List of Intel CPU microarchitectures

The following is a partial list of Intel CPU microarchitectures. The list is incomplete. Additional details can be found in Intel's Tick–tock model and Process–architecture–optimization model.

x86 microarchitectures

x86 microarchitectures

Year	Micro-architecture	Pipeline stages	Max clock (MHz)	Process node
1978	8086 (8086, 8088)	02	05	3000 nm
1982	186 (80186, 80188)	02	025
1982	286 (80286)	03	025	1500 nm
1985	386 (80386)	06^[1]	033
1989	486 (80486)	05	0100	1000 nm
1993	P5 (Pentium)	05	0200	800, 600, 350 nm
1995	P6 (Pentium Pro, Pentium II)	14 (17 with load & store/retire)	0450	500, 350, 250 nm
1997	P5 (Pentium MMX)	06	0233	350 nm
1999	P6 (Pentium III)	12 (15 with load & store/retire)	1400	250, 180, 130 nm
2000	NetBurst (Pentium 4) (Willamette)	20 unified with branch prediction	2000	180 nm
2002	NetBurst (Pentium 4) (Northwood, Gallatin)		3466	130 nm
2003	Pentium M (Banias, Dothan) Enhanced Pentium M (Yonah)	10 (12 with fetch/retire)	2333	130, 90, 65 nm
2004	NetBurst (Pentium 4, Pentium D) (Prescott)	31 unified with branch prediction	3800	90, 65 nm
2006	Intel Core	12 (14 with fetch/retire)	3000	65 nm
2007	Penryn (die shrink)		3333	45 nm
2008	Nehalem	20 unified (14 without miss prediction)	3600
	Bonnell	16 (20 with prediction miss)	2100
2010	Westmere (die shrink)	20 unified (14 without miss prediction)	3866	32 nm
2011	Saltwell (die shrink)	16 (20 with prediction miss)	2130
	Sandy Bridge	14 (16 with fetch/retire)	4000
2012	Ivy Bridge (die shrink)		4100	22 nm
2013	Silvermont	14–17 (16–19 with fetch/retire)	2670
	Haswell	14 (16 with fetch/retire)	4400
2014	Broadwell (die shrink)		3700	14 nm
2015	Airmont (die shrink)	14–17 (16–19 with fetch/retire)	2640
	Skylake	14 (16 with fetch/retire)	5200
2016	Goldmont	20 unified with branch prediction	2600
2017	Goldmont Plus	20 unified with branch prediction (?)	2800
2018	Palm Cove	14 (16 with fetch/retire)	3200	10 nm
2019	Sunny Cove	14–20 (misprediction)	4100
2020	Tremont	20 unified	3300
	Willow Cove	14 unified	5300
2021	Cypress Cove	14 unified	5300	14 nm
	Golden Cove	12 unified	5500	Intel 7
	Gracemont	20 unified with misprediction penalty	4300
2022	Raptor Cove	12 unified	6000
Note: Atom/Power efficient microarchitectures are in Italic

16-bit

8086

first x86 processor; initially a temporary substitute for the iAPX 432 to compete with Motorola, Zilog, and National Semiconductor and to top the successful Z80. 8088 version, with an 8-bit bus, used in the original IBM Personal Computer.

186

included a DMA controller, interrupt controller, timers, and chip select logic. A small number of additional instructions. The 80188 was a version with an 8-bit bus.

286

first x86 processor with protected mode including segmentation based virtual memory management. Performance improved by a factor of 3 to 4 over 8086. Included instructions relating to protected mode.

32-bit (IA-32)

i386

first 32-bit x86 processor. Introduced paging on top of segmentation which is the most commonly used memory protection technology in modern operating systems ever since. Many additional powerful and valuable new instructions.

i486

Intel's second generation of 32-bit x86 processors, introduced built-in floating point unit (FPU), 8 KB on-chip L1 cache, and pipelining. Faster per MHz than the 386. Small number of new instructions.

P5

original Pentium microprocessors, first x86 processor with super-scalar architecture and branch prediction.

P6

used in Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium II Xeon, Pentium III, and Pentium III Xeon microprocessors. First x86 processor to support SIMD instruction with XMM register implemented, RISC μop decode scheme, integrated register renaming and out-of-order execution. Some important new instructions, including conditional moves, which allow the avoidance of costly branch instructions. Added 36-bit physical memory addressing, "Physical Address Extension (PAE)".

