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List of Korean inventions and discoveries

March 03, 2023

This is a list of Korean inventions and discoveries; Koreans have made contributions to science and technology from ancient to modern times. In the present, South Korea plays an active role in the ongoing Digital Revolution, with one of the largest electronics industries and most innovative economies in the world.[1][2]

Agriculture

The first unambiguously domesticated, cultigen-sized soybean was discovered in Korea at the Mumun-period Daundong site.[3][4]
The first description of a heated greenhouse is from the Sanga Yorok, a treatise on husbandry compiled by a royal physician of the Joseon dynasty of Korea during the 1450s, in its chapter on cultivating vegetables during winter. The treatise contains detailed instructions on constructing a greenhouse that is capable of cultivating vegetables, forcing flowers, and ripening fruit within an artificially heated environment, by utilizing ondol, the traditional Korean underfloor heating system, to maintain heat and humidity; cob walls to insulate heat; and semi-transparent oiled hanji windows to permit light penetration for plant growth and provide protection from the outside environment. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty confirm that greenhouse-like structures incorporating ondol were constructed to provide heat for mandarin orange trees during the winter of 1438.[5]
The first standardized rain gauge, called the cheugugi, was invented during the reign of Sejong the Great in the Joseon dynasty of Korea.[6][7][8][9][10] The cheugugi was used throughout the country for official purposes. In the 15th century, Korea was the only country to use a quantitative measuring device for the purpose of meteorological observation.[10]
The homi, which dates back to the Bronze Age, is one of the most representative agricultural tools of Korea.[11] Its signature tapered blade was developed during the Later Silla period.[12] In recent times, the homi (known by names such as the "Ho-Mi EZ Digger" and "Korean hand plow")[13][14][15] has gained popularity in the West.[16]

Aquaculture

 
Bangudae petroglyphs
Limestone net sinkers discovered in Korea dating to 27,000 BC are the earliest evidence of fishing by nets and also the oldest fishing implements found to date in the world.[17]
The earliest depictions of whaling have been discovered in Korea at the Neolithic Bangudae site, which may date back to 6000 BC.[18] Bangudae is the earliest evidence for whaling.[19]
The earliest cultivation of gim, an edible seaweed, was started by Kim Yeo-ik (김여익; 金汝瀷) in the middle of the 17th century.[20][21]
  • Pollock farming
In 2016, the National Institute of Fisheries Science of South Korea succeeded in farming Alaska pollock for the first time in the world, allowing the fish to lay eggs a year and 8 months after birth, as opposed to 3 years in the wild.[22][23] Alaska pollock is considered the "national fish" of Korea and is prepared in a number of dishes, including myeongnan-jeot, which was introduced and popularized in Japan as "mentaiko" in the 20th century.[24]

Architecture

Main article: Korean architecture
 
In the ondol system, heat and smoke from the kitchen stove circulates under the building, warming the floors, then exits through the chimneys.
 
Namhan Mountain Fortress
 
Gyeongcheonsa Pagoda
One of the earliest systems of underfloor heating, dating back 2,500 years, was invented and widely used by Koreans. The Korean ondol heating system was thought to be the oldest of its kind until the recent archaeological discovery of a similar heating system in the Alaskan Aleutian Islands. However, the archaeologist who discovered it agrees with Korean researchers that the two systems developed independently, based on the distance of 5,000 kilometers and the absence of ondol in the areas between them.[25][26][27] Some Korean researchers have explained this phenomenon by hypothesizing that a whale-hunting people from the Korean Peninsula migrated by sea to Alaska during prehistoric times.[28][29][30] Inspired by the Korean ondol hydronic radiant floor heating system, the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright developed and introduced the first "radiant heating system" using hot water pipes.[31][32]
The ancient Silla kingdom created an early refrigeration system called seokbinggo, which were subterranean chambers used to store ice and food.[33][34]
Koreans developed a unique and distinct fortress tradition.[35] Korean fortresses were based on a stone culture and built with stones on natural mountainous terrain; therefore, they are conceptually completely different compared to Chinese fortresses, which were based on an earth culture and built with bricks and stamped earth on flat land.[36][37] Korean fortresses were invented by Goguryeo and spread to Baekje and Silla,[38] and then inherited and further developed by Goryeo and then Joseon.[37] Goguryeo fortress ruins have been found in about 170 sites to date, including in China;[39] one of the most notable among them is Ansi Fortress, which successfully defended against Tang Taizong during the Goguryeo–Tang War.[40][41] Korea, beginning with Goguryeo,[39][42][43] has been called "a country of fortresses";[35][37][44][45] almost 2,400 mountain fortress sites have been found in Korea.[35][37] Korean-style fortresses can also be found in Japan, which were constructed and supervised by immigrants of Baekje origin.[37]
Koreans created a unique and distinct pagoda tradition using stone.[46][47][48] Pagodas were created in India using earth, then in China using wood, which spread to the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and then Japan; however, the pagoda tradition of East Asia diverged, with China creating pagodas using bricks, Korea creating pagodas using stone, and Japan continuing to use wood.[49][50][51][52][53] Korean stone pagodas were first created in Baekje during the early 7th century and then inherited by Later Silla; 90% of the pagodas in Later Silla were made of stone.[49] The stone pagoda tradition was propagated by the great abundance of high quality granite in Korea,[54] which also led to other granite creations such as the Seokguram and Cheomseongdae. Goryeo, a devoutly Buddhist state, also inherited the stone pagoda tradition.[55]

Astronomy

The earliest known constellation patterns in Korea can be found on dolmens dating back to 3000 BC.[56] The Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido is a planisphere inscribed on black marble that was completed in 1395 during the reign of King Taejo; according to its inscription, it is based on a star chart from ancient Goguryeo that was lost during wartime. It is known as the world’s second oldest star chart engraved in stone, after the Chinese Suzhou Star Chart of 1247. However, the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido's stellar positions indicate an epoch dating back to the first century AD, thus making it the oldest actual representation of the stars in the world.[57]
The Cheomseongdae is the oldest surviving astronomical observatory in Asia,[58][59][60] and possibly the world.[61][62][63] It was constructed in Seorabeol, the capital of Silla, during the reign of Queen Seondeok in the 7th century. Modeled on Baekje's Jeomseongdae, which now exists only in historical records, the Cheomseongdae influenced the construction of a Japanese observatory in 675, and Duke Zhou's observatory in China in 723.[64]

Mathematics

 
Gusuryak by Choi Seok-jeong, published in 1700
The first literature on the Latin square dates back to the monograph Gusuryak (구수략; 九數略) by the Joseon mathematician Choi Seok-jeong (1646–1715),[65] predating Leonhard Euler by at least 67 years.[66][67]
The hexagonal tortoise problem (지수귀문도; 地數龜文圖) was invented by Choi Seok-jeong during the Joseon period.[68]
The Korean mathematician Rimhak Ree discovered and constructed the Ree group in the mathematical field of group theory.
Chisanbop is an abacus-like calculation system using fingers that was invented in Korea in the 1940s and brought to the West in the 1970s.[69]

Writing

Hangul is the world's first featural writing system, wherein the shapes of the letters are not arbitrary, but encode phonological features of the phonemes they represent.[70] The Korean alphabet is unique among the world's writing systems, in that it combines aspects of featural, phonemic, and syllabic representation.[71] Hangul, originally named Hunminjeongeum, was personally created by Sejong the Great[72][73] to promote literacy among the common people.[74]
Predating the creation of Hangul by hundreds of years, Koreans created various phonetic writing systems that were used in conjunction with Hanja, including idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil.[75][76][77][78] Some of them may have influenced the development of kana in Japan.[77][79][80]

Printing

 
Jikji, the oldest surviving book printed with movable metal type
Movable metal type was invented in Korea in the early thirteenth century,[81][82][83][84][85] predating Gutenberg's invention in Europe by two centuries[86] and advancing the movable type technology developed in the Song dynasty of China. The first book to be printed with movable metal type is the Prescribed Ritual Texts of the Past and Present in 1234 during the Goryeo period.[87] The earliest surviving book to be printed with movable metal type is the Jikji, dated to 1377.[87][88] The first lead type in the world is the Byeongjinja created in 1436.[89] Metal types were called juja (cast characters), and the Joseon government operated the jujaso bureau, a continuation of Goryeo's seojeogwon, to print books and documents to be distributed to the central and local administrations, village schools, scholars, and officials.[90]
The Jobo, which is discussed in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, is possibly the oldest newspaper in the world. Published in 1577, the Jobo was a privately run commercial newspaper, printed daily, that covered a range of topics, including weather, constellations, and current affairs. In 2017, a Korean monk claimed to have discovered an extant copy of the Jobo.[91][92]

Horology

In 1433, the scientist Jang Yeong-sil invented an automatic time-annunciating clepsydra called the Striking Palace Clepsydra under an order from Sejong the Great; the uniqueness of the clock was its capability to announce dual-times automatically with both visual and audible signals.[93] Jang developed a signal conversion technique that made it possible to measure analog time and announce digital time simultaneously as well as to separate the water mechanisms from the ball-operated striking mechanisms.[94] The conversion device was called pangmok, and was placed above the inflow vessel that measured the time, the first device of its kind in the world.[95] Thus, the Striking Palace Clepsydra is the first hydro-mechanically engineered dual-time clock in the history of horology.[96][97]
  • Braille smartwatch
The world's first Braille smartwatch, called the Dot, was developed by a Korean startup company. The Dot features a tactile button display and uses Bluetooth to connect to electronic devices.[98]

Military

Traditional

 
18th century depiction of the geobukseon
Iron plate armor was used by Silla and Gaya beginning in the early 4th century.[99] According to the Gyeongju National Museum, "The armor excavated from historic sites in Gujeongdong is plate armor, consisting of a number of long iron plates vertically linked with one another, a feature that is unique to armor found on the Korean Peninsula."[100]
The "se-chongtong" was a handheld firearm that was developed in 1432 for use against the Jurchens. It measured 13.8cm, weighed 135g, and was held by a handle that worked like pliers that allowed spent barrels to be replaced with loaded ones.[101][102] According to the Silok, it was convenient enough to be fired in succession by horsemen carrying multiple barrels, and during times of emergency, even women and children could use it easily.[103]
The hwacha is a mobile multiple rocket launcher that uses gunpowder to fire up to 200 singijeon rockets at one time. The hwacha was invented in 1409, but saw its greatest use during the Imjin War, most famously in the Battle of Haengju. Hwachas were used against both land and sea targets.[104]
The Koreans were innovators in the development of naval artillery,[105][106] and produced the most advanced naval cannons in East Asia.[107] In 1380, 100 Goryeo ships armed with gunpowder weapons destroyed 500 Wokou ships at the Battle of Jinpo.[108]
The turtle ship, also known as the geobukseon, was the first armored warship in the world.[109][110][111] Turtle ships were built during the Joseon dynasty beginning in the early 15th century up until the 19th century,[109] but are most often associated with Admiral Yi Sun-sin, who used them in battle against the Japanese in the Imjin War (1592–1598).
The myeonje baegab was a soft bulletproof vest invented in 1867 in the Joseon dynasty.[112][113]
The cheonbochong (천보총; 千步銃), or the "thousand paces gun", was a type of jochong matchlock musket invented in Joseon during the reign of King Sukjong (1674–1720). Compared to other jochongs of the time that had a range of 120m, the cheonbochong was recorded to have a range of 1200m.[114]
The pigyok chinchollae (비격진천뢰; 飛擊震天雷), also called the Flying Thunderbolt,[115] was a time bomb with an adjustable fuse mechanism that was invented by Yi Jangson and first used in the Imjin War at the Battle of Gyeongju in 1592. It was projected into enemy camps and formations using the wangu mortar, and also used at sea.[116][117]
Perhaps the earliest predecessor to the modern machine gun are the chongtong (gun barrel) hwachas of the 15th century. The first of these were created in 1409, in which dozens of stacked rows of bronze gun barrels fired iron bolts.[118] The Moonjong hwacha in 1451 carried 50 gun barrels which each fired sequentially 4 bolts each.[119] The "box" of gun barrels was modular and could be installed and removed on the firing carriage. The gun-barrel type (as opposed to the rocket type) of hwacha predates the weapons considered the earliest forms of machine guns outside of Korea, the Chinese 'Po-Tzu Lien-Chu-P'ao' or 'string-of-100-bullets cannon' developed in the first quarter of the 17th century.[120] The later jujachongtong hwacha developed in 1490 fired 15 iron bullets per barrel, and hundreds of the weapons were produced and deployed throughout the nation.[121][122]

