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Syrians

January 26, 2023

This article is about Syrians as the majority ethnicity of the country of Syria. For other uses, see Syrian (disambiguation). For Syrians outside of Syria, see Syrian diaspora.

Syrians (Arabic: سُورِيُّون, Sūriyyīn) are an Eastern Mediterranean ethnic group indigenous to the Levant. They share common Levantine Semitic roots. The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Syrian people is a blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to inhabit the region of Syria over the course of thousands of years. The mother tongue of most Syrians is Levantine Arabic, which came to replace the former mother tongue, Aramaic, following the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 7th century. The conquest led to the establishment of the Caliphate under successive Arab dynasties, who, during the period of the later Abbasid Caliphate, promoted the use of the Arabic language. A minority of Syrians have retained Aramaic which is still spoken in its Eastern and Western dialects. In 2018, the Syrian Arab Republic had an estimated population of 19.5 million, which includes, aside from the aforementioned majority, the largest Syrian ethnic minority the Kurds as well as Syriacs, Turks, Armenians and others.

Syrians
سُورِيُّون
Sūriyyīn
Total population
19.5 million
(Syria)
10 million
(Syrian diaspora)
Regions with significant populations
 Syria17,693,337 (December 2020 estimate)[1]
 Brazil4,011,480[2]
 Turkey3,600,000[3][4]
 Argentina1,500,000[5][6]
 Jordan1,200,000[7]
 Venezuela1,015,632[8][9][10][11]
 Lebanon929,624 [12]
 Germany780,000[13]
 Saudi Arabia500,000[14]
 Sudan250,000+[15]
 United Arab Emirates250,000[16]
 Iraq243,000[17]
 Sweden240,717[18][19]
 Chile200,000[20]
 United States187,331[21]
 Kuwait150,000[22]
 Egypt114,000 [23]
 Canada77,050[24]
 United Kingdom60,200[25] 9,800 in Scotland[26] and 2,000 in Northern Ireland.[27]
 Qatar54,000[28]
 Austria49,779[29]
 Denmark42,207[30]
 France38,600[31][32]
 Norway36,026[33]
 Spain11,188[34]
 Finland9,333[35]
 Italy8,227 (Syrian born) [36]
 Ireland3,000[37]
Languages
Arabic
Neo-Aramaic (Surayt/Turoyo, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Western Neo-Aramaic).
Religion
Mainly Islam (mostly Sunni Islam, minority Shi'as, Alawite)
Christianity (mostly Antiochian Orthodox and Greek Catholic; a minority of Syriac Orthodox, Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic)
Druze
Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Lebanese, Palestinians, Jordanians, Jews, Arabs, Arameans, Assyrians

Before the Syrian Civil War, there was quite a large Syrian diaspora, who had immigrated to North America (United States and Canada), European Union member states (including Sweden, France, and Germany), South America (mainly in Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile), the West Indies,[38] Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.[39] Six million refugees of the Syrian Civil War also live outside Syria now, mostly in Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon.

Etymology

Various sources indicate that the name Syria itself is derived from Luwian term "Sura/i", and the derivative ancient Greek name: Σύριοι, Sýrioi, or Σύροι, Sýroi, both of which originally derived from the Akkadian word Aššūrāyu (Assyria) in northern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq [40][41] However, during the Seleucid Empire, this term was also applied to The Levant, and henceforth the Greeks applied the term without distinction between the Assyrians of north Mesopotamia and Arameans of the Levant.[42][43]

Applications of the name

The Greeks used the terms "Syrian" and "Assyrian" interchangeably to indicate the indigenous Arameans, Assyrians and other inhabitants of the Levant and Mesopotamia, Herodotus considered "Syria" west of the Euphrates. Starting from the 2nd century BC onwards, ancient writers referred to the ruler of the Seleucid Empire as the King of Syria or King of the Syrians.[44] The Seleucids designated the districts of Seleucis and Coele-Syria explicitly as Syria and ruled the Syrians as indigenous populations residing west of the Euphrates (Aramea) in contrast to Assyrians who had their native homeland in Mesopotamia east of the Euphrates.[45] However, the interchangeability between Assyrians and Syrians persisted during the Hellenistic period.[45]

In one instance, the Ptolemaic dynasty of the Hellenistic kingdom of Egypt applied the term "Syrian Village" as the name of a settlement in Fayoum. The term "Syrians" is under debate whether it referred to Jews or to Arameans, as the Ptolemies referred to all peoples originating from Modern Syria and Palestine as Syrian.[46]

The term Syrian was imposed upon Arameans of modern Levant by the Romans. Pompey created the province of Syria, which included modern-day Lebanon and Syria west of the Euphrates, framing the province as a regional social category with civic implications.[47] Plutarch described the indigenous people of this newly created Roman province as "Syrians",[48][better source needed] so did Strabo, who observed that Syrians resided west of the Euphrates in Roman Syria,[47] and he explicitly mentions that those Syrians are the Arameans, whom he calls Aramaei, indicating an extant ethnicity.[49][better source needed] Posidonius noted that the people called Syrians by the Greeks refer to themselves as Arameans.[50]

In his book The Great Roman-Jewish War, Josephus, a Hebrew native to the Levant, mentioned the Syrians as the non-Hebrew, non-Greek indigenous inhabitants of Syria.[51]

The Arabs called the Greater Syria region al-Sham (Arabic: بِـلَاد الـشَّـام, romanized: Bilād al-Šām, lit. 'the country of Sham'). The national and ethnic designation "Syrian" is one that has been reused, accepted and espoused by the Syrian people since the advent of the modern national identity, which emanated from Europe and began with the culmination of the Napoleonic Wars of the early 1800s.

History

Main articles: Arameans, Phoenicia, and Arabs

Syrians are of diverse origins; the main influence came from ancient Semitic peoples of the Levant such as the Arameans, as well as populations from Mesopotamia and modern-day Arabia, with additional Greco-Roman influence.[52][53][page needed][54] Ancient Syria of the first millennium BC was dominated by the Aramaeans;[55] they originated in the Northern Levant as a continuum of the Bronze Age populations of Syria, possibly being derived from the same population as ancient Phoenician or Canaanite peoples.[56][57] The Seleucids ruled the Syrians as a conquered nation; Syrians were not assimilated into Greek communities, and many local peasants were exploited financially as they had to pay rent for Greek landlords. Outside Greek colonies, the Syrians lived in districts governed by local temples that did not use the Greek civic system of poleis and colonies.[58] The situation changed after the Roman conquest in 64 BC; Syrians obtained the citizenship of Greek poleis, and the line separating between the colonists and the colonized blurred. The idioms Syrian and Greek were used by Rome to denote civic societies instead of separate ethnic groups.[59]

The Aramaeans assimilated the earlier Greek and Roman populations through their language; combined with the religion of Christianity,[60] most of the inhabitants turned into Syrians (Aramaeans). Islam and the Arabic language had a similar effect where the Aramaeans themselves became Arabs regardless of their ethnic origin following the Muslim conquest of the Levant.[55] The presence of Arabs in Syria is recorded since the 9th century BC,[61] and Roman period historians, such as Strabo, Pliny the Elder, and Ptolemy, reported that Arabs inhabited many parts of Syria.[62] What antiquity's writers meant by the designation "Arab" is debated; the historian Michael Macdonald suggested that the term is an ethnic designation based on an "ill-defined complex of linguistic and cultural characteristics",[63] while according to academic consensus, "Arab", in addition to it being an ethnic name, had a social meaning describing a nomadic way of life.[64] The urheimat of the Arab ethnos is unclear; the traditional 19th century theory locates this in the Arabian Peninsula,[65] while some modern scholars, such as David Frank Graf, note that the epigraphic and archaeological evidence render the traditional theory inadequate to explain the Arabs' appearance in Syria.[note 1][67] The Arabs mentioned in Syria by Greco-Roman writers were assimilated into the newly formed "Greco–Aramaean culture" that dominated the region, and the texts they produced were written in Greek, Aramaic[70] and Old Arabic, the precursor of Classical Arabic, which was not a literary language; its speakers used Aramaic for writing purposes.[71]

