the arrest of all ministers in al Bashir s cabinet dissolved the National Legislature and formed a Transitional Military Council led by his own First Vice President and Defense Minister Lieutenant General Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf 181 Post presidency editOn 17 April 2019 al Bashir was moved from house arrest to Khartoum s Kobar Prison 184 On 13 May 2019 prosecutors charged al Bashir with inciting and participating in the killing of protesters 185 A trial for corruption after 130 million was found in his home 186 and money laundering against al Bashir started during the following months 30 On 14 December 2019 he was convicted for money laundering and corruption He was sentenced to two years in prison 187 On 21 July 2020 his trial regarding the coup that brought him to power started About 20 military personnel were indicted for their roles in the coup 33 On 20 December 2022 al Bashir said that he bears full responsibility for the events that took place in the country on June 30 1989 188 The trial is expected to continue for several more months and if convicted Bashir could face a death sentence 189 International Criminal Court edit On 5 November 2019 the Forces of Freedom and Change alliance FFC which holds indirect political power during the 39 month Sudanese transition to democracy stated that it had reached a consensus decision in favour of transferring al Bashir to the ICC after the completion of his corruption and money laundering trial 30 In the following days Sudanese transition period Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok and Sovereignty Council member Siddiq Tawer stated that al Bashir would be transferred to the ICC 31 32 On 11 February 2020 Sudan s ruling military council agreed to hand over the ousted al Bashir to the ICC in The Hague to face charges of crimes against humanity in Darfur 190 In October 2020 ICC Chief Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda and a delegation arrived in Sudan to discuss with the government about Bashir s indictment In a deal with Darfurian rebels the government agreed to set up a special war crimes court that would include Bashir 191 Detention edit On 26 April 2023 the Sudanese Armed Forces stated that al Bashir Bakri Hassan Saleh Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein and two other former officials were taken from Kobar Prison to Alia Military Hospital in Omdurman due to the conflict that erupted earlier that month 192 193 See also edit nbsp Politics portalPolitics of Sudan History of SudanReferences edit nbsp This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of State Sudan s Omar Al Bashir attends Mid East s Largest Arms Fair BBC News 1 March 2015 Archived from the original on 12 December 2021 via YouTube Sudan coup Why Omar al Bashir was overthrown BBC News 15 April 2019 Archived from the original on 4 January 2021 Retrieved 21 January 2021 Alsaafin Linah 24 August 2019 Omar al Bashir on trial Will justice be delivered Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 24 January 2023 Retrieved 21 January 2021 Omar al Bashir Sudan ex leader sentenced for corruption BBC News 14 December 2019 Archived from the original on 14 December 2020 Retrieved 15 December 2019 a b FACTBOX Sudan s President Omar Hassan al Bashir Reuters 14 July 2008 Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 Retrieved 16 July 2008 a b Dream election result for Sudan s President Bashir BBC News 27 April 2010 Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 Retrieved 17 December 2014 Eliza Mackintosh James Griffiths 11 April 2019 Sudan s government has been dissolved CNN Archived from the original on 13 July 2019 Retrieved 19 September 2019 Genocide in Darfur United Human Rights Council Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 Retrieved 17 December 2014 Magdy Samy 11 February 2020 Official Sudan to hand over al Bashir for genocide trial AP News Archived from the original on 12 February 2020 Retrieved 12 February 2020 South Sudan profile BBC News 5 July 2011 Archived from the original on 7 March 2013 Retrieved 14 March 2013 a b Death toll disputed in Darfur NBC News 28 March 2008 Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 