Modern

In 2006, Samsung Techwin released the Samsung SGR-A1, a sentry guard robot designed to replace human counterparts at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. It is the first of its kind to have surveillance, tracking, firing, and voice-recognition systems built into a single unit.[123]
In 2010, DoDaam Systems introduced the Super aEgis II, one of a new breed of automated weapon that can identify, track, and destroy a moving target at a distance of 4 km.[124]
Daewoo's K11 is the first gun of its kind to be operational in the field, making the Republic of Korea Army the first in the world to use an airburst assault rifle as standard issue.[125][126]

Traditional medicine

The traditional Korean sauna, called the hanjeungmak, is a domed structure constructed of stone that was first mentioned in the Sejong Sillok of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty in the 15th century.[127][128] Supported by Sejong the Great, the hanjeungmak was touted for its health benefits and used to treat illnesses.[127] In the early 15th century, Buddhist monks maintained hanjeungmak clinics, called hanjeungso, to treat sick poor people; these clinics maintained separate facilities for men and women due to high demand.[129] Korean sauna culture and kiln saunas are still popular today, and Korean saunas are ubiquitous.[130]
Koryo hand acupuncture[131] is a modern system of acupuncture, created by Yu Tae-u in the 1970s,[132] in which the hand represents the entire body and is needled or stimulated during treatment.[133] Hand acupuncture is popular among the general population as a form of self-medication in Korea, and has adherents in Japan and North America;[132] it is also popular among overseas Koreans.[134] Korean hand acupuncture is different from American hand reflexology, another form of alternative medicine.[135]
  • Primo vascular system
The primo vascular system, also known as the Bong-Han system, is a new circulatory system discovered by Kim Bong-Han, a professor at the Pyongyang Medical University, in 1961. It is differentiated from the arteriovenous and lympathic systems by its unique anatomical and immunohistochemical signature. Originally named the "Substance of Kyungrak", Professor Kim proposed that the system represents the meridians and collaterals of acupuncture. The primo vascular system was scientifically confirmed in 2002.[136]

Ceramics

Main article: Korean pottery and porcelain
 
Inlaid celadon, 12th century
 
Buncheong, 15th century
Korean celadon reached its pinnacle with the invention of the sanggam inlay technique in the early 12th century during the Goryeo period.[137][138][139]
Jinsa "underglaze red", a technique using copper oxide pigment to create copper-red designs, was developed in Korea during the 12th century, and later inspired the "underglaze red" ceramics of the Yuan dynasty.[140][141][142][143]
During the Joseon period, Koreans applied the sanggam tradition to create buncheong ceramics.[144][145] In contrast to the refined elegance of Goryeo celadon, buncheong is designed to be natural, unassuming, and practical.[146] However, the buncheong tradition was gradually replaced by Joseon white porcelain, its aristocratic counterpart, and disappeared in Korea by the end of the 16th century.[145] Buncheong became known and prized in Japan as Mishima.[147][148][149]
The Japanese Karatsu style of ceramics originated in Korea.[150][151]

Music

Main article: Music of Korea
See also: Traditional Korean musical instruments
 
Jeongganbo musical notation system
Jeongganbo is a unique traditional musical notation system created during the time of Sejong the Great that was the first East Asian system to represent rhythm, pitch, and time.[152][153]
First depicted in Goguryeo murals,[154] the janggu is the most representative drum in traditional Korean music.[155]
The most representative traditional instrument of Korea,[90] the gayageum was created in Gaya during the 6th century, and based on the Chinese guzheng.[156]
Originating in the 17th century during the Joseon period, pansori, also known as "Korean folk opera", is a traditional genre of narrative song performed by a sorikkun singer and a gosu drummer.[157] Pansori was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2008.[158]
North Korea has developed many modernized instruments based on traditional instruments. The sohaegeum, junghaegeum, daehaegeum, and jeohaegeum are four-stringed fiddles of varying sizes, based on the traditional haegeum. The eoeungeum is a pear-shaped lute with 5 strings that is similar to the hyangbipa. The cheolhyeongeum and ongnyugeum are modernized zithers, and the jangsaenap is a modernized taepyeongso.[159]
K-pop, or South Korean popular music, began in 1992 with the debut of Seo Taiji and Boys, a band that challenged musical and societal norms in South Korea with music influenced by American genres.[160] Today, K-pop leads the Korean Wave with idol groups such as BTS.

Painting

Main article: Korean painting
 
Chaekgeori, 19th century
Chaekgeori (책거리; 冊巨里), translated as "books and things", is a genre of still-life painting from the Joseon period of Korea that features books as the dominant subject.[161] The chaekgeori tradition flourished from the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 20th century and was enjoyed by all members of the population, from the king to the commoners, revealing the infatuation with books and learning in Korean culture.[162]
  • Munjado
Munjado (문자도; 文字圖), also known as "flower writing" (꽃글씨; kkotgeulssi), is a genre of Korean folk art that enjoyed popularity in the 18th and 19th centuries, in which large Chinese characters associated with Confucian philosophy are painted as a representation of their meaning, with depictions of related stories and themes painted into the characters themselves.[163][164]

Science

Social science

 
Jeong Yak-yong, a proponent of Silhak
It is believed that the world's first double-entry bookkeeping system, called the sagae chibubeop, was developed in Goryeo and used by merchants in the capital of Kaesong, a center of trade and industry, at least two centuries earlier than in Italy.[165][166][167][168]
In order to provide equality and fairness in taxation for the common people, Sejong the Great issued a royal decree to administer a nationwide public opinion poll regarding a new tax system called Gongbeop in 1430. Over the course of 5 months, the poll surveyed 172,806 people, of which approximately 57% responded with approval for the proposed reform.[169][170]
  • Society for the disabled
The world's first society for the disabled, called the myeongtongsi (명통시; 明通寺), was created by the Joseon government during the early Joseon period. The government-organized myeongtongsi regularly held events for the blind to participate in rituals and ceremonies and receive treatment for illnesses, donations of food and other items, and training for certain jobs.[171][172]
In 1426, Sejong the Great enacted a law that granted government nobi women 100 days of maternity leave after childbirth, which, in 1430, was lengthened by one month before childbirth. In 1434, Sejong also granted the husbands 30 days of paternity leave.[173]
Silhak, also known as "Practical Learning", is a Korean school of thought developed by the seonbi that is dedicated to an empirical approach to statecraft based on pragmatism, instead of a blind and uncritical adherence to Confucianism.[174] Silhak scholars, such as Jeong Yak-yong, emphasized human equality and advocated economic, educational, and social reform.[175]
Juche, translated as "self-reliance" or "self-determination", is the state ideology of North Korea. Implemented in 1956, Juche follows the four principles of "autonomy in ideology, independence in politics, self-sufficiency in economy, and self-reliance in defense".[176]
The blue ocean strategy was developed by W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne, who argue that companies can succeed not by battling competitors, but rather by creating ″blue oceans″ of uncontested market space.
U-City (ubiquitous city) is defined as a "next generation urban space" that includes an integrated set of ubiquitous services: a convergent form of both physical and online spaces. Songdo in South Korea is the first U-City in the world.[177][178]

Physical science

In 1939, vinylon, the second man-made fiber to be invented, after nylon, was developed by Ichiro Sakurada, Ri Sung-gi, and Hiroshi Kawakami at Kyoto University in Japan. However, the fiber was largely ignored until Ri Sung-gi defected to North Korea in 1950 and led its production. Vinylon is the national fiber of North Korea, and is used for the majority of textiles, outstripping fibers such as cotton or nylon.[179][180]
Zang-Hee Cho and James Roberston were the first to propose a ring system that has become the prototype of the current shape of PET.[181] Zang-Hee Cho also developed the first PET-MRI fusion molecular imaging device for neuro-molecular imaging.[182]
The invisible axion was first originally proposed by the theoretical physicist Kim Jihn Eui.[183]
In 1991, Mannque Rho and Gerald E. Brown introduced Brown-Rho scaling, which predicts how hadronic masses scale in a dense medium.[184]
Researchers at KAIST developed the HT-1, a next-generation holographic microscope for 3D live cell imaging without the need for staining or labeling. The HT-1 is the first system to achieve high-resolution tomographic microscopy with full optical/electronic control, and do so without having a mechanical rotation system.[185][186][187]
In 1965, Moo-Young Han and Yoichiro Nambu first introduced a new hidden symmetry among quarks, which is the origin of what is now called the color SU(3) symmetry.
In 1977, Benjamin W. Lee and Steven Weinberg introduced the Lee-Weinberg bound, about the cosmological lower bound on heavy neutrino masses.
  • Computational materials physics
In 1979, Ihm Jisoon first introduced a new field in condensed matter physics, called computational materials physics.[188][189]
In 2004, Eunseong Kim and Moses H. W. Chan discovered the first evidence of a superfluidlike state in solid helium.
In 2005, Philip Kim and Andre Geim's groups independently demonstrated peculiar and outstanding properties of graphene, leading to an explosion of interest in graphene.[190] In his Nobel lecture in 2010, Andre Geim said, "I owe Philip a great deal for this, and many people heard me saying – before and after the Nobel Prize – that I would be honoured to share it with him."[191] In 2009, Hong Byung-hee pioneered the synthesis of large-scale graphene by chemical vapor deposition, which triggered chemical researches toward the practical applications of graphene.[192][193]
In 1979, Kyongae Chang and Sjur Refsdal pointed out that a single star (a 'microlens') in a lens galaxy can cause flux variations on time scales of a year, leading to the Chang-Refsdal lens.[194][195]
  • Diversity oriented fluorescence library approach
Young-Tae Chang pioneered the diversity oriented fluorescence library approach (DOFLA) using a fluorescent library, allowing clear imaging of pancreatic cells.[196][197]
Seung Kwon Seol's team at the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute used a new 3D printing technique to demonstrate for the first time 3D printed nanostructures composed entirely of graphene.[198]
POSCO and Siemens VAI developed a new iron-making technology called FINEX in which molten iron is produced directly using iron ore fines and non-coking coal rather than traditional blast furnace methods through sintering and reduction with coke.
Researchers at Seoul National University developed a "smart prosthetic skin" that can sense pressure, heat, and moisture.[199][200]
  • Giga steel
Giga steel is a type of steel developed by POSCO that can withstand over 100 kilograms per square millimeter, and is said to be "as light as aluminum but almost three times stronger," according to the company CEO.[201][202]

