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Wikipedia

Ę

January 19, 2024

Ę (minuscule: ę; Polish: e z ogonkiem, "e with a little tail"; Lithuanian: e nosinė, "nasal e") is a letter in the Polish, Lithuanian and Dalecarlian alphabets. It is also used in Navajo to represent the nasal vowel [ẽ] and Kensiu to represent the near-close near-front unrounded vowel [e̝]. In Latin, Irish, and Old Norse palaeography, it is known as e caudata ('tailed e').

Latin letter E with ogonek

Polish edit

In the Polish alphabet, ę comes after e. It never appears word-initially, except for the onomatopoeia ęsi. It does not have one determined pronunciation and instead, its pronunciation is dependent on the sounds it is followed by.

Pronunciation edit

Pronunciation of ę depending on its position
Position Pronunciation Example
Phonemic Phonetic Orthography Pronunciation

(phonemic)

Pronunciation

(phonetic)

ę + f, w, s, z, sz, ż, rz, h, ch /ɛŋ/ [ɛw̃] kęsⓘ ('bite') /kɛŋs/ [kɛw̃s]
ę + k, g [ɛŋ] lękⓘ ('fear') /lɛŋk/ [lɛŋk]
ę + t, d, c, dz, cz, dż /ɛn/ [ɛn̪] będęⓘ ('I will be') /ˈbɛndɛ/ [ˈbɛn̪d̪ɛ]
ę + p, b /ɛm/ [ɛm] sępⓘ ('vulture') /sɛmp/ [sɛmp]
ę + ś, ź, ć, dź, si, zi, ci, dzi /ɛɲ/ [ɛj̃] będzieⓘ ('it will be') /ˈbɛɲd͡ʑɛ/ [ˈbɛj̃d͡ʑɛ]
ę + l, ł; word-finally /ɛ/ [ɛ] cięⓘ ('you') /t͡ɕɛ/ [t͡ɕɛ]

In some dialects, word-final ę is also pronounced as /ɛm/, causing robię to be occasionally pronounced as /ˈrɔbjɛm/. That nonstandard form is used by the former Polish president Lech Wałęsa. Some of his sentences that were respelled to reflect the pronunciation have entered popular language, e.g., Nie chcem, ale muszem (properly written Nie chcę, ale muszę; 'I don't want to, but I have to').

History edit

Main article: History of Polish orthography

In Old Polish, nasal vowels were either not indicated at all or indicated with digraphs including a nasal consonant; Ø was also used. During the first decades after the introduction of movable type to Poland (exclusively blackletter at the time) a need to standardize orthography developed, and in the early 16th century Stanisław Zaborowski, inspired by Old Czech orthography reform by Jan Hus, analyzed Polish phonology and in Orthographia seu modus recte scribendi et legendi Polonicum idioma quam utilissimus proposed to add diacritics to Polish, including to mark nasal vowels with strokes. In particular, he proposed to write the nasal e sound as a with semivirgula superior (the letter was used to spell the phoneme traditionally because it was the original medieval pronunciation, see below), which printers of the time found not very convenient, and instead, Hieronymus Vietor crossed the lower part of an e. Later, when Polish printers began to use antiqua in the late 16th-century, Jan Januszowski took E caudata from Latin lettercase so as not to cast a new letter.

Polish ę sound evolved from the short nasal a of medieval Polish, which developed into a short nasal e in the modern language. The medieval vowel, along with its long counterpart, evolved in turn from the merged nasal *ę and *ǫ of Late Proto-Slavic:

Evolution
Early Proto-Slavic *em/*en and *am/*an
Late Proto-Slavic /ẽ/ and /õ/, transcribed by ⟨ę⟩ and ⟨ǫ⟩
Medieval Polish short and long /ã/, written approximately ⟨ø⟩
Modern Polish short /ã/ → /ɛŋ/, /ɛn/, /ɛm/, written ⟨ę⟩

long /ã/ → /ɔŋ/, /ɔn/, /ɔm/, written ⟨ą⟩

Alternations edit

Ę often alternates with ą:

  • 'husband': mąż → mężowie ('husbands'),
  • 'error': błąd → błędy ('errors'),
  • 'pigeon': gołąb → gołębie ('pigeons')
  • 'oak' in nominative: dąb → dębem (instrumental)
  • 'hands' in nominative: ręce → rąk (genitive)
  • 'five': pięć → piąty ('fifth')

Lithuanian edit

In Lithuanian, the ogonek, called the nosinė (literally, "nasal") mark, originally indicated vowel nasalization, but around the late 17th century, nasal vowels gradually evolved into the corresponding long non-nasal vowels in most dialects. Thus, the mark is now de facto an indicator of vowel length (the length of etymologically non-nasal vowels is marked differently), and formerly nasal en/em forms are now pronounced [eː], as in kęsti (to suffer) – kenčia (is suffering or suffers), so the ę is no longer nasal.

The ogonek also helps to distinguish different grammatical forms which otherwise have the same written form but are pronounced differently. For example, for some forms of the noun, ę is used at the end of the word for the accusative case, as in eglę, accusative of eglė (spruce). It is also used to change past tense verb to the participle in the past, e.g., tempė to tempęs – somebody who has pulled.

In some cases, ą, ę and į (but never ė) may be used for different forms, as in tąsa (extension) – tęsia (extends) – tįsoti (to lie extended). Finally, some verbs have the letter in the middle of the word only in the present tense, e.g., gęsta ([fire, light] is going off) but not užgeso (went off).[1]

Unlike with į or ą, no Lithuanian word is known to start with ę.[2]

Computer use edit

Character information
Preview Ę ę
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 280 U+0118 281 U+0119
UTF-8 196 152 C4 98 196 153 C4 99
Numeric character reference Ę Ę ę ę
Named character reference Ę ę
ISO 8859-2 / ISO 8859-4 202 CA 234 EA
ISO 8859-10 221 DD 253 FD

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Gramatika". Algdo blogas-svetainė (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.
  2. ^ "Lietuviški žodžiai iš e raidės". rimai.dainutekstai.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.

