Wikipedia
List of female United States presidential and vice presidential candidates
The following is a list of female U.S. presidential and vice presidential nominees and invitees. Nominees are candidates nominated or otherwise selected by political parties for particular offices. Listed as nominees or nomination candidates are those women who achieved ballot access in at least one state (or, before the institution of government-printed ballots, had ballots circulated by their parties). They each may have won the nomination of one of the US political parties (either one of the two major parties or one of the third parties), or made the ballot as an Independent, and in either case must have votes in the election to qualify for this list. Exception is made for those few candidates whose parties lost ballot status for additional runs.
In 1872, Victoria Woodhull became the first female presidential candidate. Her candidacy preceded suffrage for women in the U.S.
In 2016, Hillary Clinton became the first female presidential candidate to receive electoral votes and win the national popular vote, although lost the election due to electoral college votes.
Kamala Harris is the first female Vice President of the United States after the Democratic ticket won the 2020 election.
History
While many historians and authors agree that Victoria Woodhull was the first woman to run for president, some have questioned the legality of her run. They disagree with classifying it as a true candidacy because she was younger than the constitutionally mandated age of 35, but election coverage by contemporary newspapers does not suggest age was a significant issue. The presidential inauguration was in March 1873, while Woodhull didn't turn 35 until September of that year.[1]
The first woman to receive votes at a national political convention for president or vice president was Quaker activist and orator Lucretia Coffin Mott who received 6% of the votes in the first ballot for the vice president nomination at the 1848 convention of the Liberty Party.
Margaret Chase Smith announced her candidacy for the Republican Party nomination in 1964, becoming the first female candidate for a major party's nomination. She qualified for the ballot in six state primaries, and came in second in the Illinois primary, receiving 25% of the vote. She became the first woman to have her name placed in nomination for the presidency at a major political party's convention.[2]
Charlene Mitchell was the first African American woman to run for president, and the first to receive valid votes in a general election, in 1968. She qualified for the ballot in two states as the nominee of the Communist Party USA, winning 1,075 votes.[3]
In 1972, Shirley Chisholm became the first black candidate for a major party's presidential nomination, and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party's nomination.[4] During this primary, Chisholm won the New Jersey primary, becoming the first woman or African American to win a primary in any state. This would not be repeated by another woman for 36 years, in 2008.
Also in 1972, Tonie Nathan, the Libertarian Party's vice presidential candidate, became the first woman to receive an electoral vote, via faithless elector Roger MacBride.[5] In the 1988 presidential election, Lenora Fulani became the first woman to achieve ballot access in all fifty states.[6] Fulani was also the first African American to do so. Three of her running mates, Joyce Dattner, Mamie Moore (also African American), and Wynonia Burke, also achieved ballot access separately in varying numbers out of the 50 states.
The first woman to become a major party nominee for vice president was Democrat Geraldine Ferraro, in 1984. The second, and first Republican, was Sarah Palin, in 2008.
In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, Senator Hillary Clinton of New York became the first woman to be listed as a presidential candidate in every primary and caucus nationwide.[7] Despite losing the nomination in a close race against Barack Obama, Clinton won more votes in 2008 than any primary candidate in American history.
Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton became the first woman nominated for president by a major party after winning a majority of pledged delegates in the 2016 Democratic Party primaries, and was formally nominated at the Democratic National Convention on July 26, 2016.[8][9] As a major party nominee, Clinton became the first woman to participate in a presidential debate, and later the first to carry a state in a general election. Despite losing the election, Clinton became the first woman to win the popular vote, receiving nearly 66 million votes to Donald Trump's 63 million.[10]
The Green Party has run a female candidate three times, Cynthia McKinney in 2008 and Jill Stein in 2012 and 2016. Stein is currently the female candidate with the third-most votes in a general election, having received nearly 1.5 million votes in 2016.
Prior to the 2020 United States presidential election cycle, only five women throughout history had made it to a major party's primary debate stage: Democrats Shirley Chisholm (in 1972), Carol Moseley Braun (in 2004), and Hillary Clinton (in 2008 and 2016), and Republicans Michele Bachmann (in 2012) and Carly Fiorina (in 2016); there had never been more than one woman on the debate stage at one time, and there had never been more than two women running per party at one time.[11] In the 2020 presidential election cycle, a record-breaking six women ran for president in the Democratic Party: Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts, Senator Kamala Harris of California, Senator Amy Klobuchar of Minnesota, Senator Kirsten Gillibrand of New York, Representative Tulsi Gabbard of Hawaii, and author Marianne Williamson. The initial night of the first Democratic primary debate, which took place on June 26–27, 2019, marked a major milestone, as it featured three women: Warren, Klobuchar, and Gabbard; Harris, Gillibrand, and Williamson participated on the second night.[12]
Jo Jorgensen was the Libertarian Party's presidential candidate for the 2020 election, and is the first woman to be nominated by that party. Jorgensen is currently the female candidate with the second-most votes in a general election, having received nearly 1.9 million votes in 2020.
Kamala Harris is the vice president of the United States. She is the United States' first female vice president and the highest-ranking female elected official in U.S. history. She is also the first Asian-American and the first African-American vice president.
On November 19, 2021, Harris became the first woman to serve as acting president of the United States, when President Joe Biden invoked the third section of the Twenty-fifth Amendment before undergoing a routine medical procedure. Harris was acting president from 10:10 a.m. until 11:35 a.m.[13]
In popular culture, many tv shows, novels, films, and other media show a female as a president of the United States.
Presidential candidates
Candidates who received electoral college votes
| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Electoral votes | Total electoral votes | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | Hillary Clinton | Democratic Party | Tim Kaine | 227 | 538 | Donald Trump |
| Faith Spotted Eagle | Not applicable[14] | Not applicable | 1 |
General election candidates by popular vote
This list, sorted by the number of votes received, includes female candidates who have competed for President of the United States in a general election and received over 40,000 votes.
† Popular vote winner
| Year | Picture | Name | Party | Votes | Elected President |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | Hillary Clinton | Democratic Party | 65,853,516† | Donald Trump | |
| 2020 | Jo Jorgensen | Libertarian Party | 1,865,724[15] | Joe Biden | |
| 2016 | Jill Stein | Green Party | 1,457,218 | Donald Trump | |
| 2012 | 468,907[16] | Barack Obama | |||
| 1988 | Lenora Fulani | New Alliance Party | 217,219[17] | George H. W. Bush | |
| 1992 | 73,714[18] | Bill Clinton | |||
| 2008 | Cynthia McKinney | Green Party | 161,797[19] | Barack Obama | |
| 1972 | Linda Jenness | Socialist Workers Party | 83,380[20] | Richard Nixon | |
| 1984 | Sonia Johnson | Citizens Party | 72,200[21] | Ronald Reagan | |
| 2012 | Roseanne Barr | Peace and Freedom Party | 67,326[22] | Barack Obama | |
| 1976 | Margaret Wright | People's Party | 49,024[23] | Jimmy Carter | |
| 1940 | Gracie Allen | Surprise Party | 42,000[24] | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
Primary election candidates
This list, sorted by the number of votes received, includes female candidates who have sought their party's presidential nomination in at least one primary or caucus and received over 5,000 votes.