Life science

In 1935, the Korean-Japanese plant scientist Woo Jang-choon proposed the Triangle of U, named after himself,[203] which describes the evolution and relationships between members of the plant genus Brassica.[204]
Hantaan, the prototype hantavirus, was first isolated by Ho Wang Lee and Karl M. Johnson in 1978,[205] and the first hantavirus vaccine to protect against hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome was developed in Korea in 1990.[206][207]
The world's first cloned dog, Snuppy the Afghan hound, was cloned at Seoul National University and born in 2005. Snuppy was also used in the first successful breeding between cloned canines.
  • Preventive HIV vaccine
Chil-Yong Kang and his team at Western University developed the first genetically modified, whole-killed HIV vaccine to be approved for testing in humans, called the SAV001-H.[208]
Cheon Jinwoo of Yonsei University demonstrated, for the first time, the nanoscale size-dependent MRI contrast effect, opening a new gateway to "nanomedicine", and also introduced the world’s most advanced nano-MRI technology, MEIO (magnetism-engineered iron oxide).[209]
Park Seung-jung pioneered a new method using a stent as an alternative treatment for left main coronary artery stenosis, an abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve in the heart.[210][211]
  • Video-assisted minilaparotomy surgery
Koon Ho Rha and Seung Choul Yang at Yonsei University invented video-assisted minilaparotomy surgery (VAMS), a hybridized form of laparoscopic and open surgeries.[212][213]
  • Percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy
Sang-Ho Lee of Wooridul Spine Hospital pioneered percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy, which is the first laser-assisted endoscopic technique for herniated disc surgery.[214][215]

Technology

Electronics

In 1959, Dawon Kahng and Mohamed Atalla at Bell Labs invented the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), a semiconductor that is the basic element in most of today's electronic equipment.[222][223] It is the basic building block of the Digital Revolution,[224] and the most widely manufactured device in history.[225]
In 1967, Dawon Kahng and Simon Min Sze invented the floating-gate MOSFET, which provides the foundation for many forms of semiconductor memory devices.[223][226]
The first commercial synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) was the Samsung KM48SL2000 memory chip.[227] It was introduced by Samsung Electronics in 1992,[228] and mass-produced in 1993.[227]
First demonstrated by Samsung in 1997.[229] Samsung released the first commercial DDR SDRAM chip in June 1998.[230][231][232]
The world's first commercially available MP3 player, the MPMan, was launched by SaeHan Information Systems in 1997.[233][234]
GDDR was initially known as DDR SGRAM (double data-rate synchronous graphics RAM). It was commercially introduced by Samsung Electronics in 1998.[231]
The first mobile phone to support MP3 playback, the SPH-M2100, was released by Samsung in 1999.[235][236]
The world's first TV phone, the SCH-M220, was developed by Samsung in 1999.[237][238]
The first commercially available tablet computer, the GRiDPad, was manufactured by Samsung in 1989 after it absorbed GRiD Systems Corporation in 1988.[239] The GRiDPad was modified from the Samsung PenMaster, which was never commercially released.[240]
The world's first watch phone, the SPH-WP10, was released by Samsung in 1999.[241][242]
The world's first curved display smartphone, the Samsung Galaxy Round, was released by Samsung on 10 October 2013.[235][243]
  • EyeCan
Samsung developed the first eye tracking mouse that doesn't require users to wear special equipment, called the EyeCan, in 2012.[244][245]
The LG Prada is the world's first completely touchscreen mobile phone,[246][247] and also the first mobile phone with a capacitive touchscreen.[248][249]
Samsung released the world's first 5G smartphone, the Galaxy S10 5G, in 2019.[250]
Samsung released the world's first LTE mobile phone, the SCH-r900, in 2010,[248][251] and the world's first LTE smartphone, the Samsung Galaxy Indulge, in 2011.[252]
Apple's "Retina" display was invented by LG and bought by Apple.[253]
The world's first 360-degree color hologram was developed by the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute in 2015.[254]
The world's first UFS memory cards were developed by Samsung.[255][256]
The world's first solid rollable keyboard was introduced by LG in 2015.[257][258]
In 2012, researchers at KAIST demonstrated the first fully functional all-flexible electronic battery system.[259] In 2013, scientists led by Professor Lee Sang-young of Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology developed the world's first bendable lithium ion batteries.[260]
High Bandwidth Memory is a high-performance RAM interface for 3D-stacked DRAM developed by SK Hynix and AMD to be used in conjunction with high-performance graphics accelerators and network devices.
Researchers led by Byung Jin Cho at KAIST developed a glass fabric-based thermoelectric (TE) generator that is extremely light and flexible and produces electricity from the heat of the human body.[261][262][263]
  • Transparent resistive random access memory
Transparent resistive random access memory (TRRAM) is the world's first transparent computer chip, invented by scientists at KAIST.[264][265]
Researchers at KAIST developed an electric transportation system in which online electric vehicles (OLEV) get power wirelessly through the application of shaped magnetic field in resonance, a new technology introduced by KAIST that enables electric vehicles to transfer electricity wirelessly from the road surface.[266][267] The world's first OLEV buses began operation at the city of Gumi in March 2014.[268]
The first pen that performs 3D printing on the nanoscale was developed by Seongpil Hwang of Korea University in 2014.[269][270]

Appliances

In 2000, LG Electronics introduced the world's first digital refrigerator called the Internet Digital DIOS.[271]
  • Steam closet
In 2011, LG introduced a closet, called the Styler, that steam cleans clothing that's hung inside without the use of water or detergents; it is used in hotels, airports, casinos, and homes in Korea.[272]
In 2012, Dongbu Daewoo Electronics introduced the world’s first wall-mounted drum type washing machine called the "Mini".[273]
In 2015, LG Electronics unveiled the world's first washing machine that allows for two separate loads to be washed simultaneously using the "TWIN Wash System".[274][275]
The kimchi refrigerator is designed to meet the storage requirements of kimchi. The first commercial kimchi refrigerator was created by Winia Mando in 1995.[276]
Invented by Romi Haan in 2001, the steam mop is a type of electric mop that uses hot steam to disinfect floors.[277][278]

Information technology

Beginning in 1995, Seoul was the first city in the world to use contactless smart cards, for electronic ticketing.[279][280]
Developed in 2005 by Samsung Electronics, WiBro, an abbreviation of wireless broadband, is the first commercial mobile WiMax system in the world. In April 2007, KT began full commercial WiBro services in the Seoul metropolitan area and its vicinity for the first time in the world.[281]
The digital multimedia broadcasting technology was developed in South Korea. It is a digital transmission system for sending multimedia to mobile devices.[282][283]
  • Mobile television service
By developing digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB), Korea became the first nation in the world to officially introduce mobile television service in May 2005.[283]
In 2011, Homeplus launched the world's first virtual store at Seolleung Station, enabling consumers to purchase items with their smartphones by scanning QR codes using the Homeplus app, then having the products delivered.[284]
The caller ringback tone (CRBT) service, which allows subscribers to choose a piece of music or an audio clip that callers will hear in place of the standard 'ringing' tone when dialing the subscriber's number, was first offered in South Korea in 2002 by SK Telecom. It was developed in 2001 by the Korean firm Witcom.[285][286]
In 2005, the Korean Ministry of Justice and a consortium of financial institutions announced the service of an electronic promissory note service, after years of development, allowing entities to make promissory notes (notes payable) in business transactions digitally instead of on paper, for the first time in the world.[287][288][289]
In April 2019 Korea released the world's first 5G network, becoming the first country in the world to adopt 5G.[290]

Robotics

 
Albert HUBO
Developed by KAIST and introduced in 2004, HUBO is the world's second walking humanoid robot,[291] and the first to move with a natural gait.[292]
Developed by a team at the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology and introduced in May 2003, EveR-1 is the world's second android.[293]
Introduced in 2005, Albert HUBO is the world’s first walking humanoid robot with an android head. It was a collaboration between Hanson Robotics and KAIST.[294][295]
Developed by a team at Korea Institute of Science and Technology and introduced in March 2005, MAHRU (originally known as NBH-1) is the first network-based humanoid robot in the world.[296][297]
  • Robot prison guard
In 2011, the world's first robot prison guard was introduced. Developed by Lee Baik-chul, a professor at Kyonggi University, the robot prison guard uses 3D cameras to detect abnormal human behavior patterns.[298][299][300]
  • Manned bipedal robot
South Korea's Method-2 is the world's first manned bipedal robot.[301][302]
Hongsoo Choi's research team at the Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology developed the world's first ciliary microrobots, that can move and function like single cells.[303][304][305]
Scientists at the Chonnam National University in South Korea developed the world's first cancer-fighting nanobot, a microscopic robot called a "bacteriobot", that is injected into the bloodstream and seeks out and destroys cancer cells while leaving healthy cells alone.[306][307]
Robot-assisted transaxillary thyroid surgery (RATS), also called robotic thyroidectomy (RT), is a minimally invasive surgical technique developed in Korea that can remove all or part of the thyroid without scarring the neck.[308]

Entertainment technology

Developed by South Korean conglomerate CJ Group in 2009, 4DX is the world's first 4D cinema technology, allowing a motion picture presentation to be augmented with environmental effects.[309][310]
Developed by South Korean conglomerate CJ Group in 2012, ScreenX is the world’s first multi-projection system. It extends the images onto the theater walls to provide a 270-degree viewing environment.[310][311]
The world's first commercial cinema LED screen was developed by Samsung Electronics and installed in the Super S auditorium at the Lotte World Tower in Seoul. The screen is 10.3 meters wide and runs at 4K resolution, with brightness "ten times greater than that offered by standard projector technologies," according to Samsung.[312][313] In 2018, Samsung debuted the world’s first 3D cinema LED screen.[314]