Retrieved 30 October 2013 a b Q amp A Sudan s Darfur conflict BBC News 23 February 2010 Archived from the original on 14 April 2009 Retrieved 20 May 2010 Africa Sudan The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency www cia gov 2 November 2021 Archived from the original on 11 January 2021 Retrieved 24 January 2021 Darfur peace talks to resume in Abuja on Tuesday AU People s Daily Online Archived from the original on 30 November 2005 Retrieved 4 March 2016 Hundreds Killed in Attacks in Eastern Chad The Washington Post 11 April 2007 Archived from the original on 16 May 2011 Retrieved 20 May 2010 Alfred de Montesquiou 16 October 2006 AUF Ineffective Complain Refugees in Darfur The Washington Post Archived from the original on 16 May 2011 Retrieved 4 March 2009 Darfur overview Archived 11 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine unicef org Sudan cuts Chad ties over attack BBC News 11 May 2008 Archived from the original on 30 September 2009 Retrieved 20 May 2010 Copnall James 26 November 2011 Sudan armed Libyan rebels says President Bashir BBC News Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 Retrieved 30 October 2013 Libya leader thanks Sudan for weapons that helped former rebels oust Gadhafi Haaretz Reuters 26 November 2011 Archived from the original on 20 November 2013 Retrieved 30 October 2013 Sudan Country Studies Federal Research Division Library of Congress 22 March 2011 Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 Retrieved 30 October 2013 a b International Criminal Court 14 July 2008 ICC Prosecutor presents case against Sudanese President Hassan Ahmad AL BASHIR for genocide crimes against humanity and war crimes in Darfur Archived from the original on 25 August 2009 Retrieved 14 March 2009 a b International Criminal Court 4 March 2009 Warrant of Arrest for Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir PDF Archived from the original PDF on 5 March 2009 358 KB Retrieved on 4 March 2009 a b c d e f Warrant issued for Sudan s Bashir BBC News 4 March 2009 Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 Retrieved 4 March 2009 a b c d Simon Tisdall 20 April 2011 Omar al Bashir genocidal mastermind or bringer of peace The Guardian Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 Retrieved 3 November 2013 HENRY OWUOR in Khartoum 5 March 2009 After Bashir warrant Sudan united in protest Archived from the original on 13 March 2013 Retrieved 4 March 2016 International Criminal Court Cases in Africa Status and Policy Issues PDF Archived PDF from the original on 30 December 2017 Retrieved 25 May 2018 Abdelaziz Khalid Abdelaty Ali El Sherif Mohamed Saba Yousef Nichols Michelle Aboudi Sami Lewis Aidan 11 April 2019 Sudan s Bashir Forced to Step Down Reuters Archived from the original on 19 December 2019 Retrieved 11 April 2019 Hassan Mai Kodouda Ahmed 11 October 2019 Sudan s Uprising The Fall of a Dictator Journal of Democracy 30 4 89 103 doi 10 1353 jod 2019 0071 ISSN 1086 3214 a b c Sudan s Forces for Freedom and Change Hand Al Bashir to ICC Radio Dabanga 5 November 2019 Archived from the original on 6 November 2019 Retrieved 6 November 2019 a b الوساطة تسلم مقترحات جديدة حول النقاط العالقة في وثيقة سلام دارفور Sudan s PM says al Bashir to be handed over to the ICC Mediation receives new proposals on sticking points in the Darfur Peace Document Sudan Tribune 5 November 2019 Archived from the original on 6 November 2019 Retrieved 6 November 2019 a b اجواء مشحونة تخيم على ابيى بعد اشتباكات دامية بين الدينكا والمسيرية A charged atmosphere hangs over Abyei after bloody clashes between the Dinka and the Misseriya Sudan Tribune 8 November 2019 Archived from the original on 9 November 2019 Retrieved 9 November 2019 a b Sudan s ex President Bashir on trial for 1989 coup BBC News 21 July 2020 Archived from the original on 1 February 2021 Retrieved 28 July 2020 The Prosecutor v Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir PDF International Criminal Court July 2021 Archived PDF from the original on 24 April 2023 البشير يحضر جنازة والدته وسط حراسة أمنية مشددة Al Bashir attends his mother s funeral amid tight security صفحة أولى Archived from the original on 30 July 2019 Retrieved 30 July 2019 البشير يحضر مراسم