Its distinction from Old West Norse is a matter of convention. Traditionally, Old Norwegian has been divided into the main dialect areas of North Western, Outer South Western, Inner South Western, Trøndersk, North Eastern, and South Eastern.[citation needed]
One of the most important early differences between Old Norwegian and Old Icelandic is that h in the consonant combinations hl-, hn- and hr- was lost in Old Norwegian around the 11th century, while being preserved in Old Icelandic. Thus, one has e.g. Old Icelandic hlíð 'slope', hníga 'curtsey' and hringr 'ring' vs Old Norwegian líð, níga and ringr, respectively.[citation needed]
Many Old Norwegian dialects feature a height based system of vowel harmony: Following stressed high vowels (/i/, /iː/, /y/, /yː/, /u/, /uː/) and diphthongs (/ei/, /ey/, /au/), the unstressed vowels /i/ and /u/ appear as i, u, while they are represented as e, o following long non-high vowels (/eː/, /øː/, /oː/, /æː/, /aː/). The situation following stressed short non-high vowels (/e/, /æ/, /ø/, /a/, /o/, /ɔ/) is much debated and was apparently different in the individual dialects.[2]
The u-umlaut of short /a/ (written ǫ in normalized Old Norse) is not as consistently graphically distinguished from non-umlauted /a/ as in Old Icelandic, especially in writings from the Eastern dialect areas. It is still a matter of academic debate whether this is to be interpreted phonologically as a lack of umlaut or merely as a lack of its graphical representation.[citation needed]
Old Norwegian had alternative dual and plural first person pronouns, mit,mér, to the Common Norse vit,vér.[3]
Norn is an extinct language derived from the North Germanic language family that died out in the late 19th or 20th century. It was primarily spoken in the Northern Isles, or Orkney (Orkneyjar) and Shetland (Hjaltland), and Caithness on the northern tip of Scotland. Little remains of Norn other than a few literary works in Orkney Norn and Shetland Norn, while Caithness Norn is expected to have died out in the 15th century, replaced by Scots.
Sources from the 17th and 18th century report that Norn, often misidentified as Danish, Norse or Norwegian, was in a rapid decline, although prevailing in Shetland more than Orkney. Walter Sutherland is generally considered the last native speaker of the language, dying in 1850, though many claims describe the language, probably in verses and songs, spoken in the islands of Foula and Unst as late as the 20th century.
The Black Death struck Norway in 1349, killing over 60% of the population.[4] This probably precipitated the current process of language development.[citation needed] The language in Norway after 1350 up to about 1550 is generally referred to as Middle Norwegian. The language went through several changes: morphological paradigms were simplified, including the loss of grammatical cases and the levelling of personal inflection on verbs. A vowel reduction also took place, in some dialects, including in parts of Norway, reducing many final unstressed vowels in a word to a common "e".
The phonemic inventory also underwent changes. The dental fricatives represented by the letters þ and ð disappeared from the Norwegian language, either merging with their equivalent stop consonants, represented by t and d, respectively, or being lost altogether.
^Homepage of a symposium on Old Norwegian vowel harmony, held in Bergen in March 2015 (in Norwegian)
^Richard Cleasby, Guðbrandur Vigfússon — An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874). Eirligr-Ekkill
^Harald Aastorp (2004-08-01). . Forskning.no. Archived from the original on 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
External links
«Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad» Norway.
«Medieval Nordic Text Archive» Organization working with Medieval Nordic texts.