• Pentium M: updated version of Pentium III's P6 microarchitecture designed from the ground up for mobile computing and first x86 to support micro-op fusion and smart cache.
• Enhanced Pentium M: updated, dual core version of the Pentium M microarchitecture used in the first Intel Core microprocessors, first x86 to have shadow register architecture and speed step technology.

NetBurst

commonly referred to as P7 although its internal name was P68 (P7 was used for Itanium). Used in Pentium 4, Pentium D, and some Xeon microprocessors. Very long pipeline. The Prescott was a major architectural revision. Later revisions were the first to feature Intel's x86-64 architecture, enhanced branch prediction and trace cache, and eventually support was added for the NX (No eXecute) bit to implement executable-space protection.

64-bit (x86-64)

Core

reengineered P6-based microarchitecture used in Intel Core 2 and Xeon microprocessors, built on a 65 nm process, supporting x86-64 level SSE instruction and macro-op fusion and enhanced micro-op fusion with a wider front end and decoder, larger out-of-order core and renamed register, support loop stream detector and large shadow register file.

• Penryn: 45 nm shrink of the Core microarchitecture with larger cache, higher FSB and clock speeds, SSE4.1 instructions, support for XOP and F/SAVE and F/STORE instructions, enhanced register alias table and larger integer register file.

Nehalem

released November 17, 2008, built on a 45 nm process and used in the Core i7, Core i5, Core i3 microprocessors. Incorporates the memory controller into the CPU die. Added important powerful new instructions, SSE4.2.

• Westmere: 32 nm shrink of the Nehalem microarchitecture with several new features.

Sandy Bridge

32 nm microarchitecture, released January 9, 2011. Formerly called Gesher but renamed in 2007.^[2] First x86 to introduce 256 bit AVX instruction set and implementation of YMM registers.

• Ivy Bridge: successor to Sandy Bridge, using 22 nm process, released in April 2012.

Haswell

22 nm microarchitecture, released June 3, 2013. Added a number of new instructions, including AVX2 and FMA.

• Broadwell: 14 nm derivative of the Haswell microarchitecture, released in September 2014. Three-cycle FMUL latency, 64 entry scheduler. Formerly called Rockwell.

Skylake

14 nm microarchitecture, released August 5, 2015.

• Kaby Lake: successor to Skylake, released in August 2016, broke Intel's Tick-Tock schedule due to delays with the 10 nm process.
  • Amber Lake: ultra low power, mobile-only successor to Kaby Lake, using 14+ nm process, released in August 2018 (no architecture changes)^[3]
  • Whiskey Lake: mobile-only successor to Kaby Lake Refresh, using 14++ nm process, released in August 2018 (has hardware mitigations for some vulnerabilities)^[3]
• Skylake-X: high-end desktop, workstation and server microarchitecture, released on June 19, 2017 (HEDT), July 11, 2017 (SP) and August 29, 2017 (W). Introduces support for AVX-512 instruction set.
• Coffee Lake: successor to Kaby Lake, using 14++ nm process, released in October 2017
• Cascade Lake: server and high-end desktop successor to Kaby Lake-X and Skylake-X, using 14++ nm process, released in April 2019
• Comet Lake: successor to Coffee Lake, using 14++ nm process, released in August 2019^[4]
• Cooper Lake: server-only, optimized for AI oriented workloads using bfloat16, with limited availability only to Intel priority partners, using 14++ nm process, released in 2020^[5][6]

Palm Cove

After releasing the Palm Cove core, Intel has changed their microarchitecture naming scheme, decoupling the CPU cores from their manufacturing nodes.^[7][8]
Successor to Skylake (canceled), includes the AVX-512 instruction set.^[9][10]

• Cannon Lake: mobile-only successor of Kaby Lake, using Intel's 10 nm process, first and only microarchitecture to implement the Palm Cove core, released in May 2018. Formerly called Skymont, discontinued in December 2019.^[11]

Sunny Cove

Successor to the Palm Cove core, first non-Atom core to include hardware acceleration for SHA hashing algorithms.^[12]

• Ice Lake: low power, mobile-only successor to Whiskey Lake, using 10 nm process, released in September 2019
• Lakefield: mobile-only, Intel's first hybrid processor, released in June 2020. Sunny Cove is used in the singular performance core (P-core) of Lakefield processors.^[13] AVX and more advanced instruction sets are disabled due to the E-core not supporting them.
• Ice Lake-SP: server-only successor to Cascade Lake, using 10 nm process, released in April 2021^[5][14]