دفن والدته وجدل على تويتر Al Bashir attends his mother s burial ceremony and controversy on Twitter السودان نيوز 365 30 July 2019 Archived from the original on 24 January 2023 Retrieved 25 August 2019 البشير يحضر مراسم دفن والدته Al Bashir attending his mother s burial ceremony 30 July 2019 Archived from the original on 30 July 2019 Retrieved 30 July 2019 Fanack 12 February 2020 الرئيس عمر البشير President Omar al Bashir وقائع الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا in Arabic Archived from the original on 16 March 2023 Retrieved 16 March 2023 وفاة خال البشير أبرز خصوم جنوب السودان The death of Al Bashir s uncle the most prominent opponent of South Sudan Asharq Al Awsat in Arabic 16 May 2021 Archived from the original on 16 May 2021 Retrieved 6 December 2021 a b Moorcraft Paul 30 April 2015 Omar Al Bashir and Africa s Longest War United Kingdom Pen amp Sword Books ISBN 9781473854963 Archived from the original on 24 January 2023 Retrieved 6 April 2021 Omar al Bashir Sudan s ousted president BBC 14 August 2019 Archived from the original on 23 October 2021 Retrieved 3 March 2021 Fred Bridgland 14 July 2008 President Bashir you are hereby charged The Scotsman Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 Retrieved 15 July 2008 Profile Omar al Bashir Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 Retrieved 17 December 2014 Example of Section Blog layout FAQ section 17 April 2014 Archived from the original on 17 April 2014 Bekele Yilma 12 July 2008 Chickens are coming home to roost Ethiopian Review Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 Retrieved 15 July 2008 Cowell Alan 1 July 1989 Military Coup in Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime The New York Times Archived from the original on 2 August 2008 Retrieved 15 July 2008 Kepel Jihad 2002 p 181 Walker Peter 14 July 2008 Profile Omar al Bashir The Guardian London Archived from the original on 2 September 2013 Retrieved 20 May 2010 a b New York Times 16 March 1996 p 4 The Appendix of the 9 11 Commission Report Stefano Bellucci Islam and Democracy The 1999 Palace Coup Middle East Policy 7 no 3 June 2000 168 Sudan Government 2001 Flags Maps Economy Geography Climate Natural Resources Current Issues International Agreements Population Social Statistics Political System Workmall com Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 Retrieved 30 October 2013 a b Sudan president wins re election Al Jazeera 27 April 2010 Archived from the original on 28 January 2014 Retrieved 30 October 2013 IFES Election Guide Country Profile Sudan Electionguide org Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 30 October 2013 a b Gettleman Jeffrey 24 October 2006 War in Sudan Not Where the Oil Wealth Flows The New York Times Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 Retrieved 20 May 2010 Sudan Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 Retrieved 17 December 2014 Shahzad 23 February 2002 Bin Laden uses Iraq to plot new attacks Asia Times Archived from the original on 20 October 2002 Retrieved 2 December 2007 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint unfit URL link Families of USS Cole Victims Sue Sudan for 105 Million Fox News Archived from the original on 6 November 2018 Retrieved 4 March 2016 Bin Laden uses Iraq to plot new attacks atimes com Archived from the original on 20 October 2002 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Spetalnick Matt 7 October 2017 U S lifts Sudan sanctions wins commitment against arms deals with North Korea Reuters Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 Retrieved 25 May 2018 Risen James 27 October 1999 To Bomb Sudan Plant or Not A Year Later Debates Rankle The New York Times Archived from the original on 5 October 2002 Retrieved 15 July 2017 a b Profile Sudan s President Bashir BBC News 25 November 2003 Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 20 May 2010 Fuller The Future of Political Islam 2003 p 111 Wright The Looming Tower 2006 pp 221 3 Wasil Ali Sudanese Islamist opposition leader denies link with Darfur rebels Archived 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine Sudan Tribune 13 May 2008 Profile Sudan s Islamist leader BBC 15 January 2009 Archived