Party nominee
| Year | Picture | Name | Party | Votes | Contests won | Party nominee |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Hillary Clinton | Democratic Party | 17,857,501[25] | 23 | Barack Obama | |
| 2016 | 16,914,722[26] | 34 | Hillary Clinton | |||
| 2020 | Elizabeth Warren | Democratic Party | 2,780,679[27] | 0 | Joe Biden | |
| 2020 | Amy Klobuchar | Democratic Party | 524,375[27] | 0 | Joe Biden | |
| 1972 | Shirley Chisholm | Democratic Party | 430,703[28] | 1[29] | George McGovern | |
| 1964 | Margaret Chase Smith | Republican Party | 227,007[30] | 0 | Barry Goldwater | |
| 2020 | Tulsi Gabbard | Democratic Party | 261,253[27] | 0 | Joe Biden | |
| 2004 | Carol Moseley Braun | Democratic Party | 103,189[31] | 0 | John Kerry | |
| 1996 | Elvena Lloyd-Duffie | Democratic Party | 91,929[32] | 0 | Bill Clinton | |
| 2012 | Michele Bachmann | Republican Party | 41,170[33] | 0 | Mitt Romney | |
| 2016 | Carly Fiorina | Republican Party | 40,666[33] | 0 | Donald Trump | |
| 1996 | Heather Anne Harder | Democratic Party | 29,156[34][35][36] | 0 | Bill Clinton | |
| 2020 | Marianne Williamson | Democratic Party | 22,334[27] | 0 | Joe Biden | |
| 1972 | Patsy Mink | Democratic Party | 8,286[37] | 0 | George McGovern | |
| 1964 | Fay T. Carpenter Swain | Democratic Party | 7,140[38] | 0 | Lyndon B. Johnson | |
| 2020 | Jo Jorgensen | Libertarian Party | 5,123[39] | 2 | Jo Jorgensen |
All candidates
Party nominees
| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Votes | Ballot access |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1872 | Victoria Woodhull | Equal Rights Party | Frederick Douglass | [40] | 0 states |
| 1884 | Belva Ann Lockwood | National Equal Rights Party | Marietta Stow[41] | 4,149 | 6 states [42] |
| 1888 | Belva Ann Lockwood | National Equal Rights Party | First: Alfred Love Second: Charles Stuart Wells[43] | [44] | |
| 1940 | Gracie Allen | Surprise Party | Not applicable | 42,000 | |
| 1952 | Ellen Linea W. Jensen | Washington Peace Party | |||
| Mary Kennery[45] | American Party | ||||
| Agnes Waters | National Woman's Party | ||||
| 1968 | Charlene Mitchell | Communist Party | Michael Zagarell | 1,075 | 2 states [3] |
| 1972 | Linda Jenness | Socialist Workers Party | Andrew Pulley | 83,380[20] | 25 states |
| Evelyn Reed | Socialist Workers Party | Andrew Pulley | 13,878 | ||
| 1976 | Margaret Wright | People's Party | Benjamin Spock | 49,024 | |
| 1980 | Ellen McCormack | Right to Life Party | Carroll Driscoll | 32,327 | |
| Maureen Smith | Peace and Freedom Party | Elizabeth Cervantes Barron | 18,116 | ||
| Deirdre Griswold | Workers World Party | Gavrielle Holmes[46] | 13,300 | ||
| 1984 | Sonia Johnson | Citizens Party | Richard Walton | 72,200 | 19 states [47] |
| Gavrielle Holmes[48] | Workers World Party | Gloria La Riva[49] | 2,656[50] | 2 states | |
| 1988 | Lenora Fulani | New Alliance Party | Joyce Dattner | 217,219 | 34 states |
| Wynonia Burke | 4 states | ||||
| Mamie Moore | 9 states | ||||
| Willa Kenoyer | Socialist Party, Liberty Union Party | Ron Ehrenreich | 3,928 | ||
| 1992 | Lenora Fulani | New Alliance Party | Maria Elizabeth Muñoz | 73,714 | |
| Helen Halyard | Socialist Equality Party | Fred Mazelis | 3,050 | ||
| Isabell Masters | Looking Back Party | Walter Masters | 327 | ||
| Gloria La Riva | Workers World Party | Larry Holmes | 181 | ||
| 1996 | Monica Moorehead | Workers World Party | Gloria La Riva | 29,083 | |
| Marsha Feinland | Peace and Freedom Party | Kate McClatchy | 25,332 | ||
| Mary Cal Hollis | Socialist Party, Liberty Union Party | Eric Chester | 4,766 | ||
| Diane Beall Templin | The American Party | Gary Van Horn | 1,847 | ||
| Isabell Masters | Looking Back Party | Shirley Jean Masters | 752 | ||
| 2000 | Monica Moorehead | Workers World Party | Gloria La Riva | 4,795 | |
| Cathy Gordon Brown | Independent | Sabrina R. Allen | 1,606 | ||
| 2004 | Diane Beall Templin | American Party | Albert B. "Al" Moore | (lost ballot status) | |
| 2008 | Cynthia McKinney | Green Party | Rosa Clemente | 161,797 | 32 states |
| Gloria La Riva | Party for Socialism and Liberation | Eugene Puryear[51] | 7,427 | ||
| Diane Beall Templin | The American Party | Linda Patterson | (lost ballot status) | ||
| 2012 | Jill Stein | Green Party | Cheri Honkala | 468,907 | 36 states |
| Roseanne Barr | Peace and Freedom Party | Cindy Sheehan | 67,326 | ||
| Peta Lindsay | Party for Socialism and Liberation | Yari Osorio | 9,388 | ||
| 2016 | Hillary Clinton | Democratic Party | Tim Kaine | 65,853,516 | 50 states + DC |
| Jill Stein | Green Party | Ajamu Baraka | 1,457,044 | 43 states + DC | |
| Gloria La Riva | Peace and Freedom Party[52] | Dennis Banks | 43,742 | 8 states[53] | |
| Alyson Kennedy | Socialist Workers Party | Osborne Hart | 10,348 | 7 states[54] | |
| Monica Moorehead | Workers World Party | Lamont Lilly | 3,722 | ||
| Lynn S. Kahn | Independent | Kathleen Monahan | 5,610 | ||
| Khadijah Jacob-Fambro | Revolutionary Party | Milton Fambro | 748 | ||
| 2020 | Jo Jorgensen | Libertarian Party | Spike Cohen | 1,865,724[15] | 50 states + DC[55] |
| Barbara Bellar | Republican Party (write-in) | Kendra Bryant | 10 states | ||
| Shereen A. Elbaz | Democratic Party (write-in) | None | Washington | ||
| Betsy P. Elgar | Constitution Party (write-in) | None | Washington | ||
| Katherine Forbes | Independent | None | Minnesota, Utah | ||
| Alyson Kennedy | Socialist Workers Party | Malcolm Jarrett | 6,791 | 6 states | |
| Kathryn Gibson | Independent | None | 3 states | ||
| Lois Marie Gillaspie-Greenwood | Independent | None | West Virginia | ||