Arabization

On the eve of the Rashidun Caliphate conquest of the Levant, 634 AD, Syria's population mainly spoke Aramaic as the Lingua franca,[72] while Greek was the language of administration. Arabization and Islamization of Syria began in the 7th century, and it took several centuries for Islam, the Arab identity, and language to spread;[73] the Arabs of the caliphate did not attempt to spread their language or religion in the early periods of the conquest, and formed an isolated aristocracy.[74] The Arabs of the caliphate accommodated many new tribes in isolated areas to avoid conflict with the locals; caliph Uthman ordered his governor, Muawiyah I, to settle the new tribes away from the original population.[75] Syrians who belonged to Monophysitic denominations welcomed the Muslim Arabs as liberators.[76]

The Abbasids in the eighth and ninth century sought to integrate the peoples under their authority, and the Arabization of the administration was one of their methods.[77] Arabization gained momentum with the increasing numbers of Muslim converts from Christianity;[73] the ascendancy of Arabic as the formal language of the state prompted the cultural and linguistic assimilation of Syrian converts.[78] Some of those who remained Christian also became arabized, while others stayed Aramean,[79][77] it was probably during the Abbasid period in the ninth century that Christians adopted Arabic as their first language; the first translation of the gospels into Arabic took place in this century.[80] Many historians, such as Claude Cahen and Bernard Hamilton, proposed that the Arabization of Christians was completed before the First Crusade.[81] By the thirteenth century, the Arabic language achieved complete dominance in the region, with many of its speakers having become Arabs.[73]

 
Garshuni sample

Those who retained the Aramaic language are divided among two groups:

  • The Eastern Aramaic Syriac-speaking group, followers of the West Syriac Rite of the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Syrian Catholic Church; they kept the pre-Islamic Syrian (Syriac) identity throughout the ages, asserting their culture in face of the Arab dominance. Linguists, such as Carl Brockelmann and François Lenormant, suggested that the rise of the Garshuni writing (using Syriac alphabet to write Arabic) was an attempt by the Syriac Orthodox to assert their identity.[82] Syriac is still the liturgical language for most of the different Syriac churches in Syria.[83] The Syriac Orthodox Church was known as the Syrian Orthodox Church until 2000, when the holy synod decided to rename it to avoid any nationalistic connotations; the Catholic Church still has "Syrian" in its official name.[84]
  • The Western Neo-Aramaic-speaking group, that is, the inhabitants of Bakh'a, Jubb'adin and Ma'loula. The residents of Bakh'a and Jubb'adin converted to Islam in the eighteenth century (retaining their Aramean identity),[85] while in Ma'loula, the majority are Christians, mainly belonging to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church,[86] but also to the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch,[87] in addition to a Muslim minority, who speaks the same Aramaic dialect of the Christian residents.[85] The people of those villages use Arabic intensively to communicate with each other and the rest of the country; this led to a noticeable Arabic influence on their Aramaic dialect where around 20% of its vocabulary is of Arabic roots. Bakh'a is steadily losing its dialect; by 1971, people aged younger than 40 could no longer use the Aramaic language properly, although they could understand it. The situation of Bakh'a might eventually lead to the extinction of its Aramaic dialect.[88]

Identity

Besides religious identities, the Syrian people are split among three identities, the Arab, Syriac, and Syrian identities. Many Muslims and some Arabic-speaking Christians describe themselves as Arabs, while many Aramaic-speaking Christians and some Muslims prefer to describe themselves as Syriacs or Arameans. Also some people from Syria, mainly Syrian nationalists, describe themselves only as Syrians or ethnic Syrians. Most of the divisions in ethnic nomenclature are actually due to religious backgrounds.

Genetics

See also: Genetic history of the Middle East and Genetic studies on Arabs
 
  Arabian Peninsula/East African ancestral components
  Levantine ancestral component
  Other ancestral components

Genetic tests on Syrians were included in many genetic studies.[89][90][91] The genetic marker which identifies descendants of the ancient Levantines is found in Syrians in high proportion.[92] Modern Syrians exhibit "high affinity to the Levant" based on studies comparing modern and ancient DNA samples.[93] Syrians cluster closely with ancient Levantine populations of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages.[94] A Levantine ancestral genetic component was identified; it is estimated that the Levantine, the Peninsular Arabian and East African ancestral components diverged 23,700-15,500 years ago, while the divergence between the Levantine and European components happened 15,900-9,100 years ago.[95] The Levantine ancestral component is the most recurrent in Levantines (42–68%); the Peninsular Arabian and East African ancestral components represent around 25% of Syrian genetic make-up.[96][97]

The paternal Y-DNA haplogroup J1, which reaches its highest frequencies in Yemen 72.6% and Qatar 58.3%, accounted for 33.6% of Syrians.[98] The J2 group accounted for 20.8% of Syrians; other Y-DNA haplogroups include the E1B1B 12.0%, I 5.0%, R1a 10.0% and R1b 15.0%.[91][99] The Syrians are closest to other Levantine populations: the Lebanese, the Palestinians and Jordanians;[100] this closeness can be explained with the common Canaanite ancestry and geographical unity which was broken only in the twentieth century with the advent of British and French mandates.[101] Regarding the genetic relation between the Syrians and the Lebanese based on Y-DNA, Muslims from Lebanon show closer relation to Syrians than their Christian compatriots.[102] The people of Western Syria show close relation with the people of Northern Lebanon.[103]

Mitochondrial DNA shows the Syrians to have affinity with Europe; main haplogroups are H and R.[104] Based on Mitochondrial DNA, the Syrians, Palestinian, Lebanese and Jordanians form a close cluster.[105] Compared to the Lebanese, Bedouins and Palestinians, the Syrians have noticeably more Northern European component, estimated at 7%.[106] Regarding the HLA alleles, Syrians, and other Levantine populations, exhibit "key differences" from other Arab populations;[107] based on HLA-DRB1 alleles, Syrians were close to eastern Mediterranean populations, such as the Cretans and Lebanese Armenians.[108] Studying the genetic relation between Jews and Syrians showed that the two populations share close affinity.[109] Apparently, the cultural influence of Arab expansion in the Eastern Mediterranean in the seventh century was more prominent than the genetic influx.[110] However, the expansion of Islam did leave an impact on Levantine genes; religion drove Levantine Muslims to mix with other Muslim populations, who were close culturally despite the geographic distance, and this produced genetic similarities between Levantine Muslims and Moroccan and Yemeni populations. Christians and Druze became a genetic isolate in the predominantly Islamic world.[111]

Language

Further information on Syrian Arabic: Levantine Arabic

Arabic is the mother tongue of the majority of Syrians[112] as well as the official state language. The Syrian variety of Levantine Arabic differs from Modern Standard Arabic. Western Neo-Aramaic, the only surviving Western Aramaic language, is still spoken in three villages (Ma'loula, Al-Sarkha (Bakhah) and Jubb'adin) in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains by both Muslim and Christian residents. Syriac-Arameans in the northeast of the country are mainly Surayt/Turoyo speakers but there are also some speakers of Sureth Aramaic, especially in the Khabour Valley.[clarification needed] Classical Syriac is also used as a liturgical language by Syriac Christians. English, and to a lesser extent French, is widely understood and used in interactions with tourists and other foreigners.