from the original on 15 December 2019 Retrieved 15 December 2019 Lansford Tom 19 March 2019 Political Handbook of the World 2018 2019 CQ Press ISBN 978 1 5443 2713 6 Archived from the original on 24 January 2023 Retrieved 15 December 2019 Head of opposition backs ICC s arrest warrant for Bashir France 24 AFP 9 March 2009 Archived from the original on 15 December 2019 Retrieved 15 December 2019 Middleton Drew 4 October 1982 Sudanese Brigades Could Provide Key Aid for Iraq Military Analysis The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 8 December 2019 Retrieved 16 December 2019 Perlez Jane 26 August 1998 After the Attacks The Connection Iraqi Deal with Sudan on Nerve Gas Is Reported The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 16 December 2019 Retrieved 16 December 2019 U S Sudan Relations U S Embassy in Sudan Archived from the original on 16 December 2019 Retrieved 16 December 2019 Carlos the Jackal Reportedly Arrested During Liposuction Los Angeles Times 21 August 1994 Archived from the original on 19 October 2017 Retrieved 20 February 2020 1996 CIA Memo to Sudanese Official The Washington Post 3 October 2001 Archived from the original on 19 October 2017 Retrieved 22 August 2017 The Osama Files Vanity Fair January 2002 Archived from the original on 8 October 2014 Retrieved 20 February 2020 Sudan Expels Bin Laden History Commons 18 May 1996 Archived from the original on 18 February 2014 Retrieved 24 January 2014 Carney Timothy Mansoor Ijaz 30 June 2002 Intelligence Failure Let s Go Back to Sudan The Washington Post Archived from the original on 24 November 2011 Retrieved 1 December 2008 Democratic Fundraiser Pursues Agenda on Sudan The Washington Post 29 April 1997 Archived from the original on 11 June 2014 Ijaz Mansoor 30 September 1998 Olive Branch Ignored Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 19 October 2017 Retrieved 20 February 2020 Carney Timothy Ijaz Mansoor 30 June 2002 Intelligence Failure Let s Go Back to Sudan The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Archived from the original on 8 August 2018 Retrieved 17 December 2019 Malik Mohamed Malik Malik 18 March 2015 The Efficacy of United States Sanctions on the Republic of Sudan Journal of Georgetown University Qatar Middle Eastern Studies Student Association 2015 1 3 doi 10 5339 messa 2015 7 ISSN 2311 8148 McIntyre Jamie Koppel Andrea 21 August 1998 Pakistan lodges protest over U S missile strikes CNN Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 Retrieved 15 December 2019 Miniter Richard 1 August 2003 Losing Bin Laden How Bill Clinton s Failures Unleashed Global Terror Regnery Publishing pp 114 140 ISBN 978 0 89526 074 1 Wong Edward 4 December 2019 Trump Administration Moves to Upgrade Diplomatic Ties With Sudan The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 14 December 2019 Retrieved 15 December 2019 Omar al Bashir to speak at UN Summit in New York Eyewitness News Archived from the original on 7 August 2015 Retrieved 5 August 2015 The U S Committee for Refugees Crisis in Sudan Archived from the original on 10 December 2004 Morrison J Stephen de Waal Alex 1 March 2005 Can Sudan Escape its Intractability In Crocker Chester A Hampson Fen Osler Aall Pamela eds Grasping the Nettle Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict Washington DC United States Institute of Peace p 162 ISBN 978 1929223602 Sudan bids rebel leader farewell BBC News 6 August 2005 Archived from the original on 25 January 2009 Retrieved 20 May 2010 Peace prospects in Sudan IRIN 12 February 2004 Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 Retrieved 15 July 2008 Sudanese flesh out final deal BBC News 7 October 2004 Archived from the original on 24 January 2023 Retrieved 15 July 2008 Gettleman Jeffrey 9 July 2011 After Years of Struggle South Sudan Becomes a New Nation The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 19 October 2022 Retrieved 15 December 2019 Prunier G The Ambiguous Genocide Ithaca NY 2005 pp 42 44 Prunier pp 47 52 Pilling David 11 April 2019 Bashir Sudan s autocrat turned pariah leaves ruptured country Financial Times Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2019 Frost Over the World Darfur special Al Jazeera 21 