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Jonathan Swift

Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish[1] satirist, author, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet, and Anglican cleric who became Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin,[2] hence his common sobriquet, "Dean Swift".


Jonathan Swift
Portrait by Charles Jervas, 1710
Born(1667-11-30)30 November 1667
Dublin, Ireland
Died19 October 1745(1745-10-19) (aged 77)
Dublin, Ireland
Resting placeSt Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
Pen nameIsaac Bickerstaff, M. B. Drapier, Lemuel Gulliver, Simon Wagstaff, Esq.
Occupation
LanguageEnglish
Alma materTrinity College Dublin
Notable works
Signature

Swift is remembered for works such as A Tale of a Tub (1704), An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity (1712), Gulliver's Travels (1726), and A Modest Proposal (1729). He is regarded by the Encyclopædia Britannica as the foremost prose satirist in the English language.[1] He originally published all of his works under pseudonyms—such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, M. B. Drapier—or anonymously. He was a master of two styles of satire, the Horatian and Juvenalian styles.

His deadpan, ironic writing style, particularly in A Modest Proposal, has led to such satire being subsequently termed "Swiftian".[3]

Biography

Early life

Jonathan Swift was born on 30 November 1667 in Dublin in the Kingdom of Ireland. He was the second child and only son of Jonathan Swift (1640–1667) and his wife Abigail Erick (or Herrick) of Frisby on the Wreake.[4] His father was a native of Goodrich, Herefordshire, but he accompanied his brothers to Ireland to seek their fortunes in law after their Royalist father's estate was brought to ruin during the English Civil War. His maternal grandfather, James Ericke, was the vicar of Thornton in Leicestershire. In 1634 the vicar was convicted of Puritan practices. Some time thereafter, Ericke and his family, including his young daughter Abigail, fled to Ireland.[5]

Swift's father joined his elder brother, Godwin, in the practice of law in Ireland.[6] He died in Dublin about seven months before his namesake was born.[7][8] He died of syphilis, which he said he got from dirty sheets when out of town.[9]

His mother returned to England after his birth, leaving him in the care of his uncle Godwin Swift (1628–1695), a close friend and confidant of Sir John Temple, whose son later employed Swift as his secretary.[10]

At the age of one, child Jonathan was taken by his wet nurse to her hometown of Whitehaven, Cumberland, England. He said that there he learned to read the Bible. His nurse returned him to his mother, still in Ireland, when he was three.[11]

 
The house in which Swift was born; 1865 illustration

Swift's family had several interesting literary connections. His grandmother Elizabeth (Dryden) Swift was the niece of Sir Erasmus Dryden, grandfather of poet John Dryden. The same grandmother's aunt Katherine (Throckmorton) Dryden was a first cousin of Elizabeth, wife of Sir Walter Raleigh. His great-great-grandmother Margaret (Godwin) Swift was the sister of Francis Godwin, author of The Man in the Moone which influenced parts of Swift's Gulliver's Travels. His uncle Thomas Swift married a daughter of poet and playwright Sir William Davenant, a godson of William Shakespeare.

Swift's benefactor and uncle Godwin Swift took primary responsibility for the young man, sending him with one of his cousins to Kilkenny College (also attended by philosopher George Berkeley).[10] He arrived there at the age of six, where he was expected to have already learned the basic declensions in Latin. He had not, and thus began his schooling in a lower form. Swift graduated in 1682, when he was 15.[12]

 
Jonathan Swift in 1682, by Thomas Pooley. The artist had married into the Swift family[13]

He attended Trinity College Dublin, the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin, in 1682,[14] financed by Godwin's son Willoughby. The four-year course followed a curriculum largely set in the Middle Ages for the priesthood. The lectures were dominated by Aristotelian logic and philosophy. The basic skill taught the students was debate, and they were expected to be able to argue both sides of any argument or topic. Swift was an above-average student but not exceptional, and received his B.A. in 1686 "by special grace."[15]

Adult life

Maturity

Swift was studying for his master's degree when political troubles in Ireland surrounding the Glorious Revolution forced him to leave for England in 1688, where his mother helped him get a position as secretary and personal assistant of Sir William Temple at Moor Park, Farnham.[16] Temple was an English diplomat who had arranged the Triple Alliance of 1668. He had retired from public service to his country estate, to tend his gardens and write his memoirs. Gaining his employer's confidence, Swift "was often trusted with matters of great importance".[17] Within three years of their acquaintance, Temple introduced his secretary to William III and sent him to London to urge the King to consent to a bill for triennial Parliaments.

Swift took up his residence at Moor Park where he met Esther Johnson, then eight years old, the daughter of an impoverished widow who acted as companion to Temple's sister Lady Giffard. Swift was her tutor and mentor, giving her the nickname "Stella", and the two maintained a close but ambiguous relationship for the rest of Esther's life.[18]

In 1690, Swift left Temple for Ireland because of his health, but returned to Moor Park the following year. The illness consisted of fits of vertigo or giddiness, now believed to be Ménière's disease, and it continued to plague him throughout his life.[19] During this second stay with Temple, Swift received his M.A. from Hart Hall, Oxford, in 1692. He then left Moor Park, apparently despairing of gaining a better position through Temple's patronage, in order to become an ordained priest in the Established Church of Ireland. He was appointed to the prebend of Kilroot in the Diocese of Connor in 1694,[20] with his parish located at Kilroot, near Carrickfergus in County Antrim.

Swift appears to have been miserable in his new position, being isolated in a small, remote community far from the centres of power and influence. While at Kilroot, however, he may well have become romantically involved with Jane Waring, whom he called "Varina", the sister of an old college friend.[17] A letter from him survives, offering to remain if she would marry him and promising to leave and never return to Ireland if she refused. She presumably refused, because Swift left his post and returned to England and Temple's service at Moor Park in 1696, and he remained there until Temple's death. There he was employed in helping to prepare Temple's memoirs and correspondence for publication. During this time, Swift wrote The Battle of the Books, a satire responding to critics of Temple's Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning (1690), though Battle was not published until 1704.

Temple died on 27 January 1699.[17] Swift, normally a harsh judge of human nature, said that all that was good and amiable in mankind had died with Temple.[17] He stayed on briefly in England to complete editing Temple's memoirs, and perhaps in the hope that recognition of his work might earn him a suitable position in England. Unfortunately, his work made enemies among some of Temple's family and friends, in particular Temple's formidable sister Martha, Lady Giffard, who objected to indiscretions included in the memoirs.[18] Moreover she noted that Swift had borrowed from her own biography, an accusation that Swift denied.[21] Swift's next move was to approach King William directly, based on his imagined connection through Temple and a belief that he had been promised a position. This failed so miserably that he accepted the lesser post of secretary and chaplain to the Earl of Berkeley, one of the Lords Justice of Ireland. However, when he reached Ireland, he found that the secretaryship had already been given to another. He soon obtained the living of Laracor, Agher, and Rathbeggan, and the prebend of Dunlavin[22] in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.[23]

Swift ministered to a congregation of about 15 at Laracor, which was just over four and half miles (7.5 km) from Summerhill, County Meath, and twenty miles (32 km) from Dublin. He had abundant leisure for cultivating his garden, making a canal after the Dutch fashion of Moor Park, planting willows, and rebuilding the vicarage. As chaplain to Lord Berkeley, he spent much of his time in Dublin and travelled to London frequently over the next ten years. In 1701, he anonymously published the political pamphlet A Discourse on the Contests and Dissentions in Athens and Rome.

Writer

Swift resided in Trim, County Meath, after 1700. He wrote many of his works during this time period. In February 1702, Swift received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Trinity College Dublin. That spring he travelled to England and then returned to Ireland in October, accompanied by Esther Johnson—now 20—and his friend Rebecca Dingley, another member of William Temple's household. There is a great mystery and controversy over Swift's relationship with Esther Johnson, nicknamed "Stella". Many, notably his close friend Thomas Sheridan, believed that they were secretly married in 1716; others, like Swift's housekeeper Mrs Brent and Rebecca Dingley (who lived with Stella all through her years in Ireland), dismissed the story as absurd.[24] Swift certainly did not wish her to marry anyone else: in 1704, when their mutual friend William Tisdall informed Swift that he intended to propose to Stella, Swift wrote to him to dissuade him from the idea. Although the tone of the letter was courteous, Swift privately expressed his disgust for Tisdall as an "interloper", and they were estranged for many years.

During his visits to England in these years, Swift published A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books (1704) and began to gain a reputation as a writer. This led to close, lifelong friendships with Alexander Pope, John Gay, and John Arbuthnot, forming the core of the Martinus Scriblerus Club (founded in 1713).

Swift became increasingly active politically in these years.[25] Swift supported the Glorious Revolution and early in his life belonged to the Whigs.[26][27] As a member of the Anglican Church, he feared a return of the Catholic monarchy and "Papist" absolutism.[27] From 1707 to 1709 and again in 1710, Swift was in London unsuccessfully urging upon the Whig administration of Lord Godolphin the claims of the Irish clergy to the First-Fruits and Twentieths ("Queen Anne's Bounty"), which brought in about £2,500 a year, already granted to their brethren in England. He found the opposition Tory leadership more sympathetic to his cause, and, when they came to power in 1710, he was recruited to support their cause as editor of The Examiner. In 1711, Swift published the political pamphlet The Conduct of the Allies, attacking the Whig government for its inability to end the prolonged war with France. The incoming Tory government conducted secret (and illegal) negotiations with France, resulting in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) ending the War of the Spanish Succession.