| Tara Renee Hunter | Independent | None | Michigan | ||
| Gloria La Riva | Party for Socialism and Liberation | Sunil Freeman (12 states)[57]/Leonard Peltier (IL, MN, TX) | 85,464 | 15 states | |
| Princess Khadijah Jacob-Fambro | Unaffiliated | Khadijah Jacob Sr. | Colorado | ||
| Ricki Sue King | Genealogy Know Your Family History | Dayna R. Chandler | Iowa | ||
| Susan B. Lochocki | Independent | None | 5 states | ||
| Valerie McCray | Independent | None | Indiana | ||
| Deborah Rouse | Independent | Sheila Cannon | 11 states | ||
| Jade Simmons[58] | Independent | Claudeliah Roze (LA, TX)/Melissa Nixon (FL) | 6,958 | 3 states | |
| Mary Ruth Caro Simmons | Write-in | Sherrie Dow | 9 states | ||
| Silvia Stagg | Republican Party (write-in) | None | 10 states | ||
| Sheila "Samm" Tittle | Constitution Party | David Carl Sandige | 1,806 | New Mexico | |
| Sharon Wallace | Democratic Party (write-in) | Karen M. Short | Maryland | ||
| Angela Marie Walls-Windhauser | Independent | Charles Tolbert | Florida | ||
| Karynn Weinstein | Independent | David Weinstein | Connecticut | ||
| Demetra Wysinger | WXYZ New Day | Cedric D. Jefferson | Alaska, Minnesota | ||
| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Votes | Ballot access |
Not nominated by party
Candidates who failed to receive their parties' nomination.
| Year | Name | Party | Details | Party nominee |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1884 | Abigail Scott Duniway | Equal Rights | Rejected nomination. | Belva Ann Lockwood |
| 1920 | Laura Clay | Democratic | James M. Cox | |
| Cora Wilson Stewart | ||||
| 1924 | Cora Wilson Stewart | Democratic | 1 vote on 1st and 15th ballots | John W. Davis |
| 1940 | Anna Milburn[59] | National Greenback | Declined nomination | John Zahnd |
| 1964 | Margaret Chase Smith[60] | Republican | Received 227,007 votes in Republican primary and won 27 delegates at the Republican convention | Barry Goldwater |
| Fay T. Carpenter Swain | Democratic | 7,140 votes in Indiana primary[38] | Lyndon B. Johnson | |
| 1972 | Shirley Chisholm[60] | Democratic | 152 votes at convention | George McGovern |
| Patsy Mink[60] | ||||
| Bella Abzug[60] | ||||
| 1976 | Barbara Jordan | Democratic | 1 vote at convention | Jimmy Carter |
| Ellen McCormack[60] | 22 votes at national convention | |||
| 1980 | Koryne Kaneski Horbal | Democratic | 5 votes at convention | Jimmy Carter |
| Alice Tripp | 2 votes at convention | |||
| 1984 | Martha Kirkland | Democratic | 1 vote at convention | Walter Mondale |
| Mary Ruwart | Libertarian | 77 votes at convention (1st ballot); 99 votes at convention (2nd ballot; 3rd place overall) | David Bergland | |
| Tonie Nathan | 53 votes at convention (1st ballot; 4th place) | |||
| 1988 | Pat Schroeder | Democratic | Michael Dukakis | |
| 1992 | Tennie Rogers | Republican | 754 votes in Texas primary[34] | George H. W. Bush |
| Georgiana Doerschuck | 58 votes in New Hampshire primary[61] | |||
| Caroline Killeen | Democratic | 96 votes in New Hampshire primary[62] | Bill Clinton | |
| 1996 | Elvena E. Lloyd-Duffie | Democratic | 13,025 votes in AR primary;[36] 10,876 votes (6th place) in TX primary;[34] 40,758 in OK primary (3rd place);[63] 11,620 votes (3rd place) in LA primary;[64] 15,650 votes (2nd place) in IL primary[64] | Bill Clinton |
| Heather Anne Harder | 28,772 votes (3rd place) in TX primary;[34] 376 votes in NH primary[35] and two Republican write-in votes; 6 votes in IL primary[36] | |||
| Caroline Killeen | 118 votes in New Hampshire primary[62] | |||
| Susan Gail Ducey | Republican | 539 votes (9th place) in AZ primary;[36] 152 votes (12th place) in NH primary;[65] 1,092 votes (8th place) in TX primary[34] | Bob Dole | |
| Isabell Masters | 1052 votes (7th place) in Oklahoma primary[66] | |||
| Mary "France" LeTulle | 650 votes (9th place) in Texas primary;[34] 290 votes in Nevada primary[64] | |||
| Georgiana Doerschuck | 140 votes in New Hampshire primary[61] | |||
| Tennie Rogers | 35 votes at Mississippi primary; 12 votes in New Hampshire primary[36] | |||
| 2000 | Heather Anne Harder | Democratic | 1,358 votes in AZ primary; 192 votes (8th place) in NH primary, 1 Republican write-in vote[67][68] | Al Gore |
| Elizabeth Dole | Republican | 231 write-in votes in NH primary[67] | George W. Bush | |
| Dorian Yeager | 98 votes (10th place) in NH primary[69] | |||
| Angel Joy Chavis Rocker[70] | 6 votes in Alabama straw poll[71] | |||
| 2004 | Lorna Salzman | Green | 40 votes at convention (5th place) | David Cobb |
| JoAnne Bier Beeman | 14 votes at national convention | |||
| Carol A. Miller | 10 votes at national convention | |||
| Sheila Bilyeu | 2 votes at national convention | |||
| Florence Walker | Democratic | 246 votes (6th place) in Washington, D.C. primary[72] | John Kerry | |
| Katherine Bateman | 68 votes (14th place) in New Hampshire primary[72] | |||
| Jeanne Chebib | 43 votes (12th place) in the Washington, D.C. primary[72] | |||
| Caroline Killeen | 31 votes (19th place) in New Hampshire primary[72] | |||
| Mildred T. Glover | 11 votes (22nd place) in New Hampshire primary; 4,039 votes (8th place) in Maryland primary[72] | |||
| Carol Moseley Braun | Withdrew in January 2004; 103,189 votes[31] | |||
| Millie Howard | Republican | 239 votes (13th place) in New Hampshire primary | George W. Bush | |
| 2008 | Hillary Clinton | Democratic | Second place in the Democratic primaries, winning 1,726½ delegate votes and more primaries than any other woman in history. | Barack Obama |
| Caroline Killeen | 11 votes in New Hampshire primary | |||