«Dokumentasjonsprosjektet» Includes old Norse dictionary and includes Diplomatarium Norvegicum which is a collection of texts from before 1570 (originally 22 books with 19 000 documents) and Regesta Norvegica which contains letters and official documents (it's a more detailed description on "Om Regesta Norvegica") from 822 to 1390. This page is partly available in English. (not Regesta Norvegica)
Old Norwegian online dictionary
May 03, 2023
norwegian, this, article, about, language, sheep, breed, spælsau, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verificat. This article is about the language For the sheep breed see Spaelsau This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Old Norwegian news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations April 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Old Norwegian Norwegian gammelnorsk and gam m alnorsk also called Norwegian Norse is an early form of the Norwegian language that was spoken between the 11th and 14th century it is a transitional stage between Old West Norse and Middle Norwegian and also Old Norn and Old Faroese Old NorwegianOld Norwegian norrǿnn mal 1 Bokmal gammelnorskNynorsk gamalnorskRegionKingdom of Norway 872 1397 Era11th 14th centuryLanguage familyIndo European GermanicNorth GermanicWest ScandinavianNorwegianOld NorwegianEarly formsProto Indo European Proto Germanic Proto Norse Old Norse Old West NorseWriting systemMedieval Runes LatinLanguage codesISO 639 3None mis GlottologNoneThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Its distinction from Old West Norse is a matter of convention Traditionally Old Norwegian has been divided into the main dialect areas of North Western Outer South Western Inner South Western Trondersk North Eastern and South Eastern citation needed Contents 1 Phonological and morphological features 2 Old Norn 3 Old Faroese 4 Middle Norwegian 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksPhonological and morphological features EditOne of the most important early differences between Old Norwegian and Old Icelandic is that h in the consonant combinations hl hn and hr was lost in Old Norwegian around the 11th century while being preserved in Old Icelandic Thus one has e g Old Icelandic hlid slope hniga curtsey and hringr ring vs Old Norwegian lid niga and ringr respectively citation needed Many Old Norwegian dialects feature a height based system of vowel harmony Following stressed high vowels i iː y yː u uː and diphthongs ei ey au the unstressed vowels i and u appear as i u while they are represented as e o following long non high vowels eː oː oː aeː aː The situation following stressed short non high vowels e ae o a o ɔ is much debated and was apparently different in the individual dialects 2 The u umlaut of short a written ǫ in normalized Old Norse is not as consistently graphically distinguished from non umlauted a as in Old Icelandic especially in writings from the Eastern dialect areas It is still a matter of academic debate whether this is to be interpreted phonologically as a lack of umlaut or merely as a lack of its graphical representation citation needed Old Norwegian had alternative dual and plural first person pronouns mit mer to the Common Norse vit ver 3 Old Norn EditSee also Norn language Norn is an extinct language derived from the North Germanic language family that died out in the late 19th or 20th century It was primarily spoken in the Northern Isles or Orkney Orkneyjar and Shetland Hjaltland and Caithness on the northern tip of Scotland Little remains of Norn other than a few literary works in Orkney Norn and Shetland Norn while Caithness Norn is expected to have died out in the 15th century replaced by Scots Sources from the 17th and 18th century report that Norn often misidentified as Danish Norse or Norwegian was in a rapid decline although prevailing in Shetland more than Orkney Walter Sutherland is generally considered the last native speaker of the language dying in 1850 though many claims describe the language probably in verses and songs spoken in the islands of Foula and Unst as late as the 20th century Old Faroese EditMain article Faroese language Old Faroese This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it April 2016 Middle Norwegian EditMain article Middle Norwegian The Black Death struck Norway in 1349 killing over 60 of the population 4 This probably precipitated the current process of language development citation needed The language in Norway after 1350 up to about 1550 is generally referred to as Middle Norwegian The language went through several changes morphological paradigms were simplified including the loss of grammatical cases and the levelling of personal inflection on verbs A vowel reduction also took place in some dialects including in parts of Norway reducing many final unstressed vowels in a word to a common e The phonemic inventory also underwent changes The dental fricatives represented by the letters th and d disappeared from the Norwegian language either merging with their equivalent stop consonants represented by t and d respectively or being lost altogether See also EditNorwegian language Icelandic language Faroese language Norn languageReferences Edit norsk Bokmalsordboka Nynorskordboka Language Council of Norway Retrieved 26 November 2019 Homepage of a symposium on Old Norwegian vowel harmony held in Bergen in March 2015 in Norwegian Richard Cleasby Gudbrandur Vigfusson An Icelandic English Dictionary 1874 Eirligr Ekkill Harald Aastorp 2004 08 01 Svartedauden enda verre enn antatt Forskning no Archived from the original on 2008 03 31 Retrieved 2009 01 03 External links Edit Kulturformidlingen norrone tekster og kvad Norway Medieval Nordic Text Archive Organization working with Medieval Nordic texts Dokumentasjonsprosjektet Includes old Norse dictionary and includes Diplomatarium Norvegicum which is a collection of texts from before 1570 originally 22 books with 19 000 documents and Regesta Norvegica which contains letters and official documents it s a more detailed description on Om Regesta Norvegica from 822 to 1390 This page is partly available in English not Regesta Norvegica Old Norwegian online dictionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Old Norwegian amp oldid 1138992803, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