Swift was part of the inner circle of the Tory government,[28] and often acted as mediator between Henry St John (Viscount Bolingbroke), the secretary of state for foreign affairs (1710–15), and Robert Harley (Earl of Oxford), lord treasurer and prime minister (1711–14). Swift recorded his experiences and thoughts during this difficult time in a long series of letters to Esther Johnson, collected and published after his death as A Journal to Stella. The animosity between the two Tory leaders eventually led to the dismissal of Harley in 1714. With the death of Queen Anne and accession of George I that year, the Whigs returned to power, and the Tory leaders were tried for treason for conducting secret negotiations with France.

Swift has been described by scholars[who?] as "a Whig in politics and Tory in religion" and Swift related his own views in similar terms, stating that as "a lover of liberty, I found myself to be what they called a Whig in politics ... But, as to religion, I confessed myself to be an High-Churchman."[26] In his Thoughts on Religion, fearing the intense partisan strife waged over religious belief in seventeenth-century England, Swift wrote that "Every man, as a member of the commonwealth, ought to be content with the possession of his own opinion in private."[26] However, it should be borne in mind that, during Swift's time period, terms like "Whig" and "Tory" both encompassed a wide array of opinions and factions, and neither term aligns with a modern political party or modern political alignments.[26]

Also during these years in London, Swift became acquainted with the Vanhomrigh family (Dutch merchants who had settled in Ireland, then moved to London) and became involved with one of the daughters, Esther. Swift furnished Esther with the nickname "Vanessa" (derived by adding "Essa", a pet form of Esther, to the "Van" of her surname, Vanhomrigh), and she features as one of the main characters in his poem Cadenus and Vanessa. The poem and their correspondence suggest that Esther was infatuated with Swift, and that he may have reciprocated her affections, only to regret this and then try to break off the relationship.[29] Esther followed Swift to Ireland in 1714, and settled at her old family home, Celbridge Abbey. Their uneasy relationship continued for some years; then there appears to have been a confrontation, possibly involving Esther Johnson. Esther Vanhomrigh died in 1723 at the age of 35, having destroyed the will she had made in Swift's favour.[30] Another lady with whom he had a close but less intense relationship was Anne Long, a toast of the Kit-Cat Club.

Final years

 
Jonathan Swift (shown without wig) by Rupert Barber, 1745, National Portrait Gallery, London

Before the fall of the Tory government, Swift hoped that his services would be rewarded with a church appointment in England. However, Queen Anne appeared to have taken a dislike to Swift and thwarted these efforts. Her dislike has been attributed to A Tale of a Tub, which she thought blasphemous, compounded by The Windsor Prophecy, where Swift, with a surprising lack of tact, advised the Queen on which of her bedchamber ladies she should and should not trust.[31] The best position his friends could secure for him was the Deanery of St Patrick's;[32] this was not in the Queen's gift, and Anne, who could be a bitter enemy, made it clear that Swift would not have received the preferment if she could have prevented it.[33] With the return of the Whigs, Swift's best move was to leave England and he returned to Ireland in disappointment, a virtual exile, to live "like a rat in a hole".[34]

 
list of deans of Saint Patrick's Cathedral, including Jonathan Swift

Once in Ireland, however, Swift began to turn his pamphleteering skills in support of Irish causes, producing some of his most memorable works: Proposal for Universal Use of Irish Manufacture (1720), Drapier's Letters (1724), and A Modest Proposal (1729), earning him the status of an Irish patriot.[35] This new role was unwelcome to the Government, which made clumsy attempts to silence him. His printer, Edward Waters, was convicted of seditious libel in 1720, but four years later a grand jury refused to find that the Drapier's Letters (which, though written under a pseudonym, were universally known to be Swift's work) were seditious.[36] Swift responded with an attack on the Irish judiciary almost unparalleled in its ferocity, his principal target being the "vile and profligate villain" William Whitshed, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland.[37]

Also during these years, he began writing his masterpiece, Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts, by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships, better known as Gulliver's Travels. Much of the material reflects his political experiences of the preceding decade. For instance, the episode in which the giant Gulliver puts out the Lilliputian palace fire by urinating on it can be seen as a metaphor for the Tories' illegal peace treaty; having done a good thing in an unfortunate manner. In 1726 he paid a long-deferred visit to London,[38] taking with him the manuscript of Gulliver's Travels. During his visit, he stayed with his old friends Alexander Pope, John Arbuthnot and John Gay, who helped him arrange for the anonymous publication of his book. First published in November 1726, it was an immediate hit, with a total of three printings that year and another in early 1727. French, German, and Dutch translations appeared in 1727, and pirated copies were printed in Ireland.

Swift returned to England one more time in 1727, and stayed once again with Alexander Pope. The visit was cut short when Swift received word that Esther Johnson was dying, and rushed back home to be with her.[38] On 28 January 1728, Johnson died; Swift had prayed at her bedside, even composing prayers for her comfort. Swift could not bear to be present at the end, but on the night of her death he began to write his The Death of Mrs Johnson. He was too ill to attend the funeral at St Patrick's.[38] Many years later, a lock of hair, assumed to be Johnson's, was found in his desk, wrapped in a paper bearing the words, "Only a woman's hair".

Death

Death became a frequent feature of Swift's life from this point. In 1731 he wrote Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, his own obituary, published in 1739. In 1732, his good friend and collaborator John Gay died. In 1735, John Arbuthnot, another friend from his days in London, died. In 1738 Swift began to show signs of illness, and in 1742 he may have suffered a stroke, losing the ability to speak and realising his worst fears of becoming mentally disabled. ("I shall be like that tree", he once said, "I shall die at the top.")[39] He became increasingly quarrelsome, and long-standing friendships, like that with Thomas Sheridan, ended without sufficient cause. To protect him from unscrupulous hangers-on, who had begun to prey on the great man, his closest companions had him declared of "unsound mind and memory". However, it was long believed by many that Swift was actually insane at this point. In his book Literature and Western Man, author J. B. Priestley even cites the final chapters of Gulliver's Travels as proof of Swift's approaching "insanity". Bewley attributes his decline to 'terminal dementia'.[19]

In part VIII of his series, The Story of Civilization, Will Durant describes the final years of Swift's life as such:

"Definite symptoms of madness appeared in 1738. In 1741, guardians were appointed to take care of his affairs and watch lest in his outbursts of violence he should do himself harm. In 1742, he suffered great pain from the inflammation of his left eye, which swelled to the size of an egg; five attendants had to restrain him from tearing out his eye. He went a whole year without uttering a word."[40]

In 1744, Alexander Pope died. Then on 19 October 1745, Swift, at nearly 80, died.[41] After being laid out in public view for the people of Dublin to pay their last respects, he was buried in his own cathedral by Esther Johnson's side, in accordance with his wishes. The bulk of his fortune (£12,000) was left to found a hospital for the mentally ill, originally known as St Patrick's Hospital for Imbeciles, which opened in 1757, and which still exists as a psychiatric hospital.[41]

 
Epitaph in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin near his burial site
(Text extracted from the introduction to The Journal to Stella by George A. Aitken and from other sources).

Jonathan Swift wrote his own epitaph:

Hic depositum est Corpus
IONATHAN SWIFT S.T.D.
Hujus Ecclesiæ Cathedralis Decani,

Ubi sæva Indignatio
Ulterius
Cor lacerare nequit.
Abi Viator
Et imitare, si poteris,
Strenuum pro virili
Libertatis Vindicatorem.

Obiit 19º Die Mensis Octobris
A.D. 1745 Anno Ætatis 78º.

Here is laid the Body
of Jonathan Swift, Doctor of Sacred Theology,
Dean of this Cathedral Church,

where fierce Indignation
can no longer
injure the Heart.
Go forth, Voyager,
and copy, if you can,
this vigorous (to the best of his ability)
Champion of Liberty.

He died on the 19th Day of the Month of October,
A.D. 1745, in the 78th Year of his Age.

W. B. Yeats poetically translated it from the Latin as:

Swift has sailed into his rest;
Savage indignation there
Cannot lacerate his breast.
Imitate him if you dare,
World-besotted traveller; he
Served human liberty.

Swift, Stella and Vanessa – an alternative view

British politician Michael Foot was a great admirer of Swift and wrote about him extensively. In Debts of Honour[42] he cites with approbation a theory propounded by Denis Johnston that offers an explanation of Swift’s behavior towards Stella and Vanessa.

Pointing to contradictions in the received information about Swift’s origins and parentage, Johnston postulates that Swift’s real father was Sir William Temple's father, Sir John Temple who was Master of the Rolls in Dublin at the time. It is widely thought that Stella was Sir William Temple’s illegitimate daughter. So Swift was Sir William’s brother and Stella’s uncle. Marriage or close relations between Swift and Stella would therefore have been incest, an unthinkable prospect.

It follows that Swift could not have married Vanessa either without Stella appearing to be a cast-off mistress, which he would not contemplate. Johnston’s theory is expounded fully in his book In Search of Swift.[43] He is also cited in the Dictionary of Irish Biography[44] and the theory is presented without attribution in the Concise Cambridge History of English Literature.[45]

Works

Swift was a prolific writer, notable for his satires. The collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed. Basil Blackwell, 1965–) comprises fourteen volumes. A 1983 edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed. Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long. One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed. P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.

