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Nobi were members of the slave class during the Korean dynasties of Goryeo and Joseon. Legally, they held the lowest rank in medieval Korean society. Like the slaves, serfs, and indentured servants of the Western Hemisphere, nobi were considered property or chattel, and could be bought, sold, or gifted.
The nobi were socially indistinct from freemen other than the ruling yangban class, and some possessed property rights, legal entities and civil rights. Hence, some scholars argue that it is inappropriate to call them "slaves",[1] while some scholars describe them as serfs.[2][3] Furthermore, the Korean word for an actual slave, in the European and American meaning, is noye, not nobi.[3] Some nobi owned their own nobi.[4]
Some people became nobi as legal punishment for committing a crime or failing to pay a debt. However, some people voluntarily became nobi in order to escape crushing poverty during poor harvests and famines.[1]
Household nobi served as personal retainers and domestic servants, and most received a monthly salary that could be supplemented by earnings gained outside regular working hours.[5][6] Non-resident nobi resided at a distance and were little different than tenant farmers or commoners.[5] They were registered officially as independent family units and possessed their own houses, families, land, and fortunes.[6] Non-resident nobi were far more numerous than household nobi.[7]
The hierarchical relationship between yangban master and nobi was believed to be equivalent to the Confucian hierarchical relationship between ruler and subject, or father and son.[8] Nobi were considered an extension of the master's own body, and an ideology based on patronage and mutual obligation developed. The Annals of King Taejong stated: "The nobi is also a human being like us; therefore, it is reasonable to treat him generously" and "In our country, we love our nobis like a part of our body."[9]
In the chakkae system, nobi were assigned two pieces of agricultural land, with the resulting produce from the first land paid to the master, and the produce from the second land kept by the nobi to consume or sell. In order to gain freedom, nobi could purchase it, earn it through military service, or receive it as a favor from the government.[5]
In 1426, Sejong the Great enacted a law that granted government nobi women 100 days of maternity leave after childbirth, which, in 1430, was lengthened by one month before childbirth. In 1434, Sejong also granted the husbands 30 days of paternity leave.[10]
Referencesedit
^ abRhee, Young-hoon; Yang, Donghyu. "Korean Nobi in American Mirror: Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to the Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States". Working Paper Series. Institute of Economic Research, Seoul National University.
^Bok Rae Kim (23 November 2004). "Nobi: A Korean System of Slavery". In Gwyn Campbell (ed.). Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia. Routledge. pp. 153–157. ISBN978-1-135-75917-9.
^ abPalais, James B. (1998). Views on Korean social history. Institute for Modern Korean Studies, Yonsei University. p. 50. ISBN9788971414415. Retrieved 15 February 2017. Another target of his critique is the insistence that slaves (nobi) in Korea, especially in Choson dynasty, were closer to serfs (nongno) than true slaves (noye) in Europe and America, enjoying more freedom and independence than what a slave would normally be allowed.
^Bok Rae Kim (23 November 2004). "Nobi: A Korean System of Slavery". In Gwyn Campbell (ed.). Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia. Routledge. pp. 162–163. ISBN978-1-135-75917-9.
^ abcSeth, Michael J. (16 October 2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 168. ISBN9780742567177. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
^ abCampbell, Gwyn (23 November 2004). Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia. Routledge. p. 155. ISBN9781135759179. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
^Campbell, Gwyn (23 November 2004). Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia. Routledge. p. 154. ISBN9781135759179. Retrieved 16 February 2017. The serfdom thesis is based largely on the work of the North Korean scholar, Kim Sok-hyong, who divided nobis into 'resident' and 'non-resident' groups. The former lived under the same roof as their masters, for whom they performed domestic and the greater part of agricultural labour. The latter dwelt far from their masters' houses, cultivating land for which they paid rent to their masters, and possessed their own personal property. In reality, their situation was similar to that of tenant farmers. Kim therefore considered 'resident' nobis to be slaves, and 'non-resident' nobis to be serfs. As the latter group were far more numerous, he concluded that serfdom characterized Chosun society.
^Kim, Youngmin; Pettid, Michael J. (November 2011). Women and Confucianism in Choson Korea: New Perspectives. SUNY Press. p. 140. ISBN9781438437774. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
^Campbell, Gwyn (23 November 2004). Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia. Routledge. p. 156. ISBN9781135759179. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
^Yi, Pae-yong (2008). Women in Korean History 한국 역사 속의 여성들. Ewha Womans University Press. p. 267. ISBN9788973007721. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
Palais, James B. (1996), "Chapter 6", Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Kyŏngwŏn and the Late Chosŏn Dynasty, Seattle: University of Washington Press, ISBN978-0295974552
Rhee, Young-hoon; Yang, Donghyu, Korean Nobi in American Mirror: Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States
Lee In-Cheol (March 2003). 한국 고대사회에서 노비와 노비노동의 역할 [Slave and the Role of Slave Labor in the Ancient Korea]. The Journal of Korean Ancient History (in Korean). Society for Korean Ancient History. 29.
