In the Polish alphabet, ą comes after a, but never appears at the beginning of a word. Originally, ą used to represent a nasala sound, but in modern times, its pronunciation has shifted to a nasal o sound. The letter does not have one determined pronunciation and instead, its pronunciation is dependent on the sounds it is followed by.
In some dialects, word-final ą is also pronounced as /ɔm/; thus, robią is occasionally pronounced as [ˈrɔbjɔm].
Historyedit
Polish ą sound evolved from a long nasal a sound of medieval Polish into a short nasal o sound in the modern language. The medieval vowel, along with its short counterpart, evolved in turn from the merged nasal *ę and *ǫ of Late Proto-Slavic.
Evolution
Early Proto-Slavic
*em/*en/*im/*in and *am/*an/*um/*un
Late Proto-Slavic
/ẽ/ and /õ/, transcribed ⟨ę⟩ and ⟨ǫ⟩
Medieval Polish
short and long /ã/, sometimes written approx. ⟨ø⟩
Modern Polish
short /ã/ → /ɛŋ/, /ɛn/, /ɛm/…, written ⟨ę⟩
long /ã/ → /ɔŋ/, /ɔn/, /ɔm/…, written ⟨ą⟩
Another explanation is connected to the adoption of the Old Czech-style orthography of the Latin alphabet to write Polish at the turn of the 16th century. In Poland-Lithuania, Latin still dominated in writing in the Kingdom of Poland, and the Cyrillic-based vernacular of Ruthenian had been in official use in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 13th century. In pronunciation, the Church Cyrillic letter big yus (Ѫ ѫ) corresponds to the pronunciation of the Polish ą. However, it is little yus (Ѧ ѧ), which is phonetically similar to ę and, more importantly, shares visual resemblances with the Latin alphabet initial letter (A, a) plus an ogonek, that some believe led to ogonek's introduction. This, according to proponents of the theory, resulted in the letter ą for denoting the nasal o, when it logically should have been ǫ rather than ą. When the ogonek had already been in place as the diacritic for marking nasality in vowels, it was appended to e, resulting in ę for nasal e.[1]
However, in words derived from rząd ('government'), the vowel does not change. Thus, rządu (genitive of rząd) retains the ą, e.g., rozporządzenie rządu ('government's ordinance').
Lithuanianedit
In modern Lithuanian, it is no longer nasal and is now pronounced as a longa. It is the second letter of the Lithuanian alphabet called a nosinė (nasal a).
The letter is most often found at the end of the noun to construct an ending of accusative case, as in aslą[aːslaː], the accusative of asla (ground, floor); both a and ą in aslą are pronounced [aː] (a longa). Thus, ą is used to distinguish between the transcription of accusative and the nominative cases of the noun asla.
It is also used when converting present tenseverbs into participles, e.g., (matąs (somebody who is seeing (matyti) right now).
Nasal an/am forms are now pronounced [aː], as in sąrašas (list) and san-grąža (turnover, return).
In some cases, ą, ę and į (but never ė) may be used in different forms interchangeably, as in tąsa (extension) – tęsia (extends) – tįsoti (to lie extended). Finally, some verbs have it in the middle of a word but only in the present tense, e.g., (bąla (is getting white), but not pabalo (has become white).[2]
The letter can also be found at the beginning of several words, e.g., ąsotis[aːsoːtis] (jug).
The Americasedit
The ogonek in European languages is attached to the right leg of A. In Native American languages, it's sometimes under the middle of A.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)
In some indigenous languages of the Americas, the letter denotes a nasal a sound:
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2015)
The Elfdalian alphabet contains the letters that occur in the Swedish alphabet as well as various letters with ogonek to denote nasality. Ą and ą denote a nasal a sound.