Major prose works

 
Jonathan Swift at the Deanery of St Patrick's, illus. from 1905 Temple Scott edition of Works

Swift's first major prose work, A Tale of a Tub, demonstrates many of the themes and stylistic techniques he would employ in his later work. It is at once wildly playful and funny while being pointed and harshly critical of its targets. In its main thread, the Tale recounts the exploits of three sons, representing the main threads of Christianity, who receive a bequest from their father of a coat each, with the added instructions to make no alterations whatsoever. However, the sons soon find that their coats have fallen out of current fashion, and begin to look for loopholes in their father's will that will let them make the needed alterations. As each finds his own means of getting around their father's admonition, they struggle with each other for power and dominance. Inserted into this story, in alternating chapters, the narrator includes a series of whimsical "digressions" on various subjects.

In 1690, Sir William Temple, Swift's patron, published An Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning a defence of classical writing (see Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns), holding up the Epistles of Phalaris as an example. William Wotton responded to Temple with Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning (1694), showing that the Epistles were a later forgery. A response by the supporters of the Ancients was then made by Charles Boyle (later the 4th Earl of Orrery and father of Swift's first biographer). A further retort on the Modern side came from Richard Bentley, one of the pre-eminent scholars of the day, in his essay Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris (1699). The final words on the topic belong to Swift in his Battle of the Books (1697, published 1704) in which he makes a humorous defence on behalf of Temple and the cause of the Ancients.

 
The title page to Swift's 1735 Works, depicting the author in the Dean's chair, receiving the thanks of Ireland. The Horatian motto reads, Exegi Monumentum Ære perennius, "I have completed a monument more lasting than brass." The 'brass' is a pun, for William Wood's halfpennies (alloyed with brass) lie scattered at his feet. Cherubim award Swift a poet's laurel.

In 1708, a cobbler named John Partridge published a popular almanac of astrological predictions. Because Partridge falsely determined the deaths of several church officials, Swift attacked Partridge in Predictions for the Ensuing Year by Isaac Bickerstaff, a parody predicting that Partridge would die on 29 March. Swift followed up with a pamphlet issued on 30 March claiming that Partridge had in fact died, which was widely believed despite Partridge's statements to the contrary. According to other sources,[citation needed] Richard Steele used the persona of Isaac Bickerstaff, and was the one who wrote about the "death" of John Partridge and published it in The Spectator, not Jonathan Swift.

The Drapier's Letters (1724) was a series of pamphlets against the monopoly granted by the English government to William Wood to mint copper coinage for Ireland. It was widely believed that Wood would need to flood Ireland with debased coinage in order to make a profit. In these "letters" Swift posed as a shopkeeper—a draper—to criticise the plan. Swift's writing was so effective in undermining opinion in the project that a reward was offered by the government to anyone disclosing the true identity of the author. Though hardly a secret (on returning to Dublin after one of his trips to England, Swift was greeted with a banner, "Welcome Home, Drapier") no one turned Swift in, although there was an unsuccessful attempt to prosecute the publisher John Harding.[46] Thanks to the general outcry against the coinage, Wood's patent was rescinded in September 1725 and the coins were kept out of circulation.[47] In "Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift" (1739) Swift recalled this as one of his best achievements.

Gulliver's Travels, a large portion of which Swift wrote at Woodbrook House in County Laois, was published in 1726. It is regarded as his masterpiece. As with his other writings, the Travels was published under a pseudonym, the fictional Lemuel Gulliver, a ship's surgeon and later a sea captain. Some of the correspondence between printer Benj. Motte and Gulliver's also-fictional cousin negotiating the book's publication has survived. Though it has often been mistakenly thought of and published in bowdlerised form as a children's book, it is a great and sophisticated satire of human nature based on Swift's experience of his times. Gulliver's Travels is an anatomy of human nature, a sardonic looking-glass, often criticised for its apparent misanthropy. It asks its readers to refute it, to deny that it has adequately characterised human nature and society. Each of the four books—recounting four voyages to mostly fictional exotic lands—has a different theme, but all are attempts to deflate human pride. Critics hail the work as a satiric reflection on the shortcomings of Enlightenment thought.

In 1729, Swift's A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland Being a Burden on Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick was published in Dublin by Sarah Harding.[48] It is a satire in which the narrator, with intentionally grotesque arguments, recommends that Ireland's poor escape their poverty by selling their children as food to the rich: "I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food ..." Following the satirical form, he introduces the reforms he is actually suggesting by deriding them:

Therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients ... taxing our absentees ... using [nothing] except what is of our own growth and manufacture ... rejecting ... foreign luxury ... introducing a vein of parsimony, prudence and temperance ... learning to love our country ... quitting our animosities and factions ... teaching landlords to have at least one degree of mercy towards their tenants. ... Therefore I repeat, let no man talk to me of these and the like expedients, till he hath at least some glympse of hope, that there will ever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them into practice.[49]

Essays, tracts, pamphlets, periodicals

  • "A Meditation upon a Broom-stick" (1703–10): Full text: Project Gutenberg
  • "A Tritical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind" (1707–11): Full text: Jonathan Swift Archives, King's College London[50]
  • The Bickerstaff-Partridge Papers (1708–09): Full text:
  • "An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity" (1708–11): Full text: U of Adelaide 12 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  • The Intelligencer (with Thomas Sheridan (1719–1788)): Text: Project Gutenberg
  • The Examiner (1710): Texts: , Project Gutenberg
  • "A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue" (1712): Full texts: , U of Virginia
  • "On the Conduct of the Allies" (1711)
  • "Hints Toward an Essay on Conversation" (1713): Full text: Bartleby.com
  • "A Letter to a Young Gentleman, Lately Entered into Holy Orders" (1720)
  • "A Letter of Advice to a Young Poet" (1721): Full text: Bartleby.com
  • Drapier's Letters (1724, 1725): Full text: Project Gutenberg
  • "Bon Mots de Stella" (1726): a curiously irrelevant appendix to "Gulliver's Travels"
  • "A Modest Proposal", perhaps the most notable satire in English, suggesting that the Irish should engage in cannibalism. (Written in 1729)
  • "An Essay on the Fates of Clergymen"
  • "A Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breeding": Full text: Bartleby.com
  • "A modest address to the wicked authors of the present age. Particularly the authors of Christianity not founded on argument; and of The resurrection of Jesus considered" (1743–45?)

Poems

 
An 1850 illustration of Swift
  • "Ode to the Athenian Society", Swift's first publication, printed in The Athenian Mercury in the supplement of Feb 14, 1691.
  • Poems of Jonathan Swift, D.D. Texts at Project Gutenberg: Volume One, Volume Two
  • "Baucis and Philemon" (1706–09): Full text: Munseys
  • "A Description of the Morning" (1709): Full annotated text: ; Another text: U of Virginia
  • "A Description of a City Shower" (1710): Full text: U of Virginia
  • "Cadenus and Vanessa" (1713): Full text: Munseys
  • "Phillis, or, the Progress of Love" (1719): Full text: theotherpages.org
  • Stella's birthday poems:
    • 1719. Full annotated text:
    • 1720. Full text: U of Virginia
    • 1727. Full text:
  • "The Progress of Beauty" (1719–20): Full text:
  • "The Progress of Poetry" (1720): Full text: theotherpages.org
  • "A Satirical Elegy on the Death of a Late Famous General" (1722): Full text:
  • "To Quilca, a Country House not in Good Repair" (1725): Full text:
  • "Advice to the Grub Street Verse-writers" (1726): Full text:
  • "The Furniture of a Woman's Mind" (1727)
  • "On a Very Old Glass" (1728): Full text:
  • "A Pastoral Dialogue" (1729): Full text:
  • "The Grand Question debated Whether Hamilton's Bawn should be turned into a Barrack or a Malt House" (1729): Full text:
  • "On Stephen Duck, the Thresher and Favourite Poet" (1730): Full text:
  • "Death and Daphne" (1730): Full text:
  • "The Place of the Damn'd" (1731): at the Wayback Machine (archived 27 October 2009)
  • "A Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed" (1731): Full annotated text: ; Another text: U of Virginia
  • "Strephon and Chloe" (1731): Full annotated text: ; Another text: U of Virginia
  • "Helter Skelter" (1731): Full text:
  • "Cassinus and Peter: A Tragical Elegy" (1731): Full annotated text:
  • "The Day of Judgment" (1731):
  • "Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, D.S.P.D." (1731–32): Full annotated texts: , ; Non-annotated text:: U of Virginia
  • "An Epistle to a Lady" (1732): Full text:
  • "The Beasts' Confession to the Priest" (1732): Full annotated text:
  • "The Lady's Dressing Room" (1732): Full annotated text:
  • "On Poetry: A Rhapsody" (1733)
  • "The Puppet Show" Full text: Worldwideschool.org
  • "The Logicians Refuted" Full text: Worldwideschool.org

Correspondence, personal writings

  • "When I Come to Be Old" – Swift's resolutions. (1699): Full text: JaffeBros
  • A Journal to Stella (1710–13): Full text (presented as daily entries): ; Extracts: ;
  • Letters:
    • Selected Letters: JaffeBros
    • To Oxford and Pope:
  • The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, D.D. Edited by David Woolley. In four volumes, plus index volume. Frankfurt am Main; New York : P. Lang, c. 1999–c. 2007.

