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Wikipedia

Social history

April 29, 2023

For a medical patient's social history as recorded by a hospital admission note, see Social history (medicine). For the academic journal, see Social History (journal).

Social history, often called the new social history, is a field of history that looks at the lived experience of the past. In its "golden age" it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s among scholars, and still is well represented in history departments in Britain, Canada, France, Germany, and the United States. In the two decades from 1975 to 1995, the proportion of professors of history in American universities identifying with social history rose from 31% to 41%, while the proportion of political historians fell from 40% to 30%.[1] In the history departments of British and Irish universities in 2014, of the 3410 faculty members reporting, 878 (26%) identified themselves with social history while political history came next with 841 (25%).[2]

Charles Tilly, one of the best known social historians, identifies the tasks of social history as: 1) "documenting large structural changes; 2) reconstructing the experiences of ordinary people in the course of those changes; and (3) connecting the two" (1985:P22).

Since the 1990s, economists have used cliometrics with economic and mathematical models as a quantitative means to study social history. [3]2023

Old and new social history

The older social history (before 1960) included numerous topics that were not part of the mainstream historiography of political, military, diplomatic and constitutional history. It was a hodgepodge without a central theme, and it often included political movements, such as Populism, that were "social" in the sense of being outside the elite system. Social history was contrasted with political history, intellectual history and the history of great men. English historian G. M. Trevelyan saw it as the bridging point between economic and political history, reflecting that, "Without social history, economic history is barren and political history unintelligible."[4] While the field has often been viewed negatively as history with the politics left out, it has also been defended as "history with the people put back in."[5]

New social history movement

The "new social history" movement exploded on the scene in the 1960s, emerged in the UK and quickly become one of the dominant styles of historiography there as well in the US and in Canada. It drew on developments within the French Annales School, was very well organized, dominated French historiography, and influenced much of Europe and Latin America. Jürgen Kocka finds two meanings to "social history." At the simplest level, it was the subdivision of historiography that focused on social structures and processes. In that regard, it stood in contrast to political or economic history. The second meaning was broader, and the Germans called it Gesellschaftsgeschichte. It is the history of an entire society from a social-historical viewpoint.[6]

In Germany the Gesellschaftsgeschichte movement introduced a vast range of topics, as Kocka, a leader of the Bielefeld School recalls:

In the 1960s and 1970s, "social history" caught the imagination of a young generation of historians. It became a central concept -- and a rallying point -- of historiographic revisionism. It meant many things at the same time. It gave priority to the study of particular kinds of phenomena, such as classes and movements, urbanization and industrialization, family and education, work and leisure, mobility, inequality, conflicts and revolutions. It stressed structures and processes over actors and events. It emphasized analytical approaches close to the social sciences rather than by the traditional methods of historical hermeneutics. Frequently social historians sympathized with the causes (as they saw them) of the little people, of the underdog, of popular movements, or of the working class. Social history was both demanded and rejected as a vigorous revisionist alternative to the more established ways of historiography, in which the reconstruction of politics and ideas, the history of events and hermeneutic methods traditionally dominated.[7]

Americanist Paul E. Johnson recalls the heady early promise of the movement in the late 1960s:

The New Social History reached UCLA at about that time, and I was trained as a quantitative social science historian. I learned that "literary" evidence and the kinds of history that could be written from it were inherently elitist and untrustworthy. Our cousins, the Annalistes, talked of ignoring heroes and events and reconstructing the more constitutive and enduring "background" of history. Such history could be made only with quantifiable sources. The result would be a "History from the Bottom Up" that ultimately engulfed traditional history and, somehow, helped to make a Better World. Much of this was acted out with mad-scientist bravado. One well-known quantifier said that anyone who did not know statistics at least through multiple regression should not hold a job in a history department. My own advisor told us that he wanted history to become "a predictive social science." I never went that far. I was drawn to the new social history by its democratic inclusiveness as much as by its system and precision. I wanted to write the history of ordinary people—to historicize them, put them into the social structures and long-term trends that shaped their lives, and at the same time resurrect what they said and did. In the late 1960s, quantitative social history looked like the best way to do that.[8]

The Social Science History Association was formed in 1976 to bring together scholars from numerous disciplines interested in social history. It is still active and publishes Social Science History quarterly.[9] The field is also the specialty of the Journal of Social History, edited since 1967 by Peter Stearns[10] It covers such topics as gender relations; race in American history; the history of personal relationships; consumerism; sexuality; the social history of politics; crime and punishment, and history of the senses. Most of the major historical journals have coverage as well.

However, after 1990 social history was increasingly challenged by cultural history, which emphasizes language and the importance of beliefs and assumptions and their causal role in group behavior.[11]

Subfields

Historical demography

Main article: Historical demography

The study of the lives of ordinary people was revolutionized in the 1960s by the introduction of sophisticated quantitative and demographic methods, often using individual data from the census and from local registers of births, marriages, deaths and taxes, as well as theoretical models from sociology such as social mobility. H-DEMOG is a daily email discussion group that covers the field broadly.[12]

Historical demography is the study of population history and demographic processes, usually using census or similar statistical data. It became an important specialty inside social history, with strong connections with the larger field of demography, as in the study of the Demographic Transition.

African-American history

Black history or African-American history studies African Americans and Africans in American history. The Association for the Study of African American Life and History was founded by Carter G. Woodson in 1915 and has 2500 members and publishes the Journal of African American History, formerly the Journal of Negro History. Since 1926 it has sponsored Black History Month every February.[13]

Ethnic history

Ethnic history is especially important in the US and Canada, where major encyclopedias helped define the field.[14][15] It covers the history of ethnic groups (usually not including Black or Native Americans). Typical approaches include critical ethnic studies; comparative ethnic studies; critical race studies; Asian-American, and Latino/a or Chicano/a studies. In recent years Chicano/Chicana studies has become important as the Hispanic population has become the largest minority in the US.[16]

  • The Immigration and Ethnic History Society was formed in 1976 and publishes a journal for libraries and its 829 members.[17]
  • The American Conference for Irish Studies, founded in 1960, has 1,700 members and has occasional publications but no journal.[18]
  • The American Italian Historical Association was founded in 1966 and has 400 members; it does not publish a journal[19]
  • The American Jewish Historical Society is the oldest ethnic society, founded in 1892; it has 3,300 members and publishes American Jewish History[20]
  • The Polish American Historical Association was founded in 1942, and publishes a newsletter and Polish American Studies, an interdisciplinary, refereed scholarly journal twice each year.[21]
  • H-ETHNIC is a daily discussion list founded in 1993 with 1400 members; it covers topics of ethnicity and migration globally.[22]

Labor history

Main article: Labor history (discipline)

Labor history, deals with labor unions and the social history of workers. See for example Labor history of the United States The Study Group on International Labor and Working-Class History was established: 1971 and has a membership of 1000. It publishes International Labor and Working-Class History.[23] H-LABOR is a daily email-based discussion group formed in 1993 that reaches over a thousand scholars and advanced students.[24] the Labor and Working-Class History Association formed in 1988 and publishes Labor: Studies in Working-Class History.

Kirk (2010) surveys labour historiography in Britain since the formation of the Society for the Study of Labour History in 1960. He reports that labour history has been mostly pragmatic, eclectic and empirical; it has played an important role in historiographical debates, such as those revolving around history from below, institutionalism versus the social history of labour, class, populism, gender, language, postmodernism and the turn to politics. Kirk rejects suggestions that the field is declining, and stresses its innovation, modification and renewal. Kirk also detects a move into conservative insularity and academicism. He recommends a more extensive and critical engagement with the kinds of comparative, transnational and global concerns increasingly popular among labour historians elsewhere, and calls for a revival of public and political interest in the topics.[25] Meanwhile, Navickas, (2011) examines recent scholarship including the histories of collective action, environment and human ecology, and gender issues, with a focus on work by James Epstein, Malcolm Chase, and Peter Jones.[26][27]

Women's history

Women's history exploded into prominence in the 1970s,[28] and is now well represented in every geographical topic; increasingly it includes gender history.[29] Social history uses the approach of women's history to understand the experiences of ordinary women, as opposed to "Great Women," in the past. Feminist women's historians have critiqued early studies of social history for being too focused on the male experience.