| Mary Ruwart | Libertarian | 152 votes at convention (2nd place; reached 1st place on 5th ballot before being defeated on 6th ballot) | Bob Barr | |
| Christine Smith | 6 votes at national convention (8th place) | |||
| Kat Swift | Green | 38 votes at national convention (3rd place) | Cynthia McKinney | |
| Elaine Brown | Withdrew in December 2007; 9 pledged delegates (6th place) | |||
| Nan Garrett | Withdrew in February 2007[73] | |||
| Susan Gail Ducey | Republican | 2 votes (3-way tie for 8th place) in Tulsa, Oklahoma straw poll | John McCain | |
| 2012 | Susan Gail Ducey | Constitution | 15 votes at national convention | Virgil Goode |
| Roseanne Barr | Green | 72 votes at national convention (2nd place) | Jill Stein | |
| Michele Bachmann | Republican | Withdrew in January 2012. | Mitt Romney | |
| 2016 | Carly Fiorina | Republican | Withdrew in February 2016 with 1 pledged delegate in Iowa (10th place with 40,666 votes)[74][75] | Donald Trump |
| Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry | Green | 13 votes at national convention (3rd place) | Jill Stein | |
| 2020 | Souraya Faas | Alliance | Withdrew before convention. | Rocky De La Fuente |
| Elizabeth Warren | Democratic | Withdrew in March 2020 with 83 pledged delegates.[76] | Joe Biden | |
| Amy Klobuchar | Withdrew in March 2020 with 7 pledged delegates.[76] | |||
| Tulsi Gabbard | Withdrew in March 2020 with 2 pledged delegates. | |||
| Kamala Harris | Withdrew in December 2019. Became the 2020 Democratic nominee for vice president, and is the current vice president. | |||
| Kirsten Gillibrand | Withdrew in August 2019. | |||
| Marianne Williamson | Withdrew in January 2020. | |||
| Cherie DeVille | Withdrew in January 2019.[77] | |||
| Sorinne Ardeleanu | Libertarian | 2 write-in votes at convention (1st ballot); 1 write-in vote at convention (4th ballot) | Jo Jorgensen | |
| Laura Ebke | 1 write-in vote at convention (3rd ballot) | |||
| Souraya Faas | Withdrew in May 2020 after failing to qualify in the nomination round. | |||
| Kim Ruff | 11 votes in the nomination round. | |||
| Susan Buchser Lochocki | Green | 1 vote at national convention | Howie Hawkins | |
| Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry | 11.5 votes at national convention (3rd place) | |||
| Year | Name | Party | Details | Nomination winner |
Vice presidential candidates
Candidates who received electoral college votes
Elected Vice President
| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Electoral votes | Total electoral votes | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | Kamala Harris | Democratic Party | Joe Biden | 306 | 538 | Kamala Harris |
| 2008 | Sarah Palin | Republican Party | John McCain | 173 | 538 | Joe Biden |
| 1984 | Geraldine Ferraro | Democratic Party | Walter Mondale | 13 | George H. W. Bush | |
| 2016 | Elizabeth Warren | Not applicable[78] | Not applicable | 2 | Mike Pence | |
| Maria Cantwell | Not applicable[79] | Not applicable | 1 | |||
| Susan Collins | Not applicable[80] | Not applicable | 1 | |||
| Carly Fiorina | Not applicable[81] | Not applicable | 1 | |||
| Winona LaDuke | Not applicable[82] | Not applicable | 1 | |||
| 1972 | Tonie Nathan | Libertarian Party[83] | John Hospers | 1 | Spiro Agnew |
By popular vote
This list includes female candidates who have run for Vice President of the United States and received over 100,000 votes. Note that the vote for vice president is not separate in the United States and is identical to that for the presidential nominees.[84]
Elected Vice President
| No. | Year | Picture | Name | Party | Running mate | Votes | Elected Vice President |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2020 | Kamala Harris | Democratic Party | Joe Biden | 81,268,924[15] | Kamala Harris | |
| 2 | 2008 | Sarah Palin | Republican Party | John McCain | 59,948,323 | Joe Biden | |
| 3 | 1984 | Geraldine Ferraro | Democratic Party | Walter Mondale | 37,577,352 | George H. W. Bush | |
| 4 | 2000 | Winona LaDuke | Green Party | Ralph Nader | 2,883,105 | Dick Cheney | |
| 5 | 1996 | 596,780 | Al Gore | ||||
| 6 | 1996 | Jo Jorgensen | Libertarian Party | Harry Browne | 485,798 | Al Gore | |
| 7 | 2012 | Cheri Honkala | Green Party | Jill Stein | 469,628 | Joe Biden | |
| 8 | 2000 | Ezola Foster | Reform Party | Pat Buchanan | 449,225 | Dick Cheney | |
| 9 | 1992 | Nancy Lord | Libertarian Party | Andre Marrou | 290,087 | Al Gore | |
| 10 | 1980 | LaDonna Harris | Citizens Party | Barry Commoner | 233,052 | George H. W. Bush | |
| 11 | 2008 | Rosa Clemente | Green Party | Cynthia McKinney | 161,797 | Joe Biden | |
| 12 | 1988 | Joyce Dattner | New Alliance Party | Lenora Fulani | 143,858 | Dan Quayle | |
| 13 | 1952 | Charlotta Bass | Progressive Party | Vincent Hallinan | 140,023 | Richard Nixon | |
| 14 | 2004 | Pat LaMarche | Green Party | David Cobb | 119,859 | Dick Cheney | |
| 15 | 2020 | Angela Walker | Green Party | Howie Hawkins | 404,021 | Kamala Harris |
All candidates
Party nominees
| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1884 | Marietta Stow[41] | National Equal Rights Party | Belva Ann Lockwood | 4,149 |
| 1924 | Marie Brehm | Prohibition Party | Herman P. Faris | 56,289 |
| 1932 | Florence Garvin | National Party | John Zahnd | 1,645 |
| 1936 | Florence Garvin | Greenback Party | John Zahnd | |
| 1948 | Grace Carlson | Socialist Workers Party | Farrell Dobbs | 13,614 |
| 1952 | Charlotta Bass | Progressive Party | Vincent Hallinan | 140,023 |
| Myra Tanner Weiss | Socialist Workers Party | Farrell Dobbs | 10,312 | |
| Vivien Kellems[85][86] | Constitution Party*[87] | Douglas MacArthur | 943*[88][89][90] | |