confused, with, with, ogonek, cyrillic, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, sch. Not to be confused with A with ogonek Cyrillic This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources A news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message A minuscule a is a letter in the Polish Kashubian Lithuanian Creek Navajo Western Apache Chiricahua Osage Hocak Mescalero Gwich in Tutchone and Elfdalian alphabets It is formed from the letter a and an ogonek little tail and usually except in modern Lithuanian and Polish denotes a nasal a sound Contents 1 Polish 1 1 Pronunciation 1 2 History 1 3 Alternations 2 Lithuanian 3 The Americas 4 Elfdalian 5 Reconstructed language 6 Computing codes 7 See also 8 ReferencesPolish editIn the Polish alphabet a comes after a but never appears at the beginning of a word Originally a used to represent a nasal a sound but in modern times its pronunciation has shifted to a nasal o sound The letter does not have one determined pronunciation and instead its pronunciation is dependent on the sounds it is followed by Pronunciation edit Pronunciation of a depending on its position Position Pronunciation ExamplePhonemic Phonetic Orthography Pronunciation phonemic Pronunciation phonetic a f w s z sz z rz h ch word finally ɔŋ ɔw sa they are sɔŋ sɔw a k g ɔŋ maka flour ˈmɔŋka ˈmɔŋka a t d c dz cz dz ɔn ɔn blad error bwɔnt bwɔn t a p b ɔm ɔm zab tooth zɔmp zɔmp a s z c dz si zi ci dzi ɔɲ ɔj badz be bɔɲt ɕ bɔj t ɕ a l l ɔ ɔ wzial he took vʑɔw vʑɔw In some dialects word final a is also pronounced as ɔm thus robia is occasionally pronounced as ˈrɔbjɔm History edit Polish a sound evolved from a long nasal a sound of medieval Polish into a short nasal o sound in the modern language The medieval vowel along with its short counterpart evolved in turn from the merged nasal e and ǫ of Late Proto Slavic Evolution Early Proto Slavic em en im in and am an um unLate Proto Slavic ẽ and o transcribed e and ǫ Medieval Polish short and long a sometimes written approx o Modern Polish short a ɛŋ ɛn ɛm written e long a ɔŋ ɔn ɔm written a Another explanation is connected to the adoption of the Old Czech style orthography of the Latin alphabet to write Polish at the turn of the 16th century In Poland Lithuania Latin still dominated in writing in the Kingdom of Poland and the Cyrillic based vernacular of Ruthenian had been in official use in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 13th century In pronunciation the Church Cyrillic letter big yus Ѫ ѫ corresponds to the pronunciation of the Polish a However it is little yus Ѧ ѧ which is phonetically similar to e and more importantly shares visual resemblances with the Latin alphabet initial letter A a plus an ogonek that some believe led to ogonek s introduction This according to proponents of the theory resulted in the letter a for denoting the nasal o when it logically should have been ǫ rather than a When the ogonek had already been in place as the diacritic for marking nasality in vowels it was appended to e resulting in e for nasal e 1 Alternations edit The letter often alternates with e tooth zab zeby teeth snake waz weze snakes husband in nominative maz z mezem with husband in instrumental case weight ciezar ciazyc to weigh down to be a burden month miesiac miesieczny monthly a judge sedzia sadzic to judge think row in nominative rzad cztery razy z rzedu four times in a row genitive case However in words derived from rzad government the vowel does not change Thus rzadu genitive of rzad retains the a e g rozporzadzenie rzadu government s ordinance Lithuanian editIn modern Lithuanian it is no longer nasal and is now pronounced as a long a It is the second letter of the Lithuanian alphabet called a nosine nasal a The letter is most often found at the end of the noun to construct an ending of accusative case as in asla aːslaː the accusative of asla ground floor both a and a in asla are pronounced aː a long a Thus a is used to distinguish between the transcription of accusative and the nominative cases of the noun asla It is also used when converting present tense verbs into participles e g matas somebody who is seeing matyti right now Nasal an am forms are now pronounced aː as in sarasas list and san graza turnover return In some cases a e and į but never e may be used in different forms interchangeably as in tasa extension tesia extends tįsoti to lie extended Finally some verbs have it in the middle of a word but only in the present tense e g bala is getting white but not pabalo has become white 2 The letter can also be found at the beginning of several words e g asotis aːsoːtis jug The Americas edit nbsp The ogonek in European languages is attached to the right leg of A In Native American languages it s sometimes under the middle of A This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2008 In some indigenous languages of the Americas the letter denotes a nasal a sound Western Apache Chiricahua Creek Gwich in Hochunk Mescalero Navajo Tutchone Assiniboine NakodaElfdalian editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it March 2015 The Elfdalian alphabet contains the letters that occur in the Swedish alphabet as well as various letters with ogonek to denote nasality A and a denote a nasal a sound Reconstructed language editScholars who have reconstructed the Proto Germanic language the ancestor of all modern Germanic languages spoken c 500 BC AD 500 use the letter a to denote a nasal vowel Computing codes editcharacter A aUnicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEK LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEKcharacter encoding decimal hex decimal hexUnicode 260 U 0104 261 U 0105UTF 8 196 132 C4 84 196 133 C4 85Numeric character reference amp 260 amp x0104 amp 261 amp x0105 CP 775 181 B5 208 D0Windows 1250 165 A5 185 B9ISO 8859 13 and Windows 1257 192 C0 224 E0ISO 8859 2 and ISO 8859 4 161 A1 177 B1Mac Central European 132 84 136 88See also edite Ogonek Kashubian alphabet Lithuanian alphabet Elfdalian alphabet Polish phonology Polish alphabet YusReferences edit Tomasz Kamusella 2019 Is hot air mightier than states The big Central European history of a little tail ogonek New Eastern Europe 12 Dec 39a Gramatika Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title A amp oldid 1179693668, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