September 2008 Archived from the original on 28 January 2014 Retrieved 3 November 2013 Grave A Mass 28 May 2007 The horrors of Darfur s ground zero The Australian Archived from the original on 4 February 2009 Retrieved 18 January 2009 Darfur Destroyed Summary Human Rights Watch 7 May 2004 Archived from the original on 28 June 2015 Retrieved 4 December 2016 Darfur Destroyed Destroying Evidence Human Rights Watch June 2004 Archived from the original on 27 October 2020 Retrieved 16 April 2020 Country of Origin Report Sudan PDF Research Development and Statistics RDS Home Office UK 27 October 2006 Archived PDF from the original on 26 September 2007 Retrieved 18 January 2009 Tribune correspondent charged as spy in Sudan Los Angeles Times 26 August 2006 Archived from the original on 29 August 2006 World Press Freedom Review International Press Institute 2005 Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 Beeston Richard 12 August 2004 Police put on a show of force but are Darfur s militia killers free to roam The Times London Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 Retrieved 20 May 2010 Darfur A Plan B to Stop Genocide US Department of State 11 April 2007 Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 Retrieved 24 June 2017 Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary General PDF Archived 1 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine United Nations 25 January 2005 Kessler Glenn Lynch Colum 10 September 2004 U S Calls Killings in Sudan Genocide The Washington Post Archived from the original on 8 March 2019 Retrieved 17 December 2014 Marquis Christopher 30 June 2004 Powell to Press Sudan to Ease the Way for Aid in Darfur The New York Times Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 Retrieved 15 July 2008 Elgabir Nima 2 July 2004 Sudan rejects 30 day deadline Independent Online Retrieved 15 July 2008 dead link Sudan warms to Darfur force plan CNN 17 November 2006 Archived from the original on 17 December 2019 Retrieved 17 December 2019 Bonkoungou Mathieu Bavier Joe 5 November 2016 Evans Catherine ed Burkina Faso to withdraw Darfur peacekeepers by July Reuters Archived from the original on 29 March 2019 Retrieved 17 December 2019 U N OKs 26 000 Darfur Peacekeepers CBS News Associated Press 31 July 2007 Archived from the original on 17 December 2019 Retrieved 16 December 2019 Weiss Thomas G 20 May 2013 What s Wrong with the United Nations and How to Fix it John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 7456 6146 9 Archived from the original on 24 January 2023 Retrieved 17 December 2019 Sudan reported to launch new offensive in Darfur Canana com Associated Press 1 September 2006 Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 Retrieved 16 December 2019 Muller Joachim Sauvant Karl P 2011 Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 2009 2010 Vol 1 Oxford University Press pp xxii ISBN 978 0 19 975911 8 Archived from the original on 24 January 2023 Retrieved 16 December 2019 Waddington Richard 12 March 2007 Sudan orchestrated Darfur crimes U N mission says Reuters Archived from the original on 28 January 2021 Retrieved 21 January 2020 Conclusions of the high level AU UN consultations with the Government of Sudan on the Hybrid Operation African Union 12 July 2007 Archived from the original on 25 October 2008 Retrieved 15 July 2008 Lederer Edith M 12 June 2007 Sudan accepts plan for joint peacekeeping force for Darfur Associated Press Archived from the original on 29 October 2008 Retrieved 15 July 2008 Sudanese president answers questions on Darfur Finalcall com 14 May 2007 Archived from the original on 3 May 2009 Retrieved 24 March 2010 War in Sudan s Darfur is over BBC News 27 August 2009 Archived from the original on 8 January 2023 Retrieved 14 August 2013 Sudan NDI Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 Retrieved 17 December 2014 Sam Dealey 14 August 2009 Omar al Bashir Q amp A In Any War Mistakes Happen on the Ground Time Archived from the original on 18 August 2009 Retrieved 9 March 2011 Sudan Chad agree to end proxy wars Mail amp Guardian 9 February 2010 Archived from the original on 8 May 2021 Retrieved 30 October 2013 Sudan armed Libyan rebels says President Bashir