Sermons, prayers

  • Three Sermons and Three Prayers. Full text: , Project Gutenberg
  • Three Sermons: I. on mutual subjection. II. on conscience. III. on the trinity. Text: Project Gutenberg
  • Writings on Religion and the Church. Text at Project Gutenberg: Volume One, Volume Two
  • "The First He Wrote Oct. 17, 1727." Full text: Worldwideschool.org
  • "The Second Prayer Was Written Nov. 6, 1727." Full text: Worldwideschool.org

Miscellany

Legacy

Literary

 
Swift's death mask

John Ruskin named him as one of the three people in history who were the most influential for him.[51] George Orwell named him as one of the writers he most admired, despite disagreeing with him on almost every moral and political issue.[52] Modernist poet Edith Sitwell wrote a fictional biography of Swift, titled I Live Under a Black Sun and published in 1937.[53]

Literary scholar Frank Stier Goodwin wrote a full biography of Swift: Jonathan Swift - Giant in Chains, issued by Liveright Publishing Corporation, New York (1940, 450pp, with Bibliography).

In 1982, Soviet playwright Grigory Gorin wrote a theatrical fantasy called The House That Swift Built based on the last years of Jonathan Swift's life and episodes of his works.[54] The play was filmed by director Mark Zakharov in the 1984 two-part television movie of the same name.[citation needed] Jake Arnott features him in his 2017 novel The Fatal Tree.[55] A 2017 analysis of library holdings data revealed that Swift is the most popular Irish author, and that Gulliver’s Travels is the most widely held work of Irish literature in libraries globally.[56]

The first woman to write a biography of Swift was Sophie Shilleto Smith, who published Dean Swift in 1910.[57][58]

Eponymous places

Swift crater, a crater on Mars's moon Deimos, is named after Jonathan Swift, who predicted the existence of the moons of Mars.[59]

In honour of Swift's long-time residence in Trim, there are several monuments in the town marking his legacy. Most notable is Swift's Street, named after him. Trim also holds a recurring festival in honour of Swift, called the Trim Swift Festival.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Jonathan Swift at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ^ "Swift", Online literature, from the original on 3 August 2019, retrieved 17 December 2011
  3. ^ "What higher accolade can a reviewer pay to a contemporary satirist than to call his or her work Swiftian Archived 23 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine?" Frank Boyle, "Johnathan Swift", Ch 11 in A Companion to Satire: Ancient and Modern (2008), edited by Ruben Quintero, John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0470657952
  4. ^ Stephen, Leslie (1898). "Swift, Jonathan" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 204.
  5. ^ Stubbs, John (2016). Jonathan Swift: The Reluctant Rebel. New York: WW Norton & Co. pp. 25–26.
  6. ^ Stubbs (2016), p. 43.
  7. ^ Degategno, Paul J.; Jay Stubblefield, R. (2014). Jonathan Swift. ISBN 978-1438108513. from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  8. ^ "Jonathan Swift: His Life and His World". The Barnes & Noble Review. from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  9. ^ Stubbs (2016), p. 54.
  10. ^ a b Stephen DNB, p. 205.
  11. ^ Stubbs (2016), pp. 58–63.
  12. ^ Stubbs (2016), pp. 73–74.
  13. ^ Hourican, Bridget (2002). "Thomas Pooley". Royal Irish Academy – Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  14. ^ "Alumni Dublinenses Supplement p. 116: a register of the students, graduates, professors and provosts of Trinity College in the University of Dublin (1593–1860) Burtchaell, G.D/Sadlier, T.U: Dublin, Alex Thom and Co., 1935.
  15. ^ Stubbs (2016), pp. 86–90.
  16. ^ Stephen DNB, p. 206.
  17. ^ a b c d Stephen DNB, p. 207.
  18. ^ a b Stephen DNB, p. 208.
  19. ^ a b Bewley, Thomas H., "The health of Jonathan Swift", Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1998;91:602–605.
  20. ^ "Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates Volume 3" Cotton, H. p. 266: Dublin, Hodges & Smith, 1848–1878.
  21. ^ Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004), "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. ref:odnb/55435, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/55435, retrieved 19 January 2023
  22. ^ "Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates Volume 2" Cotton, H. p. 165: Dublin, Hodges & Smith, 1848–1878.
  23. ^ Stephen DNB, p. 209.
  24. ^ Stephen DNB, pp. 215–217.
  25. ^ Stephen DNB, p. 212.
  26. ^ a b c d Fox, Christopher (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Swift. Cambridge University Press. pp. 36–39.
  27. ^ a b Cody, David. "Jonathan Swift's Political Beliefs". Victorian Web. from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  28. ^ Stephen DNB, pp. 212–215.
  29. ^ Stephen DNB, pp. 215–216.
  30. ^ Stephen DNB, p. 216.
  31. ^ Gregg, Edward (1980). Queen Anne. Yale University Press. pp. 352–353.
  32. ^ "Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates Volume 2" Cotton, H. pp. 104–105: Dublin, Hodges & Smith, 1848–1878.
  33. ^ Gregg (1980), p. 353.
  34. ^ Stephen DNB, p. 215.
  35. ^ Stephen DNB, pp. 217–218.
  36. ^ Sir Walter Scott. Life of Jonathan Swift, vol. 1, Edinburgh 1814, pp. 281–282.
  37. ^ Ball, F. Elrington. The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921, London John Murray 1926, vol. 2 pp. 103–105.
  38. ^ a b c Stephen DNB, p. 219.
  39. ^ Stephen DNB, p. 221.
  40. ^ "The Story of Civilization", vol. 8., 362.
  41. ^ a b Stephen DNB, p. 222.
  42. ^ Foot, Michael (1981) Debts of Honour. Harper & Row, New York, p. 219.
  43. ^ Johnston, Denis (1959) In Search of Swift Hodges Figgis, Dublin
  44. ^ Dictionary of Irish Biography
  45. ^ Concise Cambridge History of English Literature, 1970, p. 387.
  46. ^ Elrington Ball. The Judges in Ireland, vol. 2 pp. 103–105.
  47. ^ Baltes, Sabine (2003). The Pamphlet Controversy about Wood's Halfpence (1722–25) and the Tradition of Irish Constitutional Nationalism. Peter Lang GmbH. p. 273.
  48. ^ Traynor, Jessica. "Irish v English prizefighters: eye-gouging, kicking and sword fighting". The Irish Times. from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  49. ^ Swift, Jonathan (2015). A Modest Proposal. London: Penguin. p. 29. ISBN 978-0141398181.
  50. ^ This work is often wrongly referred to as "A Critical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind".
  51. ^ In the preface of the 1871 edition of Sesame and Lilies Ruskin mentions three figures from literary history with whom he feels an affinity: Guido Guinicelli, Marmontel and Dean Swift; see John Ruskin, Sesame and lilies: three lectures 11 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Smith, Elder, & Co., 1871, p. xxviii.
  52. ^ "Politics vs. Literature: an examination of Gulliver's Travels" Shooting an Elephant and other Essays Secker and Warburg London 1950.
  53. ^ Gabriele Griffin (2003). Who's Who in Lesbian and Gay Writing. Routledge. p. 244. ISBN 978-1134722099. from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  54. ^ Justin Hayford (12 January 2006). . Performing Arts Review. Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  55. ^ Arnott, Jake (2017). The Fatal Tree. Sceptre. ISBN 978-1473637740.
  56. ^ "What is the most popular Irish book?". The Irish Times. from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  57. ^ Barnett, Louise (2007). Jonathan Swift in the Company of Women. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-19-518866-0.
  58. ^ Smith, Sophie Shilleto. Dean Swift. Methuen & Company, 1910.
  59. ^ MathPages – Galileo's Anagrams and the Moons of Mars 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine.

References

  • Damrosch, Leo (2013). Jonathan Swift : His Life and His World. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16499-2.. Includes almost 100 illustrations.
  • Delany, Patrick (1754). Observations Upon Lord Orrery's Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr. Jonathan Swift. London: W. Reeve. OL 25612897M.
  • Fox, Christopher, ed. (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Swift. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00283-7.
  • Ehrenpreis, Irvin (1958). The Personality of Jonathan Swift. London: Methuen. ISBN 978-0-416-60310-1..
    • — (1962). Swift: The Man, His Works, and the Age. Vol. I: Mr. Swift and his Contemporaries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-85830-1.
    • — (1967). Swift: The Man, His Works, and the Age. Vol. II: Dr. Swift. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-85832-8.
    • — (1983). Swift: The Man, His Works, and the Age. Vol. III: Dean Swift. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-85835-2.
  • Nokes, David (1985). Jonathan Swift, a Hypocrite Reversed: A Critical Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-812834-2.
  • Orrery, John Boyle, Earl of (1752) [1751]. Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr. Jonathan Swift (third, corrected ed.). London: Printed for A. Millar. OL 25612886M.
  • Stephen, Leslie (1882). Swift. English Men of Letters. New York: Harper & Brothers. OL 15812247W. Noted biographer succinctly critiques (pp. v–vii) biographical works by Lord Orrery, Patrick Delany, Deane Swift, John Hawkesworth, Samuel Johnson, Thomas Sheridan, Walter Scott, William Monck Mason, John Forester, John Barrett, and W.R. Wilde.
  • Stephen, Leslie (1898). "Jonathan Swift". In Smith, George (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55:Stow – Taylor. London: Smith, Elder, & Co. pp. 204–227. OL 7215056M. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  • Wilde, W. R. (1849). The Closing Years of Dean Swift's Life. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. OL 23288983M.
  • Samuel Johnson's "Life of Swift": JaffeBros 7 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine. From his Lives of the Poets.
  • William Makepeace Thackeray's influential vitriolic biography: JaffeBros 7 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine. From his English Humourists of The Eighteenth Century.
  • Sir Walter Scott Memoirs of Jonathan Swift, D.D., Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin  . Paris: A. and W. Galignani, 1826.
  • Whibley, Charles (1917). Jonathan Swift: the Leslie Stephen lecture delivered before the University of Cambridge on 26 May 1917. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