Internet

In 1988, an archaic type of cybercafé called the "Electronic Café" was opened in front of Hongik University in Seoul, South Korea by Ahn Sangsu and Keum Nuri. It had two 16-bit computers connected to an online service provider through a telephone line. The first modern Internet café in Korea was opened in 1994.[315] Korean Internet cafés, called PC bangs, are also LAN gaming centers,[316] and boomed during the late 1990s thanks to the growth of the Internet and gaming cultures.[317]
Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds was released by Nexon on 5 April 1996,[318] making it one of the earliest graphical MMORPGs in the world.[317][319][320]
Naver, the leading search portal in South Korea, pioneered a real-time community-driven question-and-answer platform called Knowledge Search in 2002.[321][322] In 2005, Yahoo! launched Yahoo! Answers, which was modeled, in part, on Naver's Knowledge Search.[323]
The first known instance of a loot box system is believed to be an item called "Gachapon ticket" which was introduced in the Japanese version of MapleStory, a side-scrolling MMORPG, in June 2004. Such tickets were sold at the price of 100 Japanese yen per ticket. Like real-life gachapon machines, players attained randomly chosen game items when they used the ticket on "Gachapon", an in-game booth that was distributed across the game world.[324]
North Korea's Kwangmyong is generally considered the first national intranet, launched in 2000.[citation needed]
The first eSports league in the field of online gaming started in Korea in 1997. In December 1997, PC bang chains opened the first national online gaming league, known as the "Korea Pro Gamers League". The term "eSports" was coined by Park Ji-won of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism in February 2000 when he inaugurated the Korea e-Sports Association.[325] OGN was the first online game specialty channel in the world, and opened the world's first eSports dedicated stadium.[326]
South Korea's Cyworld is the world's first mass social networking service.[327][328] It was also the first in the world to have individual home pages and automated systems for contacting friends and relatives, leading to the creation of other popular sites such as Facebook and Myspace.[329]
The free-to-play business model in online games was created by Nexon in Korea.[330][331] The first game to use it was Nexon's QuizQuiz, released in October 1999, and made by Lee Seungchan, who would go on to create MapleStory.[332]
In 2003, Daum launched the "Webtoon" digital platform, creating a new form of manhwa (comics) that utilizes major characteristics of digital technologies.[333][334] According to the Korea Creative Content Agency, "Webtoons are not simply scanned versions of print comics. It’s a whole new, different genre tailored for the Internet age."[335]
Mukbang, also called "eating broadcast" or "social eating", is a type of online broadcast in which the host eats while interacting with online viewers.[336] The mukbang Internet culture began on AfreecaTV in 2009.[337]
Launched in 2000, OhmyNews is the world's first online newspaper to publish reports by readers, or "citizen journalists", allowing civil participation in opposition of the conservative press. OhmyNews influenced the outcome of the 2002 South Korean presidential election, and is considered one of the country's most influential media outlets.[338][339][340]
Developed by Naver for its LINE instant messaging app in Japan, stickers are large detailed emoticons featuring popular characters and themes.[341] The original default characters and stickers, known as the LINE Friends, were created by Kang Byeongmok, also known as "Mogi", in 2011.[342][343]
Coinone, a Korean digital currency exchange company, opened a brick-and-mortar branch called Coinone Blocks that it claims is the world's first brick-and-mortar cryptocurrency trading floor.[344]
Founded in October 2004, Pandora TV is the first video sharing website in the world to attach advertisement to user-submitted video clips and to provide unlimited storage space for users to upload.[345][346]
The earliest live streaming platform known outside of Korea was Livestream, launched in 2007.[347] However, AfreecaTV was launched in 2005 making it the first live streaming platform in the world.[348][circular reference]

Traditional games

 
Koreans playing a traditional board game, 18th century
Yut is an ancient Korean board game that is still played to this day, especially on Seollal.[349]
Juryeonggu is a 14-sided die invented in the Later Silla period that was used in drinking games.[350]
Tujeon is a traditional card game, originally based on Madiao, that is played with long rectangular numbered cards. It gradually became linked to gambling.[351][352]
  • Seunggyeongdo
Seunggyeongdo is a traditional board game attributed to Ha Ryun that simulates climbing the Joseon government career ladder and reaching the top by the end.[353][354]
  • Seongbuldo
Seongbuldo is a traditional board game dating back to the Goryeo period that simulates the path to becoming a Buddha.[355] It is still played by Buddhists in Korea.[356]

Martial arts

Main article: Korean martial arts
It is believed that taekkyeon originated from subak (手搏), based on the encyclopedia Manmulbo published in 1798.[357] Taekkyeon almost disappeared during the 20th century but made a resurgence in modern times, and was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO in 2011.[358][359]
The earliest evidence of ssireum, or "Korean wrestling", dates back to the Goguryeo period. Originally used in military applications, ssireum became a popular pastime of the people, including many Korean kings, during the Goryeo and Joseon periods. In the 20th century, ssireum became a nationally televised sport in South Korea.[360]
Gukgung, also known as gungsul, is traditional Korean archery that makes use of the gakgung, the traditional Korean composite bow made of horn.[361]

Sports

Inspired by the Southeast Asian sport sepak takraw,[362] jokgu is a modern sport invented in 1960 by members of the Republic of Korea Air Force's 11th Fighter Wing that combines aspects of football and volleyball.[363]
  • Jangchigi
Jangchigi, originally called dobogyeokdo, is a traditional hockey-like sport that dates back to the Three Kingdoms period. It is related to masanggyeokgu, a traditional polo-like sport that also dates back to the Three Kingdoms period.[364]
Created in 1955, taekwondo has become the national sport of South Korea and an official Olympic sport since the 2000 Summer Olympics. Taekwondo is based on taekkyeon and Shotokan karate.[365]

Products

The Korean exfoliating mitt[366] is a mass-produced bath product used to scrub and peel the outermost layer of skin; it was invented in Busan by Kim Pil-gon in 1962. Since then, the Italy towel has become a household item in Korean homes and a staple item in Korean saunas. The Korean exfoliating mitt was named the Italy towel because the viscose fabric used to make it was imported from Italy at the time.[367][368]
Gable tops were invented by Dr. Shin Seok-kyun in 1953 allowing for milk cartons to be sealed tight after opening for later use. Dr. Shin Seok-kyun, so-called Edison of Korea, unfortunately he couldn’t file his patent given the turbulent context in the middle of Korean War. Eventually, this gable top carton made its way into the U.S. by U.S. army and was set as the international standard.These days, gable top cartons are used all around the world.[369]
The dol bed, or stone bed, is a manufactured bed that has the same heating effect as ondol and is purported to have health benefits.[370] The dol bed industry is estimated to be worth 100 billion Korean won, comprising 30 to 40 percent of the entire bed industry in South Korea; dol beds are most popular with middle-aged people in their 40s and 50s.[371][372]
Special cosmetic contact lenses popular in Asia that make the eye's iris appear larger in different shades. This product was invented in South Korea.[373][better source needed]
  • Sheet Mask
Sheet masks are face-shaped sheet fabrics soaked in nutrition-packed solution called serum, used as skincare and beauty product originated in Korea.[citation needed]

Miscellaneous

Thundersticks, known as makdae pungseon in Korea, are inflatable plastic promotional noisemakers that are most often used at sporting events, political rallies, and concerts. Makdae pungseon were created by BalloonStix Korea and first used in 1994 at an LG Twins baseball game.[374][375][376]
The jige, also known as the A-frame carrier, is a traditional Korean wooden device for carrying heavy loads, that is adapted to Korea's rough mountainous terrain. The jige was adopted by United Nations troops during the Korean War.[377][378]
  • Knowledge Industrial Center (Apartment-Type Factory)
The apartment-type factory (아파트형 공장) is legally defined as having 3 or more floors and accommodating 6 or more factories in the same building.[379] The apartment-type factory was formed in order to solve industrial structure changes and offshoring of plants due to the rise of land value. The first apartment type-factory, Incheon Juan Apartment type factory were generated in 1989.[380][381] In 2010, the term "apartment-style factory" was changed to "knowledge industrial center"(지식산업센터).[382] Unlike traditional smokestack factories, the semi-industrial district knowledge industrial center makes efficient use of land and blends ICT, knowledge, and manufacturing industries into one building, creating a co-support system for medium sized businesses.[383] Modern knowledge industrial centers have door-to-door interior hallways for vehicles and drive-in systems in multiple floors for truck loading, as well as special attention to quality employee experience through beautification and communal recreation.[384][385] This type of factory has also been spread outside of Korea, such as Vietnam.[386]
The world's first ice-breaking LNG tanker was developed by DSME in 2016, and such ships have been instrumental to transporting natural gas from the arctic regions, where the environment made it very difficult in the past.[387][388][389]
South Korea pioneered the coronavirus drive-through testing system in the city of Goyang in 2020, during the middle of the COVID-19 Pandemic.[390]