Gender history

Gender history focuses on the categories, discourses and experiences of femininity and masculinity as they develop over time. Gender history gained prominence after it was conceptualized in 1986 by Joan W. Scott in her article "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis."[30] Many social historians use Scott's concept of "perceived differences" to study how gender relations in the past have unfolded and continue to unfold. In keeping with the cultural turn, many social historians are also gender historians who study how discourses interact with everyday experiences.[31]

History of the family

See also: History of the family

The History of the family emerged as a separate field in the 1970s, with close ties to anthropology and sociology.[32] The trend was especially pronounced in the US and Canada.[33] It emphasizes demographic patterns and public policy, but is quite separate from genealogy, though often drawing on the same primary sources, such as censuses and family records.[34]

The influential pioneering study Women, Work, and Family (1978) was done by Louise A. Tilly and Joan W. Scott. It broke new ground with their broad interpretive framework and emphasis on the variable factors shaping women's place in the family and economy in France and England. The study considered the interaction of production, or traditional labor, and reproduction, the work of caring for children and families, in its analysis of women's wage labor and thus helped to bring together labor and family history.[35] Much work has been done on the dichotomy in women's lives between the private sphere and the public.[36] For a recent worldwide overview covering 7000 years see Maynes and Waltner's 2012 book and ebook, The Family: A World History (2012).[37] For comprehensive coverage of the American case, see Marilyn Coleman and Lawrence Ganong, eds. The Social History of the American Family: An Encyclopedia (4 vol, 2014).

The history of childhood is a growing subfield.[38][39]

History of education

Main articles: History of education, History of education in the United States § Historiography, and History of childhood care and education

For much of the 20th century, the dominant American historiography, as exemplified by Ellwood Patterson Cubberley (1868-1941) at Stanford, emphasized the rise of American education as a powerful force for literacy, democracy, and equal opportunity, and a firm basis for higher education and advanced research institutions. It was a story of enlightenment and modernization triumphing over ignorance, cost-cutting, and narrow traditionalism whereby parents tried to block their children's intellectual access to the wider world. Teachers dedicated to the public interest, reformers with a wide vision, and public support from the civic-minded community were the heroes. The textbooks help inspire students to become public schools teachers and thereby fulfill their own civic mission.[40][41]

The crisis came in the 1960s, when a new generation of New Left scholars and students rejected the traditional celebratory accounts, and identified the educational system as the villain for many of America's weaknesses, failures, and crimes. Michael Katz (1939-2014) states they:

tried to explain the origins of the Vietnam War; the persistence of racism and segregation; the distribution of power among gender and classes; intractable poverty and the decay of cities; and the failure of social institutions and policies designed to deal with mental illness, crime, delinquency, and education.[42]

The old guard fought back and bitter historiographical contests, with the younger students and scholars largely promoting the proposition that schools were not the solution to America's ills, they were in part the cause of Americans problems. The fierce battles of the 1960s died out by the 1990s, but enrollment in education history courses never recovered.[43]

By the 1980s, compromise had been worked out, with all sides focusing on the heavily bureaucratic nature of the American public schooling.[44]

In recent years most histories of education deal with institutions or focus on the ideas histories of major reformers,[45] but a new social history has recently emerged, focused on who were the students in terms of social background and social mobility. In the US attention has often focused on minority and ethnic students. In Britain, Raftery et al. (2007) looks at the historiography on social change and education in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, with particular reference to 19th-century schooling. They developed distinctive systems of schooling in the 19th century that reflected not only their relationship to England but also significant contemporaneous economic and social change. This article seeks to create a basis for comparative work by identifying research that has treated this period, offering brief analytical commentaries on some key works, discussing developments in educational historiography, and pointing to lacunae in research.[46]

Historians have recently looked at the relationship between schooling and urban growth by studying educational institutions as agents in class formation, relating urban schooling to changes in the shape of cities, linking urbanization with social reform movements, and examining the material conditions affecting child life and the relationship between schools and other agencies that socialize the young.[47][48]

The most economics-minded historians have sought to relate education to changes in the quality of labor, productivity and economic growth, and rates of return on investment in education.[49] A major recent exemplar is Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, The Race between Education and Technology (2009), on the social and economic history of 20th-century American schooling.

Urban history

Main article: Urban history

The "new urban history" emerged in the 1950s in Britain and in the 1960s in the US. It looked at the "city as process" and, often using quantitative methods, to learn more about the inarticulate masses in the cities, as opposed to the mayors and elites.[50] A major early study was Stephan Thernstrom's Poverty and Progress: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth Century City (1964), which used census records to study Newburyport, Massachusetts, 1850–1880. A seminal, landmark book, it sparked interest in the 1960s and 1970s in quantitative methods, census sources, "bottom-up" history, and the measurement of upward social mobility by different ethnic groups.[51] Other exemplars of the new urban history included Kathleen Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836-1860 (1976); Alan Dawley, Class and Community: The Industrial Revolution in Lynn (1975; 2nd ed. 2000); Michael B. Katz, The People of Hamilton, Canada West (1976);[52] Eric H. Monkkonen, The Dangerous Class: Crime and Poverty in Columbus Ohio 1860-1865 (1975); and Michael P. Weber, Social Change in an Industrial Town: Patterns of Progress in Warren, Pennsylvania, From Civil War to World War I. (1976).

Representative comparative studies include Leonardo Benevolo, The European City (1993); Christopher R. Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 1450-1750 (1995), and James L. McClain, John M. Merriman, and Ugawa Kaoru. eds. Edo and Paris (1994) (Edo was the old name for Tokyo).[53]

There were no overarching social history theories that emerged developed to explain urban development. Inspiration from urban geography and sociology, as well as a concern with workers (as opposed to labor union leaders), families, ethnic groups, racial segregation, and women's roles have proven useful. Historians now view the contending groups within the city as "agents" who shape the direction of urbanization.[54] The subfield has flourished in Australia—where most people live in cities.[55]

Rural history

Main article: Rural history

Agricultural History handles the economic and technological dimensions, while Rural history handles the social dimension. Burchardt (2007) evaluates the state of modern English rural history and identifies an "orthodox" school, focused on the economic history of agriculture. This historiography has made impressive progress in quantifying and explaining the output and productivity achievements of English farming since the "agricultural revolution."[56] The celebratory style of the orthodox school was challenged by a dissident tradition emphasizing the social costs of agricultural progress, notably enclosure, which forced poor tenant farmers off the land. Recently, a new school, associated with the journal Rural History, has broken away from this narrative of agricultural change, elaborating a wider social history. The work of Alun Howkins has been pivotal in the recent historiography, in relation to these three traditions.[57] Howkins, like his precursors, is constrained by an increasingly anachronistic equation of the countryside with agriculture. Geographers and sociologists have developed a concept of a "post-productivist" countryside, dominated by consumption and representation that may have something to offer historians, in conjunction with the well-established historiography of the "rural idyll." Most rural history has focused on the American South—overwhelmingly rural until the 1950s—but there is a "new rural history" of the North as well. Instead of becoming agrarian capitalists, farmers held onto preindustrial capitalist values emphasizing family and community. Rural areas maintained population stability; kinship ties determined rural immigrant settlement and community structures; and the defeminization of farm work encouraged the rural version of the "women's sphere." These findings strongly contrast with those in the old frontier history as well as those found in the new urban history.[58]

Religion

Main article: Historiography of religion

The historiography of religion focuses mostly on theology and church organization and development. Recently the study of the social history or religious behavior and belief has become important.[59]

Social history in Europe

UK

Social history is associated in the United Kingdom with the work of E.P. Thompson in particular, and his studies The Making of the English Working Class and Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act. Emerging after the second world war, it was consciously opposed to traditional history's focus on 'great men', which it counter-posed with 'History from below' (also known as People's History).[60]

Thus in the UK social history has often had a strong political impetus, and can be contrasted sharply with traditional history's (partial) documentation of the exploits of the powerful, within limited diplomatic and political spheres, and its reliance on archival sources and methods (see historical method and archive) that exclude the voices of less powerful groups within society. Social history has used a much wider range of sources and methods than traditional history and source criticism, in order to gain a broader view of the past. Methods have often including quantitative data analysis and, importantly, Oral History which creates an opportunity to glean perspectives and experiences of those people within in society that are unlikely to be documented within archives. Eric Hobsbawm was an important UK social historian, who has both produced extensive social history of the UK, and has written also on the theory and politics of UK social history. Eric Hobsbawm and EP Thompson were both involved in the pioneering History Workshop Journal.