Religion and minority groups

Main articles: Freedom of religion in Syria, Religion in Syria, Islam in Syria, and Christianity in Syria
Clip - Interview with Paolo Dall'Oglio, The Syrian tradition of coexistence and the present scenario of confrontation

Religious differences in Syria have historically been tolerated,[113][114] and religious minorities tend to retain distinct cultural, and religious identities. Sunni Islam is the religion of 74% of Syrians. The Alawites, a variety of Shia Islam, make up 12% of the population and mostly live in and around Tartus and Latakia. Christians make up 10% of the country. Most Syrian Christians adhere to the Byzantine Rite; the two largest are the Antiochian Orthodox Church and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.[115][116] The Druze are a mountainous people who reside in Jabal al-Druze who helped spark the Great Syrian Revolt. The Ismailis are an even smaller sect that originated in Asia. Many Armenian and Assyrian Christians fled Turkey during the Armenian genocide and the Assyrian genocide and settled in Syria. There are also roughly 500,000 Palestinians, who are mostly descendants of refugees from the 1948 Israeli-Arab War. The community of Syrian Jews inside Syria once numbered 30,000 in 1947, but has only 200 today.[117]

The Syrian people's beliefs and outlooks, similar to those of most Arabs and people of the wider Middle-East, are a mosaic of West and East. Conservative and liberally minded people will live right next to each other. Like the other countries in the region, religion permeates life; the government registers every Syrian's religious affiliation. However, the number of non-believers in Syria is increasing but there is no credible source or statistics to support this information.

Cuisine

 
Tabbouleh
Further information: Syrian cuisine

Syrian cuisine is dominated by ingredients native to the region. Olive oil, garlic, olives, spearmint, and sesame oil are some of the ingredients that are used in many traditional meals. Traditional Syrian dishes enjoyed by Syrians include, tabbouleh, labaneh, shanklish, wara' 'enab, makdous, kebab, Kibbeh, sfiha, moutabal, hummus, mana'eesh, bameh, and fattoush.

A typical Syrian breakfast is a meze. It is an assortment platter of foods with cheeses, meats, pickles, olives, and spreads. Meze is usually served with Arab-style tea - highly concentrated black tea, which is often highly sweetened and served in small glass cups. Another popular drink, especially with Christians and non-practicing Muslims, is the arak, a liquor produced from grapes or dates and flavored with anise that can have an alcohol content of over 90% ABV (however, most commercial Syrian arak brands are about 40-60% ABV).

Notable people

Further information: List of Syrians
 
Former Syrian president Shukri al-Quwatli and his family

Scholars

Public figures and politicians

Religious Figures

Business

Entertainment

 
Syrian folk group in Brazil

Sport

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Regarding the urheimat of the Arab ethnos: the traditional theory, which dates to the 19th century and became dominant in the middle of the 20th century, holds that Arabs were a Semitic wave from the Arabian peninsula who infiltrated Syria. The traditional theory does not explain the early presence of the Arabs in the Levant as it lacks the evidence for when and how they allegedly arrived from Arabia.[65] Macdonald noted that there is no evidence proving that the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, especially modern Yemen, in the early Hellenistic period (fourth century BC), used the designation "Arab", and that it took several centuries for this ethnic name to be adopted by the majority of the peninsula's inhabitants.[66] The historian David Frank Graf considered the traditional theory inadequate for explaining the Arab presence in the Near East. Graf noted the 4th century BC evidence from Edom, south of the historical region of Syria, represented in a collection of ostraca, which show that the population was either "Arabized Edmoites" or "Edomite Arabs", and that this population was an integral part of the demography of southern Palestine and not a recent infiltration.[67] The historian Robert Hoyland, noting the earliest attestation of Arabs in Assyrian sources in the Syrian desert in the 9th century, followed by their earliest attestation in Southern Arabian inscriptions in the seventh/sixth century BC, suggested that north and central Arabia was the homeland of Arabs.[68] Macdonald refused the paradigm of infiltration from Arabia, and considered the Syria/Arabia division a Western concept that would have been unrecognizable for Arabs who were supposedly migrating.[69]

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  94. ^ Marshall et al. 2016. Quote:" Druze exhibited genetic similarity to Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Armenians and a Chalcolithic Anatolian. In that study, Druze clustered remotely from all Bronze Age and Neolithic Levantines, whereas Jews, Assyrians, Syrians and a few Lebanese clustered with Levantine populations."
  95. ^ Haber et al. 2013. Quote:"Our estimates show that the Levantine and the Arabian Peninsula/East African components diverged ∼23,700-15,500 y.a., while the Levantine and European components diverged ∼15,900-9,100 y.a."
  96. ^ Haber et al. 2013. Quote:1-"ADMIXTURE identifies at K = 10 an ancestral component (light green) with a geographically restricted distribution representing ∼50% of the individual component in Ethiopians, Yemenis, Saudis, and Bedouins, decreasing towards the Levant, with higher frequency (∼25%) in Syrians, Jordanians, and Palestinians, compared with other Levantines (4%–20%). The geographical distribution pattern of this component (Figure 4A, 4B) correlates with the pattern of the Islamic expansion, but its presence in Lebanese Christians, Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews, Cypriots and Armenians might suggest that its spread to the Levant could also represent an earlier event."
    2-"Besides this component, the most frequent ancestral component (shown in dark blue) in the Levantines (42–68%) is also present, at lower frequencies, in Europe and Central Asia."
  97. ^ Fernandes et al. 2015. Quote:1-"In the Near East, we included Iraq, Jordan, Israel/Palestine, Turkey, Lebanon and Syria."
    2-"Here it is already possible to distinguish between a Southwest Asian/Caucasian and an Arabian/North African component; these two components have similar proportions of ∼30% each in Yemen and UAE, but the Arabian/North African proportion increases to 52–60% in Saudi and Bedouin. In Near Eastern populations, correspondingly, the Southwest Asian/Caucasian component rises to ∼50% and the Arabian/North African cluster decreases to ∼20–30%, even in Palestinians (similar to the Samaritans and some of the Druze), highlighting their primarily indigenous origin, with the most extreme values for the Druze, carrying the Southwest Asian/Caucasian component at ∼80%."
  98. ^ El‐Sibai et al. 2009. Quote:"J1 frequencies in Syria, Akka and Jordan were more comparable to Lebanon than to the remaining Arabic countries (58.3% in Qatar and 72.5% in Yemen; Fig. 2G")
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  101. ^ Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"The strong relatedness between Levant Arab populations is explained by their common ancestry, the ancient Canaanites, who came either from Africa or Arabian Peninsula via Egypt in 3300 BC [97], and settled in Levant lowlands after collapse of Ghassulian civilization in 3800–3350 BC [98]. The relatedness is also attributed to the close geographical proximity, which constituted one territory before 19th century British and French colonization."
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  103. ^ Haber et al. 2011. Quote:"Syria is contained within the range of variation of the Lebanese samples. West Syrian samples lie closest to LN Sunnis, and not far from LN, LB, and LM Maronites."
  104. ^ Badro et al. 2013. Quote:"The haplogroups' geographical distribution shows affinity between the Northern Levant (modern day Lebanon and Syria) and Europe with clear distinctions between the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula with regards to Africa (Fig. 1, Table 1). The main mtDNA haplogroups for both Europe and the Northern Levant are H and R*."
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External links

  Media related to People of Syria at Wikimedia Commons

  • Syrian people, Every Culture
  • Collections of images of Eastern Mediterranean people, including Syrian people, Mideast Image
  • Syrian people, Encyclopædia Britannica