See also

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March 03, 2023
list, korean, inventions, discoveries, this, list, korean, inventions, discoveries, koreans, have, made, contributions, science, technology, from, ancient, modern, times, present, south, korea, plays, active, role, ongoing, digital, revolution, with, largest, . This is a list of Korean inventions and discoveries Koreans have made contributions to science and technology from ancient to modern times In the present South Korea plays an active role in the ongoing Digital Revolution with one of the largest electronics industries and most innovative economies in the world 1 2 Contents 1 Agriculture 2 Aquaculture 3 Architecture 4 Astronomy 5 Mathematics 6 Writing 7 Printing 8 Horology 9 Military 9 1 Traditional 9 2 Modern 10 Traditional medicine 11 Ceramics 12 Music 13 Painting 14 Science 14 1 Social science 14 2 Physical science 14 3 Life science 15 Technology 15 1 Electronics 15 2 Appliances 15 3 Information technology 15 4 Robotics 15 5 Entertainment technology 15 6 Internet 16 Traditional games 17 Martial arts 18 Sports 19 Products 20 Miscellaneous 21 See also 22 References 23 External linksAgriculture EditSoybean cultivationThe first unambiguously domesticated cultigen sized soybean was discovered in Korea at the Mumun period Daundong site 3 4 Heated greenhouseThe first description of a heated greenhouse is from the Sanga Yorok a treatise on husbandry compiled by a royal physician of the Joseon dynasty of Korea during the 1450s in its chapter on cultivating vegetables during winter The treatise contains detailed instructions on constructing a greenhouse that is capable of cultivating vegetables forcing flowers and ripening fruit within an artificially heated environment by utilizing ondol the traditional Korean underfloor heating system to maintain heat and humidity cob walls to insulate heat and semi transparent oiled hanji windows to permit light penetration for plant growth and provide protection from the outside environment The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty confirm that greenhouse like structures incorporating ondol were constructed to provide heat for mandarin orange trees during the winter of 1438 5 Rain gaugeThe first standardized rain gauge called the cheugugi was invented during the reign of Sejong the Great in the Joseon dynasty of Korea 6 7 8 9 10 The cheugugi was used throughout the country for official purposes In the 15th century Korea was the only country to use a quantitative measuring device for the purpose of meteorological observation 10 Korean hand plowThe homi which dates back to the Bronze Age is one of the most representative agricultural tools of Korea 11 Its signature tapered blade was developed during the Later Silla period 12 In recent times the homi known by names such as the Ho Mi EZ Digger and Korean hand plow 13 14 15 has gained popularity in the West 16 Aquaculture Edit Bangudae petroglyphs Fishing netLimestone net sinkers discovered in Korea dating to 27 000 BC are the earliest evidence of fishing by nets and also the oldest fishing implements found to date in the world 17 WhalingThe earliest depictions of whaling have been discovered in Korea at the Neolithic Bangudae site which may date back to 6000 BC 18 Bangudae is the earliest evidence for whaling 19 Seaweed farmingThe earliest cultivation of gim an edible seaweed was started by Kim Yeo ik 김여익 金汝瀷 in the middle of the 17th century 20 21 Pollock farmingIn 2016 the National Institute of Fisheries Science of South Korea succeeded in farming Alaska pollock for the first time in the world allowing the fish to lay eggs a year and 8 months after birth as opposed to 3 years in the wild 22 23 Alaska pollock is considered the national fish of Korea and is prepared in a number of dishes including myeongnan jeot which was introduced and popularized in Japan as mentaiko in the 20th century 24 Architecture EditMain article Korean architecture In the ondol system heat and smoke from the kitchen stove circulates under the building warming the floors then exits through the chimneys Namhan Mountain Fortress Gyeongcheonsa Pagoda Underfloor heatingOne of the earliest systems of underfloor heating dating back 2 500 years was invented and widely used by Koreans The Korean ondol heating system was thought to be the oldest of its kind until the recent archaeological discovery of a similar heating system in the Alaskan Aleutian Islands However the archaeologist who discovered it agrees with Korean researchers that the two systems developed independently based on the distance of 5 000 kilometers and the absence of ondol in the areas between them 25 26 27 Some Korean researchers have explained this phenomenon by hypothesizing that a whale hunting people from the Korean Peninsula migrated by sea to Alaska during prehistoric times 28 29 30 Inspired by the Korean ondol hydronic radiant floor heating system the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright developed and introduced the first radiant heating system using hot water pipes 31 32 RefrigerationThe ancient Silla kingdom created an early refrigeration system called seokbinggo which were subterranean chambers used to store ice and food 33 34 Korean fortressKoreans developed a unique and distinct fortress tradition 35 Korean fortresses were based on a stone culture and built with stones on natural mountainous terrain therefore they are conceptually completely different compared to Chinese fortresses which were based on an earth culture and built with bricks and stamped earth on flat land 36 37 Korean fortresses were invented by Goguryeo and spread to Baekje and Silla 38 and then inherited and further developed by Goryeo and then Joseon 37 Goguryeo fortress ruins have been found in about 170 sites to date including in China 39 one of the most notable among them is Ansi Fortress which successfully defended against Tang Taizong during the Goguryeo Tang War 40 41 Korea beginning with Goguryeo 39 42 43 has been called a country of fortresses 35 37 44 45 almost 2 400 mountain fortress sites have been found in Korea 35 37 Korean style fortresses can also be found in Japan which were constructed and supervised by immigrants of Baekje origin 37 Korean pagodaKoreans created a unique and distinct pagoda tradition using stone 46 47 48 Pagodas were created in India using earth then in China using wood which spread to the Three Kingdoms of Korea and then Japan however the pagoda tradition of East Asia diverged with China creating pagodas using bricks Korea creating pagodas using stone and Japan continuing to use wood 49 50 51 52 53 Korean stone pagodas were first created in Baekje during the early 7th century and then inherited by Later Silla 90 of the pagodas in Later Silla were made of stone 49 The stone pagoda tradition was propagated by the great abundance of high quality granite in Korea 54 which also led to other granite creations such as the Seokguram and Cheomseongdae Goryeo a devoutly Buddhist state also inherited the stone pagoda tradition 55 Astronomy EditStar chartThe earliest known constellation patterns in Korea can be found on dolmens dating back to 3000 BC 56 The Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido is a planisphere inscribed on black marble that was completed in 1395 during the reign of King Taejo according to its inscription it is based on a star chart from ancient Goguryeo that was lost during wartime It is known as the world s second oldest star chart engraved in stone after the Chinese Suzhou Star Chart of 1247 However the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido s stellar positions indicate an epoch dating back to the first century AD thus making it the oldest actual representation of the stars in the world 57 Astronomical observatoryThe Cheomseongdae is the oldest surviving astronomical observatory in Asia 58 59 60 and possibly the world 61 62 63 It was constructed in Seorabeol the capital of Silla during the reign of Queen Seondeok in the 7th century Modeled on Baekje s Jeomseongdae which now exists only in historical records the Cheomseongdae influenced the construction of a Japanese observatory in 675 and Duke Zhou s observatory in China in 723 64 Mathematics Edit Gusuryak by Choi Seok jeong published in 1700 Latin squareThe first literature on the Latin square dates back to the monograph Gusuryak 구수략 九數略 by the Joseon mathematician Choi Seok jeong 1646 1715 65 predating Leonhard Euler by at least 67 years 66 67 Hexagonal tortoise problemThe hexagonal tortoise problem 지수귀문도 地數龜文圖 was invented by Choi Seok jeong during the Joseon period 68 Ree groupThe Korean mathematician Rimhak Ree discovered and constructed the Ree group in the mathematical field of group theory ChisanbopChisanbop is an abacus like calculation system using fingers that was invented in Korea in the 1940s and brought to the West in the 1970s 69 Writing Edit The Tale of Chunhyang in Hangul Featural writing systemHangul is the world s first featural writing system wherein the shapes of the letters are not arbitrary but encode phonological features of the phonemes they represent 70 The Korean alphabet is unique among the world s writing systems in that it combines aspects of featural phonemic and syllabic representation 71 Hangul originally named Hunminjeongeum was personally created by Sejong the Great 72 73 to promote literacy among the common people 74 Phonemic orthographyPredating the creation of Hangul by hundreds of years Koreans created various phonetic writing systems that were used in conjunction with Hanja including idu hyangchal gugyeol and gakpil 75 76 77 78 Some of them may have influenced the development of kana in Japan 77 79 80 Printing Edit Jikji the oldest surviving book printed with movable metal type Movable typeMovable metal type was invented in Korea in the early thirteenth century 81 82 83 84 85 predating Gutenberg s invention in Europe by two centuries 86 and advancing the movable type technology developed in the Song dynasty of China The first book to be printed with movable metal type is the Prescribed Ritual Texts of the Past and Present in 1234 during the Goryeo period 87 The earliest surviving book to be printed with movable metal type is the Jikji dated to 1377 87 88 The first lead type in the world is the Byeongjinja created in 1436 89 Metal types were called juja cast characters and the Joseon government operated the jujaso bureau a continuation of Goryeo s seojeogwon to print books and documents to be distributed to the central and local administrations village schools scholars and officials 90 NewspaperThe Jobo which is discussed in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty is possibly the oldest newspaper in the world Published in 1577 the Jobo was a privately run commercial newspaper printed daily that covered a range of topics including weather constellations and current affairs In 2017 a Korean monk claimed to have discovered an extant copy of the Jobo 91 92 Horology EditMechanical water clockIn 1433 the scientist Jang Yeong sil invented an automatic time annunciating clepsydra called the Striking Palace Clepsydra under an order from Sejong the Great the uniqueness of the clock was its capability to announce dual times automatically with both visual and audible signals 93 Jang developed a signal conversion technique that made it possible to measure analog time and announce digital time simultaneously as well as to separate the water mechanisms from the ball operated striking mechanisms 94 The conversion device was called pangmok and was placed above the inflow vessel that measured the time the first device of its kind in the world 95 Thus the Striking Palace Clepsydra is the first hydro mechanically engineered dual time clock in the history of horology 96 97 Braille smartwatchThe world s first Braille smartwatch called the Dot was developed by a Korean startup company The Dot features a tactile button display and uses Bluetooth to connect to electronic devices 98 Military EditTraditional Edit 18th century depiction of the geobukseon Iron plate armorIron plate armor was used by Silla and Gaya beginning in the early 4th century 99 According to the Gyeongju National Museum The armor excavated from historic sites in Gujeongdong is plate armor consisting of a number of long iron plates vertically linked with one another a feature that is unique to armor found on the Korean Peninsula 100 PistolThe se chongtong was a handheld firearm that was developed in 1432 for use against the Jurchens It measured 13 8cm weighed 135g and was held by a handle that worked like pliers that allowed spent barrels to be replaced with loaded ones 101 102 According to the Silok it was convenient enough to be fired in succession by horsemen carrying multiple barrels and during times of emergency even women and children could use it easily 103 HwachaThe hwacha is a mobile multiple rocket launcher that uses gunpowder to fire up to 200 singijeon rockets at one time The hwacha was invented in 1409 but saw its greatest use during the Imjin War most famously in the Battle of Haengju Hwachas were used against both land and sea targets 104 Naval artilleryThe Koreans were innovators in the development of naval artillery 105 106 and produced the most advanced naval cannons in East Asia 107 In 1380 100 Goryeo ships armed with gunpowder weapons destroyed 500 Wokou ships at the Battle of Jinpo 108 Armored warshipThe turtle ship also known as the geobukseon was the first armored warship in the world 109 110 111 Turtle ships were built during the Joseon dynasty beginning in the early 15th century up until the 19th century 109 but are most often associated with Admiral Yi Sun sin who used them in battle against the Japanese in the Imjin War 1592 1598 Bulletproof vestThe myeonje baegab was a soft bulletproof vest invented in 1867 in the Joseon dynasty 112 113 Thousand paces gunThe cheonbochong 천보총 千步銃 or the thousand paces gun was a type of jochong matchlock musket invented in Joseon during the reign of King Sukjong 1674 1720 Compared to other jochongs of the time that had a range of 120m the cheonbochong