Cypress Cove

Backport of Sunny Cove to Intel's 14nm process

• Rocket Lake: Successor to Comet Lake, using Intel's 14++ nm process, released on March 30, 2021^[15][16][17]

Willow Cove

Successor to the Sunny Cove core, includes new security features and redesigns the cache subsystem.^[18]

• Tiger Lake: successor to Ice Lake, using Intel's 10 nm SuperFin (10SF) process, released in Q4 2020

Golden Cove

Successor to the Willow Cove core, includes improvements to performance and power efficiency. Also includes new instructions.^[19]

• Alder Lake: hybrid processor, succeeds Rocket Lake and Tiger Lake; uses Intel 7 process (previously known as 10ESF),^[20] released on November 4, 2021.^[21] Golden Cove is used in P-cores of Alder Lake processors.^[22]
• Sapphire Rapids: server and workstation-only, successor to Ice Lake-SP, manufactured on Intel 7 process,^[20][23] released on January 10, 2023. Introduces AMX.

Raptor Cove

A refresh of Golden Cove with increased L2 and L3 caches and core clocks.

• Raptor Lake: successor to Alder Lake with increased cache sizes, core clocks and the number of E-cores, released on October 20, 2022. Manufactured using Intel 7 process. Raptor Cove is used in the P-cores while the E-cores are still implemented using Gracemont microarchitecture.

x86 ULV (Atom)

Bonnell

45 nm, low-power, in-order microarchitecture for use in Atom processors.

• Saltwell: 32 nm shrink of the Bonnell microarchitecture.

Silvermont

22 nm, out-of-order microarchitecture for use in Atom processors, released on May 6, 2013.

• Airmont: 14 nm shrink of the Silvermont microarchitecture.

Goldmont

14 nm Atom microarchitecture iteration after Silvermont but borrows heavily from Skylake processors (e.g., GPU), released in April 2016.^[24][25]

• Goldmont Plus: successor to Goldmont microarchitecture, still based on the 14 nm process, released on December 11, 2017.

Tremont

10 nm Atom microarchitecture iteration after Goldmont Plus.^[26]

• Lakefield: mobile-only, Intel's first hybrid processor, released in June 2020. Tremont is used in efficiency cores (E-cores) of Lakefield processors.^[13]
• Jasper Lake: Celeron and Pentium Silver desktop and mobile processors, released in Q1 2021.
• Elkhart Lake: embedded processors targeted at IoT, released in Q1 2021.

Gracemont

Intel 7 process^[20] Atom microarchitecture iteration after Tremont. First Atom class core with AVX and AVX2 support.

• Alder Lake: hybrid processor, succeeds Rocket Lake and Tiger Lake, released on November 4, 2021. Gracemont is used in E-cores of Alder Lake processors.^[22]
• Raptor Lake: a refresh of Alder Lake, released on October 20, 2022.

Other microarchitectures

IA-64 (Itanium)

Merced

original Itanium microarchitecture. Used only in the first Itanium microprocessors.

McKinley

enhanced microarchitecture used in the first two generations of the Itanium 2 microprocessor. Madison is the 130nm version.

Montecito

enhanced McKinley microarchitecture used in the Itanium 2 9000- and 9100-series of processors. Added dual core, coarse multithreading, and other improvements. The Montvale update added demand-based switching (SpeedStep) and core-level lockstep execution.

Tukwila

enhanced microarchitecture used in the Itanium 9300 series of processors. Added quad core, an integrated memory controller, QuickPath Interconnect, and other improvements e.g. a more active SoEMT.

Poulson

Itanium processor featuring an all-new microarchitecture.^[27] 8 cores, decoupling in pipeline and in multithreading. 12-wide issue with partial out-of-order execution.^[28]

Kittson

the last Itanium. It has the same microarchitecture as Poulson, but slightly higher clock speed for the top two models.

Miscellaneous

XScale

a microarchitecture implementing the ARM architecture instruction set.

Larrabee (cancelled 2010)

multi-core in-order x86-64 updated version of P5 microarchitecture, with wide SIMD vector units and texture sampling hardware for use in graphics. Cores derived from this microarchitecture are called MIC (Many Integrated Core).

