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1888 United States presidential election

The 1888 United States presidential election was the 26th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1888. Republican nominee Benjamin Harrison, a former Senator from Indiana, defeated incumbent Democratic President Grover Cleveland of New York. It was the third of five U.S. presidential elections (and second within 12 years) in which the winner did not win the national popular vote, which would not occur again until the 2000 US presidential election.

1888 United States presidential election

← 1884 November 6, 1888 1892 →

401 members of the Electoral College
201 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout80.5%[1] 3.0 pp
 
Nominee Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland
Party Republican Democratic
Home state Indiana New York
Running mate Levi P. Morton Allen G. Thurman
Electoral vote 233 168
States carried 20 18
Popular vote 5,443,892 5,534,488
Percentage 47.8% 48.6%

1888 United States presidential election in California1888 United States presidential election in Oregon1888 United States presidential election in Nevada1888 United States presidential election in Colorado1888 United States presidential election in Nebraska1888 United States presidential election in Kansas1888 United States presidential election in Texas1888 United States presidential election in Minnesota1888 United States presidential election in Iowa1888 United States presidential election in Missouri1888 United States presidential election in Arkansas1888 United States presidential election in Louisiana1888 United States presidential election in Wisconsin1888 United States presidential election in Illinois1888 United States presidential election in Michigan1888 United States presidential election in Indiana1888 United States presidential election in Ohio1888 United States presidential election in Kentucky1888 United States presidential election in Tennessee1888 United States presidential election in Mississippi1888 United States presidential election in Alabama1888 United States presidential election in Georgia1888 United States presidential election in Florida1888 United States presidential election in South Carolina1888 United States presidential election in North Carolina1888 United States presidential election in Virginia1888 United States presidential election in West Virginia1888 United States presidential election in Maryland1888 United States presidential election in Delaware1888 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania1888 United States presidential election in New Jersey1888 United States presidential election in New York1888 United States presidential election in Connecticut1888 United States presidential election in Rhode Island1888 United States presidential election in Maryland1888 United States presidential election in Vermont1888 United States presidential election in New Hampshire1888 United States presidential election in Maine1888 United States presidential election in Massachusetts1888 United States presidential election in Maryland1888 United States presidential election in Delaware1888 United States presidential election in New Jersey1888 United States presidential election in Connecticut1888 United States presidential election in Rhode Island1888 United States presidential election in Massachusetts1888 United States presidential election in Vermont1888 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
Presidential election results map. Red denotes those won by Harrison/Morton, blue denotes states won by Cleveland/Thurman. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.

President before election

Grover Cleveland
Democratic

Elected President

Benjamin Harrison
Republican

Cleveland, the first Democratic president since the American Civil War, was unanimously re-nominated at the 1888 Democratic National Convention. Harrison, the grandson of former President William Henry Harrison, emerged as the Republican nominee on the eighth ballot of the 1888 Republican National Convention. He defeated other prominent party leaders such as Senator John Sherman and former Governor Russell Alger. This is the first election since 1840 that an incumbent president lost re-election.

Tariff policy was the principal issue in the election, as Cleveland had proposed a dramatic reduction in tariffs, arguing that high tariffs were unfair to consumers. Harrison took the side of industrialists and factory workers who wanted to keep tariffs high. Cleveland's opposition to Civil War pensions and inflated currency also made enemies among veterans and farmers. On the other hand, he held a strong hand in the South and border states, and appealed to former Republican Mugwumps.

Cleveland won a plurality of the popular vote, but Harrison won the election with a majority in the Electoral College, marking the only time in which an incumbent president of either party lost a re-election bid despite winning the popular vote as of 2023. Harrison swept almost the entire North and Midwest, including narrowly carrying the swing states of New York and Indiana. This was the first time that Democrats won the popular vote in consecutive elections since 1856.

Nominations

Republican Party nomination

1888 Republican Party ticket
Benjamin Harrison Levi P. Morton
for President for Vice President
 
 
U.S. Senator
from Indiana
(1881–1887)
United States Ambassador to France
(1881–1885)
 
 
Grover Cleveland-Benjamin Harrison presidential (1888) campaign poster about the trade policy of the two candidates. The map supports the work of the Harrison campaign.
 
Man leaning on Harrison and Morton campaign ball.

The Republican candidates were former Senator Benjamin Harrison from Indiana; Senator John Sherman from Ohio; Russell A. Alger, the former governor of Michigan; Walter Q. Gresham from Indiana, the former Secretary of the Treasury; Senator William B. Allison from Iowa; and Chauncey Depew from New York, the president of the New York Central Railroad.

By the time Republicans met in Chicago on June 19–25, 1888, frontrunner James G. Blaine had withdrawn from the race because he believed that only a harmonious convention would produce a Republican candidate strong enough to upset incumbent President Cleveland. Blaine realized that the party was unlikely to choose him without a bitter struggle. After he withdrew, Blaine expressed confidence in both Benjamin Harrison and John Sherman. Harrison was nominated on the eighth ballot.

The Republicans chose Harrison because of his war record, his popularity with veterans, his ability to express the Republican Party's views, and the fact that he lived in the swing state of Indiana. The Republicans hoped to win Indiana's 15 electoral votes, which had gone to Cleveland in the previous presidential election. Levi P. Morton, a former New York City congressman and ambassador, was nominated for vice-president over William Walter Phelps, his nearest rival.

Democratic Party nomination

1888 Democratic Party ticket
Grover Cleveland Allen G. Thurman
for President for Vice President
 
 
22nd
President of the United States
(1885–1889)
U.S. Senator from Ohio
(1869–1881)
Campaign
 

Democratic candidates:

The Democratic National Convention held in St. Louis, Missouri, on June 5–7, 1888, was harmonious. Incumbent President Cleveland was re-nominated unanimously without a formal ballot. This was the first time an incumbent Democratic president had been re-nominated since Martin Van Buren in 1840.

After Cleveland was re-nominated, Democrats had to choose a replacement for Thomas A. Hendricks. Hendricks ran unsuccessfully as the Democratic nominee for vice-president in 1876, but won the office when he ran again with Cleveland in 1884. Hendricks served as vice-president for only eight months before he died in office on November 25, 1885. Former Senator Allen G. Thurman from Ohio was nominated for vice-president over Isaac P. Gray, his nearest rival, and John C. Black, who trailed behind. Gray lost the nomination to Thurman primarily because his enemies brought up his actions while a Republican.[2]

The Democratic platform largely confined itself to a defense of the Cleveland administration, supporting reduction in the tariff and taxes generally as well as statehood for the western territories.

Presidential Ballot
Unanimous
Grover Cleveland 822
Vice Presidential Ballot
1st Acclamation
Allen G. Thurman 684 822
Isaac P. Gray 101
John C. Black 36
Blank 1

Prohibition Party nomination

Nominees

1888 Prohibition Party ticket
Clinton B. Fisk John A. Brooks
for President for Vice President
 
 
Brigadier General
from New Jersey
Pastor
from Missouri
Campaign
 

The 5th Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Tomlinson Hall in Indianapolis, Indiana. There were 1,029 delegates from all but three states.[3]

Clinton B. Fisk was nominated for president unanimously. John A. Brooks was nominated for vice-president.[4]

Union Labor Party nomination

Nominees

1888 Union Labor Party ticket
Alson Streeter Charles E. Cunningham
for President for Vice President
 
 
State Senator
from Illinois
Activist
from Arkansas
Campaign
 

The Union Labor Party National Convention assembled in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Union Labor Party had been formed in 1887 in Cincinnati.