January 26, 2023
syrians, this, article, about, majority, ethnicity, country, syria, other, uses, syrian, disambiguation, outside, syria, syrian, diaspora, arabic, ور, ون, sūriyyīn, eastern, mediterranean, ethnic, group, indigenous, levant, they, share, common, levantine, semi. This article is about Syrians as the majority ethnicity of the country of Syria For other uses see Syrian disambiguation For Syrians outside of Syria see Syrian diaspora Syrians Arabic س ور ي ون Suriyyin are an Eastern Mediterranean ethnic group indigenous to the Levant They share common Levantine Semitic roots The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Syrian people is a blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to inhabit the region of Syria over the course of thousands of years The mother tongue of most Syrians is Levantine Arabic which came to replace the former mother tongue Aramaic following the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 7th century The conquest led to the establishment of the Caliphate under successive Arab dynasties who during the period of the later Abbasid Caliphate promoted the use of the Arabic language A minority of Syrians have retained Aramaic which is still spoken in its Eastern and Western dialects In 2018 the Syrian Arab Republic had an estimated population of 19 5 million which includes aside from the aforementioned majority the largest Syrian ethnic minority the Kurds as well as Syriacs Turks Armenians and others Syrians س ور ي ون SuriyyinTotal population19 5 million Syria 10 million Syrian diaspora Regions with significant populations Syria17 693 337 December 2020 estimate 1 Brazil4 011 480 2 Turkey3 600 000 3 4 Argentina1 500 000 5 6 Jordan1 200 000 7 Venezuela1 015 632 8 9 10 11 Lebanon929 624 12 Germany780 000 13 Saudi Arabia500 000 14 Sudan250 000 15 United Arab Emirates250 000 16 Iraq243 000 17 Sweden240 717 18 19 Chile200 000 20 United States187 331 21 Kuwait150 000 22 Egypt114 000 23 Canada77 050 24 United Kingdom60 200 25 9 800 in Scotland 26 and 2 000 in Northern Ireland 27 Qatar54 000 28 Austria49 779 29 Denmark42 207 30 France38 600 31 32 Norway36 026 33 Spain11 188 34 Finland9 333 35 Italy8 227 Syrian born 36 Ireland3 000 37 LanguagesArabic Neo Aramaic Surayt Turoyo Assyrian Neo Aramaic Western Neo Aramaic ReligionMainly Islam mostly Sunni Islam minority Shi as Alawite Christianity mostly Antiochian Orthodox and Greek Catholic a minority of Syriac Orthodox Assyrian Church of the East Chaldean Catholic DruzeJudaismRelated ethnic groupsLebanese Palestinians Jordanians Jews Arabs Arameans AssyriansBefore the Syrian Civil War there was quite a large Syrian diaspora who had immigrated to North America United States and Canada European Union member states including Sweden France and Germany South America mainly in Brazil Argentina Venezuela and Chile the West Indies 38 Africa Australia and New Zealand 39 Six million refugees of the Syrian Civil War also live outside Syria now mostly in Turkey Jordan and Lebanon Contents 1 Etymology 1 1 Applications of the name 2 History 2 1 Arabization 3 Identity 4 Genetics 5 Language 6 Religion and minority groups 7 Cuisine 8 Notable people 8 1 Scholars 8 2 Public figures and politicians 8 3 Religious Figures 8 4 Business 8 5 Entertainment 8 6 Sport 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11 1 Citations 11 2 Sources 12 External linksEtymology EditVarious sources indicate that the name Syria itself is derived from Luwian term Sura i and the derivative ancient Greek name Syrioi Syrioi or Syroi Syroi both of which originally derived from the Akkadian word Assurayu Assyria in northern Mesopotamia modern day Iraq 40 41 However during the Seleucid Empire this term was also applied to The Levant and henceforth the Greeks applied the term without distinction between the Assyrians of north Mesopotamia and Arameans of the Levant 42 43 Applications of the name Edit The Greeks used the terms Syrian and Assyrian interchangeably to indicate the indigenous Arameans Assyrians and other inhabitants of the Levant and Mesopotamia Herodotus considered Syria west of the Euphrates Starting from the 2nd century BC onwards ancient writers referred to the ruler of the Seleucid Empire as the King of Syria or King of the Syrians 44 The Seleucids designated the districts of Seleucis and Coele Syria explicitly as Syria and ruled the Syrians as indigenous populations residing west of the Euphrates Aramea in contrast to Assyrians who had their native homeland in Mesopotamia east of the Euphrates 45 However the interchangeability between Assyrians and Syrians persisted during the Hellenistic period 45 In one instance the Ptolemaic dynasty of the Hellenistic kingdom of Egypt applied the term Syrian Village as the name of a settlement in Fayoum The term Syrians is under debate whether it referred to Jews or to Arameans as the Ptolemies referred to all peoples originating from Modern Syria and Palestine as Syrian 46 The term Syrian was imposed upon Arameans of modern Levant by the Romans Pompey created the province of Syria which included modern day Lebanon and Syria west of the Euphrates framing the province as a regional social category with civic implications 47 Plutarch described the indigenous people of this newly created Roman province as Syrians 48 better source needed so did Strabo who observed that Syrians resided west of the Euphrates in Roman Syria 47 and he explicitly mentions that those Syrians are the Arameans whom he calls Aramaei indicating an extant ethnicity 49 better source needed Posidonius noted that the people called Syrians by the Greeks refer to themselves as Arameans 50 In his book The Great Roman Jewish War Josephus a Hebrew native to the Levant mentioned the Syrians as the non Hebrew non Greek indigenous inhabitants of Syria 51 The Arabs called the Greater Syria region al Sham Arabic ب ـل اد الـش ـام romanized Bilad al Sam lit the country of Sham The national and ethnic designation Syrian is one that has been reused accepted and espoused by the Syrian people since the advent of the modern national identity which emanated from Europe and began with the culmination of the Napoleonic Wars of the early 1800s History EditMain articles Arameans Phoenicia and Arabs Syrians are of diverse origins the main influence came from ancient Semitic peoples of the Levant such as the Arameans as well as populations from Mesopotamia and modern day Arabia with additional Greco Roman influence 52 53 page needed 54 Ancient Syria of the first millennium BC was dominated by the Aramaeans 55 they originated in the Northern Levant as a continuum of the Bronze Age populations of Syria possibly being derived from the same population as ancient Phoenician or Canaanite peoples 56 57 The Seleucids ruled the Syrians as a conquered nation Syrians were not assimilated into Greek communities and many local peasants were exploited financially as they had to pay rent for Greek landlords Outside Greek colonies the Syrians lived in districts governed by local temples that did not use the Greek civic system of poleis and colonies 58 The situation changed after the Roman conquest in 64 BC Syrians obtained the citizenship of Greek poleis and the line separating between the colonists and the colonized blurred The idioms Syrian and Greek were used by Rome to denote civic societies instead of separate ethnic groups 59 The Aramaeans assimilated the earlier Greek and Roman populations through their language combined with the religion of Christianity 60 most of the inhabitants turned into Syrians Aramaeans Islam and the Arabic language had a similar effect where the Aramaeans themselves became Arabs regardless of their ethnic origin following the Muslim conquest of the Levant 55 The presence of Arabs in Syria is recorded since the 9th century BC 61 and Roman period historians such as Strabo Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy reported that Arabs inhabited many parts of Syria 62 What antiquity s writers meant by the designation Arab is debated the historian Michael Macdonald suggested that the term is an ethnic designation based on an ill defined complex of linguistic and cultural characteristics 63 while according to academic consensus Arab in addition to it being an ethnic name had a social meaning describing a nomadic way of life 64 The urheimat of the Arab