External links

Online works

jonathan, swift, november, 1667, october, 1745, anglo, irish, satirist, author, essayist, political, pamphleteer, first, whigs, then, tories, poet, anglican, cleric, became, dean, patrick, cathedral, dublin, hence, common, sobriquet, dean, swift, very, reveren. Jonathan Swift 30 November 1667 19 October 1745 was an Anglo Irish 1 satirist author essayist political pamphleteer first for the Whigs then for the Tories poet and Anglican cleric who became Dean of St Patrick s Cathedral Dublin 2 hence his common sobriquet Dean Swift The Very ReverendJonathan SwiftPortrait by Charles Jervas 1710Born 1667 11 30 30 November 1667Dublin IrelandDied19 October 1745 1745 10 19 aged 77 Dublin IrelandResting placeSt Patrick s Cathedral DublinPen nameIsaac Bickerstaff M B Drapier Lemuel Gulliver Simon Wagstaff Esq OccupationSatirist essayist political pamphleteer poet priestLanguageEnglishAlma materTrinity College DublinNotable worksA Tale of a Tub Drapier s Letters Gulliver s Travels A Modest ProposalSignatureSwift is remembered for works such as A Tale of a Tub 1704 An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity 1712 Gulliver s Travels 1726 and A Modest Proposal 1729 He is regarded by the Encyclopaedia Britannica as the foremost prose satirist in the English language 1 He originally published all of his works under pseudonyms such as Lemuel Gulliver Isaac Bickerstaff M B Drapier or anonymously He was a master of two styles of satire the Horatian and Juvenalian styles His deadpan ironic writing style particularly in A Modest Proposal has led to such satire being subsequently termed Swiftian 3 Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Early life 1 2 Adult life 1 2 1 Maturity 1 2 2 Writer 1 2 3 Final years 1 2 3 1 Death 1 2 4 Swift Stella and Vanessa an alternative view 2 Works 2 1 Major prose works 2 2 Essays tracts pamphlets periodicals 2 3 Poems 2 4 Correspondence personal writings 2 5 Sermons prayers 2 6 Miscellany 3 Legacy 3 1 Literary 3 2 Eponymous places 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksBiography EditEarly life Edit Jonathan Swift was born on 30 November 1667 in Dublin in the Kingdom of Ireland He was the second child and only son of Jonathan Swift 1640 1667 and his wife Abigail Erick or Herrick of Frisby on the Wreake 4 His father was a native of Goodrich Herefordshire but he accompanied his brothers to Ireland to seek their fortunes in law after their Royalist father s estate was brought to ruin during the English Civil War His maternal grandfather James Ericke was the vicar of Thornton in Leicestershire In 1634 the vicar was convicted of Puritan practices Some time thereafter Ericke and his family including his young daughter Abigail fled to Ireland 5 Swift s father joined his elder brother Godwin in the practice of law in Ireland 6 He died in Dublin about seven months before his namesake was born 7 8 He died of syphilis which he said he got from dirty sheets when out of town 9 His mother returned to England after his birth leaving him in the care of his uncle Godwin Swift 1628 1695 a close friend and confidant of Sir John Temple whose son later employed Swift as his secretary 10 At the age of one child Jonathan was taken by his wet nurse to her hometown of Whitehaven Cumberland England He said that there he learned to read the Bible His nurse returned him to his mother still in Ireland when he was three 11 The house in which Swift was born 1865 illustration Swift s family had several interesting literary connections His grandmother Elizabeth Dryden Swift was the niece of Sir Erasmus Dryden grandfather of poet John Dryden The same grandmother s aunt Katherine Throckmorton Dryden was a first cousin of Elizabeth wife of Sir Walter Raleigh His great great grandmother Margaret Godwin Swift was the sister of Francis Godwin author of The Man in the Moone which influenced parts of Swift s Gulliver s Travels His uncle Thomas Swift married a daughter of poet and playwright Sir William Davenant a godson of William Shakespeare Swift s benefactor and uncle Godwin Swift took primary responsibility for the young man sending him with one of his cousins to Kilkenny College also attended by philosopher George Berkeley 10 He arrived there at the age of six where he was expected to have already learned the basic declensions in Latin He had not and thus began his schooling in a lower form Swift graduated in 1682 when he was 15 12 Jonathan Swift in 1682 by Thomas Pooley The artist had married into the Swift family 13 He attended Trinity College Dublin the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin in 1682 14 financed by Godwin s son Willoughby The four year course followed a curriculum largely set in the Middle Ages for the priesthood The lectures were dominated by Aristotelian logic and philosophy The basic skill taught the students was debate and they were expected to be able to argue both sides of any argument or topic Swift was an above average student but not exceptional and received his B A in 1686 by special grace 15 Adult life Edit Maturity Edit Swift was studying for his master s degree when political troubles in Ireland surrounding the Glorious Revolution forced him to leave for England in 1688 where his mother helped him get a position as secretary and personal assistant of Sir William Temple at Moor Park Farnham 16 Temple was an English diplomat who had arranged the Triple Alliance of 1668 He had retired from public service to his country estate to tend his gardens and write his memoirs Gaining his employer s confidence Swift was often trusted with matters of great importance 17 Within three years of their acquaintance Temple introduced his secretary to William III and sent him to London to urge the King to consent to a bill for triennial Parliaments Swift took up his residence at Moor Park where he met Esther Johnson then eight years old the daughter of an impoverished widow who acted as companion to Temple s sister Lady Giffard Swift was her tutor and mentor giving her the nickname Stella and the two maintained a close but ambiguous relationship for the rest of Esther s life 18 In 1690 Swift left Temple for Ireland because of his health but returned to Moor Park the following year The illness consisted of fits of vertigo or giddiness now believed to be Meniere s disease and it continued to plague him throughout his life 19 During this second stay with Temple Swift received his M A from Hart Hall Oxford in 1692 He then left Moor Park apparently despairing of gaining a better position through Temple s patronage in order to become an ordained priest in the Established Church of Ireland He was appointed to the prebend of Kilroot in the Diocese of Connor in 1694 20 with his parish located at Kilroot near Carrickfergus in County Antrim Swift appears to have been miserable in his new position being isolated in a small remote community far from the centres of power and influence While at Kilroot however he may well have become romantically involved with Jane Waring whom he called Varina the sister of an old college friend 17 A letter from him survives offering to remain if she would marry him and promising to leave and never return to Ireland if she refused She presumably refused because Swift left his post and returned to England and Temple s service at Moor Park in 1696 and he remained there until Temple s death There he was employed in helping to prepare Temple s memoirs and correspondence for publication During this time Swift wrote The Battle of the Books a satire responding to critics of Temple s Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning 1690 though Battle was not published until 1704 Temple died on 27 January 1699 17 Swift normally a harsh judge of human nature said that all that was good and amiable in mankind had died with Temple 17 He stayed on briefly in England to complete editing Temple s memoirs and perhaps in the hope that recognition of his work might earn him a suitable position in England Unfortunately his work made enemies among some of Temple s family and friends in particular Temple s formidable sister Martha Lady Giffard who objected to indiscretions included in the memoirs 18 Moreover she noted that Swift had borrowed from her own biography an accusation that Swift denied 21 Swift s next move was to approach King William directly based on his imagined connection through Temple and a belief that he had been promised a position This failed so miserably that he accepted the lesser post of secretary and chaplain to the Earl of Berkeley one of the Lords Justice of Ireland However when he reached Ireland he found that the secretaryship had already been given to another He soon obtained the living of Laracor Agher and Rathbeggan and the prebend of Dunlavin 22 in St Patrick s Cathedral Dublin 23 Swift ministered to a congregation of about 15 at Laracor which was just over four and half miles 7 5 km from Summerhill County Meath and twenty miles 32 km from Dublin He had abundant leisure for cultivating his garden making a canal after the Dutch fashion of Moor Park planting willows and rebuilding the vicarage As chaplain to Lord Berkeley he spent much of his time in Dublin and travelled to London frequently over the next ten years In 1701 he anonymously published the political pamphlet A Discourse on the Contests and Dissentions in Athens and Rome Writer Edit Swift resided in Trim County Meath after 1700 He wrote many of his works during this time period In February 1702 Swift received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Trinity College Dublin That spring he travelled to England and then returned to Ireland in October accompanied by Esther Johnson now 20 and his friend Rebecca Dingley another member of William Temple s household There is a great mystery and controversy over Swift s relationship with Esther Johnson nicknamed Stella Many notably his close friend Thomas Sheridan believed that they were secretly married in 1716 others like Swift s housekeeper Mrs Brent and Rebecca Dingley who lived with Stella all through her years in Ireland dismissed the story as absurd 24 Swift certainly did not wish her to marry anyone else in 1704 when their mutual friend William Tisdall informed Swift that he intended to propose to Stella Swift wrote to him to dissuade him from the idea Although the tone of the letter was courteous Swift privately expressed his disgust for Tisdall as an interloper and they were estranged for many years During his visits to England in these years Swift published A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books 1704 and began to gain a reputation as a writer This led to close lifelong friendships with Alexander Pope John Gay and John Arbuthnot forming the core of the Martinus Scriblerus Club founded in 1713 Swift became increasingly active politically in these years 25 Swift supported the Glorious Revolution and early in his life belonged to the Whigs 26 27 As a member of the Anglican Church