The convention nominated Alson Streeter for president unanimously. He was so widely popular that no ballot was necessary, instead, he was nominated by acclamation.[5] Samuel Evans was nominated for vice president but declined the nomination. Charles E. Cunningham was later selected as the vice-presidential candidate.

The Union Labor Party garnered nearly 150,000 popular votes, but failed to gain widespread national support. The party did, however, win two counties.

United Labor Party nomination

The United Labor Party convention nominated Robert H. Cowdrey for president on the first ballot. W.H.T. Wakefield of Kansas was nominated for vice-president over Victor H. Wilder from New York by a margin of 50–12.[6]

Greenback Party

The Greenback Party was in decline throughout the entire Cleveland administration. In the election of 1884, the party failed to win any House seats outright, although they did win one seat in conjunction with Plains States Democrats (James B. Weaver) and a handful of other seats by endorsing the Democratic nominee. In the election of 1886, only two dozen Greenback candidates ran for the House, apart from another six who ran on fusion tickets. Again, Weaver was the party's only victor. Much of the Greenback news in early 1888 took place in Michigan, where the party remained active.

In early 1888, it was not clear if the Greenback Party would hold another national convention. The fourth Greenback Party National Convention assembled in Cincinnati on May 16, 1888. So few delegates attended that no actions were taken. On August 16, 1888, George O. Jones, chairman of the national committee, called a second session of the national convention.[7] The second session of the national convention met in Cincinnati on September 12, 1888. Only seven delegates attended. Chairman Jones issued an address criticizing the two major parties, and the delegates made no nominations.[8]

With the failure of the convention, the Greenback Party ceased to exist.

American Party nomination

The American Party held its third and last National Convention in Grand Army Hall in Washington, DC. This was an Anti-Masonic party that ran under various party labels in the northern states.

When the convention assembled, there were 126 delegates; among them were 65 from New York and 15 from California. Delegates from the other states bolted the convention when it appeared that New York and California intended to vote together on all matters and control the convention. By the time the presidential balloting began, there were only 64 delegates present.

The convention nominated James L. Curtis from New York for president and James R. Greer from Tennessee for vice-president. Greer declined to run, so Peter D. Wigginton of California was chosen as his replacement.[9]

Presidential Ballot
Candidate 1st
James L. Curtis 45
Abram S. Hewitt 15
James S. Negley 4

Equal Rights Party nomination

The second Equal Rights Party National Convention assembled in Des Moines, Iowa. At the convention, mail-in ballots were counted. The delegates cast 310 of their 350 ballots for the following ticket: Belva A. Lockwood for president and Alfred H. Love for vice-president.[10] Love declined the nomination, and was replaced with Charles S. Welles of NY.[11]

Industrial Reform Party nomination

The Industrial Reform Party National Convention assembled in Grand Army Hall, Washington, DC. There were 49 delegates present. Albert Redstone won the endorsement of some leaders of the disintegrating Greenback Party.[12] He told the Montgomery Advertiser that he hoped to carry several states, including Alabama, New York, North Carolina, Arkansas, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri.[13]

General election campaign

Issues

 
Tariff reform was the main issue of the election.

Cleveland set the main issue of the campaign when he proposed a dramatic reduction in tariffs in his annual message to Congress in December 1887. Cleveland contended that the tariff was unnecessarily high and that unnecessary taxation was unjust taxation. The Republicans responded that the high tariff would protect American industry from foreign competition and guarantee high wages, high profits, and high economic growth.[citation needed]

The argument between protectionists and free traders over the size of the tariff was an old one, stretching back to the Tariff of 1816. In practice, the tariff was practically meaningless on industrial products, since the United States was the low-cost producer in most areas (except woolens), and could not be undersold by the less efficient Europeans. Nevertheless, the tariff issue motivated both sides to a remarkable extent.[citation needed]

Besides the obvious economic dimensions, the tariff argument also possessed an ethnic dimension. At the time, the policy of free trade was most strongly promoted by the British Empire, and so any political candidate who ran on free trade instantly was under threat of being labelled pro-British and antagonistic to the Irish-American voting bloc. Cleveland neatly neutralized this threat by pursuing punitive action against Canada (which, although autonomous, was still part of the British Empire) in a fishing rights dispute.[citation needed]

Harrison was well-funded by party activists and mounted an energetic campaign by the standards of the day, giving many speeches from his front porch in Indianapolis that were covered by the newspapers. Cleveland adhered to the tradition of presidential candidates not campaigning, and forbade his cabinet from campaigning as well, leaving his 75-year-old vice-presidential candidate Thurman as the spearhead of his campaign.[citation needed]

Blocks of Five

William Wade Dudley (1842–1909), an Indianapolis lawyer, was a tireless campaigner and prosecutor of Democratic election frauds. In 1888, Benjamin Harrison made Dudley Treasurer of the Republican National Committee. The campaign was the most intense in decades, with Indiana dead even. Although the National Committee had no business meddling in state politics, Dudley wrote a circular letter to Indiana's county chairmen, telling them to "divide the floaters into Blocks of Five, and put a trusted man with the necessary funds in charge of these five, and make them responsible that none get away and that all vote our ticket." Dudley promised adequate funding. His pre-emptive strike backfired when Democrats obtained the letter and distributed hundreds of thousands of copies nationwide in the last days of the campaign. Given Dudley's unsavory reputation, few people believed his denials. A few thousand "floaters" did exist in Indiana—men who would sell their vote for $2. They always divided 50-50 (or perhaps, $5,000-$5,000) and had no visible impact on the vote. The attack on "blocks of five" with the suggestion that pious General Harrison was trying to buy the election did enliven the Democratic campaign, and it stimulated the nationwide movement to replace ballots printed and distributed by the parties with secret ballots.[14][15]

Murchison letter

A California Republican named George Osgoodby wrote a letter to Sir Lionel Sackville-West, the British ambassador to the United States, under the assumed name of "Charles F. Murchison," describing himself as a former Englishman who was now a California citizen and asked how he should vote in the upcoming presidential election. Sir Lionel wrote back and in the "Murchison letter" indiscreetly suggested that Cleveland was probably the best man from the British point of view.[16]

The Republicans published this letter just two weeks before the election, where it had an effect on Irish-American voters exactly comparable to the "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" blunder of the previous election: Cleveland lost New York and Indiana (and as a result, the presidency). Sackville-West was removed as British ambassador.[17]

Election results

 
Results by county indicating the percentage lead of each candidate in each county. Shades of blue are for Cleveland (Democratic), shades of red are for Harrison (Republican), and shades of green are for Streeter (Union Labor).

The election focused on the swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Harrison's home state of Indiana.[18] Harrison and Cleveland split these four states, with Harrison winning by means of notoriously fraudulent balloting in New York and Indiana.[19][20] The Republicans won in twenty-six of the forty-four largest cities outside of the Southern United States.[21]

Had Cleveland won his home state, he would have won the electoral vote by an electoral count of 204-197 (201 electoral votes were needed for victory in 1888). Instead, Cleveland became the third of only five candidates to obtain a plurality or majority of the popular vote but lose their respective presidential elections (Andrew Jackson in 1824, Samuel J. Tilden in 1876, Al Gore in 2000, and Hillary Clinton in 2016).