ethnos is unclear the traditional 19th century theory locates this in the Arabian Peninsula 65 while some modern scholars such as David Frank Graf note that the epigraphic and archaeological evidence render the traditional theory inadequate to explain the Arabs appearance in Syria note 1 67 The Arabs mentioned in Syria by Greco Roman writers were assimilated into the newly formed Greco Aramaean culture that dominated the region and the texts they produced were written in Greek Aramaic 70 and Old Arabic the precursor of Classical Arabic which was not a literary language its speakers used Aramaic for writing purposes 71 Arabization Edit On the eve of the Rashidun Caliphate conquest of the Levant 634 AD Syria s population mainly spoke Aramaic as the Lingua franca 72 while Greek was the language of administration Arabization and Islamization of Syria began in the 7th century and it took several centuries for Islam the Arab identity and language to spread 73 the Arabs of the caliphate did not attempt to spread their language or religion in the early periods of the conquest and formed an isolated aristocracy 74 The Arabs of the caliphate accommodated many new tribes in isolated areas to avoid conflict with the locals caliph Uthman ordered his governor Muawiyah I to settle the new tribes away from the original population 75 Syrians who belonged to Monophysitic denominations welcomed the Muslim Arabs as liberators 76 The Abbasids in the eighth and ninth century sought to integrate the peoples under their authority and the Arabization of the administration was one of their methods 77 Arabization gained momentum with the increasing numbers of Muslim converts from Christianity 73 the ascendancy of Arabic as the formal language of the state prompted the cultural and linguistic assimilation of Syrian converts 78 Some of those who remained Christian also became arabized while others stayed Aramean 79 77 it was probably during the Abbasid period in the ninth century that Christians adopted Arabic as their first language the first translation of the gospels into Arabic took place in this century 80 Many historians such as Claude Cahen and Bernard Hamilton proposed that the Arabization of Christians was completed before the First Crusade 81 By the thirteenth century the Arabic language achieved complete dominance in the region with many of its speakers having become Arabs 73 Garshuni sampleThose who retained the Aramaic language are divided among two groups The Eastern Aramaic Syriac speaking group followers of the West Syriac Rite of the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Syrian Catholic Church they kept the pre Islamic Syrian Syriac identity throughout the ages asserting their culture in face of the Arab dominance Linguists such as Carl Brockelmann and Francois Lenormant suggested that the rise of the Garshuni writing using Syriac alphabet to write Arabic was an attempt by the Syriac Orthodox to assert their identity 82 Syriac is still the liturgical language for most of the different Syriac churches in Syria 83 The Syriac Orthodox Church was known as the Syrian Orthodox Church until 2000 when the holy synod decided to rename it to avoid any nationalistic connotations the Catholic Church still has Syrian in its official name 84 The Western Neo Aramaic speaking group that is the inhabitants of Bakh a Jubb adin and Ma loula The residents of Bakh a and Jubb adin converted to Islam in the eighteenth century retaining their Aramean identity 85 while in Ma loula the majority are Christians mainly belonging to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church 86 but also to the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch 87 in addition to a Muslim minority who speaks the same Aramaic dialect of the Christian residents 85 The people of those villages use Arabic intensively to communicate with each other and the rest of the country this led to a noticeable Arabic influence on their Aramaic dialect where around 20 of its vocabulary is of Arabic roots Bakh a is steadily losing its dialect by 1971 people aged younger than 40 could no longer use the Aramaic language properly although they could understand it The situation of Bakh a might eventually lead to the extinction of its Aramaic dialect 88 Identity EditBesides religious identities the Syrian people are split among three identities the Arab Syriac and Syrian identities Many Muslims and some Arabic speaking Christians describe themselves as Arabs while many Aramaic speaking Christians and some Muslims prefer to describe themselves as Syriacs or Arameans Also some people from Syria mainly Syrian nationalists describe themselves only as Syrians or ethnic Syrians Most of the divisions in ethnic nomenclature are actually due to religious backgrounds Genetics EditSee also Genetic history of the Middle East and Genetic studies on Arabs Arabian Peninsula East African ancestral components Levantine ancestral component Other ancestral components Genetic tests on Syrians were included in many genetic studies 89 90 91 The genetic marker which identifies descendants of the ancient Levantines is found in Syrians in high proportion 92 Modern Syrians exhibit high affinity to the Levant based on studies comparing modern and ancient DNA samples 93 Syrians cluster closely with ancient Levantine populations of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages 94 A Levantine ancestral genetic component was identified it is estimated that the Levantine the Peninsular Arabian and East African ancestral components diverged 23 700 15 500 years ago while the divergence between the Levantine and European components happened 15 900 9 100 years ago 95 The Levantine ancestral component is the most recurrent in Levantines 42 68 the Peninsular Arabian and East African ancestral components represent around 25 of Syrian genetic make up 96 97 The paternal Y DNA haplogroup J1 which reaches its highest frequencies in Yemen 72 6 and Qatar 58 3 accounted for 33 6 of Syrians 98 The J2 group accounted for 20 8 of Syrians other Y DNA haplogroups include the E1B1B 12 0 I 5 0 R1a 10 0 and R1b 15 0 91 99 The Syrians are closest to other Levantine populations the Lebanese the Palestinians and Jordanians 100 this closeness can be explained with the common Canaanite ancestry and geographical unity which was broken only in the twentieth century with the advent of British and French mandates 101 Regarding the genetic relation between the Syrians and the Lebanese based on Y DNA Muslims from Lebanon show closer relation to Syrians than their Christian compatriots 102 The people of Western Syria show close relation with the people of Northern Lebanon 103 Mitochondrial DNA shows the Syrians to have affinity with Europe main haplogroups are H and R 104 Based on Mitochondrial DNA the Syrians Palestinian Lebanese and Jordanians form a close cluster 105 Compared to the Lebanese Bedouins and Palestinians the Syrians have noticeably more Northern European component estimated at 7 106 Regarding the HLA alleles Syrians and other Levantine populations exhibit key differences from other Arab populations 107 based on HLA DRB1 alleles Syrians were close to eastern Mediterranean populations such as the Cretans and Lebanese Armenians 108 Studying the genetic relation between Jews and Syrians showed that the two populations share close affinity 109 Apparently the cultural influence of Arab expansion in the Eastern Mediterranean in the seventh century was more prominent than the genetic influx 110 However the expansion of Islam did leave an impact on Levantine genes religion drove Levantine Muslims to mix with other Muslim populations who were close culturally despite the geographic distance and this produced genetic similarities between Levantine Muslims and Moroccan and Yemeni populations Christians and Druze became a genetic isolate in the predominantly Islamic world 111 Language EditFurther information on Syrian Arabic Levantine Arabic Arabic is the mother tongue of the majority of Syrians 112 as well as the official state language The Syrian variety of Levantine Arabic differs from Modern Standard Arabic Western Neo Aramaic the only surviving Western Aramaic language is still spoken in three villages Ma loula Al Sarkha Bakhah and Jubb adin in the Anti Lebanon Mountains by both Muslim and Christian residents Syriac Arameans