he feared a return of the Catholic monarchy and Papist absolutism 27 From 1707 to 1709 and again in 1710 Swift was in London unsuccessfully urging upon the Whig administration of Lord Godolphin the claims of the Irish clergy to the First Fruits and Twentieths Queen Anne s Bounty which brought in about 2 500 a year already granted to their brethren in England He found the opposition Tory leadership more sympathetic to his cause and when they came to power in 1710 he was recruited to support their cause as editor of The Examiner In 1711 Swift published the political pamphlet The Conduct of the Allies attacking the Whig government for its inability to end the prolonged war with France The incoming Tory government conducted secret and illegal negotiations with France resulting in the Treaty of Utrecht 1713 ending the War of the Spanish Succession Swift was part of the inner circle of the Tory government 28 and often acted as mediator between Henry St John Viscount Bolingbroke the secretary of state for foreign affairs 1710 15 and Robert Harley Earl of Oxford lord treasurer and prime minister 1711 14 Swift recorded his experiences and thoughts during this difficult time in a long series of letters to Esther Johnson collected and published after his death as A Journal to Stella The animosity between the two Tory leaders eventually led to the dismissal of Harley in 1714 With the death of Queen Anne and accession of George I that year the Whigs returned to power and the Tory leaders were tried for treason for conducting secret negotiations with France Swift has been described by scholars who as a Whig in politics and Tory in religion and Swift related his own views in similar terms stating that as a lover of liberty I found myself to be what they called a Whig in politics But as to religion I confessed myself to be an High Churchman 26 In his Thoughts on Religion fearing the intense partisan strife waged over religious belief in seventeenth century England Swift wrote that Every man as a member of the commonwealth ought to be content with the possession of his own opinion in private 26 However it should be borne in mind that during Swift s time period terms like Whig and Tory both encompassed a wide array of opinions and factions and neither term aligns with a modern political party or modern political alignments 26 Also during these years in London Swift became acquainted with the Vanhomrigh family Dutch merchants who had settled in Ireland then moved to London and became involved with one of the daughters Esther Swift furnished Esther with the nickname Vanessa derived by adding Essa a pet form of Esther to the Van of her surname Vanhomrigh and she features as one of the main characters in his poem Cadenus and Vanessa The poem and their correspondence suggest that Esther was infatuated with Swift and that he may have reciprocated her affections only to regret this and then try to break off the relationship 29 Esther followed Swift to Ireland in 1714 and settled at her old family home Celbridge Abbey Their uneasy relationship continued for some years then there appears to have been a confrontation possibly involving Esther Johnson Esther Vanhomrigh died in 1723 at the age of 35 having destroyed the will she had made in Swift s favour 30 Another lady with whom he had a close but less intense relationship was Anne Long a toast of the Kit Cat Club Final years Edit Jonathan Swift shown without wig by Rupert Barber 1745 National Portrait Gallery London Before the fall of the Tory government Swift hoped that his services would be rewarded with a church appointment in England However Queen Anne appeared to have taken a dislike to Swift and thwarted these efforts Her dislike has been attributed to A Tale of a Tub which she thought blasphemous compounded by The Windsor Prophecy where Swift with a surprising lack of tact advised the Queen on which of her bedchamber ladies she should and should not trust 31 The best position his friends could secure for him was the Deanery of St Patrick s 32 this was not in the Queen s gift and Anne who could be a bitter enemy made it clear that Swift would not have received the preferment if she could have prevented it 33 With the return of the Whigs Swift s best move was to leave England and he returned to Ireland in disappointment a virtual exile to live like a rat in a hole 34 list of deans of Saint Patrick s Cathedral including Jonathan Swift Once in Ireland however Swift began to turn his pamphleteering skills in support of Irish causes producing some of his most memorable works Proposal for Universal Use of Irish Manufacture 1720 Drapier s Letters 1724 and A Modest Proposal 1729 earning him the status of an Irish patriot 35 This new role was unwelcome to the Government which made clumsy attempts to silence him His printer Edward Waters was convicted of seditious libel in 1720 but four years later a grand jury refused to find that the Drapier s Letters which though written under a pseudonym were universally known to be Swift s work were seditious 36 Swift responded with an attack on the Irish judiciary almost unparalleled in its ferocity his principal target being the vile and profligate villain William Whitshed Lord Chief Justice of Ireland 37 Also during these years he began writing his masterpiece Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World in Four Parts by Lemuel Gulliver first a surgeon and then a captain of several ships better known as Gulliver s Travels Much of the material reflects his political experiences of the preceding decade For instance the episode in which the giant Gulliver puts out the Lilliputian palace fire by urinating on it can be seen as a metaphor for the Tories illegal peace treaty having done a good thing in an unfortunate manner In 1726 he paid a long deferred visit to London 38 taking with him the manuscript of Gulliver s Travels During his visit he stayed with his old friends Alexander Pope John Arbuthnot and John Gay who helped him arrange for the anonymous publication of his book First published in November 1726 it was an immediate hit with a total of three printings that year and another in early 1727 French German and Dutch translations appeared in 1727 and pirated copies were printed in Ireland Swift returned to England one more time in 1727 and stayed once again with Alexander Pope The visit was cut short when Swift received word that Esther Johnson was dying and rushed back home to be with her 38 On 28 January 1728 Johnson died Swift had prayed at her bedside even composing prayers for her comfort Swift could not bear to be present at the end but on the night of her death he began to write his The Death of Mrs Johnson He was too ill to attend the funeral at St Patrick s 38 Many years later a lock of hair assumed to be Johnson s was found in his desk wrapped in a paper bearing the words Only a woman s hair Death Edit Bust in St Patrick s Cathedral Death became a frequent feature of Swift s life from this point In 1731 he wrote Verses on the Death of Dr Swift his own obituary published in 1739 In 1732 his good friend and collaborator John Gay died In 1735 John Arbuthnot another friend from his days in London died In 1738 Swift began to show signs of illness and in 1742 he may have suffered a stroke losing the ability to speak and realising his worst fears of becoming mentally disabled I shall be like that tree he once said I shall die at the top 39 He became increasingly quarrelsome and long standing friendships like that with Thomas Sheridan ended without sufficient cause To protect him from unscrupulous hangers on who had begun to prey on the great man his closest companions had him declared of unsound mind and memory However it was long believed by many that Swift was actually insane at this point In his book Literature and Western Man author J B Priestley even cites the final chapters of Gulliver s Travels as proof of Swift s approaching insanity Bewley attributes his decline to terminal dementia 19 In part VIII of his series The Story of Civilization Will Durant describes the final years of Swift s life as such Definite symptoms of madness appeared in 1738 In 1741 guardians were appointed to take care of his affairs and watch lest in his outbursts of violence he should do himself harm In 1742 he suffered great pain from the inflammation of his left eye which swelled to the size of an egg five attendants had to restrain him from tearing out his eye He went a whole year without uttering a word 40 In 1744 Alexander Pope died Then on 19 October 1745 Swift at nearly 80 died 41 After being laid out in public view for the people of Dublin to pay their last respects he was buried in his own cathedral by Esther Johnson s side in accordance with his wishes The bulk of his fortune 12 000 was left to found a hospital for the mentally ill originally known as St Patrick s Hospital for Imbeciles which opened in 1757 and which still exists as a psychiatric hospital 41 Epitaph in St Patrick s Cathedral Dublin near his burial site Text extracted from the introduction toThe Journal to Stellaby George A Aitken and from other sources Jonathan Swift wrote his own epitaph Hic depositum est Corpus IONATHAN SWIFT S T D Hujus Ecclesiae Cathedralis Decani Ubi saeva Indignatio Ulterius Cor lacerare nequit Abi Viator Et imitare si poteris Strenuum pro virili Libertatis Vindicatorem Obiit 19º Die Mensis Octobris A D 1745 Anno AEtatis 78º Here is laid the Body of Jonathan Swift Doctor of Sacred Theology Dean of this Cathedral Church where fierce Indignation can no longer injure the Heart Go forth Voyager and copy if you can this vigorous to the best of his ability Champion of Liberty He died on the 19th Day of the Month of October A D 1745 in the 78th Year of his Age W B Yeats poetically translated it from the Latin as Swift has sailed into his rest Savage indignation there Cannot lacerate his breast Imitate him if you dare World besotted traveller he Served human liberty Swift Stella and Vanessa an alternative view Edit British politician Michael Foot was a great admirer of Swift and wrote about him extensively In Debts of Honour 42 he cites with approbation a theory propounded by Denis Johnston that offers an explanation of Swift s behavior towards Stella and Vanessa Pointing to contradictions in the received information about Swift s origins and parentage Johnston postulates that Swift s real father was Sir William Temple s father Sir John Temple who was Master of the Rolls in Dublin at the time It is widely thought that Stella was Sir William Temple s illegitimate daughter So Swift was Sir William s brother and Stella s uncle Marriage or close relations between Swift and Stella would therefore have been incest an unthinkable prospect It follows that Swift could not have married Vanessa either without Stella appearing to be a cast off mistress which he would not contemplate Johnston s theory is expounded fully in his book In Search of Swift 43 He is also cited in the Dictionary