External linksedit
at the Abstracts of the 2000 AAS Annual Meeting (via archive.org)
at the Abstracts of the 2006 AAS Annual Meeting
February 15, 2024
nobi, this, article, about, historical, korean, societal, class, 1951, japanese, novel, fires, plain, novel, 1959, film, fires, plain, 1959, film, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, korean, august, 2020, click, s. This article is about the historical Korean societal class For the 1951 Japanese novel see Fires on the Plain novel For the 1959 film see Fires on the Plain 1959 film You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Korean August 2020 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Korean Wikipedia article at ko 노비 see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ko 노비 to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Joseon class system Class Hangul Hanja StatusYangban 양반 兩班 noble classJungin 중인 中人 intermediate classSangmin 상민 常民 common peopleCheonmin 천민 賤民 lowborn people nobi baekjeong mudang gisaeng etc vtNobi were members of the slave class during the Korean dynasties of Goryeo and Joseon Legally they held the lowest rank in medieval Korean society Like the slaves serfs and indentured servants of the Western Hemisphere nobi were considered property or chattel and could be bought sold or gifted NobiHangul노비Hanja奴婢Revised RomanizationNobiMcCune ReischauerNobi Contents 1 Classification 2 History 3 References 4 External linksClassification editThe nobi were socially indistinct from freemen other than the ruling yangban class and some possessed property rights legal entities and civil rights Hence some scholars argue that it is inappropriate to call them slaves 1 while some scholars describe them as serfs 2 3 Furthermore the Korean word for an actual slave in the European and American meaning is noye not nobi 3 Some nobi owned their own nobi 4 History editMain article Slavery in Korea Some people became nobi as legal punishment for committing a crime or failing to pay a debt However some people voluntarily became nobi in order to escape crushing poverty during poor harvests and famines 1 Household nobi served as personal retainers and domestic servants and most received a monthly salary that could be supplemented by earnings gained outside regular working hours 5 6 Non resident nobi resided at a distance and were little different than tenant farmers or commoners 5 They were registered officially as independent family units and possessed their own houses families land and fortunes 6 Non resident nobi were far more numerous than household nobi 7 The hierarchical relationship between yangban master and nobi was believed to be equivalent to the Confucian hierarchical relationship between ruler and subject or father and son 8 Nobi were considered an extension of the master s own body and an ideology based on patronage and mutual obligation developed The Annals of King Taejong stated The nobi is also a human being like us therefore it is reasonable to treat him generously and In our country we love our nobis like a part of our body 9 In the chakkae system nobi were assigned two pieces of agricultural land with the resulting produce from the first land paid to the master and the produce from the second land kept by the nobi to consume or sell In order to gain freedom nobi could purchase it earn it through military service or receive it as a favor from the government 5 In 1426 Sejong the Great enacted a law that granted government nobi women 100 days of maternity leave after childbirth which in 1430 was lengthened by one month before childbirth In 1434 Sejong also granted the husbands 30 days of paternity leave 10 References edit a b Rhee Young hoon Yang Donghyu Korean Nobi in American Mirror Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to the Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States Working Paper Series Institute of Economic Research Seoul National University Bok Rae Kim 23 November 2004 Nobi A Korean System of Slavery In Gwyn Campbell ed Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia Routledge pp 153 157 ISBN 978 1 135 75917 9 a b Palais James B 1998 Views on Korean social history Institute for Modern Korean Studies Yonsei University p 50 ISBN 9788971414415 Retrieved 15 February 2017 Another target of his critique is the insistence that slaves nobi in Korea especially in Choson dynasty were closer to serfs nongno than true slaves noye in Europe and America enjoying more freedom and independence than what a slave would normally be allowed Bok Rae Kim 23 November 2004 Nobi A Korean System of Slavery In Gwyn Campbell ed Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia Routledge pp 162 163 ISBN 978 1 135 75917 9 a b c Seth Michael J 16 October 2010 A History of Korea From Antiquity to the Present Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 168 ISBN 9780742567177 Retrieved 16 February 2017 a b Campbell Gwyn 23 November 2004 Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia Routledge p 155 ISBN 9781135759179 Retrieved 16 February 2017 Campbell Gwyn 23 November 2004 Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia Routledge p 154 ISBN 9781135759179 Retrieved 16 February 2017 The serfdom thesis is based largely on the work of the North Korean scholar Kim Sok hyong who divided nobis into resident and non resident groups The former lived under the same roof as their masters for whom they performed domestic and the greater part of agricultural labour The latter dwelt far from their masters houses cultivating land for which they paid rent to their masters and possessed their own personal property In reality their situation was similar to that of tenant farmers Kim therefore considered resident nobis to be slaves and non resident nobis to be serfs As the latter group were far more numerous he concluded that serfdom characterized Chosun society Kim Youngmin Pettid Michael J November 2011 Women and Confucianism in Choson Korea New Perspectives SUNY Press p 140 ISBN 9781438437774 Retrieved 16 February 2017 Campbell Gwyn 23 November 2004 Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia Routledge p 156 ISBN 9781135759179 Retrieved 16 February 2017 Yi Pae yong 2008 Women in Korean History 한국 역사 속의 여성들 Ewha Womans University Press p 267 ISBN 9788973007721 Retrieved 18 August 2018 Palais James B 1996 Chapter 6 Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions Yu Kyŏngwŏn and the Late Chosŏn Dynasty Seattle University of Washington Press ISBN 978 0295974552 Rhee Young hoon Yang Donghyu KoreanNobiin American Mirror Yi Dynasty Coerced Labor in Comparison to Slavery in the Antebellum Southern United States Lee In Cheol March 2003 한국 고대사회에서 노비와 노비노동의 역할 Slave and the Role of Slave Labor in the Ancient Korea The Journal of Korean Ancient History in Korean Society for Korean Ancient History 29 External links editSlavery in Traditional Korea James B Palais University of Washington Theodore Kornweibel San Diego University at the Abstracts of the 2000 AAS Annual Meeting via archive org Changing Aspects in the Livelihood of Korean Slaves nobi in Late Choson Korea Kuen Tae Kim et al at the Abstracts of the 2006 AAS Annual Meeting Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nobi amp oldid 1171465263, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