Ireland has its own historiography.[61]

France

Main article: Annales School

Social history has dominated French historiography since the 1920s, thanks to the central role of the Annales School. Its journal Annales focuses attention on the synthesizing of historical patterns identified from social, economic, and cultural history, statistics, medical reports, family studies, and even psychoanalysis.[62]

Germany

See also: Bielefeld School and Historiography of Germany

Social history developed within West German historiography during the 1950s-60s as the successor to the national history discredited by National Socialism. The German brand of "history of society" - Gesellschaftsgeschichte - has been known from its beginning in the 1960s for its application of sociological and political modernization theories to German history. Modernization theory was presented by Hans-Ulrich Wehler (1931-2014) and his Bielefeld School as the way to transform "traditional" German history, that is, national political history, centered on a few "great men," into an integrated and comparative history of German society encompassing societal structures outside politics. Wehler drew upon the modernization theory of Max Weber, with concepts also from Karl Marx, Otto Hintze, Gustav Schmoller, Werner Sombart and Thorstein Veblen.[63]

In the 1970s and early 1980s German historians of society, led by Wehler and Jürgen Kocka at the "Bielefeld school" gained dominance in Germany by applying both modernization theories and social science methods. From the 1980s, however, they were increasingly criticized by proponents of the "cultural turn" for not incorporating culture in the history of society, for reducing politics to society, and for reducing individuals to structures. Historians of society inverted the traditional positions they criticized (on the model of Marx's inversion of Hegel). As a result, the problems pertaining to the positions criticized were not resolved but only turned on their heads. The traditional focus on individuals was inverted into a modern focus on structures, the traditional focus on culture was inverted into a modern focus on structures, and traditional emphatic understanding was inverted into modern causal explanation.[64]

Hungary

Before World War II, political history was in decline and an effort was made to introduce social history in the style of the French Annales School. After the war only Marxist interpretations were allowed.[65] With the end of Communism in Hungary in 1989. Marxist historiography collapsed and social history came into its own, especially the study of the demographic patterns of the early modern period. Research priorities have shifted toward urban history and the conditions of everyday life.[66]

Soviet Union

When Communism ended in 1991, large parts of the Soviet archives were opened. The historians' data base leapt from a limited range of sources to a vast array of records created by modern bureaucracies. Social history flourished. [67]

Canada

Main article: Social history of Canada

Social history had a "golden age" in Canada in the 1970s, and continues to flourish among scholars. Its strengths include demography, women, labour, and urban studies.[68][69][70]

Africa

Events of Africa’s general social history since the 20th century refer to the colonial era for most of the countries with the exception of Ethiopia and Liberia, which are never colonized. Major processes in the continent involve resistance, independence, reconstruction, self-rule, and the process of modern politics including the formation of the African Union.[71][72] Post-colonial milestones towards stability, economic growth, and unity have been made with continuous developments. Natural phenomena and subsequent economic effects have been more pronounced in countries such as Ethiopia followed by ethnic-based social crises and violence in the 21st century— that led to the mass migration of youth and skilled workers.[73][74] Political and economic stability with respect to measures taken by international donor groups such as sanctions and subsequent responses from various nationals to such measures and Pan-Africanism are other dimensions of Africa’s social history.[75]

Political history

While the study of elites and political institutions has produced a vast body of scholarship, the impact after 1960 of social historians has shifted emphasis onto the politics of ordinary people—especially voters and collective movements. Political historians responded with the "new political history," which has shifted attention to political cultures. Some scholars have recently applied a cultural approach to political history.[76] Some political historians complain that social historians are likely to put too much stress on the dimensions of class, gender and race, reflecting a leftist political agenda that assumes outsiders in politics are more interesting than the actual decision makers.[77]

Social history, with its leftist political origins, initially sought to link state power to everyday experience in the 1960s. Yet by the 1970s, social historians increasingly excluded analyses of state power from its focus.[78] Social historians have recently engaged with political history through studies of the relationships between state formation, power and everyday life with the theoretical tools of cultural hegemony and governmentality.[79]