| 1956 | Georgia Cozzini | Socialist Labor Party | Eric Hass | 44,300 |
| Myra Tanner Weiss | Socialist Workers Party | Farrell Dobbs | 7,797 | |
| Ann Marie Yezo | American Third Party | Henry B. Krajewski | 1,829 | |
| 1960 | Myra Tanner Weiss | Socialist Workers Party | Farrell Dobbs | 60,166 |
| Georgia Cozzini | Socialist Labor Party | Eric Hass | 47,521 | |
| 1968 | Peggy Terry[91] | Peace and Freedom Party | Eldridge Cleaver | |
| 1972 | Genevieve Gundersen | Socialist Labor Party | Louis Fisher | 53,814 |
| Tonie Nathan | Libertarian Party | John Hospers | 3,674 | |
| 1976 | Willie Mae Reid | Socialist Workers Party | Peter Camejo | 90,986 |
| Constance Blomen | Socialist Labor Party | Jules Levin | 9,616 | |
| 1980 | La Donna Harris | Citizens Party | Barry Commoner | 233,052 |
| Wretha Hanson[92] | Citizens Party | Barry Commoner | 8,564[93] | |
| Angela Davis | Communist Party | Gus Hall | 43,871 | |
| Eileen Shearer | American Independent Party | John Rarick | 41,268 | |
| Matilde Zimmermann | Socialist Workers Party | Andrew Pulley[94] | 40,105 | |
| Elizabeth Cervantes Barron | Peace and Freedom Party | Maureen Smith | 18,106 | |
| Gavrielle Holmes | Workers World Party | Deirdre Griswold | 13,213 | |
| Naomi Cohen | Workers World Party | Deirdre Griswold | 3,790[95] | |
| Diane Drufenbrock | Socialist Party | David McReynolds | 6,898 | |
| 1984 | Geraldine Ferraro | Democratic Party | Walter Mondale | 37,577,352 |
| Maureen Kennedy Salaman | Populist Party | Bob Richards | 66,168 | |
| Nancy Ross | New Alliance Party | Dennis L. Serrette | 46,852 | |
| Angela Davis | Communist Party | Gus Hall | 36,386 | |
| Andrea Gonzales[96] | Socialist Workers Party | Melvin T. Mason | 24,672 | |
| Matilde Zimmermann | Socialist Workers Party | Melvin T. Mason | ||
| Gloria La Riva[49] | Workers World Party | Larry Holmes/Gavrielle Holmes | 15,329 | |
| Helen Halyard[97] | Socialist Equality Party | Edward Winn | 10,801 | |
| Jean T. Brust[98] | Socialist Equality Party | Edward Winn | ||
| Emma Wong Mar | Peace and Freedom Party | Sonia Johnson | ||
| 1988 | Joyce Dattner[99] | New Alliance Party | Lenora Fulani | 143,858 |
| Mamie Moore[100] | New Alliance Party | Lenora Fulani | 26,487 | |
| Florence M. Rice | Consumer Party | Eugene McCarthy | 25,109 | |
| Joan Andrews | Right to Life Party | William A. Marra | 20,504 | |
| Helen Halyard | Socialist Equality Party | Edward Winn | 18,693 | |
| Kathleen Mickells | Socialist Workers Party | James "Mac" Warren | 15,604 | |
| Wynonia Burke[101] | New Alliance Party | Lenora Fulani | 11,888 | |
| Vikki Murdock | Peace and Freedom Party | Herbert G. Lewin | 10,370 | |
| Gloria La Riva | Workers World Party | Larry Holmes | 7,846 | |
| Alpha Sunde Smaby[102] | Minnesota Progressive Party | Eugene McCarthy | 5,403 | |
| Maureen Smith[103] | Peace and Freedom Party | Eugene McCarthy | 243 | |
| Emma Wong Mar | Peace and Freedom Party/Ind. Socialist | Herbert G. Lewin | 219 | |
| Debra Freeman | National Economic Recovery Party | Lyndon LaRouche | ||
| Susan Gardner | Independent | Eugene McCarthy | ||
| 1992 | Nancy Lord | Libertarian Party | Andre Marrou | 290,087 |
| Maria Elizabeth Muñoz | New Alliance Party | Lenora Fulani | 73,714 | |
| Asiba Tupahache | Peace and Freedom Party | Ronald Daniels | 27,961 | |
| Barbara Garson | Socialist Party | J. Quinn Brisben | 3,057 | |
| Willie Mae Reid | Socialist Workers Party | James "Mac" Warren | ||
| Estelle DeBates | Socialist Workers Party | James "Mac" Warren | ||
| Doris Feimer | The American Party | Robert J. Smith | 292 | |
| Joann Roland | Third Party | Eugene Arthur Hem | ||
| 1996 | Winona LaDuke | Green Party | Ralph Nader | 596,780[104] |
| Muriel Tillinghast[105] | Green Party | Ralph Nader | 75,956[106] | |
| Anne Goeke[107] | Green Party | Ralph Nader | 12,135[108] | |
| Jo Jorgensen | Libertarian Party | Harry Browne | 485,798 | |
| Kate McClatchy | Peace and Freedom Party | Marsha Feinland | 25,332 | |
| Rosemary Giumarra | Independent | Charles E. Collins | 8,952 | |
| Laura Garza | Socialist Workers Party | James Harris | 8,476 | |
| Rachel Bubar Kelly | Prohibition Party | Earl Dodge | 1,298 | |
| Connie Chandler | Independent Party of Utah | A. Peter Crane | 1,101 | |
| Shirley Jean Masters | Looking Back Party | Isabell Masters | 752 | |
| Anne Northrop | AIDS Cure Party | Steve Michael | 408 | |
| 2000 | Winona LaDuke | Green Party | Ralph Nader | 2,883,105 |
| Ezola B. Foster | Reform Party | Pat Buchanan | 449,225 | |
| Margaret Trowe | Socialist Workers Party | James Harris | 7,378 | |
| Mary Cal Hollis | Socialist Party | David McReynolds | 5,602 | |
| Gloria La Riva | Workers World Party | Monica Moorehead | 4,795 | |
| Sabrina R. Allen | Independent | Cathy Gordon Brown | 1,606 | |
| 2004 | Pat LaMarche | Green Party | David Cobb | 119,859 |
| Janice Jordan | Peace and Freedom Party | Leonard Peltier | 27,607 | |
| Mary Alice Herbert | Socialist Party | Walt Brown | 10,837 | |
| Margaret Trowe[109] | Socialist Workers Party | James Harris | 7,102 | |
| Arrin Hawkins | Socialist Workers Party | Róger Calero | 3,689 | |
| Karen Sanchirico[110] | Independent | Ralph Nader | 6,168[111] | |
| Jennifer A. Ryan | Christian Freedom Party | Thomas J. Harens | 2,387 | |
| Teresa Gutierrez | Workers World Party | John Parker | 1,646 | |
| Marilyn Chambers | Personal Choice Party | Charles Jay | 946 | |
| Irene M. Deasy | Independent | Stanford Andress | 804 | |
| 2008 | Sarah Palin | Republican Party | John McCain | 59,948,323 |
| Rosa Clemente | Green Party | Cynthia McKinney | 161,797 | |