Roadmap

Pentium 4 / Core lines

Pentium 4 / Core roadmap

Fabrication process	Micro- architecture	Code names	Core i generation	Xeon Scalable generation	Release date	Processors
						Desktop	Mobile	Enthusiast/WS	2P Server/WS	4P/8P Server
180 nm	P6, NetBurst	Willamette	—		2000-11-20	Willamette	—		Foster	Foster MP
130 nm		Northwood/ Mobile Pentium 4 Banias			2002-01-07	Northwood	Northwood Mobile Banias	Northwood-XE	Prestonia Gallatin	Gallatin
90 nm		Prescott Dothan			2004-02-01	Prescott Smithfield	Dothan	Prescott 2M-XE Smithfield-XE	Nocona Irwindale Paxville	Potomac Cranford Paxville
65 nm		Cedar Mill Yonah Presler			2006-01-05	Cedar Mill Presler	Yonah	Presler-XE	Dempsey Sossaman	Tulsa
	Core	Merom^[29]			2006-07-27 ^[30]^[31]	Conroe	Merom	Kentsfield	Woodcrest Clovertown	Tigerton
45 nm		Penryn			2007-11-11 ^[32]	Wolfdale	Penryn	Yorkfield	Harpertown	Dunnington
	Nehalem	Nehalem	Previous^[33]	—	2008-11-17 ^[34]	Lynnfield	Clarksfield	Bloomfield	Gainestown	Beckton
32 nm		Westmere			2010-01-04 ^[35]^[36]	Clarkdale	Arrandale	Gulftown	Westmere-EP	Westmere-EX
	Sandy Bridge	Sandy Bridge	2		2011-01-09 ^[37]	Sandy Bridge	Sandy Bridge-M	Sandy Bridge-E	Sandy Bridge-EP	—^[38]
22 nm		Ivy Bridge	3		2012-04-29	Ivy Bridge	Ivy Bridge-M	Ivy Bridge-E ^[39]	Ivy Bridge-EP ^[40]	Ivy Bridge-EX ^[40]
	Haswell	Haswell	4		2013-06-02	Haswell-DT ^[41]	Haswell-MB (37–57W TDP, PGA package) Haswell-H (47W TDP, BGA package) Haswell-ULP/ULX (11.5–15W TDP)^[41]	Haswell-E	Haswell-EP	Haswell-EX
		Devil's Canyon			2014-06	Haswell-DT	—
14 nm		Broadwell	5		2014-09-05	Broadwell-DT	Broadwell-H (37–47W TDP) Broadwell-U (15–28W TDP) Broadwell-Y (4.5W TDP)	Broadwell-E	Broadwell-EP ^[42]	Broadwell-EX ^[42]
	Skylake^[a]	Skylake	6	1	2015-08-05 ^[43]	Skylake-S	Skylake-H (35–45W TDP) Skylake-U (15–28W TDP) Skylake-Y (4.5W TDP)	Skylake-X^[44] Skylake-W	Skylake-SP (formerly Skylake-EP/-EX)^[45]
		Kaby Lake	7 / 8	—	2016-10	Kaby Lake-S	Kaby Lake-G (65–100W TDP) Kaby Lake-H (35–45W TDP) Kaby Lake-U (15–28W TDP) Kaby Lake-Y (4.5W TDP)	Kaby Lake-X ^[44]	—
		Coffee Lake	8 / 9		2017-10 ^[46]	Coffee Lake-S	Coffee Lake-B (65W TDP) Coffee Lake-H (35–45W TDP) Coffee Lake-U (15–28W TDP)	Coffee Lake-W
		Whiskey Lake	8	—	2018-08-28	—	Whiskey Lake-U (15W TDP)	—
		Amber Lake	8 / 10				Amber Lake-Y (5–7W TDP)
		Cascade Lake	—	2	2019-04-02	—		Cascade Lake-X Cascade Lake-W Cascade Lake-SP	Cascade Lake-SP
		Comet Lake	10	—	2019-09^[b]	Comet Lake-S	Comet Lake-H (45W TDP) Comet Lake-U (15W TDP)^[47] Comet Lake-Y (7W TDP)^[47]	Comet Lake-W	—
		Cooper Lake	—	3	2020-06	—^[48]^[49]				Cooper Lake-SP
	Cypress Cove^[50]^[51]	Rocket Lake	11	—	2021-03	Rocket Lake-S	—	Rocket Lake	—
10 nm	Palm Cove	Cannon Lake	8	—	2018-05^[b]	—	Cannon Lake-U (15W TDP)	—
	Sunny Cove^[52]	Ice Lake	10	3	2019-09 (mobile)^[b] 2021-04 (server)		Ice Lake-U (15–28W TDP)^[53] Ice Lake-Y (9W TDP)^[53]	Ice Lake-W	Ice Lake-SP^[54]	—
	Willow Cove	Tiger Lake	11	—	2020-09		Tiger Lake-H (45W TDP) Tiger Lake-H35 (28–35W TDP) Tiger Lake-UP3 (12–28W TDP) Tiger Lake-UP4 (7–15W TDP)	—
Intel 7^[c]	Golden Cove	Alder Lake (hybrid)	12		2021-11-04^[17]^[55]	Alder Lake-S	Alder Lake-H Alder Lake-P Alder Lake-U
		Sapphire Rapids^[23]	—	4	2023-01-10	—		Sapphire Rapids-WS	Sapphire Rapids-SP
	Raptor Cove	Raptor Lake	13	—	2022-10-20	Raptor Lake-S	Raptor Lake-HX (55–157W TDP) Raptor Lake-H (45–115W TDP) Raptor Lake-P (28–64W TDP) Raptor Lake-U (15–55W TDP)	—
		Emerald Rapids	—	5	2023	—		TBA	Emerald Rapids–SP
Intel 4^[20]	Redwood Cove	Meteor Lake	14	—	2023^[56]	TBA		—
Intel 3	TBA	Granite Rapids	—	6	2024	—		TBA	Granite Rapids–SP
Intel 20A		Arrow Lake^[57]	15	—	2024	TBA		—
Intel 18A		Lunar Lake	16		TBA
Fabrication process	Micro- architecture	Codenames	Core i generation	Xeon Scalable generation	Release date	Desktop	Mobile	Enthusiast/ WS	2P Server/WS	4P/8P Server
						Processors