was recorded to have a range of 1200m 114 Time bombThe pigyok chinchollae 비격진천뢰 飛擊震天雷 also called the Flying Thunderbolt 115 was a time bomb with an adjustable fuse mechanism that was invented by Yi Jangson and first used in the Imjin War at the Battle of Gyeongju in 1592 It was projected into enemy camps and formations using the wangu mortar and also used at sea 116 117 Machine gunPerhaps the earliest predecessor to the modern machine gun are the chongtong gun barrel hwachas of the 15th century The first of these were created in 1409 in which dozens of stacked rows of bronze gun barrels fired iron bolts 118 The Moonjong hwacha in 1451 carried 50 gun barrels which each fired sequentially 4 bolts each 119 The box of gun barrels was modular and could be installed and removed on the firing carriage The gun barrel type as opposed to the rocket type of hwacha predates the weapons considered the earliest forms of machine guns outside of Korea the Chinese Po Tzu Lien Chu P ao or string of 100 bullets cannon developed in the first quarter of the 17th century 120 The later jujachongtong hwacha developed in 1490 fired 15 iron bullets per barrel and hundreds of the weapons were produced and deployed throughout the nation 121 122 Modern Edit Sentry guard robotIn 2006 Samsung Techwin released the Samsung SGR A1 a sentry guard robot designed to replace human counterparts at the Korean Demilitarized Zone It is the first of its kind to have surveillance tracking firing and voice recognition systems built into a single unit 123 Super aEgis IIIn 2010 DoDaam Systems introduced the Super aEgis II one of a new breed of automated weapon that can identify track and destroy a moving target at a distance of 4 km 124 Airburst assault rifleDaewoo s K11 is the first gun of its kind to be operational in the field making the Republic of Korea Army the first in the world to use an airburst assault rifle as standard issue 125 126 Traditional medicine EditKiln saunaThe traditional Korean sauna called the hanjeungmak is a domed structure constructed of stone that was first mentioned in the Sejong Sillok of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty in the 15th century 127 128 Supported by Sejong the Great the hanjeungmak was touted for its health benefits and used to treat illnesses 127 In the early 15th century Buddhist monks maintained hanjeungmak clinics called hanjeungso to treat sick poor people these clinics maintained separate facilities for men and women due to high demand 129 Korean sauna culture and kiln saunas are still popular today and Korean saunas are ubiquitous 130 Hand acupunctureKoryo hand acupuncture 131 is a modern system of acupuncture created by Yu Tae u in the 1970s 132 in which the hand represents the entire body and is needled or stimulated during treatment 133 Hand acupuncture is popular among the general population as a form of self medication in Korea and has adherents in Japan and North America 132 it is also popular among overseas Koreans 134 Korean hand acupuncture is different from American hand reflexology another form of alternative medicine 135 Primo vascular systemThe primo vascular system also known as the Bong Han system is a new circulatory system discovered by Kim Bong Han a professor at the Pyongyang Medical University in 1961 It is differentiated from the arteriovenous and lympathic systems by its unique anatomical and immunohistochemical signature Originally named the Substance of Kyungrak Professor Kim proposed that the system represents the meridians and collaterals of acupuncture The primo vascular system was scientifically confirmed in 2002 136 Ceramics EditMain article Korean pottery and porcelain Inlaid celadon 12th century Buncheong 15th century Inlaid celadonKorean celadon reached its pinnacle with the invention of the sanggam inlay technique in the early 12th century during the Goryeo period 137 138 139 Underglaze redJinsa underglaze red a technique using copper oxide pigment to create copper red designs was developed in Korea during the 12th century and later inspired the underglaze red ceramics of the Yuan dynasty 140 141 142 143 BuncheongDuring the Joseon period Koreans applied the sanggam tradition to create buncheong ceramics 144 145 In contrast to the refined elegance of Goryeo celadon buncheong is designed to be natural unassuming and practical 146 However the buncheong tradition was gradually replaced by Joseon white porcelain its aristocratic counterpart and disappeared in Korea by the end of the 16th century 145 Buncheong became known and prized in Japan as Mishima 147 148 149 KaratsuThe Japanese Karatsu style of ceramics originated in Korea 150 151 Music EditMain article Music of Korea See also Traditional Korean musical instruments Jeongganbo musical notation system Musical notationJeongganbo is a unique traditional musical notation system created during the time of Sejong the Great that was the first East Asian system to represent rhythm pitch and time 152 153 JangguFirst depicted in Goguryeo murals 154 the janggu is the most representative drum in traditional Korean music 155 GayageumThe most representative traditional instrument of Korea 90 the gayageum was created in Gaya during the 6th century and based on the Chinese guzheng 156 PansoriOriginating in the 17th century during the Joseon period pansori also known as Korean folk opera is a traditional genre of narrative song performed by a sorikkun singer and a gosu drummer 157 Pansori was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2008 158 North Korean instrumentsNorth Korea has developed many modernized instruments based on traditional instruments The sohaegeum junghaegeum daehaegeum and jeohaegeum are four stringed fiddles of varying sizes based on the traditional haegeum The eoeungeum is a pear shaped lute with 5 strings that is similar to the hyangbipa The cheolhyeongeum and ongnyugeum are modernized zithers and the jangsaenap is a modernized taepyeongso 159 K popK pop or South Korean popular music began in 1992 with the debut of Seo Taiji and Boys a band that challenged musical and societal norms in South Korea with music influenced by American genres 160 Today K pop leads the Korean Wave with idol groups such as BTS Painting EditMain article Korean painting Chaekgeori 19th century ChaekgeoriChaekgeori 책거리 冊巨里 translated as books and things is a genre of still life painting from the Joseon period of Korea that features books as the dominant subject 161 The chaekgeori tradition flourished from the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 20th century and was enjoyed by all members of the population from the king to the commoners revealing the infatuation with books and learning in Korean culture 162 MunjadoMunjado 문자도 文字圖 also known as flower writing 꽃글씨 kkotgeulssi is a genre of Korean folk art that enjoyed popularity in the 18th and 19th centuries in which large Chinese characters associated with Confucian philosophy are painted as a representation of their meaning with depictions of related stories and themes painted into the characters themselves 163 164 Science EditSocial science Edit Jeong Yak yong a proponent of Silhak Double entry bookkeeping systemIt is believed that the world s first double entry bookkeeping system called the sagae chibubeop was developed in Goryeo and used by merchants in the capital of Kaesong a center of trade and industry at least two centuries earlier than in Italy 165 166 167 168 Public opinion pollingIn order to provide equality and fairness in taxation for the common people Sejong the Great issued a royal decree to administer a nationwide public opinion poll regarding a new tax system called Gongbeop in 1430 Over the course of 5 months the poll surveyed 172 806 people of which approximately 57 responded with approval for the proposed reform 169 170 Society for the disabledThe world s first society for the disabled called the myeongtongsi 명통시 明通寺 was created by the Joseon government during the early Joseon period The government organized myeongtongsi regularly held events for the blind to participate in rituals and ceremonies and receive treatment for illnesses donations of food and other items and training for certain jobs 171 172 Parental leaveIn 1426 Sejong the Great enacted a law that granted government nobi women 100 days of maternity leave after childbirth which in 1430 was lengthened by one month before childbirth In 1434 Sejong also granted the husbands 30 days of paternity leave 173 SilhakSilhak also known as Practical Learning is a Korean school of thought developed by the seonbi that is dedicated to an empirical approach to statecraft based on pragmatism instead of a blind and uncritical adherence to Confucianism 174 Silhak scholars such as Jeong Yak yong emphasized human equality and advocated economic educational and social reform 175 JucheJuche translated as self reliance or self determination is the state ideology of North Korea Implemented in 1956 Juche follows the four principles of autonomy in ideology independence in politics self sufficiency in economy and self reliance in defense 176 Blue Ocean StrategyThe blue ocean strategy was developed by W Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne who argue that companies can succeed not by battling competitors but rather by creating blue oceans of uncontested market space U CityU City ubiquitous city is defined as a next generation urban space that includes an integrated set of ubiquitous services a convergent form of both physical and online spaces Songdo in South Korea is the first U City in the world 177 178 Physical science Edit VinylonIn 1939 vinylon the second man made fiber to be invented after nylon was developed by Ichiro Sakurada Ri Sung gi and Hiroshi Kawakami at Kyoto University in Japan However the fiber was largely ignored until Ri Sung gi defected to North Korea in 1950 and led its production Vinylon is the national fiber of North Korea and is used for the majority of textiles outstripping fibers such as cotton or nylon 179 180 Positron emission tomographyZang Hee Cho and James Roberston were the first to propose a ring system that has become the prototype of the current shape of PET 181 Zang Hee Cho also developed the first PET MRI fusion molecular imaging device for neuro molecular imaging 182 Invisible axionThe invisible axion was first originally proposed by the theoretical physicist Kim Jihn Eui 183 Brown Rho scalingIn 1991 Mannque Rho and Gerald E Brown introduced Brown Rho scaling which predicts how hadronic masses scale in a dense medium 184 HolotomographyResearchers at KAIST developed the HT 1 a next generation holographic microscope for 3D live cell imaging without the need for staining or labeling The HT 1 is the first system to achieve high resolution tomographic microscopy with full optical electronic control and do so without having a mechanical rotation system 185 186 187 Color chargeIn 1965 Moo Young Han and Yoichiro Nambu first introduced a new hidden symmetry among quarks which is the origin of what is now called the color SU 3 symmetry Lee Weinberg boundIn 1977 Benjamin W Lee and Steven Weinberg introduced the Lee Weinberg bound about the cosmological lower bound on heavy neutrino masses Computational materials physicsIn 1979 Ihm Jisoon first introduced a new field in condensed matter physics called computational materials physics 188 189 SupersolidIn 2004 Eunseong Kim and Moses H W Chan discovered the first evidence of a superfluidlike state in solid helium GrapheneIn 2005 Philip Kim and Andre Geim s groups independently demonstrated peculiar and outstanding properties of graphene leading to an explosion of interest in graphene 190 In his Nobel lecture in 2010 Andre Geim said I owe Philip a great deal for this and many people heard me saying before and after the Nobel Prize that I would be honoured to share it with him 191 In 2009 Hong Byung hee pioneered the synthesis of large scale graphene by chemical vapor deposition which triggered chemical researches toward the practical applications of graphene 192 193 Gravitational microlensingIn 1979 Kyongae Chang and Sjur Refsdal pointed out that a single star a microlens in a lens galaxy can cause flux variations on time scales of a year leading to the Chang Refsdal lens 194 195 Diversity oriented fluorescence library approachYoung Tae Chang pioneered the diversity oriented fluorescence library approach DOFLA using a fluorescent library allowing clear imaging of pancreatic cells 196 197 Nano 3D printingSeung Kwon Seol s team at the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute used a new 3D printing technique to demonstrate for the first time 3D printed nanostructures composed entirely of graphene 198 FINEXPOSCO and Siemens VAI developed a new iron making technology called FINEX in which molten iron is produced directly using iron ore fines and non coking coal rather than traditional blast furnace methods through sintering and reduction with coke Smart prosthetic skinResearchers at Seoul National University developed a smart prosthetic skin that can sense pressure heat and moisture 199 200 Giga steelGiga steel is a type of steel developed by POSCO that can withstand over 100 kilograms per square millimeter and is said to be as light as aluminum but almost three times stronger according to the company CEO 201 202 Life science Edit Triangle of UIn 1935 the Korean Japanese plant scientist Woo Jang choon proposed the Triangle of U named after himself 203 which describes the evolution and relationships between members of the plant genus Brassica 204 HantavirusHantaan the prototype hantavirus was first isolated by Ho Wang Lee and Karl M Johnson in 1978 205 and the first hantavirus vaccine to protect against hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome was developed in Korea in 1990 206 207 Cloned dogThe world s first cloned dog Snuppy the Afghan hound was cloned at Seoul National University and born in 2005 Snuppy was also used in the first successful breeding between cloned canines Preventive HIV vaccineChil Yong Kang and his team at Western University developed the first genetically modified whole killed HIV vaccine