of Irish Biography 44 and the theory is presented without attribution in the Concise Cambridge History of English Literature 45 Works EditSwift was a prolific writer notable for his satires The collection of his prose works Herbert Davis ed Basil Blackwell 1965 comprises fourteen volumes A 1983 edition of his complete poetry Pat Rodges ed Penguin 1983 is 953 pages long One edition of his correspondence David Woolley ed P Lang 1999 fills three volumes Major prose works Edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Jonathan Swift news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Jonathan Swift at the Deanery of St Patrick s illus from 1905 Temple Scott edition of Works Swift s first major prose work A Tale of a Tub demonstrates many of the themes and stylistic techniques he would employ in his later work It is at once wildly playful and funny while being pointed and harshly critical of its targets In its main thread the Tale recounts the exploits of three sons representing the main threads of Christianity who receive a bequest from their father of a coat each with the added instructions to make no alterations whatsoever However the sons soon find that their coats have fallen out of current fashion and begin to look for loopholes in their father s will that will let them make the needed alterations As each finds his own means of getting around their father s admonition they struggle with each other for power and dominance Inserted into this story in alternating chapters the narrator includes a series of whimsical digressions on various subjects In 1690 Sir William Temple Swift s patron published An Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning a defence of classical writing see Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns holding up the Epistles of Phalaris as an example William Wotton responded to Temple with Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning 1694 showing that the Epistles were a later forgery A response by the supporters of the Ancients was then made by Charles Boyle later the 4th Earl of Orrery and father of Swift s first biographer A further retort on the Modern side came from Richard Bentley one of the pre eminent scholars of the day in his essay Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris 1699 The final words on the topic belong to Swift in his Battle of the Books 1697 published 1704 in which he makes a humorous defence on behalf of Temple and the cause of the Ancients The title page to Swift s 1735 Works depicting the author in the Dean s chair receiving the thanks of Ireland The Horatian motto reads Exegi Monumentum AEre perennius I have completed a monument more lasting than brass The brass is a pun for William Wood s halfpennies alloyed with brass lie scattered at his feet Cherubim award Swift a poet s laurel In 1708 a cobbler named John Partridge published a popular almanac of astrological predictions Because Partridge falsely determined the deaths of several church officials Swift attacked Partridge in Predictions for the Ensuing Year by Isaac Bickerstaff a parody predicting that Partridge would die on 29 March Swift followed up with a pamphlet issued on 30 March claiming that Partridge had in fact died which was widely believed despite Partridge s statements to the contrary According to other sources citation needed Richard Steele used the persona of Isaac Bickerstaff and was the one who wrote about the death of John Partridge and published it in The Spectator not Jonathan Swift The Drapier s Letters 1724 was a series of pamphlets against the monopoly granted by the English government to William Wood to mint copper coinage for Ireland It was widely believed that Wood would need to flood Ireland with debased coinage in order to make a profit In these letters Swift posed as a shopkeeper a draper to criticise the plan Swift s writing was so effective in undermining opinion in the project that a reward was offered by the government to anyone disclosing the true identity of the author Though hardly a secret on returning to Dublin after one of his trips to England Swift was greeted with a banner Welcome Home Drapier no one turned Swift in although there was an unsuccessful attempt to prosecute the publisher John Harding 46 Thanks to the general outcry against the coinage Wood s patent was rescinded in September 1725 and the coins were kept out of circulation 47 In Verses on the Death of Dr Swift 1739 Swift recalled this as one of his best achievements Gulliver s Travels a large portion of which Swift wrote at Woodbrook House in County Laois was published in 1726 It is regarded as his masterpiece As with his other writings the Travels was published under a pseudonym the fictional Lemuel Gulliver a ship s surgeon and later a sea captain Some of the correspondence between printer Benj Motte and Gulliver s also fictional cousin negotiating the book s publication has survived Though it has often been mistakenly thought of and published in bowdlerised form as a children s book it is a great and sophisticated satire of human nature based on Swift s experience of his times Gulliver s Travels is an anatomy of human nature a sardonic looking glass often criticised for its apparent misanthropy It asks its readers to refute it to deny that it has adequately characterised human nature and society Each of the four books recounting four voyages to mostly fictional exotic lands has a different theme but all are attempts to deflate human pride Critics hail the work as a satiric reflection on the shortcomings of Enlightenment thought In 1729 Swift s A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland Being a Burden on Their Parents or Country and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick was published in Dublin by Sarah Harding 48 It is a satire in which the narrator with intentionally grotesque arguments recommends that Ireland s poor escape their poverty by selling their children as food to the rich I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food Following the satirical form he introduces the reforms he is actually suggesting by deriding them Therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients taxing our absentees using nothing except what is of our own growth and manufacture rejecting foreign luxury introducing a vein of parsimony prudence and temperance learning to love our country quitting our animosities and factions teaching landlords to have at least one degree of mercy towards their tenants Therefore I repeat let no man talk to me of these and the like expedients till he hath at least some glympse of hope that there will ever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them into practice 49 Essays tracts pamphlets periodicals Edit A Meditation upon a Broom stick 1703 10 Full text Project Gutenberg A Tritical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind 1707 11 Full text Jonathan Swift Archives King s College London 50 The Bickerstaff Partridge Papers 1708 09 Full text U of Adelaide An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity 1708 11 Full text U of Adelaide Archived 12 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Intelligencer with Thomas Sheridan 1719 1788 Text Project Gutenberg The Examiner 1710 Texts Ourcivilisation com Project Gutenberg A Proposal for Correcting Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue 1712 Full texts Jack Lynch U of Virginia On the Conduct of the Allies 1711 Hints Toward an Essay on Conversation 1713 Full text Bartleby com A Letter to a Young Gentleman Lately Entered into Holy Orders 1720 A Letter of Advice to a Young Poet 1721 Full text Bartleby com Drapier s Letters 1724 1725 Full text Project Gutenberg Bon Mots de Stella 1726 a curiously irrelevant appendix to Gulliver s Travels A Modest Proposal perhaps the most notable satire in English suggesting that the Irish should engage in cannibalism Written in 1729 An Essay on the Fates of Clergymen A Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breeding Full text Bartleby com A modest address to the wicked authors of the present age Particularly the authors of Christianity not founded on argument and of The resurrection of Jesus considered 1743 45 Poems Edit An 1850 illustration of Swift Ode to the Athenian Society Swift s first publication printed in The Athenian Mercury in the supplement of Feb 14 1691 Poems of Jonathan Swift D D Texts at Project Gutenberg Volume One Volume Two Baucis and Philemon 1706 09 Full text Munseys A Description of the Morning 1709 Full annotated text U of Toronto Another text U of Virginia A Description of a City Shower 1710 Full text U of Virginia Cadenus and Vanessa 1713 Full text Munseys Phillis or the Progress of Love 1719 Full text theotherpages org Stella s birthday poems 1719 Full annotated text U of Toronto 1720 Full text U of Virginia 1727 Full text U of Toronto The Progress of Beauty 1719 20 Full text OurCivilisation com The Progress of Poetry 1720 Full text theotherpages org A Satirical Elegy on the Death of a Late Famous General 1722 Full text U of Toronto To Quilca a Country House not in Good Repair 1725 Full text U of Toronto Advice to the Grub Street Verse writers 1726 Full text U of Toronto The Furniture of a Woman s Mind 1727 On a Very Old Glass 1728 Full text Gosford co uk A Pastoral Dialogue 1729 Full text Gosford co uk The Grand Question debated Whether Hamilton s Bawn should be turned into a Barrack or a Malt House 1729 Full text Gosford co uk On Stephen Duck the Thresher and Favourite Poet 1730 Full text U of Toronto Death and Daphne 1730 Full text OurCivilisation com The Place of the Damn d 1731 Full text at the Wayback Machine archived 27 October 2009 A Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed 1731 Full annotated text Jack Lynch Another text U of Virginia Strephon and Chloe 1731 Full annotated text Jack Lynch Another text U of Virginia Helter Skelter 1731 Full text OurCivilisation com Cassinus and Peter A Tragical Elegy 1731 Full annotated text Jack Lynch The Day of Judgment 1731 Full text Verses on the Death of Dr Swift D S P D 1731 32 Full annotated texts Jack Lynch U of Toronto Non annotated text U of Virginia An Epistle to a Lady 1732 Full text OurCivilisation com The Beasts Confession to the Priest 1732 Full annotated text U of Toronto The Lady s Dressing Room 1732 Full annotated text Jack Lynch On Poetry A Rhapsody 1733 The Puppet Show Full text Worldwideschool org The Logicians Refuted Full text Worldwideschool orgCorrespondence personal writings Edit When I Come to Be Old Swift s resolutions 1699 Full text JaffeBros A Journal to Stella 1710 13 Full text presented as daily entries The Journal to Stella Extracts OurCivilisation com Letters Selected Letters JaffeBros To Oxford and Pope OurCivilisation com The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift D D Edited by David Woolley In four volumes plus index volume Frankfurt am Main New York P Lang c 1999 c 2007 Sermons prayers Edit Three Sermons and