Cleveland bested Harrison in the popular vote by slightly more than ninety thousand votes (0.8%), though that margin was only made possible by massive disenfranchisement and voter suppression of hundreds of thousands of Republican blacks in the South. Harrison won the Electoral College by a 233-168 margin, largely by virtue of his 1.09% win in Cleveland's home state of New York.

Four states returned results where the winner won by less than 1 percent of the popular vote. Cleveland earned 24 of his electoral votes from states he won by less than one percent: Connecticut, Virginia, and West Virginia. Harrison earned fifteen of his electoral votes from a state he won by less than 1 percent: Indiana. Harrison won New York (36 electoral votes) by a margin of 1.09%. Despite the narrow margins in several states, only two states switched sides in comparison to Cleveland's first presidential election (New York and Indiana).

Of the 2,450 counties/independent cities making returns, Cleveland led in 1,290 (52.65%) while Harrison led in 1,157 (47.22%). Two counties (0.08%) recorded a Streeter plurality while one county (0.04%) in California split evenly between Cleveland and Harrison.

Upon leaving the White House at the end of her husband's first term, First Lady Frances Cleveland is reported to have told the White House staff to take care of the building since the Clevelands would be returning in four years. She proved correct, becoming the only First Lady to preside at two nonconsecutive administrations.

This was the last election in which the Republicans won Colorado and Nevada until 1904. It was also the last election until 1968 when bellwether Coös County, New Hampshire, did not support the winning candidate.[22] This was the first time in American history that a party was voted out after a single four-year term; this would occur again in 1892, but not for Democrats until 1980.

 

Electoral results
Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral
vote
Running mate
Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote
Benjamin Harrison Republican Indiana 5,443,892 47.80% 233 Levi Parsons Morton New York 233
Stephen Grover Cleveland (Incumbent) Democratic New York 5,534,488 48.63% 168 Allen Granberry Thurman Ohio 168
Clinton Bowen Fisk Prohibition New Jersey 249,819 2.20% 0 John Anderson Brooks Missouri 0
Alson Jenness Streeter Union Labor Illinois 146,602 1.31% 0 Charles E. Cunningham Arkansas 0
Other 8,519 0.07% Other
Total 11,383,320 100% 401 401
Needed to win 201 201

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1888 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005. Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Popular vote
Cleveland
48.63%
Harrison
47.80%
Fisk
2.20%
Streeter
1.31%
Others
0.21%
Electoral vote
Harrison
58.10%
Cleveland
41.90%

Geography of results

 

Cartographic gallery

Results by state

Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.[23]

States/districts won by Cleveland/Thurman
States/districts won by Harrison/Morton
Grover Cleveland
Democratic
Benjamin Harrison
Republican
Clinton Fisk
Prohibition
Alson Streeter
Union Labor
Margin State Total
State electoral
votes
# % electoral
votes
# % electoral
votes
# % electoral
votes
# % electoral
votes
# % #
Alabama 10 117,314 67.00 10 57,177 32.66 - 594 0.34 - - - - -60,137 -34.35 175,085 AL
Arkansas 7 86,062 54.80 7 59,752 38.04 - 614 0.39 - 10,630 6.77 - -26,310 -16.75 157,058 AR
California 8 117,729 46.84 - 124,816 49.66 8 5,761 2.29 - - - - 7,087 2.82 251,339 CA
Colorado 3 37,549 40.84 - 50,772 55.22 3 2,182 2.37 - 1,266 1.38 - 13,223 14.38 91,946 CO
Connecticut 6 74,920 48.66 6 74,584 48.44 - 4,234 2.75 - 240 0.16 - -336 -0.22 153,978 CT
Delaware 3 16,414 55.15 3 12,950 43.51 - 399 1.34 - - - - -3,464 -11.64 29,764 DE
Florida 4 39,557 59.48 4 26,529 39.89 - 414 0.62 - - - - -13,028 -19.59 66,500 FL
Georgia 12 100,493 70.31 12 40,499 28.33 - 1,808 1.26 - 136 0.10 - -59,994 -41.97 142,936 GA
Illinois 22 348,351 46.58 - 370,475 49.54 22 21,703 2.90 - 7,134 0.95 - 22,124 2.96 747,813 IL
Indiana 15 261,013 48.61 - 263,361 49.05 15 9,881 1.84 - 2,694 0.50 - 2,348 0.44 536,949 IN
Iowa 13 179,877 44.51 - 211,603 52.36 13 3,550 0.88 - 9,105 2.25 - 31,726 7.85 404,135 IA
Kansas 9 102,745 31.03 - 182,904 55.23 9 6,779 2.05 - 37,788 11.41 - 80,159 24.21 331,149 KS
Kentucky 13 183,830 53.30 13 155,138 44.98 - 5,223 1.51 - 677 0.20 - -28,692 -8.32 344,868 KY
Louisiana 8 85,032 73.37 8 30,660 26.46 - 160 0.14 - 39 0.03 - -54,372 -46.92 115,891 LA
Maine 6 50,472 39.35 - 73,730 57.49 6 2,691 2.10 - 1,344 1.05 - 23,258 18.13 128,253 ME
Maryland 8 106,188 50.34 8 99,986 47.40 - 4,767 2.26 - - - - -6,202 -2.94 210,941 MD
Massachusetts 14 151,590 44.04 - 183,892 53.42 14 8,701 2.53 - - - - 32,302 9.38 344,243 MA
Michigan 13 213,469 44.91 - 236,387 49.73 13 20,945 4.41 - 4,555 0.96 - 22,918 4.82 475,356 MI
Minnesota 7 104,385 39.65 - 142,492 54.12 7 15,311 5.82 - 1,097 0.42 - 38,107 14.47 263,285 MN
Mississippi 9 85,451 73.80 9 30,095 25.99 - 240 0.21 - - - - -55,356 -47.81 115,786 MS
Missouri 16 261,943 50.24 16 236,252 45.31 - 4,539 0.87 - 18,626 3.57 - -25,691 -4.93 521,360 MO
Nebraska 5 80,552 39.75 - 108,425 53.51 5 9,429 4.65 - 4,226 2.09 - 27,873 13.76 202,632 NE
Nevada 3 5,149 41.94 - 7,088 57.73 3 41 0.33 - - - - 1,939 15.79 12,278 NV
New Hampshire 4 43,456 47.84 - 45,728 50.34 4 1,593 1.75 - - - - 2,272 2.50 90,835 NH
New Jersey 9 151,508 49.87 9 144,360 47.52 - 7,933 2.61 - - - - -7,148 -2.35 303,801 NJ
New York 36 635,965 48.19 - 650,338 49.28 36 30,231 2.29 - 627 0.05 - 14,373 1.09 1,319,748 NY
North Carolina 11 147,902 51.79 11 134,784 47.20 - 2,840 0.99 - - - - -13,118 -4.59 285,563 NC
Ohio 23 396,455 47.18 - 416,054 49.51 23 24,356 2.90 - 3,496 0.42 - 19,599 2.33 840,361 OH
Oregon 3 26,522 42.88 - 33,291 53.82 3 1,677 2.71 - - - - 6,769 10.94 61,853 OR
Pennsylvania 30 446,633 44.77 - 526,091 52.74 30 20,947 2.10 - 3,873 0.39 - 79,458 7.97 997,568 PA
Rhode Island 4 17,530 42.99 - 21,969 53.88 4 1,251 3.07 - 18 0.04 - 4,439 10.89 40,775 RI
South Carolina 9 65,824 82.28 9 13,736 17.17 - - - - - - - -52,088 -65.11 79,997 SC
Tennessee 12 158,699 52.26 12 138,978 45.76 - 5,969 1.97 - 48 0.02 - -19,721 -6.49 303,694 TN
Texas 13 234,883 65.70 13 88,422 24.73 - 4,749 1.33 - 29,459 8.24 - -146,461 -40.97 357,513 TX
Vermont 4 16,788 25.65 - 45,192 69.05 4 1,460 2.23 - 1,977 3.02 - 28,404 43.40 65,452 VT
Virginia 12 152,004 49.99 12 150,399 49.46 - 1,684 0.55 - - - - -1,605 -0.53 304,087 VA
West Virginia 6 78,677 49.35 6 78,171 49.03 - 1,084 0.68 - 1,508 0.95 - -506 -0.32 159,440 WV
Wisconsin 11 155,232 43.77 - 176,553 49.79 11 14,277 4.03 - 8,552 2.41 - 21,321 6.01 354,614 WI
TOTALS: 401 5,538,163 48.63 168 5,443,633 47.80 233 250,017 2.20 - 149,115 1.31 - -94,530 -0.83 11,388,846 US