See also


Practitioners

Notes

  1. ^ Diplomatic dropped from 5% to 3%, economic history from 7% to 5%, and cultural history grew from 14% to 16%. Based on full-time professors in US history departments. Stephen H. Haber, David M. Kennedy, and Stephen D. Krasner, "Brothers under the Skin: Diplomatic History and International Relations," International Security, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Summer, 1997), pp. 34-43 at p. 4 2; online at JSTOR
  2. ^ See "History Online:Teachers of History" accessed 1/21/2014
  3. ^ Haupert, Michael (2015). "History of Cliometrics". Handbook of Cliometrics. Springer. pp. 3–32. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40406-1_2. ISBN 978-3-642-40405-4.
  4. ^ G. M. Trevelyan (1973). "Introduction". English Social History: A Survey of Six Centuries from Chaucer to Queen Victoria. Book Club Associates. p. i. ISBN 978-0-582-48488-7.
  5. ^ Mary Fulbrook (2005). "Introduction: The people's paradox". The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker. London: Yale University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-300-14424-6.
  6. ^ Jürgen Kocka, Industrial Culture and Bourgeois Society: Business, Labor, and Bureaucracy in Modern Germany, 1800-1918 (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999), pp 275-97, at p. 276
  7. ^ Kocka, Industrial Culture and Bourgeois Society p. 276
  8. ^ Paul E. Johnson, "Reflections: Looking Back at Social History," Reviews in American History Volume 39, Number 2, June 2011 online at Project MUSE
  9. ^ See the SSHA website
  10. ^ . See Journal of Social History
  11. ^ Lynn Hunt and Victoria Bonnell, eds., Beyond the Cultural Turn (1999).
  12. ^ See H-DEMOG
  13. ^ See ASALH
  14. ^ Stephan Thernstrom, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1980) excerpt and text search
  15. ^ Paul R. Magocsi, ed. Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples (1999) excerpt and text search
  16. ^ Rodolfo F. Acuna, The Making of Chicana/o Studies: In the Trenches of Academe (2011) excerpt and text search
  17. ^ See Immigration and Ethnic History Society
  18. ^ See American Conference for Irish Studies 2011-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ See American Italian Historical Association
  20. ^ See American Jewish Historical Society and journal
  21. ^ See PAHA website
  22. ^ see H-ETHNIC website
  23. ^ See Study Group on International Labor and Working-Class History 2015-05-18 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ See H-LABOR website
  25. ^ Neville Kirk, "Challenge, Crisis, and Renewal? Themes in the Labour History of Britain, 1960–2010," Labour History Review, Aug 2010, Vol. 75 Issue 2, pp 162-180
  26. ^ Katrina Navickas, "What happened to class? New histories of labour and collective action in Britain," Social History, May 2011, Vol. 36 Issue 2, pp 192-204
  27. ^ Richard Price, "Histories of Labour and Labour History," Labour History Review, Dec 2010, Vol. 75 Issue 3, pp 263-270
  28. ^ See American Women's History: A Research Guide
  29. ^ see Teresa A. Meade and Merry Wiesner-Hanks, eds. A Companion to Gender History (2006)
  30. ^ Scott, Joan W. (1986). "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis". The American Historical Review. 91 (5): 1053–1075. doi:10.2307/1864376. JSTOR 1864376.
  31. ^ "DR. MARY LOUISE ADAMS, PH.D. (TORONTO)". Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  32. ^ Tamara K. Hareven, "The history of the family and the complexity of social change," American Historical Review, Feb 1991, Vol. 96 Issue 1, pp. 95-124
  33. ^ Cynthia Comacchio, "'The History of Us': Social Science, History, and the Relations of Family in Canada," Labour / Le Travail, Fall 2000, Vol. 46, pp. 167-220, with very thorough coverage.
  34. ^ see Journal of Family History, quarterly since 1976
  35. ^ Thomas Dublin, "Women, Work, and Family: The View from the United States," Journal of Women's History, Autumn 99, Vol. 11 Issue 3, pp 17-21
  36. ^ D'Ann Campbell, Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era (1984)
  37. ^ Mary Jo Maynes and Ann Beth Waltner, The Family: A World History (Oxford University Press, 2012) online review
  38. ^ Peter N. Stearns, "Social History and World History: Prospects for Collaboration." Journal of World History 2007 18(1): 43-52. ISSN 1045-6007 Fulltext: History Cooperative and Project MUSE, deals with the history of childhood worldwide. See Peter N. Stearns, Childhood in World History (2005), A.R. Colon with P. A. Colon, A History of Children: A Socio-Cultural Survey across Millennia (2001), and Steven Mintz, Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood (2006).
  39. ^ Joseph M. Hawes and N. Ray Hiner, "Hidden in Plain View: The History of Children (and Childhood) in the Twenty-First Century," Journal of the History of Childhood & Youth, Jan 2008, Vol. 1 Issue 1, pp 43-49
  40. ^ Sol Cohen, "The history of the history of American education, 1900-1976: The uses of the past." Harvard Educational Review 46#3 (1976): 298-330. online
  41. ^ Lawrence A. Cremin, The Wonderful World of Ellwood Patterson Cubberley (1965)
  42. ^ Michael B. Katz (2009). Reconstructing American Education. Harvard UP. p. 136. ISBN 9780674039377.
  43. ^ For a counterattack see Diane Ravitch, The Revisionists Revised: A Critique of the Radical Attack on the Schools (1978)
  44. ^ John Hardin Best, ed. Historical inquiry in education: A research agenda (American Educational Research Association, 1983); The most comprehensive overview of the historiography of American education, with essays by 13 scholars.
  45. ^ Three fourths of British studies are institutional, says William Richardson, "British Historiography of Education in International Context at the Turn of the Century, 1996-2006," History of Education, July /Sept 2007, Vol. 36 Issue 4/5, pp 569-593,
  46. ^ Deirdre Raftery, Jane McDermid, and Gareth Elwyn Jones, "Social Change and Education in Ireland, Scotland and Wales: Historiography on Nineteenth-century Schooling," History of Education, July/Sept 2007, Vol. 36 Issue 4/5, pp 447-463
  47. ^ David A. Reeder, Schooling in the City: Educational History and the Urban Variable," Urban History, May 1992, Vol. 19 Issue 1, pp 23-38
  48. ^ Juergen Herbst, "The History of Education: State of the Art at the Turn of the Century in Europe and North America," Paedagogica Historica 35, no. 3 (1999)
  49. ^ Michael Sanderson, "Educational and Economic History: The Good Neighbours," History of Education, July /Sept 2007, Vol. 36 Issue 4/5, pp 429-445
  50. ^ Stephan Thernstrom and Richard Sennett, eds. Nineteenth-century Cities: Essays in the New Urban History (1970)
  51. ^ Michael Frisch, "Poverty and Progress: A Paradoxical Legacy," Social Science History, Spring 1986, Vol. 10 Issue 1, pp 15-22
  52. ^ see excerpt and text search
  53. ^ They are reviewed in Wolfgang Reinhard, "New Contributions to Comparative Urban History," Journal of Early Modern History (1997) 1#2 pp 176-181.
  54. ^ Margaret Marsh and Lizabeth Cohen. "Old Forms, New Visions: New Directions in United States Urban History," Pennsylvania History, Winter 1992, Vol. 59 Issue 1, pp 21-28
  55. ^ Lionel Frost, and Seamus O'Hanlon, "Urban History and the Future of Australian Cities," Australian Economic History Review March 2009, Vol. 49 Issue 1, pp 1-18
  56. ^ On British rural history see Jeremy Burchardt, "Agricultural History, Rural History, or Countryside History?" Historical Journal 2007 50(2): 465-481. ISSN 0018-246X
  57. ^ Alun Howkins, The Death Rural England (2003) excerpt and text search
  58. ^ Hal S. Barron, "Rediscovering the Majority: The New Rural History of the Nineteenth-Century North," Historical Methods, Fall 1986, Vol. 19 Issue 4, pp 141-152
  59. ^ John T. McGreevy, "Faith and Morals in the Modern United States, 1865-Present." Reviews in American History 26.1 (1998): 239-254. online
  60. ^ N. B. Harte, "Trends in publications on the economic and social history of Great Britain and Ireland, 1925-74." Economic History Review 30.1 (1977): 20-41. online
  61. ^ L.A. Clarkson, "The writing of Irish economic and social history since 1968." Economic History Review 33.1 (1980): 100-111. DOI: 10.2307/2595549 online
  62. ^ Peter Burke, The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School 1929–89 (1990)
  63. ^ Roger Fletcher, "Recent Developments in West German Historiography: the Bielefeld School and its Critics." German Studies Review 1984 7(3): 451-480. doi:10.2307/1428885 in Jstor
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Bibliography

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  • Hareven, Tamara K. "The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change," American Historical Review, (1991) 96#1 pp 95–124 in JSTOR
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Primary sources

  • Binder, Frederick M. and David M. Reimers, eds. The Way We Lived: Essays and Documents in American Social History. (2000). 313 pp.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Social history.
  • American Social History Project, NEH project—print, visual, and multimedia on US social and cultural history
  • Social History Society (UK); news items; also posts from authors of recent new books in social and cultural history.
  • Victorian-era social history, British 19c
  • Society for the social history of medicine, organization of historians studying social impact of medicine
  • "Social History Portal", guide to 900.000 digital objects in social history at 13 organizations
  • International Institute of Social History, presents research & new data on the global history of work, workers, and labour relations