| Alyson Kennedy | Socialist Workers Party | Róger Calero | 7,197 | |
| Andrea Marie Psoras[112] | Vote Here Party | Jeffrey H. Boss | 604 | |
| Patricia Rubacky | New American Independent Party | Frank McEnulty | [113] | |
| 2012 | Cheri Honkala | Green Party | Jill Stein | 469,628 |
| Cindy Sheehan | Peace and Freedom Party | Roseanne Barr | 67,326 | |
| Maura DeLuca | Socialist Workers Party | James Harris | 4,117 | |
| Virginia Abernethy | American Third Position Party | Merlin Miller | 2,701 | |
| Phyllis Scherrer | Socialist Equality Party | Jerry White | 1,279 | |
| 2016 | Mindy Finn | Independent | Evan McMullin | 449,640 |
| Angela Nicole Walker | Socialist Party USA | Mimi Soltysik | 2,540 | |
| Hannah Walsh | United States Pacifist Party | Bradford Lyttle | 334 | |
| Kathleen Monahan | Independent | Lynn S. Kahn | 5,610 | |
| 2020 | Dawn Neptune Adams | Oregon Progressive Party | Dario Hunter | 5,403 |
| Karla Ballard | Independent | Brock Pierce | 49,700 | |
| Margaret Bayliss | Dirigo | M. D. Mitchell | ||
| Anne Beckett | Independent | Robert Morrow | ||
| Kendra Bryant | Republican Party (write-in) | Barbara Bellar | ||
| Sheila Cannon | Independent | Deborah Rouse | ||
| Dayna Chandler | Genealogy Know Your Family History | Ricki Sue King | ||
| Sherrie Dow | None (write-in) | Mary Ruth Caro Simmons | ||
| Veronica Ehrenreich | Independent | Ryan Ehrenreich | ||
| Susan C. Fletcher | Independent | Timothy A. Stevens | ||
| Kamala Harris | Democratic Party | Joe Biden | 81,281,888 | |
| Alyssa Howard | Independent | Shawn Howard | ||
| Taja Yvonne Iwanow | Independent American | Kyle Kopitke | ||
| Khadijah Jacob Sr. | Unaffiliated | Princess Khadijah Jacob-Fambro | ||
| Jennifer Jairala | Independent | Abram Loeb | ||
| Tiara Lusk | Life and Liberty Party | J. R. Myers | 1,372[114] | |
| Cynthia McKinney | Green Party of Alaska | Jesse Ventura | 3,291 | |
| Melissa Nixon | Independent | Jade Simmons | 181[115] | |
| Liz Parrish | Transhumanist Party | Charlie Kam | ||
| Raechelle Pope | Independent | Michael Laboch | ||
| Darlene Raley | Republican Party (write-in) | Albert Raley | ||
| Claudeliah Roze | Independent | Jade Simmons | 6,777 | |
| Norissa Santa Cruz | Socialist Equality Party | Joseph Kishore | ||
| Karen M. Short | Democratic Party (write-in) | Sharon Wallace | ||
| Elizabeth Storm | Independent | Joe McHugh | 2,843 | |
| Jennifer Tepool | Unaffiliated | Jordan "Cancer" Scott | ||
| Michelle Tidball | Birthday Party | Kanye West | 70,294 | |
| Angela Nicole Walker | Green Party/Socialist Party USA | Howie Hawkins | 404,021 | |
| Rachel Wells | Independent | Kasey Wells | ||
| Year | Name | Party | Running mate | Votes |
Not nominated by party
| Year | Name | Party | Details | Nomination winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1848 | Lucretia Mott[116] | Liberty Party | 5 of 84 votes | Charles C. Foote |
| 1884 | Clemence S. Lozier | Equal Rights Party | Declined nomination. | Marietta Stow |
| 1924 | Lena Springs | Democratic Party | several to 50 votes in National convention | Charles W. Bryan |
| 1928 | Nellie Tayloe Ross | Democratic Party | 31 votes in National convention | Joseph T. Robinson |
| 1952 | India Edwards | Democratic Party | John Sparkman | |
| Sarah T. Hughes | ||||
| 1972 | Shirley Chisholm | Democratic Party | 20 votes in National convention | Thomas Eagleton |
| Frances Farenthold | 405 votes in National convention | |||
| Martha Griffiths | 1 vote in National convention | |||
| Patricia Harris | 1 vote in National convention | |||
| Eleanor McGovern | 1 vote in National convention | |||
| Martha Mitchell | 1 vote in National convention | |||
| Maggie Kuhn | People's Party | declined nomination | Benjamin Spock | |
| 1976 | Anne Armstrong | Republican Party | subject of draft campaign; 6 votes in National convention | Bob Dole |
| Barbara Jordan | Democratic Party | 17 votes in National convention | Walter Mondale | |
| Nancy Palm | Republican Party | 1 vote in National convention | Bob Dole | |
| 1984 | Shirley Chisholm | Democratic Party | 3 votes in National convention | Geraldine Ferraro |
| Jeane J. Kirkpatrick | Republican Party | 1 vote in primary | George H. W. Bush | |
| 1992 | Susan K.Y. Shargal | Democratic Party | 1,097 votes (2nd place) in New Hampshire primary | Al Gore |
| Mary Ruwart | Libertarian Party | 129 votes at convention (1st ballot); 64 votes at convention (2nd ballot) | Nancy Lord | |
| 2000 | Gail Lightfoot[117] | Libertarian Party | 7 votes at convention (1st ballot; 6th place) | Art Olivier |
| 2004 | Tamara Millay[118] | Libertarian Party | 220 votes at convention (2nd place) | Richard Campagna |
| 2008 | Mary Alice Herbert | Socialist Party | Stewart Alexander | |
| 2012 | Susan Gayle Ducey | Constitution Party | 8 votes at convention (5th place) | Darrell Castle |
| 2016 | Alicia Dearn | Libertarian Party | 29 votes at convention (5th place) | William Weld |
| Carly Fiorina | Republican Party | Joined the ticket of Ted Cruz; campaign suspended six days later | Mike Pence | |
| 2020 | Sorinne Ardeleanu | Libertarian Party | 3 write-in votes at convention in 3 ballots (1 per ballot) | Spike Cohen |
| Laura Ebke | 1 write-in vote at convention (1st ballot) |
See also
- List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government
- List of female governors in the United States
- Edith Wilson (sometimes nicknamed "the first female president of the United States")
References
- ^ Don Lawson (1985). Geraldine Ferraro. J. Messner. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-671-55041-7.