1. Cascade Lake and Cooper Lake microprocessors have additional instructions that enable Intel Deep Learning Boost.
2. retail availability
3. Previously known as 10nm Enhanced Super Fin or 10ESF.^[20]

Atom lines^[58]

Atom roadmap

Fabri- cation process	Micro- archi- tecture	Release date	Processors/SoCs
			MID, smartphone	Tablet	Netbook	Nettop	Embedded	Server	Communication	CE
45 nm	Bonnell	2008	Silverthorne	—	Diamondville		Tunnel Creek, Stellarton	—	Un­known	Sodaville
		2010	Lincroft		Pineview					Groveland
32 nm	Saltwell	2011	Medfield (Penwell & Lexington), Clover Trail+ (Cloverview)	Clover Trail (Cloverview)	Cedar Trail (Cedarview)		Un­known	Centerton & Briarwood	Un­known	Berryville
22 nm	Silvermont	2013	Merrifield (Tangier),^[59] Slayton, Moorefield (Anniedale)^[60]	Bay Trail-T (Valleyview)	Bay Trail-M (Valleyview)	Bay Trail-D (Valleyview)	Bay Trail-I (Valleyview)	Avoton	Rangeley	Un­known
014 nm^[58]	Airmont	2014	Binghamton & Riverton	Cherry Trail-T (Cherryview)^[61]	Braswell^[62]			Denverton   Cancelled	Un­known	Un­known
	Goldmont ^[63]	2016	Broxton   Cancelled	Willow Trail   Cancelled Apollo Lake	Apollo Lake^[64]			Denverton^[65]	Un­known	Un­known
	Goldmont Plus^[66]	2017	Un­known	Un­known	Gemini Lake^[67] Gemini Lake Refresh^[68]			Un­known	Un­known	Un­known
10 nm	Tremont^[26]	2020	Un­known	Lakefield (hybrid)	Lakefield (hybrid)^[69] Elkhart Lake^[70] Jasper Lake ^[71]			Jacobsville Parker Ridge^[72] Snow Ridge^[73]	Un­known	Un­known
Intel 7	Gracemont^[74]	2021	Un­known	Un­known	Alder Lake (hybrid)^[75] Raptor Lake (hybrid) Alder Lake-N ^[76]^[77]			Un­known	Un­known	Un­known
Intel 4	Crestmont	2023	Un­known	Un­known	Meteor Lake (hybrid)			Grand Ridge	Un­known	Un­known
Intel 3	Crestmont	2024	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	Un­known	Sierra Forest-AP	Un­known	Un­known
Intel 20A	TBA	2024	Un­known	Un­known	Arrow Lake (hybrid)			Un­known	Un­known	Un­known

See also

• List of Intel processors - Consumer Computer or non-consumer workstation
• List of AMD CPU microarchitectures
• Marvell Technology Group XScale microarchitecture
• Transient execution CPU vulnerability

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External links

• Intel Automated Relational Knowledgebase