April 29, 2023
social, history, medical, patient, social, history, recorded, hospital, admission, note, medicine, academic, journal, social, history, journal, examples, perspective, this, article, deal, primarily, with, united, states, represent, worldwide, view, subject, im. For a medical patient s social history as recorded by a hospital admission note see Social history medicine For the academic journal see Social History journal The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate October 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Social history often called the new social history is a field of history that looks at the lived experience of the past In its golden age it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s among scholars and still is well represented in history departments in Britain Canada France Germany and the United States In the two decades from 1975 to 1995 the proportion of professors of history in American universities identifying with social history rose from 31 to 41 while the proportion of political historians fell from 40 to 30 1 In the history departments of British and Irish universities in 2014 of the 3410 faculty members reporting 878 26 identified themselves with social history while political history came next with 841 25 2 Charles Tilly one of the best known social historians identifies the tasks of social history as 1 documenting large structural changes 2 reconstructing the experiences of ordinary people in the course of those changes and 3 connecting the two 1985 P22 Since the 1990s economists have used cliometrics with economic and mathematical models as a quantitative means to study social history 3 2023 Contents 1 Old and new social history 2 New social history movement 3 Subfields 3 1 Historical demography 3 2 African American history 3 3 Ethnic history 3 4 Labor history 3 5 Women s history 3 6 Gender history 3 7 History of the family 3 8 History of education 3 9 Urban history 3 10 Rural history 3 11 Religion 4 Social history in Europe 4 1 UK 4 2 France 4 3 Germany 4 4 Hungary 4 5 Soviet Union 5 Canada 6 Africa 7 Political history 8 See also 8 1 Practitioners 8 1 1 Notes 9 Bibliography 9 1 Primary sources 10 External linksOld and new social history EditThe older social history before 1960 included numerous topics that were not part of the mainstream historiography of political military diplomatic and constitutional history It was a hodgepodge without a central theme and it often included political movements such as Populism that were social in the sense of being outside the elite system Social history was contrasted with political history intellectual history and the history of great men English historian G M Trevelyan saw it as the bridging point between economic and political history reflecting that Without social history economic history is barren and political history unintelligible 4 While the field has often been viewed negatively as history with the politics left out it has also been defended as history with the people put back in 5 New social history movement EditThe new social history movement exploded on the scene in the 1960s emerged in the UK and quickly become one of the dominant styles of historiography there as well in the US and in Canada It drew on developments within the French Annales School was very well organized dominated French historiography and influenced much of Europe and Latin America Jurgen Kocka finds two meanings to social history At the simplest level it was the subdivision of historiography that focused on social structures and processes In that regard it stood in contrast to political or economic history The second meaning was broader and the Germans called it Gesellschaftsgeschichte It is the history of an entire society from a social historical viewpoint 6 In Germany the Gesellschaftsgeschichte movement introduced a vast range of topics as Kocka a leader of the Bielefeld School recalls In the 1960s and 1970s social history caught the imagination of a young generation of historians It became a central concept and a rallying point of historiographic revisionism It meant many things at the same time It gave priority to the study of particular kinds of phenomena such as classes and movements urbanization and industrialization family and education work and leisure mobility inequality conflicts and revolutions It stressed structures and processes over actors and events It emphasized analytical approaches close to the social sciences rather than by the traditional methods of historical hermeneutics Frequently social historians sympathized with the causes as they saw them of the little people of the underdog of popular movements or of the working class Social history was both demanded and rejected as a vigorous revisionist alternative to the more established ways of historiography in which the reconstruction of politics and ideas the history of events and hermeneutic methods traditionally dominated 7 Americanist Paul E Johnson recalls the heady early promise of the movement in the late 1960s The New Social History reached UCLA at about that time and I was trained as a quantitative social science historian I learned that literary evidence and the kinds of history that could be written from it were inherently elitist and untrustworthy Our cousins the Annalistes talked of ignoring heroes and events and reconstructing the more constitutive and enduring background of history Such history could be made only with quantifiable sources The result would be a History from the Bottom Up that ultimately engulfed traditional history and somehow helped to make a Better World Much of this was acted out with mad scientist bravado One well known quantifier said that anyone who did not know statistics at least through multiple regression should not hold a job in a history department My own advisor told us that he wanted history to become a predictive social science I never went that far I was drawn to the new social history by its democratic inclusiveness as much as by its system and precision I wanted to write the history of ordinary people to historicize them put them into the social structures and long term trends that shaped their lives and at the same time resurrect what they said and did In the late 1960s quantitative social history looked like the best way to do that 8 The Social Science History Association was formed in 1976 to bring together scholars from numerous disciplines interested in social history It is still active and publishes Social Science History quarterly 9 The field is also the specialty of the Journal of Social History edited since 1967 by Peter Stearns 10 It covers such topics as gender relations race in American history the history of personal relationships consumerism sexuality the social history of politics crime and punishment and history of the senses Most of the major historical journals have coverage as well However after 1990 social history was increasingly challenged by cultural history which emphasizes language and the importance of beliefs and assumptions and their causal role in group behavior 11 Subfields EditHistorical demography Edit Main article Historical demography The study of the lives of ordinary people was revolutionized in the 1960s by the introduction of sophisticated quantitative and demographic methods often using individual data from the census and from local registers of births marriages deaths and taxes as well as theoretical models from sociology such as social mobility H DEMOG is a daily email discussion group that covers the field broadly 12 Historical demography is the study of population history and demographic processes usually using census or similar statistical data It became an important specialty inside social history with strong connections with the larger field of demography as in the study of the Demographic Transition African American history Edit Black history or African American history studies African Americans and Africans in American history The Association for the Study of African American Life and History was founded by Carter G Woodson in 1915 and has 2500 members and publishes the Journal of African American History formerly the Journal of Negro History Since 1926 it has sponsored Black History Month every February 13 Ethnic history Edit Ethnic history is especially important in the US and Canada where major encyclopedias helped define the field 14 15 It covers the history of ethnic groups usually not including Black or Native Americans Typical approaches include critical ethnic studies comparative ethnic studies critical race studies Asian American and Latino a or Chicano a studies In recent years Chicano Chicana studies has become important as the Hispanic population has become the largest minority in the US 16 The Immigration and Ethnic History Society was formed in 1976 and publishes a journal for libraries and its 829 members 17 The American Conference for Irish Studies founded in 1960 has 1 700 members and has occasional publications but no journal 18 The American Italian Historical Association was founded in 1966 and has 400 members it does not publish a journal 19 The American Jewish Historical Society is the oldest ethnic society founded in 1892 it has 3 300 members and publishes American Jewish History 20 The Polish American Historical Association was founded in 1942 and publishes a newsletter and Polish American Studies an interdisciplinary refereed scholarly journal twice each year 21 H ETHNIC is a daily discussion list founded in 1993 with 1400 members it covers topics of ethnicity and migration globally 22 Labor history Edit Main article Labor history discipline Labor history deals with labor unions and the social history of workers See for example Labor history of the United States The Study Group on International Labor and Working Class History was established 1971 and has a membership of 1000 It publishes International Labor and Working Class History 23 H LABOR is a daily email based discussion group formed in 1993 that reaches over a thousand scholars and advanced students 24 the Labor and Working Class History Association formed in 1988 and publishes Labor Studies in Working Class History Kirk 2010 surveys labour historiography in Britain since the formation of the Society for the Study of Labour History in 1960 He reports that labour history