January 19, 2024
minuscule, polish, ogonkiem, with, little, tail, lithuanian, nosinė, nasal, letter, polish, lithuanian, dalecarlian, alphabets, also, used, navajo, represent, nasal, vowel, kensiu, represent, near, close, near, front, unrounded, vowel, latin, irish, norse, pal. e minuscule e Polish e z ogonkiem e with a little tail Lithuanian e nosine nasal e is a letter in the Polish Lithuanian and Dalecarlian alphabets It is also used in Navajo to represent the nasal vowel ẽ and Kensiu to represent the near close near front unrounded vowel e In Latin Irish and Old Norse palaeography it is known as e caudata tailed e Latin letter E with ogonek Contents 1 Polish 1 1 Pronunciation 1 2 History 1 3 Alternations 2 Lithuanian 3 Computer use 4 See also 5 ReferencesPolish editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message In the Polish alphabet e comes after e It never appears word initially except for the onomatopoeia esi It does not have one determined pronunciation and instead its pronunciation is dependent on the sounds it is followed by Pronunciation edit Pronunciation of e depending on its position Position Pronunciation ExamplePhonemic Phonetic Orthography Pronunciation phonemic Pronunciation phonetic e f w s z sz z rz h ch ɛŋ ɛw kes bite kɛŋs kɛw s e k g ɛŋ lek fear lɛŋk lɛŋk e t d c dz cz dz ɛn ɛn bede I will be ˈbɛndɛ ˈbɛn d ɛ e p b ɛm ɛm sep vulture sɛmp sɛmp e s z c dz si zi ci dzi ɛɲ ɛj bedzie it will be ˈbɛɲd ʑɛ ˈbɛj d ʑɛ e l l word finally ɛ ɛ cie you t ɕɛ t ɕɛ In some dialects word final e is also pronounced as ɛm causing robie to be occasionally pronounced as ˈrɔbjɛm That nonstandard form is used by the former Polish president Lech Walesa Some of his sentences that were respelled to reflect the pronunciation have entered popular language e g Nie chcem ale muszem properly written Nie chce ale musze I don t want to but I have to History edit Main article History of Polish orthography In Old Polish nasal vowels were either not indicated at all or indicated with digraphs including a nasal consonant O was also used During the first decades after the introduction of movable type to Poland exclusively blackletter at the time a need to standardize orthography developed and in the early 16th century Stanislaw Zaborowski inspired by Old Czech orthography reform by Jan Hus analyzed Polish phonology and in Orthographia seu modus recte scribendi et legendi Polonicum idioma quam utilissimus proposed to add diacritics to Polish including to mark nasal vowels with strokes In particular he proposed to write the nasal e sound as a with semivirgula superior the letter was used to spell the phoneme traditionally because it was the original medieval pronunciation see below which printers of the time found not very convenient and instead Hieronymus Vietor crossed the lower part of an e Later when Polish printers began to use antiqua in the late 16th century Jan Januszowski took E caudata from Latin lettercase so as not to cast a new letter Polish e sound evolved from the short nasal a of medieval Polish which developed into a short nasal e in the modern language The medieval vowel along with its long counterpart evolved in turn from the merged nasal e and ǫ of Late Proto Slavic Evolution Early Proto Slavic em en and am anLate Proto Slavic ẽ and o transcribed by e and ǫ Medieval Polish short and long a written approximately o Modern Polish short a ɛŋ ɛn ɛm written e long a ɔŋ ɔn ɔm written a Alternations edit e often alternates with a husband maz mezowie husbands error blad bledy errors pigeon golab golebie pigeons oak in nominative dab debem instrumental hands in nominative rece rak genitive five piec piaty fifth Lithuanian editIn Lithuanian the ogonek called the nosine literally nasal mark originally indicated vowel nasalization but around the late 17th century nasal vowels gradually evolved into the corresponding long non nasal vowels in most dialects Thus the mark is now de facto an indicator of vowel length the length of etymologically non nasal vowels is marked differently and formerly nasal en em forms are now pronounced eː as in kesti to suffer kencia is suffering or suffers so the e is no longer nasal The ogonek also helps to distinguish different grammatical forms which otherwise have the same written form but are pronounced differently For example for some forms of the noun e is used at the end of the word for the accusative case as in egle accusative of egle spruce It is also used to change past tense verb to the participle in the past e g tempe to tempes somebody who has pulled In some cases a e and į but never e may be used for different forms as in tasa extension tesia extends tįsoti to lie extended Finally some verbs have the letter in the middle of the word only in the present tense e g gesta fire light is going off but not uzgeso went off 1 Unlike with į or a no Lithuanian word is known to start with e 2 Computer use editCharacter information Preview e eUnicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEKEncodings decimal hex dec hexUnicode 280 U 0118 281 U 0119UTF 8 196 152 C4 98 196 153 C4 99Numeric character reference amp 280 wbr amp x118 wbr amp 281 wbr amp x119 wbr Named character reference amp Eogon amp eogon ISO 8859 2 ISO 8859 4 202 CA 234 EAISO 8859 10 221 DD 253 FDSee also editA Polish phonology Polish alphabet Lithuanian orthography Ogonek YusReferences edit Gramatika Algdo blogas svetaine in Lithuanian Archived from the original on 2021 09 03 Lietuviski zodziai is e raides rimai dainutekstai lt in Lithuanian Archived from the original on 2021 09 03 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title e amp oldid 1194563340, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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