to be approved for testing in humans called the SAV001 H 208 NanomedicineCheon Jinwoo of Yonsei University demonstrated for the first time the nanoscale size dependent MRI contrast effect opening a new gateway to nanomedicine and also introduced the world s most advanced nano MRI technology MEIO magnetism engineered iron oxide 209 Stent implantation of left main coronary artery stenosisPark Seung jung pioneered a new method using a stent as an alternative treatment for left main coronary artery stenosis an abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve in the heart 210 211 Video assisted minilaparotomy surgeryKoon Ho Rha and Seung Choul Yang at Yonsei University invented video assisted minilaparotomy surgery VAMS a hybridized form of laparoscopic and open surgeries 212 213 Percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomySang Ho Lee of Wooridul Spine Hospital pioneered percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy which is the first laser assisted endoscopic technique for herniated disc surgery 214 215 Pharmaceutical drugs Gemifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic developed by LG Life Sciences that is used in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and mild to moderate pneumonia 216 Balofloxacin is an orally active fluoroquinolone antibiotic developed by Choongwae Pharma for the treatment of urinary tract infections 217 Tedizolid is an oxazolidinone antibiotic developed by Dong A ST the specialty pharmaceuticals arm of Dong A Socio Holdings to treat patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections 218 Gemigliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor developed by LG Life Sciences to treat hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus 219 Evogliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor developed by Dong A ST Fimasartan is a non peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist developed by Boryung Pharmaceutical to treat hypertension and heart failure 220 Radotinib is a drug for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia developed by Ilyang Pharmaceutical 221 Zabofloxacin is an investigational fluoroquinolone antibiotic to treat multidrug resistant infections due to gram positive bacteria It was discovered by Dong Wha Pharmaceuticals and licensed to Pacific Beach BioSciences for development Udenafil is a PDE5 inhibitor developed by Dong A Pharmaceutical to treat erectile dysfunction Polmacoxib is a nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drug developed by CrystalGenomics to treat osteoarthritis Ilaprazole is a proton pump inhibitor developed by Ilyang Pharmaceutical to treat dyspepsia peptic ulcer disease gastroesophageal reflux disease and duodenal ulcer Technology EditElectronics Edit Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor MOSFET In 1959 Dawon Kahng and Mohamed Atalla at Bell Labs invented the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor MOSFET a semiconductor that is the basic element in most of today s electronic equipment 222 223 It is the basic building block of the Digital Revolution 224 and the most widely manufactured device in history 225 Floating gate MOSFET FGMOS In 1967 Dawon Kahng and Simon Min Sze invented the floating gate MOSFET which provides the foundation for many forms of semiconductor memory devices 223 226 Synchronous dynamic random access memory SDRAM The first commercial synchronous dynamic random access memory SDRAM was the Samsung KM48SL2000 memory chip 227 It was introduced by Samsung Electronics in 1992 228 and mass produced in 1993 227 Double data rate SDRAM DDR SDRAM First demonstrated by Samsung in 1997 229 Samsung released the first commercial DDR SDRAM chip in June 1998 230 231 232 MPMan MP3 playerThe world s first commercially available MP3 player the MPMan was launched by SaeHan Information Systems in 1997 233 234 Graphics DDR SDRAM GDDR SDRAM GDDR was initially known as DDR SGRAM double data rate synchronous graphics RAM It was commercially introduced by Samsung Electronics in 1998 231 MP3 phoneThe first mobile phone to support MP3 playback the SPH M2100 was released by Samsung in 1999 235 236 TV phoneThe world s first TV phone the SCH M220 was developed by Samsung in 1999 237 238 Tablet computerThe first commercially available tablet computer the GRiDPad was manufactured by Samsung in 1989 after it absorbed GRiD Systems Corporation in 1988 239 The GRiDPad was modified from the Samsung PenMaster which was never commercially released 240 Watch phoneThe world s first watch phone the SPH WP10 was released by Samsung in 1999 241 242 Curved display smartphoneThe world s first curved display smartphone the Samsung Galaxy Round was released by Samsung on 10 October 2013 235 243 EyeCanSamsung developed the first eye tracking mouse that doesn t require users to wear special equipment called the EyeCan in 2012 244 245 Touchscreen phoneThe LG Prada is the world s first completely touchscreen mobile phone 246 247 and also the first mobile phone with a capacitive touchscreen 248 249 5G smartphoneSamsung released the world s first 5G smartphone the Galaxy S10 5G in 2019 250 LTE mobile phoneSamsung released the world s first LTE mobile phone the SCH r900 in 2010 248 251 and the world s first LTE smartphone the Samsung Galaxy Indulge in 2011 252 Retina displayApple s Retina display was invented by LG and bought by Apple 253 3D hologramThe world s first 360 degree color hologram was developed by the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute in 2015 254 Universal Flash StorageThe world s first UFS memory cards were developed by Samsung 255 256 Rollable keyboardThe world s first solid rollable keyboard was introduced by LG in 2015 257 258 Flexible batteryIn 2012 researchers at KAIST demonstrated the first fully functional all flexible electronic battery system 259 In 2013 scientists led by Professor Lee Sang young of Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology developed the world s first bendable lithium ion batteries 260 High Bandwidth MemoryHigh Bandwidth Memory is a high performance RAM interface for 3D stacked DRAM developed by SK Hynix and AMD to be used in conjunction with high performance graphics accelerators and network devices Wearable thermoelectric generatorResearchers led by Byung Jin Cho at KAIST developed a glass fabric based thermoelectric TE generator that is extremely light and flexible and produces electricity from the heat of the human body 261 262 263 Transparent resistive random access memoryTransparent resistive random access memory TRRAM is the world s first transparent computer chip invented by scientists at KAIST 264 265 Online electric vehicleResearchers at KAIST developed an electric transportation system in which online electric vehicles OLEV get power wirelessly through the application of shaped magnetic field in resonance a new technology introduced by KAIST that enables electric vehicles to transfer electricity wirelessly from the road surface 266 267 The world s first OLEV buses began operation at the city of Gumi in March 2014 268 3D nanoprinting penThe first pen that performs 3D printing on the nanoscale was developed by Seongpil Hwang of Korea University in 2014 269 270 Appliances Edit Digital refrigeratorIn 2000 LG Electronics introduced the world s first digital refrigerator called the Internet Digital DIOS 271 Steam closetIn 2011 LG introduced a closet called the Styler that steam cleans clothing that s hung inside without the use of water or detergents it is used in hotels airports casinos and homes in Korea 272 Wall mounted drum type washing machineIn 2012 Dongbu Daewoo Electronics introduced the world s first wall mounted drum type washing machine called the Mini 273 Dual washing machineIn 2015 LG Electronics unveiled the world s first washing machine that allows for two separate loads to be washed simultaneously using the TWIN Wash System 274 275 Kimchi refrigeratorThe kimchi refrigerator is designed to meet the storage requirements of kimchi The first commercial kimchi refrigerator was created by Winia Mando in 1995 276 Steam mopInvented by Romi Haan in 2001 the steam mop is a type of electric mop that uses hot steam to disinfect floors 277 278 Information technology Edit Contactless smart cardBeginning in 1995 Seoul was the first city in the world to use contactless smart cards for electronic ticketing 279 280 WiBroDeveloped in 2005 by Samsung Electronics WiBro an abbreviation of wireless broadband is the first commercial mobile WiMax system in the world In April 2007 KT began full commercial WiBro services in the Seoul metropolitan area and its vicinity for the first time in the world 281 Digital multimedia broadcastingThe digital multimedia broadcasting technology was developed in South Korea It is a digital transmission system for sending multimedia to mobile devices 282 283 Mobile television serviceBy developing digital multimedia broadcasting DMB Korea became the first nation in the world to officially introduce mobile television service in May 2005 283 Virtual storeIn 2011 Homeplus launched the world s first virtual store at Seolleung Station enabling consumers to purchase items with their smartphones by scanning QR codes using the Homeplus app then having the products delivered 284 Caller ringback toneThe caller ringback tone CRBT service which allows subscribers to choose a piece of music or an audio clip that callers will hear in place of the standard ringing tone when dialing the subscriber s number was first offered in South Korea in 2002 by SK Telecom It was developed in 2001 by the Korean firm Witcom 285 286 Electronic promissory noteIn 2005 the Korean Ministry of Justice and a consortium of financial institutions announced the service of an electronic promissory note service after years of development allowing entities to make promissory notes notes payable in business transactions digitally instead of on paper for the first time in the world 287 288 289 5GIn April 2019 Korea released the world s first 5G network becoming the first country in the world to adopt 5G 290 Robotics Edit Albert HUBO HUBODeveloped by KAIST and introduced in 2004 HUBO is the world s second walking humanoid robot 291 and the first to move with a natural gait 292 EveR 1Developed by a team at the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology and introduced in May 2003 EveR 1 is the world s second android 293 Albert HUBOIntroduced in 2005 Albert HUBO is the world s first walking humanoid robot with an android head It was a collaboration between Hanson Robotics and KAIST 294 295 MAHRUDeveloped by a team at Korea Institute of Science and Technology and introduced in March 2005 MAHRU originally known as NBH 1 is the first network based humanoid robot in the world 296 297 Robot prison guardIn 2011 the world s first robot prison guard was introduced Developed by Lee Baik chul a professor at Kyonggi University the robot prison guard uses 3D cameras to detect abnormal human behavior patterns 298 299 300 Manned bipedal robotSouth Korea s Method 2 is the world s first manned bipedal robot 301 302 Ciliary microrobotHongsoo Choi s research team at the Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology developed the world s first ciliary microrobots that can move and function like single cells 303 304 305 Cancer fighting nanobotScientists at the Chonnam National University in South Korea developed the world s first cancer fighting nanobot a microscopic robot called a bacteriobot that is injected into the bloodstream and seeks out and destroys cancer cells while leaving healthy cells alone 306 307 Robotic thyroidectomyRobot assisted transaxillary thyroid surgery RATS also called robotic thyroidectomy RT is a minimally invasive surgical technique developed in Korea that can remove all or part of the thyroid without scarring the neck 308 Entertainment technology Edit 4DXDeveloped by South Korean conglomerate CJ Group in 2009 4DX is the world s first 4D cinema technology allowing a motion picture presentation to be augmented with environmental effects 309 310 ScreenXDeveloped by South Korean conglomerate CJ Group in 2012 ScreenX is the world s first multi projection system It extends the images onto the theater walls to provide a 270 degree viewing environment 310 311 Cinema LED screenThe world s first commercial cinema LED screen was developed by Samsung Electronics and installed in the Super S auditorium at the Lotte World Tower in Seoul The screen is 10 3 meters wide and runs at 4K resolution with brightness ten times greater than that offered by standard projector technologies according to Samsung 312 313 In 2018 Samsung debuted the world s first 3D cinema LED screen 314 Internet Edit Internet cafeIn 1988 an archaic type of cybercafe called the Electronic Cafe was opened in front of Hongik University in Seoul South Korea by Ahn Sangsu and Keum Nuri It had two 16 bit computers connected to an online service provider through a telephone line The first modern Internet cafe in Korea was opened in 1994 315 Korean Internet cafes called PC bangs are also LAN gaming centers 316 and boomed during the late 1990s thanks to the growth of the Internet and gaming cultures 317 MMORPGNexus The Kingdom of the Winds was released by Nexon on 5 April 1996 318 making it one of the earliest graphical MMORPGs in the world 317 319 320 Question and answer platformNaver the leading search portal in South Korea pioneered a real time community driven question and answer platform called Knowledge Search in 2002 321 322 In 2005 Yahoo launched Yahoo Answers which was modeled in part on Naver s Knowledge Search 323 Loot boxThe first known instance of a loot box system is believed to be an item called Gachapon ticket which was introduced in the Japanese version of MapleStory a side scrolling MMORPG in June 2004 Such tickets were sold at the price of 100 Japanese yen per ticket Like real life gachapon machines players attained randomly chosen game items when they used the ticket on Gachapon an in game booth that was distributed across the game world 324 National intranetNorth Korea s Kwangmyong is generally considered