in the northeast of the country are mainly Surayt Turoyo speakers but there are also some speakers of Sureth Aramaic especially in the Khabour Valley clarification needed Classical Syriac is also used as a liturgical language by Syriac Christians English and to a lesser extent French is widely understood and used in interactions with tourists and other foreigners Religion and minority groups EditMain articles Freedom of religion in Syria Religion in Syria Islam in Syria and Christianity in Syria source source source source source source source source Clip Interview with Paolo Dall Oglio The Syrian tradition of coexistence and the present scenario of confrontation Religious differences in Syria have historically been tolerated 113 114 and religious minorities tend to retain distinct cultural and religious identities Sunni Islam is the religion of 74 of Syrians The Alawites a variety of Shia Islam make up 12 of the population and mostly live in and around Tartus and Latakia Christians make up 10 of the country Most Syrian Christians adhere to the Byzantine Rite the two largest are the Antiochian Orthodox Church and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church 115 116 The Druze are a mountainous people who reside in Jabal al Druze who helped spark the Great Syrian Revolt The Ismailis are an even smaller sect that originated in Asia Many Armenian and Assyrian Christians fled Turkey during the Armenian genocide and the Assyrian genocide and settled in Syria There are also roughly 500 000 Palestinians who are mostly descendants of refugees from the 1948 Israeli Arab War The community of Syrian Jews inside Syria once numbered 30 000 in 1947 but has only 200 today 117 The Syrian people s beliefs and outlooks similar to those of most Arabs and people of the wider Middle East are a mosaic of West and East Conservative and liberally minded people will live right next to each other Like the other countries in the region religion permeates life the government registers every Syrian s religious affiliation However the number of non believers in Syria is increasing but there is no credible source or statistics to support this information Cuisine Edit Tabbouleh Further information Syrian cuisine Syrian cuisine is dominated by ingredients native to the region Olive oil garlic olives spearmint and sesame oil are some of the ingredients that are used in many traditional meals Traditional Syrian dishes enjoyed by Syrians include tabbouleh labaneh shanklish wara enab makdous kebab Kibbeh sfiha moutabal hummus mana eesh bameh and fattoush A typical Syrian breakfast is a meze It is an assortment platter of foods with cheeses meats pickles olives and spreads Meze is usually served with Arab style tea highly concentrated black tea which is often highly sweetened and served in small glass cups Another popular drink especially with Christians and non practicing Muslims is the arak a liquor produced from grapes or dates and flavored with anise that can have an alcohol content of over 90 ABV however most commercial Syrian arak brands are about 40 60 ABV Notable people EditFurther information List of Syrians Former Syrian president Shukri al Quwatli and his family Scholars Edit Iamblichus a philosopher mystic and mathematician Porphyry a philosopher and polemicist Damascius head of Plato s Academy dubbed the last of the Athenian Neoplatonists Syrianus head of Plato s Academy and teacher of Proclus Lucian a satirist rhetorician and pamphleteer Posidonius a polymath Libanius a teacher of rhetoric and sophist author John Chrysostom Syrian Greek Church Father and archbishop of Constantinople Thebit a polymath who has a significant contributions in maths astronomy and physics He also worked in translation with Syriac Greek and Arabic Severus Sebokht scholar and astronomer the first Syrian to employ the Indian number system Al Battani who introduced a number of trigonometric relations his Kitab az Zij was frequently quoted by many other medieval astronomers including Copernicus Ibn al Nafis polymath whose areas of work included medicine surgery physiology anatomy biology Islamic studies jurisprudence and philosophy mostly famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood Ibn al Shatir an astronomer mathematician and engineer He worked as muwaqqit موقت religious timekeeper in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and constructed a sundial for its minaret in 1371 72 John of Damascus a polymath and theologian Meleager of Gadara Syrian Greek poet 118 Raphael of Brooklyn of Damascene Syrian parents The first Orthodox bishop to be consecrated in North America Hunein Maassab professor of Epidemiology known for developing the Live attenuated influenza vaccine Shadia Habbal an astronomer and physicist played a key role in establishing the NASA Parker Solar Probe Riad Barmada orthopaedic surgeon and the former president of the Illinois Orthopedic Society Fawwaz T Ulaby Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan received the IEEE Edison Medal in 2006 Juan Jose Saer Argentine writer Lecturer at the University of Rennes and winner of the Nadal Prize Kefah Mokbel FRCS The lead breast surgeon at the London Breast Institute of The Princess Grace Hospital professor of Breast Cancer Surgery The Brunel Institute of Cancer Genetics and Pharmacogenomics Brunel University London Oussama Khatib a roboticist and a professor of Computer Science at Stanford University Received the IEEE RAS for Distinguished Service Award 2013 119 Dina Katabi director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Wireless Center Malatius Jaghnoon Epigrapher and founder of the archaeological society in Homs Jorge Sahade founder of the University of Buenos Aires Institute of Astronomy and Physics of Space IAFE and the first Latin American to achieve the presidency of the International Astronomical Union IAU Public figures and politicians Edit Septimius Severus Roman emperor Caracalla Roman emperor Avidius Cassius usurper of the Roman Empire Julia Domna Roman empress Julia Maesa Roman empress Elagabalus Roman emperor Alexander Severus Roman emperor Philip the Arab Roman emperor Gordian III Roman emperor Papinian Roman jurist Tiye 120 Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III XVIII Dynasty of Egypt Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus 121 Consul of the Roman Empire Leo III the Syrian 122 Byzantine emperor and founder of the Isaurian dynasty Odaenathus Emperor of the Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus Emperor of Syria Egypt and Cappadocia Eutropia 123 wife of the Roman emperor Maximian Cassiodorus Consul of the Roman Empire 124 Carlos Menem born July 2 1930 former President of Argentina 1989 1999 Carlos Fayt 1918 2016 former minister of the Supreme Court of Argentina 1983 2015 Tareck El Aissami former Vice President of Venezuela 2017 2018 serving as Minister of Industries and National Production since 14 June 2018 Oscar Aguad former Minister of Defense of Argentina 125 Juliana Awada born April 3 1974 former First Lady of Argentina 2015 2019 Rosemary Barkett born 1939 was the first woman to serve on the Florida Supreme Court and the first woman Chief Justice of that court She currently serves as a federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit Rushdi al Kikhya Syrian political leader Mustafa Bey Barmada former General Governor of the state of Aleppo Haqqi al Azm former General Governor of the state of Damascus Shukri al Quwatli former president of Syria Nazim al Kudsi former president of Syria Hashim al Atassi former president of Syria Khalid al Azm former prime minister of Syria Saadallah al Jabiri former prime minister of Syria Fares al Khoury former prime minister of Syria Said al Ghazzi former prime minister of Syria Nureddin al Atassi former president of Syria Nizar Kabbani Syrian poet and prominent feminist figure in Western Asia and North Africa Mitch Daniels American politician Governor of Indiana from 2005 to 2013 and President of Purdue University Queen Noor of Jordan widow of King Hussein of Jordan is of paternal Syrian ancestry Justin Amash former U S Representative Omar Alghabra Canadian politician member of the House of Commons of Canada and federal Minister of Transport Romeu Tuma 1931 2010 Brazilian politician Religious Figures Edit Ephrem the Syrian saint and polymath