Close states

Margin of victory less than 1% (39 electoral votes):

  1. Connecticut, 0.22% (336 votes)
  2. West Virginia, 0.32% (506 votes)
  3. Indiana, 0.44% (2,348 votes)
  4. Virginia, 0.53% (1,605 votes)

Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (150 electoral votes):

  1. New York, 1.09% (14,373 votes) (tipping point state)
  2. Ohio, 2.33% (19,599 votes)
  3. New Jersey, 2.35% (7,148 votes)
  4. New Hampshire, 2.50% (2,272 votes)
  5. California, 2.82% (7,087 votes)
  6. Maryland, 2.94% (6,202 votes)
  7. Illinois, 2.96% (22,124 votes)
  8. North Carolina, 4.59% (13,118 votes)
  9. Michigan, 4.82% (22,918 votes)
  10. Missouri, 4.93% (25,691 votes)

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (93 electoral votes):

  1. Wisconsin, 6.01% (21,321 votes)
  2. Tennessee, 6.49% (19,721 votes)
  3. Iowa, 7.85% (31,726 votes)
  4. Pennsylvania, 7.97% (79,458 votes)
  5. Kentucky, 8.32% (28,692 votes)
  6. Massachusetts, 9.38% (32,302 votes)

In popular culture

 
Business advertising card with an election theme

In 1968 the Michael P. Antoine Company produced the Walt Disney Company musical film The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band which centers around the election of 1888 and the annexing and subdividing of the Dakota Territory into states (which was a major issue of the election).

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
  2. ^ Jacob Piatt Dunn, George William Harrison Kemper, Indiana and Indianans (p. 724).
  3. ^ Case, George (1889). "The Prohibition Party: Its Origin, Purpose and Growth". Magazine of Western History. V.9 1888/1889. 9: 707 – via Hathi Trust.
  4. ^ Haynes, Stan M. (November 24, 2015). President-Making in the Gilded Age: The Nominating Conventions of 1876-1900. McFarland. p. 157. ISBN 9781476663128.
  5. ^ Newcombe, Alfred W. (March 1946). "Alson J. Streeter: An Agrarian Liberal". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 39 (1): 71. JSTOR 40188188 – via JSTOR.
  6. ^ "Setting Up a Candidate". The Topeka State Journal. May 17, 1888. p. 1. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  7. ^ "The Greenback Party: Mr. George O. Jones Calls a National Convention For Sept. 12". New York Times. August 17, 1888. p. 8. ProQuest 94613866. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  8. ^ "Seven Greenbackers Proclaim". New York Times. September 13, 1888. p. 4. ProQuest 94585439. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  9. ^ "Who is James L. Curtis?". New York Times. August 16, 1888. p. 1. ProQuest 94623328. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  10. ^ "Bound to Have Belva". Sioux City Journal. May 16, 1888. p. 1. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  11. ^ Plumbe, Geo. E., ed. (1890). The Daily News Almanac and Political Register (PDF). The Chicago Daily News. pp. 57–8. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  12. ^ "First in the Field". The York Dispatch. February 23, 1888. p. 1. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  13. ^ "Alabama's electoral vote has already been captured". The Montgomery Advertiser. March 4, 1888. p. 4. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  14. ^ Jensen, Winning of the Midwest (1971) ch 1
  15. ^ "The Vote That Failed". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  16. ^ The Murchison Letter, as printed in the New York Herald, October 23, 1888. Reprinted in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Volume 2, transmitted to Congress by the United States Department of State. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1889. Page 1707.
  17. ^ Charles S. Campbell, Jr. "The Dismissal of Lord Sackville." The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 44:4 (March 1958), pp. 635–648.
  18. ^ Socolofsky & Spetter 1987, p. 10.
  19. ^ Calhoun 2008, p. 43.
  20. ^ Socolofsky & Spetter 1987, p. 13.
  21. ^ Murphy, Paul (1974). Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
  22. ^ The Political Graveyard; Coös County Votes for President
  23. ^ "1888 Presidential General Election Data – National". Retrieved May 7, 2013.

References

Secondary sources

  • Baumgarden, James L. (Summer 1984). "The 1888 Presidential Election: How Corrupt?". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 14: 416–27.
  • Bourdon, Jeffrey Normand. "Trains, Canes, and Replica Log Cabins: Benjamin Harrison's 1888 Front-Porch Campaign for the Presidency." Indiana Magazine of History 110.3 (2014): 246–269. online
  • Calhoon, Robert M. (2010). "Gilded Age Statecraft". Reviews in American History. 38 (1): 99–103. doi:10.1353/rah.0.0172. JSTOR 40589751. S2CID 145017507.
  • Calhoun, Charles W. (2008). Minority Victory: Gilded Age Politics and the Front Porch Campaign of 1888. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1596-4.
  • Gaines, Brian J. (March 2001). "Popular Myths about Popular Vote-Electoral College Splits". PS: Political Science and Politics. 34: 70–75. doi:10.1017/s1049096501000105. S2CID 154828041.
  • Jensen, Richard (1971). The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-39825-0. online free
  • Morgan, H. Wayne (1969). From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2136-1.
  • Nevins, Allan. Grover Cleveland: a study in courage (1933), the standard biography
  • Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. A History of the United States since the Civil War. Volume V, 1888–1901 (1937). pp 1–74.
  • Reitano, Joanne R. (1994). The Tariff Question in the Gilded Age: The Great Debate of 1888. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01035-5.
  • Shenkman, Rick (2004). "Who Played the First Dirty Tricks in American Presidential Politics?". History News Network. Retrieved April 4, 2005.
  • Sievers, Harry. Benjamin Harrison: from the Civil War to the White House, 1865–1888 (1959), standard biography
  • Socolofsky, Homer E.; Spetter, Allan B. (1987). The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0320-6.
  • Summers, Mark Wahlgren (2004). Party Games: Getting, Keeping, and Using Power in Gilded Age Politics. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2862-9. excerpt and text search

Primary sources

  • Dawson, George Francis (1888). The Republican Campaign Text-book for 1888. New York: Brentano's. Democratic campaign text Book.
  • The campaign text book of the Democratic party of the United States, for ...1888 (1888) full text online, the compilation of data, texts and political arguments used by stump speakers across the country
  • Cleveland, Grover. Letters and Addresses of Grover Cleveland (1909) online edition
  • Cleveland, Grover. The Letters of Grover Cleveland (1937), edited by Allan Nevins.
  • Harrison, Benjamin. Speeches of Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President of the United States (1890), contains his 1888 campaign speeches full text online
  • Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online
  • Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840–1964 (1965) online 1840–1956

External links

  • Presidential Election of 1888: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
  • 1888 popular vote by counties
  • Election of 1888 in Counting the Votes March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  • The Vote That Failed. Smithsonian Magazine article on Indiana in the 1888 election.