the first national intranet launched in 2000 citation needed eSportsThe first eSports league in the field of online gaming started in Korea in 1997 In December 1997 PC bang chains opened the first national online gaming league known as the Korea Pro Gamers League The term eSports was coined by Park Ji won of the Ministry of Culture Sports and Tourism in February 2000 when he inaugurated the Korea e Sports Association 325 OGN was the first online game specialty channel in the world and opened the world s first eSports dedicated stadium 326 Social networking serviceSouth Korea s Cyworld is the world s first mass social networking service 327 328 It was also the first in the world to have individual home pages and automated systems for contacting friends and relatives leading to the creation of other popular sites such as Facebook and Myspace 329 Free to playThe free to play business model in online games was created by Nexon in Korea 330 331 The first game to use it was Nexon s QuizQuiz released in October 1999 and made by Lee Seungchan who would go on to create MapleStory 332 WebtoonIn 2003 Daum launched the Webtoon digital platform creating a new form of manhwa comics that utilizes major characteristics of digital technologies 333 334 According to the Korea Creative Content Agency Webtoons are not simply scanned versions of print comics It s a whole new different genre tailored for the Internet age 335 MukbangMukbang also called eating broadcast or social eating is a type of online broadcast in which the host eats while interacting with online viewers 336 The mukbang Internet culture began on AfreecaTV in 2009 337 Citizen journalismLaunched in 2000 OhmyNews is the world s first online newspaper to publish reports by readers or citizen journalists allowing civil participation in opposition of the conservative press OhmyNews influenced the outcome of the 2002 South Korean presidential election and is considered one of the country s most influential media outlets 338 339 340 StickersDeveloped by Naver for its LINE instant messaging app in Japan stickers are large detailed emoticons featuring popular characters and themes 341 The original default characters and stickers known as the LINE Friends were created by Kang Byeongmok also known as Mogi in 2011 342 343 Offline cryptocurrency exchangeCoinone a Korean digital currency exchange company opened a brick and mortar branch called Coinone Blocks that it claims is the world s first brick and mortar cryptocurrency trading floor 344 Ad supported Online video platformFounded in October 2004 Pandora TV is the first video sharing website in the world to attach advertisement to user submitted video clips and to provide unlimited storage space for users to upload 345 346 Live Streaming PlatformThe earliest live streaming platform known outside of Korea was Livestream launched in 2007 347 However AfreecaTV was launched in 2005 making it the first live streaming platform in the world 348 circular reference Traditional games Edit Koreans playing a traditional board game 18th century YutYut is an ancient Korean board game that is still played to this day especially on Seollal 349 Polyhedral diceJuryeonggu is a 14 sided die invented in the Later Silla period that was used in drinking games 350 TujeonTujeon is a traditional card game originally based on Madiao that is played with long rectangular numbered cards It gradually became linked to gambling 351 352 SeunggyeongdoSeunggyeongdo is a traditional board game attributed to Ha Ryun that simulates climbing the Joseon government career ladder and reaching the top by the end 353 354 SeongbuldoSeongbuldo is a traditional board game dating back to the Goryeo period that simulates the path to becoming a Buddha 355 It is still played by Buddhists in Korea 356 Martial arts EditMain article Korean martial arts TaekkyeonIt is believed that taekkyeon originated from subak 手搏 based on the encyclopedia Manmulbo published in 1798 357 Taekkyeon almost disappeared during the 20th century but made a resurgence in modern times and was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO in 2011 358 359 SsireumThe earliest evidence of ssireum or Korean wrestling dates back to the Goguryeo period Originally used in military applications ssireum became a popular pastime of the people including many Korean kings during the Goryeo and Joseon periods In the 20th century ssireum became a nationally televised sport in South Korea 360 GukgungGukgung also known as gungsul is traditional Korean archery that makes use of the gakgung the traditional Korean composite bow made of horn 361 Sports EditJokguInspired by the Southeast Asian sport sepak takraw 362 jokgu is a modern sport invented in 1960 by members of the Republic of Korea Air Force s 11th Fighter Wing that combines aspects of football and volleyball 363 JangchigiJangchigi originally called dobogyeokdo is a traditional hockey like sport that dates back to the Three Kingdoms period It is related to masanggyeokgu a traditional polo like sport that also dates back to the Three Kingdoms period 364 TaekwondoCreated in 1955 taekwondo has become the national sport of South Korea and an official Olympic sport since the 2000 Summer Olympics Taekwondo is based on taekkyeon and Shotokan karate 365 Products EditItaly towelThe Korean exfoliating mitt 366 is a mass produced bath product used to scrub and peel the outermost layer of skin it was invented in Busan by Kim Pil gon in 1962 Since then the Italy towel has become a household item in Korean homes and a staple item in Korean saunas The Korean exfoliating mitt was named the Italy towel because the viscose fabric used to make it was imported from Italy at the time 367 368 Gable topGable tops were invented by Dr Shin Seok kyun in 1953 allowing for milk cartons to be sealed tight after opening for later use Dr Shin Seok kyun so called Edison of Korea unfortunately he couldn t file his patent given the turbulent context in the middle of Korean War Eventually this gable top carton made its way into the U S by U S army and was set as the international standard These days gable top cartons are used all around the world 369 Electrically heated stone bedThe dol bed or stone bed is a manufactured bed that has the same heating effect as ondol and is purported to have health benefits 370 The dol bed industry is estimated to be worth 100 billion Korean won comprising 30 to 40 percent of the entire bed industry in South Korea dol beds are most popular with middle aged people in their 40s and 50s 371 372 Circle contact lensSpecial cosmetic contact lenses popular in Asia that make the eye s iris appear larger in different shades This product was invented in South Korea 373 better source needed Sheet MaskSheet masks are face shaped sheet fabrics soaked in nutrition packed solution called serum used as skincare and beauty product originated in Korea citation needed Miscellaneous EditThundersticksThundersticks known as makdae pungseon in Korea are inflatable plastic promotional noisemakers that are most often used at sporting events political rallies and concerts Makdae pungseon were created by BalloonStix Korea and first used in 1994 at an LG Twins baseball game 374 375 376 JigeThe jige also known as the A frame carrier is a traditional Korean wooden device for carrying heavy loads that is adapted to Korea s rough mountainous terrain The jige was adopted by United Nations troops during the Korean War 377 378 Knowledge Industrial Center Apartment Type Factory The apartment type factory 아파트형 공장 is legally defined as having 3 or more floors and accommodating 6 or more factories in the same building 379 The apartment type factory was formed in order to solve industrial structure changes and offshoring of plants due to the rise of land value The first apartment type factory Incheon Juan Apartment type factory were generated in 1989 380 381 In 2010 the term apartment style factory was changed to knowledge industrial center 지식산업센터 382 Unlike traditional smokestack factories the semi industrial district knowledge industrial center makes efficient use of land and blends ICT knowledge and manufacturing industries into one building creating a co support system for medium sized businesses 383 Modern knowledge industrial centers have door to door interior hallways for vehicles and drive in systems in multiple floors for truck loading as well as special attention to quality employee experience through beautification and communal recreation 384 385 This type of factory has also been spread outside of Korea such as Vietnam 386 Ice breaking LNG carrierThe world s first ice breaking LNG tanker was developed by DSME in 2016 and such ships have been instrumental to transporting natural gas from the arctic regions where the environment made it very difficult in the past 387 388 389 Drive through COVID 19 testingSouth Korea pioneered the coronavirus drive through testing system in the city of Goyang in 2020 during the middle of the COVID 19 Pandemic 390 See also EditHistory of science and technology in Korea History of typography in East Asia List of Chinese inventions List of Chinese discoveries List of Japanese inventions and discoveries List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries List of Singaporean inventions and discoveries List of Vietnamese inventions and discoveriesReferences Edit Song Su hyun 26 January 2018 S Korea s electronics industry No 3 by production The Korea Herald Herald Corporation Retrieved 11 November 2019 These Are the World s Most Innovative Countries Bloomberg com 21 January 2019 Retrieved 11 November 2019 Lee Gyoung Ah Crawford Gary W Liu Li Sasaki Yuka Chen Xuexiang 4 November 2011 Archaeological Soybean Glycine max in East Asia Does Size Matter PLOS ONE 6 11 e26720 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 626720L doi 10 1371 journal pone 0026720 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3208558 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models by the Japanese a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Korea Now The Korea Herald Vol 29 1 July 2000 Retrieved 20 September 2016 Fischer Steven Roger 4 April 2004 History of Writing Reaktion Books ISBN 9781861895882 Retrieved 20 September 2016 Katakana system may be Korean professor says Japan Times 4 April 2002 Retrieved 20 September 2016 Korean Classics Asian Collections An Illustrated Guide Library of Congress Retrieved 8 February 2019 Gutenberg Bible British Library The British Library Board Retrieved 19 August 2016 Movable type Oxford Reference Oxford Reference Oxford University Press Retrieved 19 August 2016 Ebrey Patricia Buckley Walthall Anne January 2013 East Asia A Cultural Social and Political History Cengage Learning ISBN 978 1285528670 Retrieved 19 August 2016 Selin Helaine 11 November 2013 Encyclopaedia of the History of Science Technology and Medicine in Non Westen Cultures Springer Science 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Koetsier Teun ceccarelli marco 5 April 2012 Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms Proceedings of HMM2012 Springer Science amp Business Media p 90 ISBN 9789400741324 Retrieved 27 March 2017 Koetsier Teun ceccarelli marco 5 April 2012 Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms Proceedings of HMM2012 Springer Science amp Business Media p 95 ISBN 9789400741324 Retrieved 27 March 2017 Fifty Wonders of Korea Vol 2 KSCPP Archived from the original on 27 March 2017 Retrieved 27 March 2017 Ceccarelli Marco 21 May 2014 Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science Their Contributions and Legacies Springer p 111 ISBN 9789401789479 Retrieved 27 March 2017 Pisano Raffaele 30 June 2015 A Bridge between Conceptual Frameworks Sciences Society and Technology Studies Springer p 364 ISBN 9789401796453 Retrieved 27 March 2017 Specktor Brandon 9 March 2017 The World s First Braille Smartwatch Is Here and It s Amazing Reader s Digest Trusted Media Brands Retrieved 3 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Branch p 115 ISBN 9788995442425 Retrieved 27 March 2017 Finally there was the recently developed pigyok chinchollae flying striking earthquake heaven thunder sometimes rendered as the flying thunderbolt a hollow iron ball packed with gunpowder and equipped with a fuse This ingenious device was fired from a cannon over the walls of enemy fortifications and into the midst of the defenders clustered within where if all went well it exploded 비격진천뢰 飛擊震天雷 문화콘텐츠닷컴 in Korean 한국콘텐츠진흥원 Retrieved 27 March 2017 비격진천뢰 飛擊震天雷 문화재청 현충사 관리소 Retrieved 27 March 2017 화차 terms naver com 세종의 화약무기 via www youtube com Song Yingxing Sun E tu Zen Sun Shiou Chuan January 1997 Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century ISBN 9780486295930 화차 terms naver com 임진왜란의 숨은 병기 승자총통 YTN 사이언스 via www youtube com Pike John Samsung Techwin SGR A1 Sentry Guard Robot GlobalSecurity org Retrieved 27 March 2017 Parkin Simon Killer robots The soldiers that never sleep BBC Retrieved 15 April 2017 Korea emerges as arms 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April 2016 p 998 ISBN 9780323414197 Retrieved 13 August 2016 Lee Jonathan H X Nadeau Kathleen M 2011 Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife ABC CLIO p 710 ISBN 9780313350665 Retrieved 13 August 2016 Oleson Terry 2014 Auriculotherapy Manual Chinese and Western Systems of Ear Acupuncture Elsevier Health Sciences p 33 ISBN 9780702035722 Retrieved 13 August 2016 Chikly Bruno Roberts Paul Quaghebeur Jorgen 1 January 2016 Primo Vascular System A Unique Biological System Shifting a Medical Paradigm The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 116 1 12 21 doi 10 7556 jaoa 2016 002 ISSN 0098 6151 PMID 26745560 Koehler Robert 7 September 2015 Korean Ceramics The Beauty of Natural Forms Seoul Selection ISBN 9781624120466 Retrieved 27 March 2017 Lee Soyoung Goryeo Celadon The Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved 27 March 2017 Injae Lee Miller Owen Jinhoon Park Hyun Hae Yi 15 December 2014 Korean History in Maps Cambridge University Press p 76 ISBN 9781107098466 Retrieved 27 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