has been mostly pragmatic eclectic and empirical it has played an important role in historiographical debates such as those revolving around history from below institutionalism versus the social history of labour class populism gender language postmodernism and the turn to politics Kirk rejects suggestions that the field is declining and stresses its innovation modification and renewal Kirk also detects a move into conservative insularity and academicism He recommends a more extensive and critical engagement with the kinds of comparative transnational and global concerns increasingly popular among labour historians elsewhere and calls for a revival of public and political interest in the topics 25 Meanwhile Navickas 2011 examines recent scholarship including the histories of collective action environment and human ecology and gender issues with a focus on work by James Epstein Malcolm Chase and Peter Jones 26 27 Women s history Edit Women s history exploded into prominence in the 1970s 28 and is now well represented in every geographical topic increasingly it includes gender history 29 Social history uses the approach of women s history to understand the experiences of ordinary women as opposed to Great Women in the past Feminist women s historians have critiqued early studies of social history for being too focused on the male experience Gender history Edit Gender history focuses on the categories discourses and experiences of femininity and masculinity as they develop over time Gender history gained prominence after it was conceptualized in 1986 by Joan W Scott in her article Gender A Useful Category of Historical Analysis 30 Many social historians use Scott s concept of perceived differences to study how gender relations in the past have unfolded and continue to unfold In keeping with the cultural turn many social historians are also gender historians who study how discourses interact with everyday experiences 31 History of the family Edit See also History of the family The History of the family emerged as a separate field in the 1970s with close ties to anthropology and sociology 32 The trend was especially pronounced in the US and Canada 33 It emphasizes demographic patterns and public policy but is quite separate from genealogy though often drawing on the same primary sources such as censuses and family records 34 The influential pioneering study Women Work and Family 1978 was done by Louise A Tilly and Joan W Scott It broke new ground with their broad interpretive framework and emphasis on the variable factors shaping women s place in the family and economy in France and England The study considered the interaction of production or traditional labor and reproduction the work of caring for children and families in its analysis of women s wage labor and thus helped to bring together labor and family history 35 Much work has been done on the dichotomy in women s lives between the private sphere and the public 36 For a recent worldwide overview covering 7000 years see Maynes and Waltner s 2012 book and ebook The Family A World History 2012 37 For comprehensive coverage of the American case see Marilyn Coleman and Lawrence Ganong eds The Social History of the American Family An Encyclopedia 4 vol 2014 The history of childhood is a growing subfield 38 39 History of education Edit Main articles History of education History of education in the United States Historiography and History of childhood care and education For much of the 20th century the dominant American historiography as exemplified by Ellwood Patterson Cubberley 1868 1941 at Stanford emphasized the rise of American education as a powerful force for literacy democracy and equal opportunity and a firm basis for higher education and advanced research institutions It was a story of enlightenment and modernization triumphing over ignorance cost cutting and narrow traditionalism whereby parents tried to block their children s intellectual access to the wider world Teachers dedicated to the public interest reformers with a wide vision and public support from the civic minded community were the heroes The textbooks help inspire students to become public schools teachers and thereby fulfill their own civic mission 40 41 The crisis came in the 1960s when a new generation of New Left scholars and students rejected the traditional celebratory accounts and identified the educational system as the villain for many of America s weaknesses failures and crimes Michael Katz 1939 2014 states they tried to explain the origins of the Vietnam War the persistence of racism and segregation the distribution of power among gender and classes intractable poverty and the decay of cities and the failure of social institutions and policies designed to deal with mental illness crime delinquency and education 42 The old guard fought back and bitter historiographical contests with the younger students and scholars largely promoting the proposition that schools were not the solution to America s ills they were in part the cause of Americans problems The fierce battles of the 1960s died out by the 1990s but enrollment in education history courses never recovered 43 By the 1980s compromise had been worked out with all sides focusing on the heavily bureaucratic nature of the American public schooling 44 In recent years most histories of education deal with institutions or focus on the ideas histories of major reformers 45 but a new social history has recently emerged focused on who were the students in terms of social background and social mobility In the US attention has often focused on minority and ethnic students In Britain Raftery et al 2007 looks at the historiography on social change and education in Ireland Scotland and Wales with particular reference to 19th century schooling They developed distinctive systems of schooling in the 19th century that reflected not only their relationship to England but also significant contemporaneous economic and social change This article seeks to create a basis for comparative work by identifying research that has treated this period offering brief analytical commentaries on some key works discussing developments in educational historiography and pointing to lacunae in research 46 Historians have recently looked at the relationship between schooling and urban growth by studying educational institutions as agents in class formation relating urban schooling to changes in the shape of cities linking urbanization with social reform movements and examining the material conditions affecting child life and the relationship between schools and other agencies that socialize the young 47 48 The most economics minded historians have sought to relate education to changes in the quality of labor productivity and economic growth and rates of return on investment in education 49 A major recent exemplar is Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F Katz The Race between Education and Technology 2009 on the social and economic history of 20th century American schooling Urban history Edit Main article Urban history The new urban history emerged in the 1950s in Britain and in the 1960s in the US It looked at the city as process and often using quantitative methods to learn more about the inarticulate masses in the cities as opposed to the mayors and elites 50 A major early study was Stephan Thernstrom s Poverty and Progress Social Mobility in a Nineteenth Century City 1964 which used census records to study Newburyport Massachusetts 1850 1880 A seminal landmark book it sparked interest in the 1960s and 1970s in quantitative methods census sources bottom up history and the measurement of upward social mobility by different ethnic groups 51 Other exemplars of the new urban history included Kathleen Conzen Immigrant Milwaukee 1836 1860 1976 Alan Dawley Class and Community The Industrial Revolution in Lynn 1975 2nd ed 2000 Michael B Katz The People of Hamilton Canada West 1976 52 Eric H Monkkonen The Dangerous Class Crime and Poverty in Columbus Ohio 1860 1865 1975 and Michael P Weber Social Change in an Industrial Town Patterns of Progress in Warren Pennsylvania From Civil War to World War I 1976 Representative comparative studies include Leonardo Benevolo The European City 1993 Christopher R Friedrichs The Early Modern City 1450 1750 1995 and James L McClain John M Merriman and Ugawa Kaoru eds Edo and Paris 1994 Edo was the old name for Tokyo 53 There were no overarching social history theories that emerged developed to explain urban development Inspiration from urban geography and sociology as well as a concern with workers as opposed to labor union leaders families ethnic groups racial segregation and women s roles have proven useful Historians now view the contending groups within the city as agents who shape the direction of urbanization 54 The subfield has flourished in Australia where most people live in cities 55 Rural history Edit Main article Rural history Agricultural History handles the economic and technological dimensions while Rural history handles the social dimension Burchardt 2007 evaluates the state of modern English rural history and identifies an orthodox school focused on the economic history of agriculture This historiography has made impressive progress in quantifying and explaining the output and productivity achievements of English farming since the agricultural revolution 56 The celebratory style of the orthodox school was challenged by a dissident tradition emphasizing the social costs of agricultural progress notably enclosure which forced poor tenant farmers off the land Recently a new school associated with the journal Rural History has broken away from this narrative of agricultural change elaborating a wider social history The work of Alun Howkins has been pivotal in the recent historiography in relation to these three traditions 57 Howkins like his precursors is constrained by an increasingly anachronistic equation of the countryside with agriculture Geographers and sociologists have developed a concept of a post productivist countryside dominated by consumption and representation that may have something to offer historians in conjunction with the well established historiography of the rural idyll Most rural history has focused on the American South overwhelmingly rural until the 1950s but there is a new rural