1888, united, states, presidential, election, 26th, quadrennial, presidential, election, held, tuesday, november, 1888, republican, nominee, benjamin, harrison, former, senator, from, indiana, defeated, incumbent, democratic, president, grover, cleveland, york. The 1888 United States presidential election was the 26th quadrennial presidential election held on Tuesday November 6 1888 Republican nominee Benjamin Harrison a former Senator from Indiana defeated incumbent Democratic President Grover Cleveland of New York It was the third of five U S presidential elections and second within 12 years in which the winner did not win the national popular vote which would not occur again until the 2000 US presidential election 1888 United States presidential election 1884 November 6 1888 1892 401 members of the Electoral College201 electoral votes needed to winTurnout80 5 1 3 0 pp Nominee Benjamin Harrison Grover ClevelandParty Republican DemocraticHome state Indiana New YorkRunning mate Levi P Morton Allen G ThurmanElectoral vote 233 168States carried 20 18Popular vote 5 443 892 5 534 488Percentage 47 8 48 6 Presidential election results map Red denotes those won by Harrison Morton blue denotes states won by Cleveland Thurman Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state President before electionGrover ClevelandDemocratic Elected President Benjamin HarrisonRepublicanCleveland the first Democratic president since the American Civil War was unanimously re nominated at the 1888 Democratic National Convention Harrison the grandson of former President William Henry Harrison emerged as the Republican nominee on the eighth ballot of the 1888 Republican National Convention He defeated other prominent party leaders such as Senator John Sherman and former Governor Russell Alger This is the first election since 1840 that an incumbent president lost re election Tariff policy was the principal issue in the election as Cleveland had proposed a dramatic reduction in tariffs arguing that high tariffs were unfair to consumers Harrison took the side of industrialists and factory workers who wanted to keep tariffs high Cleveland s opposition to Civil War pensions and inflated currency also made enemies among veterans and farmers On the other hand he held a strong hand in the South and border states and appealed to former Republican Mugwumps Cleveland won a plurality of the popular vote but Harrison won the election with a majority in the Electoral College marking the only time in which an incumbent president of either party lost a re election bid despite winning the popular vote as of 2023 Harrison swept almost the entire North and Midwest including narrowly carrying the swing states of New York and Indiana This was the first time that Democrats won the popular vote in consecutive elections since 1856 Contents 1 Nominations 1 1 Republican Party nomination 1 2 Democratic Party nomination 1 3 Prohibition Party nomination 1 3 1 Nominees 1 4 Union Labor Party nomination 1 4 1 Nominees 1 5 United Labor Party nomination 1 6 Greenback Party 1 7 American Party nomination 1 8 Equal Rights Party nomination 1 9 Industrial Reform Party nomination 2 General election campaign 2 1 Issues 2 2 Blocks of Five 2 3 Murchison letter 3 Election results 3 1 Geography of results 3 1 1 Cartographic gallery 3 2 Results by state 3 3 Close states 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 7 1 Secondary sources 7 2 Primary sources 8 External linksNominations EditRepublican Party nomination Edit Main article 1888 Republican National Convention 1888 Republican Party ticketBenjamin Harrison Levi P Mortonfor President for Vice President U S Senatorfrom Indiana 1881 1887 United States Ambassador to France 1881 1885 Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison presidential 1888 campaign poster about the trade policy of the two candidates The map supports the work of the Harrison campaign Man leaning on Harrison and Morton campaign ball The Republican candidates were former Senator Benjamin Harrison from Indiana Senator John Sherman from Ohio Russell A Alger the former governor of Michigan Walter Q Gresham from Indiana the former Secretary of the Treasury Senator William B Allison from Iowa and Chauncey Depew from New York the president of the New York Central Railroad By the time Republicans met in Chicago on June 19 25 1888 frontrunner James G Blaine had withdrawn from the race because he believed that only a harmonious convention would produce a Republican candidate strong enough to upset incumbent President Cleveland Blaine realized that the party was unlikely to choose him without a bitter struggle After he withdrew Blaine expressed confidence in both Benjamin Harrison and John Sherman Harrison was nominated on the eighth ballot The Republicans chose Harrison because of his war record his popularity with veterans his ability to express the Republican Party s views and the fact that he lived in the swing state of Indiana The Republicans hoped to win Indiana s 15 electoral votes which had gone to Cleveland in the previous presidential election Levi P Morton a former New York City congressman and ambassador was nominated for vice president over William Walter Phelps his nearest rival Democratic Party nomination Edit Main article 1888 Democratic National Convention 1888 Democratic Party ticketGrover Cleveland Allen G Thurmanfor President for Vice President 22ndPresident of the United States 1885 1889 U S Senator from Ohio 1869 1881 Campaign Democratic candidates President Grover ClevelandThe Democratic National Convention held in St Louis Missouri on June 5 7 1888 was harmonious Incumbent President Cleveland was re nominated unanimously without a formal ballot This was the first time an incumbent Democratic president had been re nominated since Martin Van Buren in 1840 After Cleveland was re nominated Democrats had to choose a replacement for Thomas A Hendricks Hendricks ran unsuccessfully as the Democratic nominee for vice president in 1876 but won the office when he ran again with Cleveland in 1884 Hendricks served as vice president for only eight months before he died in office on November 25 1885 Former Senator Allen G Thurman from Ohio was nominated for vice president over Isaac P Gray his nearest rival and John C Black who trailed behind Gray lost the nomination to Thurman primarily because his enemies brought up his actions while a Republican 2 The Democratic platform largely confined itself to a defense of the Cleveland administration supporting reduction in the tariff and taxes generally as well as statehood for the western territories Presidential BallotUnanimousGrover Cleveland 822Vice Presidential Ballot1st AcclamationAllen G Thurman 684 822Isaac P Gray 101John C Black 36Blank 1Prohibition Party nomination Edit Main article 1888 Prohibition Party National Convention Nominees Edit 1888 Prohibition Party ticketClinton B Fisk John A Brooksfor President for Vice President Brigadier Generalfrom New Jersey Pastorfrom MissouriCampaign The 5th Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Tomlinson Hall in Indianapolis Indiana There were 1 029 delegates from all but three states 3 Clinton B Fisk was nominated for president unanimously John A Brooks was nominated for vice president 4 Union Labor Party nomination Edit Main article 1888 Union Labor Party National Convention Nominees Edit 1888 Union Labor Party ticketAlson Streeter Charles E Cunninghamfor President for Vice President State Senatorfrom Illinois Activistfrom ArkansasCampaign The Union Labor Party National Convention assembled in Cincinnati Ohio The Union Labor Party had