Pope Anicetus c 168 Bishop of Rome Pope Pope John V Roman Catholic pope 685 686 Pope Sergius I Roman Catholic pope 687 701 Pope Sisinnius Roman Catholic pope 708 Pope Constantine Roman Catholic pope 708 715 Pope Gregory III Roman Catholic pope 731 741 Philip the Apostle Christian saint and apostle James the Great One of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Simeon Stylites saint Andrew Stratelates saint Ananias of Damascus Disciple of Jesus Christ Cosmas and Damian saints and physicians Thaddeus of Edessa was one of the seventy disciples of Jesus Luke the Evangelist 126 127 is one of the Four Evangelists Sergius and Bacchus martyrs and military saints Lucian of Antioch Christian martyr presbyter and theologianBusiness Edit Steve Jobs February 24 1955 October 5 2011 was the co founder and former CEO of Apple the largest Disney shareholder 128 and a member of Disney s Board of Directors Jobs was considered a leading figure in both the computer and entertainment industries 129 Jacques Saade was a billionaire with a net worth of 7 billion 130 Rodolphe Saade billionaire with a net worth of 10 9 billion 131 Jose Mugrabi billionaire with a net worth 5 billion Ayman Asfari Chief Executive of Petrofac Najeeb Halaby American politician and businessman former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense former CEO and chairman of Pan Am and father of Queen Noor of Jordan Wafic Said established the Said Foundation in 1982 and the Said Business School at the University of Oxford in 1996 Mohed Altrad French Syrian businessman Arturo Elias Ayub Mexican businessman Director of Telmex Joseph Safra Chairman of Banco Safra Ronaldo Mouchawar CEO and co founder of Souq com Sam Yagan Internet entrepreneur best known as the co founder of OkCupid SparkNotes and Match com Omar Hamoui the founder of AdMob has a net worth of 300 million 132 133 Mohammed Rahif Hakmi founder and Chairman of Armada GroupEntertainment Edit Syrian folk group in Brazil Leonardo Favio Argentine actor screenwriter and film director Flamma considered one of the greatest Gladiators of his time Bob Marley 134 pop Singer Mohamad Fityan born August 1 1984 musician and composer 135 Hala Gorani born March 1 1970 news anchor and CNN correspondent 136 Rene Angelil Canadian singer and manager the husband and former manager of singer Celine Dion Shannon Elizabeth American actress and former fashion model Of paternal Syrian ancestry Wentworth Miller American actor model screenwriter and producer Of partial maternal Syrian ancestry 137 Teri Hatcher American actress Jerry Seinfeld American comedian Bassam Kousa Syrian actor Paula Abdul American singer songwriter dancer choreographer actress and television personality Sport Edit Ghada Shouaa heptathlete olympic gold medalist Philipp Stamma was a chess master and a pioneer of modern chess Yasser Seirawan chess grandmaster and four time United States champion Carolina Duer Argentine boxer and former world champion Brandon Saad American ice hockey player of paternal Syrian descent Rocco Baldelli American former MLB player Sami Zayn professional wrestler Mojo Rawley professional wrestler citation needed See also EditHistory of Syria Ottoman Syria Arameans Armenians Arabs Al Shaitat Assyrians GreeksNotes Edit Regarding the urheimat of the Arab ethnos the traditional theory which dates to the 19th century and became dominant in the middle of the 20th century holds that Arabs were a Semitic wave from the Arabian peninsula who infiltrated Syria The traditional theory does not explain the early presence of the Arabs in the Levant as it lacks the evidence for when and how they allegedly arrived from Arabia 65 Macdonald noted that there is no evidence proving that the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula especially modern Yemen in the early Hellenistic period fourth century BC used the designation Arab and that it took several centuries for this ethnic name to be adopted by the majority of the peninsula s inhabitants 66 The historian David Frank Graf considered the traditional theory inadequate for explaining the Arab presence in the Near East Graf noted the 4th century BC evidence from Edom south of the historical region of Syria represented in a collection of ostraca which show that the population was either Arabized Edmoites or Edomite Arabs and that this population was an integral part of the demography of southern Palestine and not a recent infiltration 67 The historian Robert Hoyland noting the earliest attestation of Arabs in Assyrian sources in the Syrian desert in the 9th century followed by their earliest attestation in Southern Arabian inscriptions in the seventh sixth century BC suggested that north and central Arabia was the homeland of Arabs 68 Macdonald refused the paradigm of infiltration from Arabia and considered the Syria Arabia division a Western concept that would have been unrecognizable for Arabs who were supposedly migrating 69 References EditCitations Edit The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency www cia gov Retrieved 23 December 2018 Syrian Arabic Republic www itamaraty gov br Archived from the original on 20 October 2018 Retrieved 19 September 2017 UNHCR Turkey Operational Update February March 2021 UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response unhcr org Archived from the original on 5 March 2018 Retrieved 19 September 2017 http amerika revues org 2746 Amerika La emigracion Siria Libanesa a Argentina the Syrian and Lebanese emigration to Argentina Retrieved in August 31 2012 to 14 35pm http www oni escuelas edu ar olimpi98 bajarondelosbarcos Colectividades Turcos 20sirios 20y 20libaneses inmigraci C3 B3n htm Sirios turcos y libaneses Retrieved in August 31 2012 to 15 15pm UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response unhcr org Archived from the original on 22 September 2015 Retrieved 19 September 2017 Jordan Levi Syria Steps into Latin America Americas Society Council of the Americas Retrieved 15 January 2017 Syria hopes will serve as an avenue to attract investment dollars from the one million strong community of Venezuelans of Syrian descent Vasquez Fidel October 2010 Venezuela afianza relaciones con Siria in Spanish Aristobulo Isturiz PSUV Archived from the original on 16 January 2017 Retrieved 15 January 2017 En Venezuela residen un poco mas de 700 mil arabes de origen sirio Nachawati Leila March 2013 Como sera recordado Chavez en Siria in Spanish ElDiario es Retrieved 15 January 2017 Se calcula que cerca de un millon de habitantes del pais tiene origen sirio personal o familiar Gomez Diego February 2012 EL LEVANTE Y AMERICA LATINA UNA BITACORA DE LATINOAMERICA EN SIRIA LIBANO JORDANIA Y PALESTINA distintaslatitudes net in Spanish Retrieved 15 January 2017 de acuerdo con el Instituto de Estadistica de Venezuela cerca de un millon de venezolanos tienen origenes sirios y mas de 20 mil venezolanos estan registrados en el catastro del consulado sudamericano en Damasco UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response unhcr org Retrieved 19 September 2017 Hermann Rainer Fluchtlinge aus Syrien Die Tragodie des 21 Jahrhunderts Faz net Jawhar Sabria 10 September 2015 KSA already home to 500 000 Syrians Arabnews com Arab news Retrieved 7 March 2021 The New Lost Boys of Sudan 13 November 2019 McFarlane Nyree 28 September 2016 The UAE is going to start taking in Syrian refugees swhatson ae Retrieved 29 September 2016 Syrians in Iraq Befolkning efter fodelseland och ursprungsland 31 december 2021 totalt in Swedish Statistiska centralbyran Retrieved 18 September 2022 Swedish residents born either in Syria or Sweden to two Syrian born parents J Codoba Toro 2015 Arabes en Chile Iberoamerica Social Retrieved 9 January 2020 SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2016 American Community Survey 1 Year Estimates American FactFinder U S Census Bureau Archived from the original on 14 February 2020 Retrieved 11 November 2017 Kuwait extends residency permits for Syrians UNHCR 2 September 2015 Archived from the original on 28 June 2017 Retrieved 10 September 2015 CBS Statline Statistics Canada 2019 02 20 2016 Ethnic Origin both sexes age total Canada 2016 Census 25 Sample data Data tables Retrieved December 7 2019 2011 Census Country of birth expanded regions in England and Wales Office for National Statistics 26 March 