history of the North as well Instead of becoming agrarian capitalists farmers held onto preindustrial capitalist values emphasizing family and community Rural areas maintained population stability kinship ties determined rural immigrant settlement and community structures and the defeminization of farm work encouraged the rural version of the women s sphere These findings strongly contrast with those in the old frontier history as well as those found in the new urban history 58 Religion Edit Main article Historiography of religion The historiography of religion focuses mostly on theology and church organization and development Recently the study of the social history or religious behavior and belief has become important 59 Social history in Europe EditUK Edit Social history is associated in the United Kingdom with the work of E P Thompson in particular and his studies The Making of the English Working Class and Whigs and Hunters The Origin of the Black Act Emerging after the second world war it was consciously opposed to traditional history s focus on great men which it counter posed with History from below also known as People s History 60 Thus in the UK social history has often had a strong political impetus and can be contrasted sharply with traditional history s partial documentation of the exploits of the powerful within limited diplomatic and political spheres and its reliance on archival sources and methods see historical method and archive that exclude the voices of less powerful groups within society Social history has used a much wider range of sources and methods than traditional history and source criticism in order to gain a broader view of the past Methods have often including quantitative data analysis and importantly Oral History which creates an opportunity to glean perspectives and experiences of those people within in society that are unlikely to be documented within archives Eric Hobsbawm was an important UK social historian who has both produced extensive social history of the UK and has written also on the theory and politics of UK social history Eric Hobsbawm and EP Thompson were both involved in the pioneering History Workshop Journal Ireland has its own historiography 61 France Edit Main article Annales School Social history has dominated French historiography since the 1920s thanks to the central role of the Annales School Its journal Annales focuses attention on the synthesizing of historical patterns identified from social economic and cultural history statistics medical reports family studies and even psychoanalysis 62 Germany Edit See also Bielefeld School and Historiography of Germany Social history developed within West German historiography during the 1950s 60s as the successor to the national history discredited by National Socialism The German brand of history of society Gesellschaftsgeschichte has been known from its beginning in the 1960s for its application of sociological and political modernization theories to German history Modernization theory was presented by Hans Ulrich Wehler 1931 2014 and his Bielefeld School as the way to transform traditional German history that is national political history centered on a few great men into an integrated and comparative history of German society encompassing societal structures outside politics Wehler drew upon the modernization theory of Max Weber with concepts also from Karl Marx Otto Hintze Gustav Schmoller Werner Sombart and Thorstein Veblen 63 In the 1970s and early 1980s German historians of society led by Wehler and Jurgen Kocka at the Bielefeld school gained dominance in Germany by applying both modernization theories and social science methods From the 1980s however they were increasingly criticized by proponents of the cultural turn for not incorporating culture in the history of society for reducing politics to society and for reducing individuals to structures Historians of society inverted the traditional positions they criticized on the model of Marx s inversion of Hegel As a result the problems pertaining to the positions criticized were not resolved but only turned on their heads The traditional focus on individuals was inverted into a modern focus on structures the traditional focus on culture was inverted into a modern focus on structures and traditional emphatic understanding was inverted into modern causal explanation 64 Hungary Edit Before World War II political history was in decline and an effort was made to introduce social history in the style of the French Annales School After the war only Marxist interpretations were allowed 65 With the end of Communism in Hungary in 1989 Marxist historiography collapsed and social history came into its own especially the study of the demographic patterns of the early modern period Research priorities have shifted toward urban history and the conditions of everyday life 66 Soviet Union Edit When Communism ended in 1991 large parts of the Soviet archives were opened The historians data base leapt from a limited range of sources to a vast array of records created by modern bureaucracies Social history flourished 67 Canada EditMain article Social history of Canada Social history had a golden age in Canada in the 1970s and continues to flourish among scholars Its strengths include demography women labour and urban studies 68 69 70 Africa EditEvents of Africa s general social history since the 20th century refer to the colonial era for most of the countries with the exception of Ethiopia and Liberia which are never colonized Major processes in the continent involve resistance independence reconstruction self rule and the process of modern politics including the formation of the African Union 71 72 Post colonial milestones towards stability economic growth and unity have been made with continuous developments Natural phenomena and subsequent economic effects have been more pronounced in countries such as Ethiopia followed by ethnic based social crises and violence in the 21st century that led to the mass migration of youth and skilled workers 73 74 Political and economic stability with respect to measures taken by international donor groups such as sanctions and subsequent responses from various nationals to such measures and Pan Africanism are other dimensions of Africa s social history 75 Political history EditWhile the study of elites and political institutions has produced a vast body of scholarship the impact after 1960 of social historians has shifted emphasis onto the politics of ordinary people especially voters and collective movements Political historians responded with the new political history which has shifted attention to political cultures Some scholars have recently applied a cultural approach to political history 76 Some political historians complain that social historians are likely to put too much stress on the dimensions of class gender and race reflecting a leftist political agenda that assumes outsiders in politics are more interesting than the actual decision makers 77 Social history with its leftist political origins initially sought to link state power to everyday experience in the 1960s Yet by the 1970s social historians increasingly excluded analyses of state power from its focus 78 Social historians have recently engaged with political history through studies of the relationships between state formation power and everyday life with the theoretical tools of cultural hegemony and governmentality 79 See also EditAnnales School History of sociology List of history journals Living history and open air museums Oral History People s History Practitioners Edit Salo Baron 1895 1989 Jewish history Marc Bloch 1886 1944 Medieval Annales School Asa Briggs Baron Briggs 1921 2018 British Martin Broszat 1926 1989 Germany Merle Curti 1897 1997 American Natalie Zemon Davis b 1928 France Herbert Gutman 1928 1985 American black and labor history Eugene D Genovese 1930 2012 American slavery S D Goitein 1900 1985 Medieval Jewish history in Fustat and environs Oscar Handlin 1915 2011 American ethnic Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie b 1929 leader of Annales School France Ram Sharan Sharma 1919 2011 India Stephan Thernstrom b 1934 ethnic American social mobility Charles Tilly 1929 2008 European theory Louise A Tilly 1930 2018 Europe women and family Eric Hobsbawm 1917 2012 labor history social movements and resistances E P Thompson 1924 1993 British labour Hans Ulrich Wehler 1931 2014 19th century Germany Bielefeld SchoolNotes Edit Diplomatic dropped from 5 to 3 economic history from 7 to 5 and cultural history grew from 14 to 16 Based on full time professors in US history departments Stephen H Haber David M Kennedy and Stephen D Krasner Brothers under the Skin Diplomatic History and International Relations International Security Vol 22 No 1 Summer 1997 pp 34 43 at p 4 2 online at JSTOR See History Online Teachers of History accessed 1 21 2014 Haupert Michael 2015 History of Cliometrics Handbook of Cliometrics Springer pp 3 32 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 40406 1 2 ISBN 978 3 642 40405 4 G M Trevelyan 1973 Introduction English Social History A Survey of Six Centuries from Chaucer to Queen Victoria Book Club Associates p i ISBN 978 0 582 48488 7 Mary Fulbrook 2005 Introduction The people s paradox The People s State East German Society from Hitler to Honecker London Yale University Press p 17 ISBN 978 0 300 14424 6 Jurgen Kocka Industrial Culture and Bourgeois Society Business Labor and Bureaucracy in Modern Germany 1800 1918 New York Berghahn Books 1999 pp 275 97 at p 276 Kocka Industrial Culture and Bourgeois Society p 276 Paul E Johnson Reflections Looking Back at Social History Reviews in American History Volume 39 Number 2 June 2011 online at Project MUSE See the SSHA website See Journal of Social History Lynn Hunt and Victoria Bonnell eds Beyond the Cultural Turn 1999 See H DEMOG See ASALH Stephan Thernstrom ed Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 1980 excerpt and text search Paul R Magocsi ed Encyclopedia of Canada s peoples 1999 excerpt and text search Rodolfo F Acuna The Making of Chicana o Studies In the Trenches of Academe 2011 excerpt and text search See Immigration and Ethnic History Society See American Conference 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1864376 DR MARY LOUISE ADAMS