BBC News 26 October 2011 Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 Retrieved 26 October 2011 Bashir vows to end rebellion and tribal clashes before 2015 elections Sudan Tribune 28 March 2009 Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 Retrieved 3 November 2013 United Nations UNAMID Background Archived from the original on 6 November 2017 Retrieved 3 May 2012 Peace Agreements Sudan Darfur Peace Agreement Conflict Encyclopedia Uppsala Conflict Data Program Archived from the original on 22 March 2016 Retrieved 4 February 2014 Kessler Glenn Wax Emily 5 May 2006 Sudan Main Rebel Group Sign Peace Deal The Washington Post Archived from the original on 19 October 2017 Retrieved 22 August 2017 Darfur Peace Document PDF 27 April 2011 archived from the original PDF on 21 July 2018 retrieved 4 February 2014 Signing of Doha Agreement prompts mixed reactions Radio Dabanga 15 July 2011 Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 Simons Marlise Polgreen Lydia 14 July 2008 Hague court accuses Sudanese president of genocide The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 27 November 2020 Retrieved 15 December 2019 Abomo Paul Tang 22 May 2018 R2P and the US Intervention in Libya Springer p 25 ISBN 978 3 319 78831 9 Archived from the original on 24 January 2023 Retrieved 15 December 2019 Official Channel of the ICC on YouTube ICC issues a warrant of arrest for Omar Al Bashir President of Sudan International Criminal Court 4 March 2009 Archived from the original on 10 March 2009 Retrieved 4 March 2009 a b International Criminal Court 4 March 2009 Decision on the Prosecution s Application for a Warrant of Arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir PDF Archived from the original PDF on 6 March 2009 7 62 MB Retrieved on 4 March 2009 a b Amnesty International Document Sudan Amnesty International calls for arrest of President Al Bashir 4 March 2009 a b Sudan ICC charges concern Mbeki BBC News 27 July 2008 Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 Retrieved 4 March 2009 Everything you need to know about human rights Amnesty International Archived from the original on 14 November 2014 Retrieved 4 March 2016 Arab leaders back wanted Bashir BBC News Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 Retrieved 30 March 2009 sda ddp afp dpa 29 June 2011 Peking empfangt al Bashir wie einen Ehrengast Neue Zurcher Zeitung Archived from the original on 30 October 2017 Retrieved 7 November 2012 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link ICC Suspect Al Bashir Travels to Djibouti Coalition for the International Criminal Court 9 May 2011 Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 Retrieved 7 November 2012 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link a b BashirWatch United to End Genocide Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 Retrieved 11 April 2013 India Africa summit Arrest Sudan President Omar al Bashir demands Amnesty International The Indian Express New Delhi 26 October 2015 Archived from the original on 31 October 2015 Retrieved 3 November 2015 Sudan s Bashir offers help to Libya during criticised visit BBC News 7 January 2012 Archived from the original on 6 January 2016 Retrieved 21 June 2018 Sudan president Bashir visits Libya The Belfast Telegraph 7 January 2012 Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 Retrieved 3 March 2013 Bashir leaves Nigeria amid calls for arrest Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 16 July 2013 Retrieved 16 July 2013 Rice Xan 22 July 2010 Chad refuses to arrest Omar al Bashir on genocide charges The Guardian London Archived from the original on 16 January 2017 Retrieved 15 December 2016 Danish government must arrest Sudanese President if he attends climate conference Amnesty International Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 Retrieved 7 November 2012 Turkey No to safe haven for fugitive from international justice Amnesty International 6 November 2009 Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 Retrieved 7 November 2012 Kenyan court issues arrest order for Sudan s Bashir Reuters 28 November 2011 Archived from the original on 11 October 2021 Retrieved 5 July 2021 Mataboge Mmanaledi 14 June 