been formed in 1887 in Cincinnati The convention nominated Alson Streeter for president unanimously He was so widely popular that no ballot was necessary instead he was nominated by acclamation 5 Samuel Evans was nominated for vice president but declined the nomination Charles E Cunningham was later selected as the vice presidential candidate The Union Labor Party garnered nearly 150 000 popular votes but failed to gain widespread national support The party did however win two counties United Labor Party nomination Edit The United Labor Party convention nominated Robert H Cowdrey for president on the first ballot W H T Wakefield of Kansas was nominated for vice president over Victor H Wilder from New York by a margin of 50 12 6 Greenback Party Edit The Greenback Party was in decline throughout the entire Cleveland administration In the election of 1884 the party failed to win any House seats outright although they did win one seat in conjunction with Plains States Democrats James B Weaver and a handful of other seats by endorsing the Democratic nominee In the election of 1886 only two dozen Greenback candidates ran for the House apart from another six who ran on fusion tickets Again Weaver was the party s only victor Much of the Greenback news in early 1888 took place in Michigan where the party remained active In early 1888 it was not clear if the Greenback Party would hold another national convention The fourth Greenback Party National Convention assembled in Cincinnati on May 16 1888 So few delegates attended that no actions were taken On August 16 1888 George O Jones chairman of the national committee called a second session of the national convention 7 The second session of the national convention met in Cincinnati on September 12 1888 Only seven delegates attended Chairman Jones issued an address criticizing the two major parties and the delegates made no nominations 8 With the failure of the convention the Greenback Party ceased to exist American Party nomination Edit The American Party held its third and last National Convention in Grand Army Hall in Washington DC This was an Anti Masonic party that ran under various party labels in the northern states When the convention assembled there were 126 delegates among them were 65 from New York and 15 from California Delegates from the other states bolted the convention when it appeared that New York and California intended to vote together on all matters and control the convention By the time the presidential balloting began there were only 64 delegates present The convention nominated James L Curtis from New York for president and James R Greer from Tennessee for vice president Greer declined to run so Peter D Wigginton of California was chosen as his replacement 9 Presidential BallotCandidate 1stJames L Curtis 45Abram S Hewitt 15James S Negley 4Equal Rights Party nomination Edit The second Equal Rights Party National Convention assembled in Des Moines Iowa At the convention mail in ballots were counted The delegates cast 310 of their 350 ballots for the following ticket Belva A Lockwood for president and Alfred H Love for vice president 10 Love declined the nomination and was replaced with Charles S Welles of NY 11 Industrial Reform Party nomination Edit The Industrial Reform Party National Convention assembled in Grand Army Hall Washington DC There were 49 delegates present Albert Redstone won the endorsement of some leaders of the disintegrating Greenback Party 12 He told the Montgomery Advertiser that he hoped to carry several states including Alabama New York North Carolina Arkansas Pennsylvania Illinois Iowa and Missouri 13 General election campaign EditMain article Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign Issues Edit Tariff reform was the main issue of the election Cleveland set the main issue of the campaign when he proposed a dramatic reduction in tariffs in his annual message to Congress in December 1887 Cleveland contended that the tariff was unnecessarily high and that unnecessary taxation was unjust taxation The Republicans responded that the high tariff would protect American industry from foreign competition and guarantee high wages high profits and high economic growth citation needed The argument between protectionists and free traders over the size of the tariff was an old one stretching back to the Tariff of 1816 In practice the tariff was practically meaningless on industrial products since the United States was the low cost producer in most areas except woolens and could not be undersold by the less efficient Europeans Nevertheless the tariff issue motivated both sides to a remarkable extent citation needed Besides the obvious economic dimensions the tariff argument also possessed an ethnic dimension At the time the policy of free trade was most strongly promoted by the British Empire and so any political candidate who ran on free trade instantly was under threat of being labelled pro British and antagonistic to the Irish American voting bloc Cleveland neatly neutralized this threat by pursuing punitive action against Canada which although autonomous was still part of the British Empire in a fishing rights dispute citation needed Harrison was well funded by party activists and mounted an energetic campaign by the standards of the day giving many speeches from his front porch in Indianapolis that were covered by the newspapers Cleveland adhered to the tradition of presidential candidates not campaigning and forbade his cabinet from campaigning as well leaving his 75 year old vice presidential candidate Thurman as the spearhead of his campaign citation needed Blocks of Five Edit William Wade Dudley 1842 1909 an Indianapolis lawyer was a tireless campaigner and prosecutor of Democratic election frauds In 1888 Benjamin Harrison made Dudley Treasurer of the Republican National Committee The campaign was the most intense in decades with Indiana dead even Although the National Committee had no business meddling in state politics Dudley wrote a circular letter to Indiana s county chairmen telling them to divide the floaters into Blocks of Five and put a trusted man with the necessary funds in charge of these five and make them responsible that none get away and that all vote our ticket Dudley promised adequate funding His pre emptive strike backfired when Democrats obtained the letter and distributed hundreds of thousands of copies nationwide in the last days of the campaign Given Dudley s unsavory reputation few people believed his denials A few thousand floaters did exist in Indiana men who would sell their vote for 2 They always divided 50 50 or perhaps 5 000 5 000 and had no visible impact on the vote The attack on blocks of five with the suggestion that pious General Harrison was trying to buy the election did enliven the Democratic campaign and it stimulated the nationwide movement to replace ballots printed and distributed by the parties with secret ballots 14 15 Murchison letter Edit A California Republican named George Osgoodby wrote a letter to Sir Lionel Sackville West the British ambassador to the United States under the assumed name of Charles F Murchison describing himself as a former Englishman who was now a California citizen and asked how he should vote in the upcoming presidential election Sir Lionel wrote back and in the Murchison letter indiscreetly suggested that Cleveland was probably the best man from the British point of view 16 The Republicans published this letter just two weeks before the election where it had an effect on Irish American voters exactly comparable to the Rum Romanism and Rebellion blunder