- ^ "The Unfavored Daughter: When Margaret Chase Smith Ran in the New Hampshire Primary". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
- ^ a b Ballot Access News » Blog Archive » Women Running for President in the General Election
- ^ Freeman, Jo (February 2005). . University of Illinois at Chicago Women's History Project. Archived from the original on 2015-01-26.
- ^ Doherty, Brian (March 20, 2014). "Tonie Nathan, R.I.P. (The First Woman to Receive an Electoral Vote for Vice President)". Reason. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
- ^ Lenora Fulani bio 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine, Speakers Platform. Retrieved February 20, 2006
- ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton, First Woman to Be a Presidential Candidate in Every Primary and Caucus". Findingdulcinea.com. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ Why Sanders Will Ultimately Back Clinton August 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Hillary's Woman Problem". Politico. February 12, 2016.
- ^ "Clinton's Popular-Vote Lead Now Exceeds 1.5 Million—and It's Growing". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
- ^ "Women running for president is the new normal". Vox. March 12, 2019.
- ^ "The 2019 Democratic debate shows how striking it is to have more representation onstage". Vox. June 28, 2019.
- ^ "Kamala D. Harris becomes first woman to serve as acting president — for 85 minutes - The Washington Post". The Washington Post.
- ^ Faith Spotted Eagle was not a candidate for president in 2016, but received one electoral vote from a faithless elector.
- ^ a b c "Official 2020 presidential general election results" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- ^ "2012 Presidential Election Results (Updated)". Poliscinews.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ "Statistical Abstract of the United States". 1990. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ Larry J. Sabato, Howard R. Ernst, Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Election, Infobase Publishing, 2014.
- ^ "2008 presidential vote" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. December 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
- ^ a b In 1972 in Arizona, Pima and Yavapai counties had a ballot malfunction that counted many votes for both a major party candidate and Linda Jenness of the Socialist Workers Party. A court ordered that the ballots be counted for both. As a consequence, Jenness received 16% and 8% of the vote in Pima and Yavapai, respectively. 30,579 of her 30,945 Arizona votes are from those two counties. Some sources don't count these votes for Jenness.
- ^ "1984 Sonia Johnson". Pressreader.com. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ Sieczkowski, Cavan. "Roseanne Barr Places 6th in Presidential Election", Huffington Post, 2012-11-07. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
- ^ Schulman, Bruce J. (3 June 2008). Student's Guide to Elections. ISBN 9781452267401. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ Littleton, Darryl J.; Littleton, Tuezdae (September 2012). Comediennes: Laugh Be a Lady. ISBN 9781480329744. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ "Democratic Convention 2008". Thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ "Democratic Convention 2016". Thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ a b c d "Democratic Convention - Nationwide Popular Vote". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Glasrud, Bruce A.; Wintz, Cary D. (4 December 2009). African Americans and the Presidency: The Road to the White House. ISBN 9781135194345. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ Shirley Chisholm won the New Jersey primary in 1972 which was a non-delegate-awarding, presidential preference ballot that the major candidates were not listed in and that the only other candidate who was listed had already withdrawn. At the Democratic convention she won a plurality of delegates from Mississippi and Louisiana, neither of which held primaries. See Presidential Elections 1789–2008 (5th ed.). Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2005. pp. 366–369 (primaries), 652–653 (convention).
- ^ Newton-Small, Jay (5 January 2016). Broad Influence: How Women Are Changing the Way Washington Works. ISBN 9781618933232. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ a b 2004 Presidential Democratic Primary Election Results
- ^ Jone Johnson Lewis, "Women Who Ran for President"
- ^ a b "Republican Convention 2016". Thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ a b c d e f Texas Vote in Presidential Elections, Primaries: 1848–2012
- ^ a b New Hampshire Almanac< - First-in-the-Nation Fringe Candidates. NH.gov. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
- ^ a b c d e 1996 Presidential primary election results
- ^ "US President - D Primaries Race - Mar 07, 1972". Our Campaigns. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ a b MARK BENNETT: The Indiana Primary carries an interesting background into this » Mark Bennett Opinion » News From Terre Haute, Indiana. Tribstar.com. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
- ^
- Shields, Brian (14 January 2020). "Results – 2020 Libertarian Presidential Preference Primary". Libertarian Party of New Hampshire. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- Howe, Joseph (8 February 2020). "Libertarian Party Of Iowa Presidential Caucus Winner And Results". Libertarian Party of Iowa. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- "We had ranked choice voting for our caucus, but a lot of people are interested in our first choice vote totals. This is how it broke down statewide". Libertarian Party of Minnesota. Facebook. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- "Summary of Statement of Vote" (PDF). Presidential Primary Election - Statement of Vote, March 3, 2020. California Secretary of State. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- "2020 President Libertarian Primary". Massachusetts Election Statistics. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- "PRESIDENTIAL PREFERENCE - LIB (VOTE FOR 1)". OFFICIAL LOCAL ELECTION RESULTS - STATEWIDE. North Carolina State Board of Elections. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- . Vote Free Ohio. Libertarian Party of Ohio. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- "For President of the United States - Libertarian". Unofficial Primary Results - May 12, 2020. Nebraska Secretary of State. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- "OFFICIAL RESULTS Primary Election - June 2, 2020". New Mexico - Election Night Results. New Mexico Secretary of State. 19 June 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
- ^ Victoria Woodhull's votes don't appear to have been counted. See, e.g. Victoria Woodhull, the Spirit to Run the White House for more information.
- ^ a b Belva Ann Lockwood's 1884 running mate's name is variously given as Marietta Stow, Marietta L. B. Stow, Marietta Lizzie Bell Stow, Marietta Snow, Marietta Snowman, and Harriet Stow.
- ^ Steven Seidman, "First Women to Run for U.S. President", Ithaca College Blog, April 16, 2009.
- ^ Lockwood first ran with Love, but when he dropped out of the race, she ended up choosing Wells as the final candidate.
- ^ Belva Ann Lockwood won an unspecified number of votes in 1888 that was fewer than her 1884 total of 4,149. See Frances A. Cook, Belva Ann Lockwood: For Peace, Justice, and President.
- ^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1952, p. 583.
- ^ Naomi Cohen appeared on the ballot in Ohio in place of Deirdre Griswold's running mate Gavrielle Holmes
- ^ "Sonia Johnson and Richard Walton, Petitioners, v. Federal Communications Commission...". Justia.
- ^ Gavrielle Holmes was an alternate candidate for Larry Holmes.
- ^ a b Milton Vera was an alternate candidate for Gloria La Riva in some states, including Iowa and Ohio.
- ^ The vote total is for the Gavrielle Holmes ticket only.
- ^ Robert Moses was on the ballot in some states.
- ^ "2016 Elections: Growing support for socialism, people prepare to fight Trump". Gloria La Riva for President 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
- ^ Chris Powell (August 3, 2016). "Who is on the presidential ballot where?". Retrieved September 9, 2016.