PH D TORONTO Retrieved 31 January 2013 Tamara K Hareven The history of the family and the complexity of social change American Historical Review Feb 1991 Vol 96 Issue 1 pp 95 124 Cynthia Comacchio The History of Us Social Science History and the Relations of Family in Canada Labour Le Travail Fall 2000 Vol 46 pp 167 220 with very thorough coverage see Journal of Family History quarterly since 1976 Thomas Dublin Women Work and Family The View from the United States Journal of Women s History Autumn 99 Vol 11 Issue 3 pp 17 21 D Ann Campbell Women at War with America Private Lives in a Patriotic Era 1984 Mary Jo Maynes and Ann Beth Waltner The Family A World History Oxford University Press 2012 online review Peter N Stearns Social History and World History Prospects for Collaboration Journal of World History 2007 18 1 43 52 ISSN 1045 6007 Fulltext History Cooperative and Project MUSE deals with the history of childhood worldwide See Peter N Stearns Childhood 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Michael Frisch Poverty and Progress A Paradoxical Legacy Social Science History Spring 1986 Vol 10 Issue 1 pp 15 22 see excerpt and text search They are reviewed in Wolfgang Reinhard New Contributions to Comparative Urban History Journal of Early Modern History 1997 1 2 pp 176 181 Margaret Marsh and Lizabeth Cohen Old Forms New Visions New Directions in United States Urban History Pennsylvania History Winter 1992 Vol 59 Issue 1 pp 21 28 Lionel Frost and Seamus O Hanlon Urban History and the Future of Australian Cities Australian Economic History Review March 2009 Vol 49 Issue 1 pp 1 18 On British rural history see Jeremy Burchardt Agricultural History Rural History or Countryside History Historical Journal 2007 50 2 465 481 ISSN 0018 246X Alun Howkins The Death Rural England 2003 excerpt and text search Hal S Barron Rediscovering the Majority The New Rural History of the Nineteenth Century North Historical Methods Fall 1986 Vol 19 Issue 4 pp 141 152 John T McGreevy Faith and Morals in the Modern United States 1865 Present Reviews in American History 26 1 1998 239 254 online N B Harte Trends in publications on the economic and social history of Great Britain and Ireland 1925 74 Economic History Review 30 1 1977 20 41 online L A Clarkson The writing of Irish economic and social history since 1968 Economic History Review 33 1 1980 100 111 DOI 10 2307 2595549 online Peter Burke The French Historical Revolution The Annales School 1929 89 1990 Roger Fletcher Recent Developments in West German Historiography the Bielefeld School and its Critics German Studies Review 1984 7 3 451 480 doi 10 2307 1428885 in Jstor Chris Lorenz Won t You Tell Me Where Have All the Good Times Gone On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Modernization Theory for History Rethinking History 2006 10 2 171 200 ISSN 1364 2529 Fulltext Ebsco Eros Vilmos hu In the lure of Geistesgeschichte the theme of decline in Hungarian historiography and historical thinking in the first half of the twentieth century European Review of History 2015 22 3 pp 411 432 doi 10 1080 13507486 2014 986435 Gyani Gabor hu Trends in contemporary Hungarian historical scholarship Social History 2009 34 2 pp 250 260 Sheila Fitzpatrick Impact of the Opening of Soviet Archives on Western Scholarship on Soviet Social History Russian Review 74 3 2015 377 400 doi 10 1111 russ 12021 Michael S Cross Social History Canadian Encyclopedia 2008 online Michael S Cross and Gregory S Kealey eds Readings in Canadian Social History 5 vol 1983 articles by scholars Michael Horn and Sabourin Ronald eds Studies in Canadian Social History 1974 480 pp articles by scholars Davidson Basil 5 April 1994 Modern Africa A Social and Political History third ed Routledge ISBN 9780582212886 About the African Union African Union Retrieved 3 October 2022 Once Primarily an Origin for Refugees Ethiopia Experiences Evolving Migration Patterns Migration Policy Institute 5 October 2021 Retrieved 3 October 2022 Ethnic Violence is Escalating in Ethiopia UN Dispatch 23 June 2022 Retrieved 3 October 2022 Central African Republic Sanctions U S Department of the Treasury Retrieved 3 October 2022 Jeffrey L Pasley Andrew W Robertson and David Waldstreicher eds Beyond the Founders New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic 2004 Romain Huret All in the Family Again Political Historians and the Challenge of Social History Journal of Policy History July 2009 Vol 21 Issue 3 pp 239 263 Parthasarathi Prasannan 2006 The State and Social History PDF Journal of Social History 39 3 771 778 doi 10 1353 jsh 2006 0009 S2CID 143699743 Retrieved 17 December 2012 Gunn Simon 2006 From Hegemony to Governmentality Changing Conceptions of Power in Social History Journal of Social History 39 3 705 720 doi 10 1353 jsh 2006 0004 S2CID 144593618 Retrieved 17 December 2012 Bibliography EditAdas Michael Social History and the Revolution in African and Asian Historiography Journal of Social History 19 1985 335 378 Anderson Michael Approaches to the History of the Western Family 1500 1914 1995 104pp excerpt and text search Cabrera Miguel A Postsocial History An Introduction 2004 163 pp Cayton Mary Kupiec Elliott J Gorn and Peter W Williams eds Encyclopedia of American Social History 3 vol 1993 2653pp long articles pages by leading scholars see v I Part II Methods and Contexts pp 235 434 Cross Michael S Social History Canadian Encyclopedia 2008 online Cross Michael S and Kealey Gregory S eds Readings in Canadian Social History 5 vol 1984 243 pp Dewald Jonathan Lost Worlds The Emergence of French Social History 1815 1970 2006 241 pp Eley Geoff A Crooked Line From Cultural History to the History of Society 2005 301 pp Fairburn Miles Social History Problems Strategies and Methods 1999 325 pp Fass Paula ed Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood In History and Society 3 vols 2003 Fletcher Roger Recent Developments in West German Historiography the Bielefeld School and its Critics German Studies Review 1984 7 3 451 480 ISSN 0149 7952 Fulltext in Jstor Hareven Tamara K The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change American Historical Review 1991 96 1 pp 95 124 in JSTOR Harte N B Trends in publications on the economic and social history of Great Britain and Ireland 1925 74 Economic History Review 30 1 1977 20 41 online Henretta James Social History as Lived and Written American Historical Review 84 1979 1293 1323 in JSTOR Himmelfarb Gertrude The Writing of Social History Recent Studies of 19th Century England Journal of British Studies 11 1 pp 148 170 online Kanner Barbara Women in English Social History 1800 1914 A Guide to Research 2 vol 1988 1990 871 pp Lloyd Christopher Explanation in Social History 1986 375 pp Lorenz Chris Won t You Tell Me Where Have All the Good Times Gone On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Modernization Theory for History Rethinking History 2006 10 2 171 200 ISSN 1364 2529 Fulltext Ebsco Mintz Steven Huck s Raft A History of American Childhood 2006 excerpt and text search Mintz Steven and Susan Kellogg Domestic Revolutions A Social History Of American Family Life 1989 excerpt and text search Mosley Stephen Common Ground Integrating Social and Environmental History Journal of Social History Volume 39 Number 3 Spring 2006 pp 915 933 relations with Environmental History in Project MUSE Muehlbauer Matthew S and David J Ulbrich eds The Routledge History of Global War and Society 2018 1 Myhre Jan Eivind Social History in Norway in the 1970s and Beyond Evolution and Professionalisation Contemporary European History 28 3 2019 409 421 online Palmer Bryan D and Todd McCallum Working Class History Canadian Encyclopedia 2008 Pomeranz Kenneth Social History and World History from Daily Life to Patterns of Change Journal of World History 2007 18 1 69 98 ISSN 1045 6007 Fulltext in History Cooperative and Project MUSE Stearns Peter N Social History Today And Tomorrow Journal of Social History 10 1976 129 155 Stearns Peter N Social History Present and Future Journal of Social History Volume 37 Issue 1 2003 pp 9 online edition Stearns Peter ed Encyclopedia of Social History 1994 856 pp Stearns Peter ed Encyclopedia of European Social History from 1350 to 2000 5 vol 2000 209 essays by leading scholars in 3000 pp Sutherland Neil Childhood History of Canadian Encyclopedia 2008 Hobsbawm Eric The Age of Revolution Europe 1789 1848 Skocpol Theda and Daniel Chirot eds Vision and method in historical sociology 1984 Thompson E P The Essential E P Thompson 2001 512 pp highly influential British historian of the working class Thompson F M L ed The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750 1950 Vol 1 Regions and Communities Vol 2 People and Their Environment Vol 3 Social Agencies and Institutions 1990 492 pp Tilly Charles The Old New Social History and the New Old Social History Review 7 3 Winter 1984 363 406 online Tilly Charles Big Structures Large Processes Huge Comparisons 1984 Timmins Geoffrey The Future of Learning and Teaching in Social History the Research Approach and Employability Journal of Social History 2006 39 3 829 842 ISSN 0022 4529 Fulltext History Cooperative and Project MUSE Wilson Adrian ed Rethinking Social History English Society 1570 1920 and Its Interpretation 1993 342 pp Zunz Olivier ed Reliving the Past The Worlds of Social History 1985 online editionPrimary sources Edit Binder Frederick M and David M Reimers eds The Way We Lived Essays and Documents in American Social History 2000 313 pp External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Social history American Social History Project NEH project print visual and multimedia on US social and cultural history Social History Society UK news items also posts from authors of recent new books in social and cultural history Victorian era social history British 19c Society for the social history of medicine organization of historians studying social impact of medicine Social History Portal guide to 900 000 digital objects in social history at 13 organizations International Institute of Social History presents research amp new data on the global history of work workers and labour relations Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Social history amp oldid 1151086634, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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