of the previous election Cleveland lost New York and Indiana and as a result the presidency Sackville West was removed as British ambassador 17 Election results Edit Results by county indicating the percentage lead of each candidate in each county Shades of blue are for Cleveland Democratic shades of red are for Harrison Republican and shades of green are for Streeter Union Labor The election focused on the swing states of New York New Jersey Connecticut and Harrison s home state of Indiana 18 Harrison and Cleveland split these four states with Harrison winning by means of notoriously fraudulent balloting in New York and Indiana 19 20 The Republicans won in twenty six of the forty four largest cities outside of the Southern United States 21 Had Cleveland won his home state he would have won the electoral vote by an electoral count of 204 197 201 electoral votes were needed for victory in 1888 Instead Cleveland became the third of only five candidates to obtain a plurality or majority of the popular vote but lose their respective presidential elections Andrew Jackson in 1824 Samuel J Tilden in 1876 Al Gore in 2000 and Hillary Clinton in 2016 Cleveland bested Harrison in the popular vote by slightly more than ninety thousand votes 0 8 though that margin was only made possible by massive disenfranchisement and voter suppression of hundreds of thousands of Republican blacks in the South Harrison won the Electoral College by a 233 168 margin largely by virtue of his 1 09 win in Cleveland s home state of New York Four states returned results where the winner won by less than 1 percent of the popular vote Cleveland earned 24 of his electoral votes from states he won by less than one percent Connecticut Virginia and West Virginia Harrison earned fifteen of his electoral votes from a state he won by less than 1 percent Indiana Harrison won New York 36 electoral votes by a margin of 1 09 Despite the narrow margins in several states only two states switched sides in comparison to Cleveland s first presidential election New York and Indiana Of the 2 450 counties independent cities making returns Cleveland led in 1 290 52 65 while Harrison led in 1 157 47 22 Two counties 0 08 recorded a Streeter plurality while one county 0 04 in California split evenly between Cleveland and Harrison Upon leaving the White House at the end of her husband s first term First Lady Frances Cleveland is reported to have told the White House staff to take care of the building since the Clevelands would be returning in four years She proved correct becoming the only First Lady to preside at two nonconsecutive administrations This was the last election in which the Republicans won Colorado and Nevada until 1904 It was also the last election until 1968 when bellwether Coos County New Hampshire did not support the winning candidate 22 This was the first time in American history that a party was voted out after a single four year term this would occur again in 1892 but not for Democrats until 1980 Electoral results Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoralvote Running mateCount Percentage Vice presidential candidate Home state Electoral voteBenjamin Harrison Republican Indiana 5 443 892 47 80 233 Levi Parsons Morton New York 233Stephen Grover Cleveland Incumbent Democratic New York 5 534 488 48 63 168 Allen Granberry Thurman Ohio 168Clinton Bowen Fisk Prohibition New Jersey 249 819 2 20 0 John Anderson Brooks Missouri 0Alson Jenness Streeter Union Labor Illinois 146 602 1 31 0 Charles E Cunningham Arkansas 0Other 8 519 0 07 Other Total 11 383 320 100 401 401Needed to win 201 201Source Popular Vote Leip David 1888 Presidential Election Results Dave Leip s Atlas of U S Presidential Elections Retrieved July 27 2005 Source Electoral Vote Electoral College Box Scores 1789 1996 National Archives and Records Administration Retrieved July 31 2005 Popular voteCleveland 48 63 Harrison 47 80 Fisk 2 20 Streeter 1 31 Others 0 21 Electoral voteHarrison 58 10 Cleveland 41 90 Geography of results Edit Results by county shaded according to winning candidate s percentage of the voteCartographic gallery Edit Map of presidential election results by county Map of Democratic presidential election results by county Map of Republican presidential election results by county Map of other presidential election results by county Cartogram of presidential election results by county Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county Cartogram of other presidential election results by countyResults by state Edit Source Data from Walter Dean Burnham Presidential ballots 1836 1892 Johns Hopkins University Press 1955 pp 247 57 23 States districts won by Cleveland ThurmanStates districts won by Harrison MortonGrover ClevelandDemocratic Benjamin HarrisonRepublican Clinton FiskProhibition Alson StreeterUnion Labor Margin State TotalState electoralvotes electoralvotes electoralvotes electoralvotes electoralvotes Alabama 10 117 314 67 00 10 57 177 32 66 594 0 34 60 137 34 35 175 085 ALArkansas 7 86 062 54 80 7 59 752 38 04 614 0 39 10 630 6 77 26 310 16 75 157 058 ARCalifornia 8 117 729 46 84 124 816 49 66 8 5 761 2 29 7 087 2 82 251 339 CAColorado 3 37 549 40 84 50 772 55 22 3 2 182 2 37 1 266 1 38 13 223 14 38 91 946 COConnecticut 6 74 920 48 66 6 74 584 48 44 4 234 2 75 240 0 16 336 0 22 153 978 CTDelaware 3 16 414 55 15 3 12 950 43 51 399 1 34 3 464 11 64 29 764 DEFlorida 4 39 557 59 48 4 26 529 39 89 414 0 62 13 028 19 59 66 500 FLGeorgia 12 100 493 70 31 12 40 499 28 33 1 808 1 26 136 0 10 59 994 41 97 142 936 GAIllinois 22 348 351 46 58 370 475 49 54 22 21 703 2 90 7 134 0 95 22 124 2 96 747 813 ILIndiana 15 261 013 48 61 263 361 49 05 15 9 881 1 84 2 694 0 50 2 348 0 44 536 949 INIowa 13 179 877 44 51 211 603 52 36 13 3 550 0 88 9 105 2 25 31 726 7 85 404 135 IAKansas 9 102 745 31 03 182 904 55 23 9 6 779 2 05 37 788 11 41 80 159 24 21 331 149 KSKentucky 13 183 830 53 30 13 155 138 44 98 5 223 1 51 677 0 20 28 692 8 32 344 868 KYLouisiana 8 85 032 73 37 8 30 660 26 46 160 0 14 39 0 03 54 372 46 92 115 891 LAMaine 6 50 472 39 35 73 730 57 49 6 2 691 2 10 1 344 1 05 23 258 18 13 128 253 MEMaryland 8 106 188 50 34 8 99 986 47 40 4 767 2 26 6 202 2 94 210 941 MDMassachusetts 14 151 590 44 04 183 892 53 42 14 8 701 2 53 32 302 9 38 344 243 MAMichigan 13 213 469 44 91 236 387 49 73 13 20 945 4 41 4 555 0 96 22 918 4 82 475 356 MIMinnesota 7 104 385 39 65 142 492 54 12 7 15 311 5 82 1 097 0 42 38 107 14 47 263 285 MNMississippi 9 85 451 73 80 9 30 095 25 99 240 0 21 55 356 47 81 115 786 MSMissouri 16 261 943 50 24 16 236 252 45 31 4 539 0 87 18 626 3 57 25 691 4 93 521 360 MONebraska 5 80 552 39 75 108 425 53 51 5 9 429 4 65 4 226 2 09 27 873 13 76 202 632 NENevada 3 5 149 41 94 7 088 57 73 3 41 0 33 1 939 15 79 12 278 NVNew Hampshire 4 43 456 47 84 45 728 50 34 4 1 593 1 75 2 272 2 50 90 835 NHNew Jersey 9 151 508 49 87 9 144 360 47 52 7 933 2 61 7 148 2 35 303 801 NJNew York 36 635 965 48 19 650 338 49 28 36 30 231 2 29 627 0 05 14 373 1 09 1 319 748 NYNorth Carolina 11 147 902 51 79 11 134 784 47 20 2 840 0 99 13 118 4 59 285 563 NCOhio 23 396 455 47 18 416 054 49 51 23 24 356 2 90 3 496 0 42 19 599 2 33 840 361 OHOregon 3 26 522 42 88 33 291 53 82 3 1 677 2 71 6 769 10 94 61 853 ORPennsylvania 30 446 633 44 77 526 091 52 74 30 20 947 2 10 3 873 0 39 79 458 7 97 997 568 PARhode Island 4 17 530 42 99 21 969 53 88 4 1 251 3 07 18 0 04 4 439 10 89 40 775 RISouth Carolina 9 65 824 82 28 9 13 736 17 17 52 088 65 11 79 997 SCTennessee 12 158 699 52 26 12 138 978 45 76 5 969 1 97 48 0 02 19 721 6 49 303 694 TNTexas 13 234 883 65 70 13 88 422 24 73 4 749 1 33 29 459 8 24 