- ^ Powell, Chris (August 3, 2016). "Who is on the presidential ballot where?". Retrieved September 9, 2016.
- ^ Voskuil, Connor (16 September 2020). "LP Presidential Nominee On The Ballot in All 50 States Plus DC". Libertarian Party. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ^ Winger, Richard (August 2, 2020). "Party for Socialism & Liberation Alters its Vice-Presidential Nominee". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
- ^ Freeman replaced the original vice presidential nominee, Leonard Peltier of Peace and Freedom, who withdrew for health reasons.[56]
- ^ . The Charleston Chronicle. July 9, 2020. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Facts about the States By Joseph Nathan Kane
- ^ a b c d e "Female presidential candidates 1870-1990", Guide To Women Leaders. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
- ^ a b New Hampshire Almanac< - First-in-the-Nation Fringe Candidates. NH.gov. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
- ^ a b New Hampshire Almanac< - First-in-the-Nation Fringe Candidates. NH.gov. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
- ^ 2008 presidential primaries. Tulsa World (2008-01-07). Retrieved 2010-10-26.
- ^ a b c Ballot Access News - April 3, 1996. Ballot-access.org. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
- ^ 2008 Republican Presidential Candidates (P2008) 2008-06-12 at the Wayback Machine. Politics1. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
- ^ . www.ok.gov. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008.
- ^ a b Federal Elections 2000: Presidential Primary Election Results by State. Fec.gov. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
- ^ . www.politics1.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008.
- ^ . www.politics1.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008.
- ^ "White House bid wants serious attention", St. Petersburg Times, March 24, 1999. Accessed July 8, 2008.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-02-01. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
- ^ a b c d e . politics1.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008.
- ^ Nan Garrett for President, 2008 2009-02-02 at the Wayback Machine. Nangarrett.org (2007-02-05). Retrieved 2010-10-26.
- ^ Bradner, Eric (2016-02-10). "Carly Fiorina ends presidential bid". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ Republican Convention
- ^ a b "Democratic Delegate Count". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ^ "Porn star ends 2020 presidential bid after 17 months, endorses 'my love, Bernie'". Fox News. January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
- ^ Elizabeth Warren was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote each from faithless electors in Hawaii and Washington.
- ^ Maria Cantwell was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
- ^ Susan Collins was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
- ^ Carly Fiorina was not a candidate for vice president in the general election in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Texas faithless elector.
- ^ Winona LaDuke was not a candidate for vice president in 2016, but she received one electoral vote from a Washington faithless elector.
- ^ Tonie Nathan and John Hospers received one electoral vote from a Virginia faithless elector.
- ^ "Let's Go Back to a Separate Vice President Vote".
- ^ Austin Bureau (September 10, 1952). "MacArthur, Mrs. Kellems Put on Ballot". Dallas Morning News. p. 14.
- ^ Richardson, Darcy G. (September 3, 2012). "Time Capsule: Promising a 'Hard War but a Happy Peace,' Clare Boothe Luce Declares for Congress". Uncovered Politics.
was nominated for the vice presidency against her wishes on the right-wing Constitution Party ticket headed by an equally reluctant Gen. Douglas MacArthur in 1952.
- ^ The candidates of the Constitution Party varied by state; Harry F. Byrd seems to have been considered the main vice presidential candidate.
- ^ The candidates of the Constitution Party varied by state; the votes included here are ones known to be for the MacArthur-Kellems ticket specifically and not the MacArthur-Byrd ticket. The MacArthur-Kellems ticket's total might have been higher than 943.
- ^ "Final Texas Election Count Shows Ike Won by 138,479". Dallas Morning News. November 13, 1952. p. 2.
This final report includes complete returns from all 254 counties of Texas [...] MacArthur-Kellems....... 765
- ^ Herbert L. Phillips (November 12, 1952). "5,209,692 Vote In November Set California High". Sacramento Bee. p. 1.
Here is the secretary of state's official tabulation of the votes for president: [...] Constitution Party (MacArthur-Kellems writein)—178
- ^ Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd was Cleaver's running mate in some states, and Jerry Rubin had also been nominated. . Archived from the original on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
- ^ Wretha Hanson appeared on a ballot line in Ohio in place of Barry Commoner's official running mate La Donna Harris.
- ^ The vote total is for the Commoner-Hanson ticket in Ohio only."General Election, November 4, 1980" Ohio Secretary of State November 20, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Richard H. Congress or Clifton DeBerry were the Socialist Workers Party's presidential candidate in some states, but Zimmerman was on all three tickets as the vice presidential candidate.
- ^ The vote total is for the Griswold-Cohen ticket in Ohio only."General Election, November 4, 1980" Ohio Secretary of State November 20, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Matilde Zimmerman was an alternate candidate for Andrea Gonzales in some states, including Ohio.
- ^ Edward Bergonzi was an alternate candidate for Helen Halyard in some states, including Ohio.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2006-03-23.
- ^ Three male candidates were alternates for Dattner in three states, including California and Oregon.
- ^ Mamie Moore was an alternate candidate for Dattner in nine states, including Hawaii.
- ^ Burke was an alternate candidate for Dattner in four states, including Alaska.
- ^ Smaby was on the ballot only in Minnesota.
- ^ Smith was on the ballot as a write-in only in California.
- ^ Excludes votes for Nader in Iowa, New York, and Vermont.
- ^ Muriel Tillinghast appeared on a ballot line in New York in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Winona LaDuke.
- ^ Vote total for the Nader-Tillinghast ticket in New York only.
- ^ Anne Goeke appeared on a ballot line in Iowa and Vermont in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Winona LaDuke.
- ^ Vote total for the Nader-Goeke ticket in Iowa and Vermont only.
- ^ Margaret Trowe was an alternate for Arrin Hawkins.
- ^ Karen Sanchirico appeared on a ballot line in Montana in place of Ralph Nader's official running mate Peter Camejo.
- ^ The vote total is for the Nader-Sanchirico ticket in Montana only.
- ^ Andrea Psoras’ “Bio”.
- ^ Rubacky was McEnulty's running mate in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Maine, though the party had no ballot access in any state except Colorado. McEnulty had nine other running mates.. Archived from the original on 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ Vote total is for the Myers-Lusk ticket in Arkansas only.
- ^ Vote total is for the Simmons-Nixon ticket in Florida only.
- ^ "Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention, held at Buffalo, N.Y." 2009-02-01 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
- ^ "Libertarian Party National Convention". C-SPAN. July 2, 2000. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
- ^ Eason, Brian (October 22, 2008). "Libertarian's Congressional bid nothing new for her". Retrieved November 24, 2017.
External links
- Freeman, Jo, The Women Who Ran for President (2007)
- Maurer, Elizabeth. "First but Not the Last: Women who Ran for President". National Women's History Museum. 2016.