Three Prayers Full text U of Adelaide Project Gutenberg Three Sermons I on mutual subjection II on conscience III on the trinity Text Project Gutenberg Writings on Religion and the Church Text at Project Gutenberg Volume One Volume Two The First He Wrote Oct 17 1727 Full text Worldwideschool org The Second Prayer Was Written Nov 6 1727 Full text Worldwideschool orgMiscellany Edit Directions to Servants 1731 Full text Jonathon Swift Archive A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation 1738 Thoughts on Various Subjects Full text U of Adelaide Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Historical Writings Project Gutenberg Swift quotes at Bartleby Bartleby com 59 quotations with notesLegacy EditLiterary Edit Swift s death mask John Ruskin named him as one of the three people in history who were the most influential for him 51 George Orwell named him as one of the writers he most admired despite disagreeing with him on almost every moral and political issue 52 Modernist poet Edith Sitwell wrote a fictional biography of Swift titled I Live Under a Black Sun and published in 1937 53 Literary scholar Frank Stier Goodwin wrote a full biography of Swift Jonathan Swift Giant in Chains issued by Liveright Publishing Corporation New York 1940 450pp with Bibliography In 1982 Soviet playwright Grigory Gorin wrote a theatrical fantasy called The House That Swift Built based on the last years of Jonathan Swift s life and episodes of his works 54 The play was filmed by director Mark Zakharov in the 1984 two part television movie of the same name citation needed Jake Arnott features him in his 2017 novel The Fatal Tree 55 A 2017 analysis of library holdings data revealed that Swift is the most popular Irish author and that Gulliver s Travels is the most widely held work of Irish literature in libraries globally 56 The first woman to write a biography of Swift was Sophie Shilleto Smith who published Dean Swift in 1910 57 58 Eponymous places Edit Swift crater a crater on Mars s moon Deimos is named after Jonathan Swift who predicted the existence of the moons of Mars 59 In honour of Swift s long time residence in Trim there are several monuments in the town marking his legacy Most notable is Swift s Street named after him Trim also holds a recurring festival in honour of Swift called the Trim Swift Festival citation needed See also Edit Poetry portalPoor Richard s Almanack Sweetness and lightNotes Edit a b Jonathan Swift at the Encyclopaedia Britannica Swift Online literature archived from the original on 3 August 2019 retrieved 17 December 2011 What higher accolade can a reviewer pay to a contemporary satirist than to call his or her work Swiftian Archived 23 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Frank Boyle Johnathan Swift Ch 11 in A Companion to Satire Ancient and Modern 2008 edited by Ruben Quintero John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 0470657952 Stephen Leslie 1898 Swift Jonathan In Lee Sidney ed Dictionary of National Biography Vol 55 London Smith Elder amp Co p 204 Stubbs John 2016 Jonathan Swift The Reluctant Rebel New York WW Norton amp Co pp 25 26 Stubbs 2016 p 43 Degategno Paul J Jay Stubblefield R 2014 Jonathan Swift ISBN 978 1438108513 Archived from the original on 26 January 2021 Retrieved 4 October 2020 Jonathan Swift His Life and His World The Barnes amp Noble Review Archived from the original on 2 July 2014 Retrieved 16 March 2014 Stubbs 2016 p 54 a b Stephen DNB p 205 Stubbs 2016 pp 58 63 Stubbs 2016 pp 73 74 Hourican Bridget 2002 Thomas Pooley Royal Irish Academy Dictionary of Irish Biography Cambridge University Press Retrieved 3 November 2020 Alumni Dublinenses Supplement p 116 a register of the students graduates professors and provosts of Trinity College in the University of Dublin 1593 1860 Burtchaell G D Sadlier T U Dublin Alex Thom and Co 1935 Stubbs 2016 pp 86 90 Stephen DNB p 206 a b c d Stephen DNB p 207 a b Stephen DNB p 208 a b Bewley Thomas H The health of Jonathan Swift Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1998 91 602 605 Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae The succession of the prelates Volume 3 Cotton H p 266 Dublin Hodges amp Smith 1848 1878 Matthew H C G Harrison B eds 23 September 2004 The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford Oxford University Press pp ref odnb 55435 doi 10 1093 ref odnb 55435 retrieved 19 January 2023 Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae The succession of the prelates Volume 2 Cotton H p 165 Dublin Hodges amp Smith 1848 1878 Stephen DNB p 209 Stephen DNB pp 215 217 Stephen DNB p 212 a b c d Fox Christopher 2003 The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Swift Cambridge University Press pp 36 39 a b Cody David Jonathan Swift s Political Beliefs Victorian Web Archived from the original on 8 November 2018 Retrieved 26 October 2018 Stephen DNB pp 212 215 Stephen DNB pp 215 216 Stephen DNB p 216 Gregg Edward 1980 Queen Anne Yale University Press pp 352 353 Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae The succession of the prelates Volume 2 Cotton H pp 104 105 Dublin Hodges amp Smith 1848 1878 Gregg 1980 p 353 Stephen DNB p 215 Stephen DNB pp 217 218 Sir Walter Scott Life of Jonathan Swift vol 1 Edinburgh 1814 pp 281 282 Ball F Elrington The Judges in Ireland 1221 1921 London John Murray 1926 vol 2 pp 103 105 a b c Stephen DNB p 219 Stephen DNB p 221 The Story of Civilization vol 8 362 a b Stephen DNB p 222 Foot Michael 1981 Debts of Honour Harper amp Row New York p 219 Johnston Denis 1959 In Search of Swift Hodges Figgis Dublin Dictionary of Irish Biography Concise Cambridge History of English Literature 1970 p 387 Elrington Ball The Judges in Ireland vol 2 pp 103 105 Baltes Sabine 2003 The Pamphlet Controversy about Wood s Halfpence 1722 25 and the Tradition of Irish Constitutional Nationalism Peter Lang GmbH p 273 Traynor Jessica Irish v English prizefighters eye gouging kicking and sword fighting The Irish Times Archived from the original on 9 January 2020 Retrieved 12 April 2020 Swift Jonathan 2015 A Modest Proposal London Penguin p 29 ISBN 978 0141398181 This work is often wrongly referred to as A Critical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind In the preface of the 1871 edition of Sesame and Lilies Ruskin mentions three figures from literary history with whom he feels an affinity Guido Guinicelli Marmontel and Dean Swift see John Ruskin Sesame and lilies three lectures Archived 11 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Smith Elder amp Co 1871 p xxviii Politics vs Literature an examination of Gulliver s Travels Shooting an Elephant and other Essays Secker and Warburg London 1950 Gabriele Griffin 2003 Who s Who in Lesbian and Gay Writing Routledge p 244 ISBN 978 1134722099 Archived from the original on 15 February 2017 Retrieved 19 May 2016 Justin Hayford 12 January 2006 The House That Swift Built Performing Arts Review Chicago Reader Archived from the original on 9 February 2020 Retrieved 9 February 2020 Arnott Jake 2017 The Fatal Tree Sceptre ISBN 978 1473637740 What is the most popular Irish book The Irish Times Archived from the original on 2 December 2017 Retrieved 1 December 2017 Barnett Louise 2007 Jonathan Swift in the Company of Women Oxford University Press USA p 71 ISBN 978 0 19 518866 0 Smith Sophie Shilleto Dean Swift Methuen amp Company 1910 MathPages Galileo s Anagrams and the Moons of Mars Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine References EditDamrosch Leo 2013 Jonathan Swift His Life and His World New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 16499 2 Includes almost 100 illustrations Delany Patrick 1754 Observations Upon Lord Orrery s Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr Jonathan Swift London W Reeve OL 25612897M Fox Christopher ed 2003 The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Swift Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 00283 7 Ehrenpreis Irvin 1958 The Personality of Jonathan Swift London Methuen ISBN 978 0 416 60310 1 1962 Swift The Man His Works and the Age Vol I Mr Swift and his Contemporaries Cambridge MA Harvard University Press ISBN 0 674 85830 1 1967 Swift The Man His Works and the Age Vol II Dr Swift Cambridge MA Harvard University Press ISBN 0 674 85832 8 1983 Swift The Man His Works and the Age Vol III Dean Swift Cambridge MA Harvard University Press ISBN 0 674 85835 2 Nokes David 1985 Jonathan Swift a Hypocrite Reversed A Critical Biography Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 812834 2 Orrery John Boyle Earl of 1752 1751 Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr Jonathan Swift third corrected ed London Printed for A Millar OL 25612886M Stephen Leslie 1882 Swift English Men of Letters New York Harper amp Brothers OL 15812247W Noted biographer succinctly critiques pp v vii biographical works by Lord Orrery Patrick Delany Deane Swift John Hawkesworth Samuel Johnson Thomas Sheridan Walter Scott William Monck Mason John Forester John Barrett and W R Wilde Stephen Leslie 1898 Jonathan Swift In Smith George ed Dictionary of National Biography Vol 55 Stow Taylor London Smith Elder amp Co pp 204 227 OL 7215056M Archived from the original on 24 November 2020 Retrieved 31 December 2020 Wilde W R 1849 The Closing Years of Dean Swift s Life Dublin Hodges and Smith OL 23288983M Samuel Johnson s Life of Swift JaffeBros Archived 7 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine From his Lives of the Poets William Makepeace Thackeray s influential vitriolic biography JaffeBros Archived 7 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine From his English Humourists of The Eighteenth Century Sir Walter Scott Memoirs of Jonathan Swift D D Dean of St Patrick s Dublin Paris A and W Galignani 1826 Whibley Charles 1917 Jonathan Swift the Leslie Stephen lecture delivered before the University of Cambridge on 26 May 1917 Cambridge Cambridge University Press External links EditJonathan Swift at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Jonathan Swift at the Eighteenth Century Poetry Archive ECPA Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Swift Jonathan Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press BBC audio file Swift s A modest Proposal BBC discussion In our time Jonathan Swift at Curlie Jonathan Swift at the National Portrait Gallery London Swift Jonathan 1667 1745 Dean of St Patrick s Dublin Satirist at the National Register of ArchivesOnline works Works by Jonathan Swift in eBook form at Standard Ebooks Works by Jonathan Swift at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Jonathan Swift at Internet Archive Works by Jonathan Swift at LibriVox public domain audiobooks Works by Jonathan Swift at Open Library Works by Jonathan Swift at The Online Books Page Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jonathan Swift amp oldid 1134574798, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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