146 461 40 97 357 513 TXVermont 4 16 788 25 65 45 192 69 05 4 1 460 2 23 1 977 3 02 28 404 43 40 65 452 VTVirginia 12 152 004 49 99 12 150 399 49 46 1 684 0 55 1 605 0 53 304 087 VAWest Virginia 6 78 677 49 35 6 78 171 49 03 1 084 0 68 1 508 0 95 506 0 32 159 440 WVWisconsin 11 155 232 43 77 176 553 49 79 11 14 277 4 03 8 552 2 41 21 321 6 01 354 614 WITOTALS 401 5 538 163 48 63 168 5 443 633 47 80 233 250 017 2 20 149 115 1 31 94 530 0 83 11 388 846 USClose states Edit Margin of victory less than 1 39 electoral votes Connecticut 0 22 336 votes West Virginia 0 32 506 votes Indiana 0 44 2 348 votes Virginia 0 53 1 605 votes Margin of victory between 1 and 5 150 electoral votes New York 1 09 14 373 votes tipping point state Ohio 2 33 19 599 votes New Jersey 2 35 7 148 votes New Hampshire 2 50 2 272 votes California 2 82 7 087 votes Maryland 2 94 6 202 votes Illinois 2 96 22 124 votes North Carolina 4 59 13 118 votes Michigan 4 82 22 918 votes Missouri 4 93 25 691 votes Margin of victory between 5 and 10 93 electoral votes Wisconsin 6 01 21 321 votes Tennessee 6 49 19 721 votes Iowa 7 85 31 726 votes Pennsylvania 7 97 79 458 votes Kentucky 8 32 28 692 votes Massachusetts 9 38 32 302 votes In popular culture Edit Business advertising card with an election theme In 1968 the Michael P Antoine Company produced the Walt Disney Company musical film The One and Only Genuine Original Family Band which centers around the election of 1888 and the annexing and subdividing of the Dakota Territory into states which was a major issue of the election See also EditAmerican election campaigns in the 19th century History of the United States 1865 1918 1888 United States House of Representatives elections 1888 89 United States Senate elections History of the United States Democratic Party History of the United States Republican Party Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison Third Party SystemFootnotes Edit National General Election VEP Turnout Rates 1789 Present United States Election Project CQ Press Jacob Piatt Dunn George William Harrison Kemper Indiana and Indianans p 724 Case George 1889 The Prohibition Party Its Origin Purpose and Growth Magazine of Western History V 9 1888 1889 9 707 via Hathi Trust Haynes Stan M November 24 2015 President Making in the Gilded Age The Nominating Conventions of 1876 1900 McFarland p 157 ISBN 9781476663128 Newcombe Alfred W March 1946 Alson J Streeter An Agrarian Liberal Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 39 1 71 JSTOR 40188188 via JSTOR Setting Up a Candidate The Topeka State Journal May 17 1888 p 1 Retrieved May 17 2022 The Greenback Party Mr George O Jones Calls a National Convention For Sept 12 New York Times August 17 1888 p 8 ProQuest 94613866 Retrieved May 17 2022 Seven Greenbackers Proclaim New York Times September 13 1888 p 4 ProQuest 94585439 Retrieved May 17 2022 Who is James L Curtis New York Times August 16 1888 p 1 ProQuest 94623328 Retrieved May 17 2022 Bound to Have Belva Sioux City Journal May 16 1888 p 1 Retrieved May 17 2022 Plumbe Geo E ed 1890 The Daily News Almanac and Political Register PDF The Chicago Daily News pp 57 8 Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 First in the Field The York Dispatch February 23 1888 p 1 Retrieved May 17 2022 Alabama s electoral vote has already been captured The Montgomery Advertiser March 4 1888 p 4 Retrieved May 17 2022 Jensen Winning of the Midwest 1971 ch 1 The Vote That Failed Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved November 9 2020 The Murchison Letter as printed in the New York Herald October 23 1888 Reprinted in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States Volume 2 transmitted to Congress by the United States Department of State Washington Government Printing Office 1889 Page 1707 Charles S Campbell Jr The Dismissal of Lord Sackville The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 44 4 March 1958 pp 635 648 Socolofsky amp Spetter 1987 p 10 Calhoun 2008 p 43 Socolofsky amp Spetter 1987 p 13 Murphy Paul 1974 Political Parties In American History Volume 3 1890 present G P Putnam s Sons The Political Graveyard Coos County Votes for President 1888 Presidential General Election Data National Retrieved May 7 2013 References EditSecondary sources Edit Baumgarden James L Summer 1984 The 1888 Presidential Election How Corrupt Presidential Studies Quarterly 14 416 27 Bourdon Jeffrey Normand Trains Canes and Replica Log Cabins Benjamin Harrison s 1888 Front Porch Campaign for the Presidency Indiana Magazine of History 110 3 2014 246 269 online Calhoon Robert M 2010 Gilded Age Statecraft Reviews in American History 38 1 99 103 doi 10 1353 rah 0 0172 JSTOR 40589751 S2CID 145017507 Calhoun Charles W 2008 Minority Victory Gilded Age Politics and the Front Porch Campaign of 1888 Lawrence University Press of Kansas ISBN 978 0 7006 1596 4 Gaines Brian J March 2001 Popular Myths about Popular Vote Electoral College Splits PS Political Science and Politics 34 70 75 doi 10 1017 s1049096501000105 S2CID 154828041 Jensen Richard 1971 The Winning of the Midwest Social and Political Conflict 1888 1896 Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 39825 0 online free Morgan H Wayne 1969 From Hayes to McKinley National Party Politics 1877 1896 Syracuse Syracuse University Press ISBN 0 8156 2136 1 Nevins Allan Grover Cleveland a study in courage 1933 the standard biography Oberholtzer Ellis Paxson A History of the United States since the Civil War Volume V 1888 1901 1937 pp 1 74 Reitano Joanne R 1994 The Tariff Question in the Gilded Age The Great Debate of 1888 University Park Pennsylvania State University Press ISBN 0 271 01035 5 Shenkman Rick 2004 Who Played the First Dirty Tricks in American Presidential Politics History News Network Retrieved April 4 2005 Sievers Harry Benjamin Harrison from the Civil War to the White House 1865 1888 1959 standard biography Socolofsky Homer E Spetter Allan B 1987 The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison University Press of Kansas ISBN 978 0 7006 0320 6 Summers Mark Wahlgren 2004 Party Games Getting Keeping and Using Power in Gilded Age Politics Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press ISBN 0 8078 2862 9 excerpt and text searchPrimary sources Edit Dawson George Francis 1888 The Republican Campaign Text book for 1888 New York Brentano s Democratic campaign text Book The campaign text book of the Democratic party of the United States for 1888 1888 full text online the compilation of data texts and political arguments used by stump speakers across the country Cleveland Grover Letters and Addresses of Grover Cleveland 1909 online edition Cleveland Grover The Letters of Grover Cleveland 1937 edited by Allan Nevins Harrison Benjamin Speeches of Benjamin Harrison twenty third President of the United States 1890 contains his 1888 campaign speeches full text online Chester Edward W A guide to political platforms 1977 online Porter Kirk H and Donald Bruce Johnson eds National party platforms 1840 1964 1965 online 1840 1956External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election 1888 Presidential Election of 1888 A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress 1888 popular vote by counties Election of 1888 in Counting the Votes Archived March 4 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Vote That Failed Smithsonian Magazine article on Indiana in the 1888 election Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1888 United States presidential election amp oldid 1145746977, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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