2015 SA court to rule on Sudan president s fate Mail amp Guardian Archived from the original on 16 June 2015 Retrieved 14 June 2015 Laughter as court told Al Bashir has left News24 15 June 2015 Archived from the original on 17 June 2015 Retrieved 15 June 2015 Elias Kifle 28 March 2009 Fighter jets may guard al Bashir s flight to Qatar Ethiopian Review Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 Sudan leader in Qatar for summit BBC News 29 March 2009 Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 Retrieved 14 November 2011 Rice Xan 4 March 2009 Uproar in Sudan over Bashir war crimes warrant The Guardian Archived from the original on 5 March 2017 Retrieved 15 December 2016 Arab leaders snub al Bashir warrant Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 5 April 2011 Retrieved 17 December 2014 The Organization of the Islamic Conference Council on Foreign Relations Archived from the original on 31 July 2021 Retrieved 31 July 2021 Arrest warrant against al Bashir triggers int l concern English Xinhua Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 Retrieved 4 March 2016 Thomasson Emma 14 July 2008 ICC prosecutor seeks arrest of Sudan s Bashir Reuters Archived from the original on 16 February 2009 Retrieved 16 July 2008 IRIN Africa SUDAN The case against Bashir Sudan Conflict Human Rights Refugees IDPs IRIN 4 March 2009 Archived from the original on 27 January 2011 Retrieved 17 December 2014 Sudan orders aid agency expulsions CNN 4 March 2009 Archived from the original on 6 March 2009 Retrieved 4 March 2009 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Sudan We will fill the aid gaps government insists Refworld Archived from the original on 19 October 2023 Retrieved 4 March 2016 SPLM Kiir to run for president in Sudan 2009 elections Sudan Tribune 26 July 2008 Archived from the original on 24 April 2021 Retrieved 4 March 2016 Eastern Sudan Beja SPLM discuss electoral alliance Sudan Tribune 28 July 2008 Archived from the original on 5 May 2010 Retrieved 4 March 2016 Sudan s al Bashir wins landmark presidential poll France 24 26 April 2010 Archived from the original on 6 March 2019 Retrieved 26 April 2010 President Omar al Bashir declared winner of Sudan poll BBC News 26 April 2010 Archived from the original on 10 May 2020 Retrieved 26 April 2010 Simons Marlise 12 July 2010 International Court Adds Genocide to Charges Against Sudan Leader The New York Times Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 Retrieved 13 July 2010 Sudan President Blocked from Saudi Air Space Voice of America 4 August 2013 Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 Retrieved 30 October 2013 Under Omar al Bashir Sudan is in steepening decline The Economist Khartoum 1 February 2014 Archived from the original on 1 July 2017 Retrieved 4 February 2014 RTTNews 1 Archived 24 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine 12 July 2010 accessed 12 July 2010 Morris P Sean February 2018 Economic Genocide Under International Law The Journal of Criminal Law 82 1 29 doi 10 1177 0022018317749698 ISSN 0022 0183 Pre Trial Chamber I issues a second warrant of arrest against Omar Al Bashir for counts of genocide International Criminal Court 12 July 2010 Archived from the original on 17 December 2019 Retrieved 17 December 2019 Geoffrey York 13 October 2013 African Union demands ICC exempt leaders from prosecution The Globe and Mail Archived from the original on 23 January 2015 Retrieved 30 October 2013 Sudan Joining Saudi Campaign in Yemen Shows Shift in Region Ties Archived 6 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine Bloomberg 27 March 2015 Saudi led coalition strikes rebels in Yemen inflaming tensions in region Archived 16 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine CNN 27 March 2015 Sudan maintains balancing act with Saudi Iran Archived 1 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine Reuters 30 April 2015 Profile Sudan s Omar al Bashir BBC 5 December 2011 Archived from the original on 20 April 2018 Retrieved 21 June 2018 Hirsch Afua 17 December 2010 WikiLeaks cables Sudanese president stashed 9bn in UK banks The Guardian Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 Retrieved 15 December 2016 Bank denies WikiLeaks Sudan claim Nuneaton news Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 Retrieved 7 November 2013 Omer Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir Sudan Tribune Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 Retrieved 3 November 2013 Mohammed Amin 13 October 2019 Bashir s billions and the banks that helped him Sudan fights to recover stolen funds Middle East Eye Archived from the original on 7 November 2019 Retrieved 8 November 2019 Nate Raymond 1 May 2015 BNP Paribas sentenced in 8 9 billion accord over sanctions violations Reuters Archived from the original on 17 October 2019 Retrieved 8 November 2019 Authorities said that BNP essentially functioned as the central bank for the government of Sudan concealing its tracks and failing to cooperate when first contacted by law enforcement a b David Smith 6 September 2012 Sudanese president calls for African space agency The Guardian Archived from the original on 2 January 2017 Retrieved 17 December 2014 a b McKintosh Eliza Griffiths James 11 April 2019 Sudan s Omar al Bashir forced out in coup Cable News Network Archived from the original on 3 May 2019 Retrieved 12 April 2019 CNN News Archived from the original on 11 April 2019 Retrieved 11 April 2019 Jubilation as Sudan s Omar Al Bashir under house arrest now Arab News 11 April 2019 Archived from the original on 11 April 2019 Retrieved 11 April 2019 Sudan crisis Ex President Omar al Bashir moved to prison BBC News 17 April 2019 Archived from the original on 17 April 2019 Retrieved 13 May 2019 Sudan s Omar al Bashir charged over killing of protesters Al Jazeera 13 May 2019 Archived from the original on 30 March 2020 Retrieved 13 May 2019 Two years in a rest home for Sudan s former tyrant The Economist 18 December 2019 Archived from the original on 11 May 2020 Retrieved 20 December 2019 Dahir Abdi Latif 13 December 2019 Sudan s Ousted Leader Is Sentenced to Two Years for Corruption The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 1 May 2020 Retrieved 15 December 2019 الرئيس السوداني المعزول عمر البشير أتحمل المسؤولية عن أحداث 30 يونيو 1989 فيديو Deposed Sudanese President Omar al Bashir I bear responsibility for the events of June 30 1989 video mubasher aljazeera net in Arabic Archived from the original on 16 March 2023 Retrieved 16 March 2023 Sudan s Bashir admits role in 1989 coup during trial Al Arabiya English 20 December 2022 Archived from the original on 16 March 2023 Retrieved 16 March 2023 Sudan signals it may send former dictator Omar al Bashir to ICC The Guardian 11 February 2020 Archived from the original on 13 August 2020 Retrieved 12 February 2020 Omar Bashir ICC delegation begins talks in Sudan over former leader BBC News 17 October 2020 Archived from the original on 5 January 2021 Retrieved 21 January 2021 Former Sudan Officials Leave Prison Raising Questions about Bashir VOA News 26 April 2023 Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 Dahir Abdi Latif 26 April 2023 Mystery of Ex Dictator s Whereabouts Adds to Crisis in Sudan The New York Times Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 Notes edit Sudan was known as Anglo Egyptian Sudan at the time of al Bashir s birth Arabic عمر حسن أحمد البشير romanized ʿUmar Ḥasan ʾAḥmad al Bashir pronounced ba ʃiːr 1 External links editOmar al Bashir at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Data from Wikidata Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir at Trial Watch Omar Hassan Ahmad al Bashir at The Hague Justice Portal Sudanese President Threaten Wars Sudan Inside 18 November 2007 A Cautious Welcome for Sudan s New Government by Michael Johns Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum No 245 28 July 1989 Arrest Warrant for Sudan s President Bashir Arabs Are Leaving Themselves out of the International Justice System Playing it firm fair and smart the EU and the ICC s indictment of Bashir opinion by Reed Brody European Union Institute for Security Studies March 2009 Appearances on C SPANPolitical officesPreceded byAhmad al Mirghani President of Sudan1989 2019 Vacant Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Omar al Bashir amp oldid 1195400759, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.