2013 Retrieved 7 January 2017 Country of birth detailed PDF National Records of Scotland Retrieved 7 January 2017 Country of Birth Full Detail QS206NI Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency Retrieved 7 January 2017 Qatar population statistics 15 August 2019 Population of Qatar by nationality 2019 report priyadsouza com Retrieved 15 August 2019 Bevolkerung zu Jahresbeginn seit 2002 nach detaillierter Staatsangehorigkeit Population at the beginning of the year since 2002 by detailed nationality PDF Statistics Austria in German 14 June 2016 Retrieved 6 May 2019 POPULATION AT THE FIRST DAY OF THE QUARTER BY REGION SEX AGE 5 YEARS AGE GROUPS ANCESTRY AND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN Statistics Denmark Immigres par pays de naissance detaille Etrangers et immigres en 2019 Insee Qui sont les millions de refugies afghans en France et dans le monde Le Monde 31 August 2021 Retrieved 28 December 2021 Immigrants and Norwegian born to immigrant parents Statistics Norway 9 March 2020 Retrieved 28 December 2020 Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas Statistics Spain 1 January 2021 Retrieved 28 December 2021 11rs Origin and background country by language age 1 year and sex 1990 2021 stat fi Statistics Finland Retrieved 18 September 2022 Population by country of birth Living a new life now Syrian children on resettling here Ireland s National Public Service Media Meain Naisiunta Seirbhise Poibli na hEireann 20 April 2021 Retrieved 28 December 2021 The Caribbean History Archives Syrian Lebanese community 2011 10 03 Singh Shubha Like India Syria has a large diaspora With stories on Syrian president s visit Theindian News Retrieved March 15 2014 Rollinger Robert 2006 The terms Assyria and Syria again Journal of Near Eastern Studies 65 4 284 287 doi 10 1086 511103 S2CID 162760021 Frye R N 1992 Assyria and Syria Synonyms Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51 4 281 285 doi 10 1086 373570 S2CID 161323237 Herodotus The Histories VII 63 s History of Herodotus Book 7 Joseph John 2008 Assyria and Syria Synonyms PDF Nigel Wilson 2013 10 31 Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece p 652 ISBN 9781136788000 a b Nathanael J Andrade 2013 07 25 Syrian Identity in the Greco Roman World p 28 ISBN 9781107244566 Aryeh Kasher 1985 The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt The Struggle for Equal Rights p 153 ISBN 9783161448294 a b Nathanael J Andrade 2013 07 25 Syrian Identity in the Greco Roman World p 29 ISBN 9781107244566 History Universal 1779 An universal history from the earliest accounts to the present time Printed for C Bathurst p 451 History Universal 1779 An universal history from the earliest accounts to the present time Printed for C Bathurst p 441 John Joseph 2000 The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East p 10 ISBN 978 9004116412 Flavius Josephus 2004 The Great Roman Jewish War p 34 150 178 ISBN 9780486432182 Commins et al 2018 Quote The Syrian people evolved from several origins over a long period of time The Greek and Roman ethnic influence was negligible in comparison with that of the Semitic peoples of Arabia and Mesopotamia Aramaeans Assyrians Chaldeans and Canaanites Andrade 2013 COQUEUGNIOT GAELLE 2015 Andrade N J ed Graeco Roman Syria The Classical Review 65 1 187 189 doi 10 1017 S0009840X14001711 ISSN 0009 840X JSTOR 24759301 S2CID 164197004 a b Joseph 2000 p 30 Novak 2016 p 123 Tamur Erhan 2017 Style Ethnicity and the Archaeology of the Aramaeans The Problem of Ethnic Markers in the Art of the Syro Anatolian Region in the Iron Age PDF Forum Kritische Archaologie doi 10 6105 JOURNAL FKA 2017 6 1 Andrade 2013 p 7 Andrade 2013 p 8 Aramean Religion Encyclopedia com www encyclopedia com Retrieved 2022 10 15 Graf 2003 p 319 Macdonald 2009a p 298 Macdonald 2009a p 319 Graf 2003 p 320 a b Graf 2003 p 322 Macdonald 2009b p 2 a b Graf 2003 p 334 Hoyland 2001 p 230 Macdonald 2003 p 317 Hoyland 2001 p 69 Macdonald 2003 p 305 Folmer Margaretha 2020 02 28 Hasselbach Andee Rebecca ed Aramaic as Lingua Franca A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages 1 ed Wiley pp 373 399 doi 10 1002 9781119193814 ch20 ISBN 978 1 119 19329 6 S2CID 216244505 retrieved 2022 10 15 a b c al Hassan 2001 p 59 Schulze 2010 p 19 Kennedy 1992 p 292 Barker 1966 p 244 a b Braida 2012 p 183 Peters 2003 p 191 Akopian Arman 2017 12 11 19 Syriacs under Arab Muslim domination Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies Gorgias Press pp 307 314 doi 10 31826 9781463238933 022 ISBN 978 1 4632 3893 3 Braida 2012 p 182 Ellenblum 2006 p 53 Braida 2012 pp 185 186 Brock 2010 p 13 al Bagdadi 2008 p 280 a b Arnold 2007 p 185 Troupeau 1987 p 308 Held amp Cummings 2018 p 298 Correll 1987 p 308 Badro et al 2013 Haber et al 2011 a b El Sibai et al 2009 Perry 2007 Quote The marker known as the J2 haplogroup was found in an unusually high proportion among Lebanese Palestinians and Syrians tested by Zalloua during more than five years of research He tested 1 000 people in the region Marshall et al 2016 Quote The mixed Near Eastern Middle Eastern localisation of the Druze shown using both modern and ancient DNA data is distinct from that of neighboring Syrians Palestinians and most of the Lebanese who exhibit a high affinity to the Levant Marshall et al 2016 Quote Druze exhibited genetic similarity to Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Armenians and a Chalcolithic Anatolian In that study Druze clustered remotely from all Bronze Age and Neolithic Levantines whereas Jews Assyrians Syrians and a few Lebanese clustered with Levantine populations Haber et al 2013 Quote Our estimates show that the Levantine and the Arabian Peninsula East African components diverged 23 700 15 500 y a while the Levantine and European components diverged 15 900 9 100 y a Haber et al 2013 Quote 1 ADMIXTURE identifies at K 10 an ancestral component light green with a geographically restricted distribution representing 50 of the individual component in Ethiopians Yemenis Saudis and Bedouins decreasing towards the Levant with higher frequency 25 in Syrians Jordanians and Palestinians compared with other Levantines 4 20 The geographical distribution pattern of this component Figure 4A 4B correlates with the pattern of the Islamic expansion but its presence in Lebanese Christians Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews Cypriots and Armenians might suggest that its spread to the Levant could also represent an earlier event 2 Besides this component the most frequent ancestral component shown in dark blue in the Levantines 42 68 is also present at lower frequencies in Europe and Central Asia Fernandes et al 2015 Quote 1 In the Near East we included Iraq Jordan Israel Palestine Turkey Lebanon and Syria 2 Here it is already possible to distinguish between a Southwest Asian Caucasian and an Arabian North African component these two components have similar proportions of 30 each in Yemen and UAE but the Arabian North African proportion increases to 52 60 in Saudi and Bedouin In Near Eastern populations correspondingly the Southwest Asian Caucasian component rises to 50 and the Arabian North African cluster decreases to 20 30 even in Palestinians similar to the Samaritans and some of the Druze highlighting their primarily indigenous origin with the most extreme values for the Druze carrying the Southwest Asian Caucasian component at 80 El Sibai et al 2009 Quote J1 frequencies in Syria Akka and Jordan were more comparable to Lebanon than to the remaining Arabic countries 58 3 in Qatar and 72 5 in Yemen Fig 2G Semino et al 2000 Hajjej et al 2018 Quote Using genetic distances correspondence analysis and NJ trees we showed earlier 61 62 and in this study that Palestinians Syrians Lebanese and Jordanians are closely related to each other Hajjej et al 2018 Quote The strong relatedness between Levant Arab populations is explained by their common ancestry the ancient Canaanites who came either from Africa or Arabian Peninsula via Egypt in 3300 BC 97 and settled in Levant lowlands after collapse of Ghassulian civilization in 3800 3350 BC 98 The relatedness is also attributed to the close geographical proximity which constituted one territory before 19th century British and French colonization Haber et al 2013 Quote Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians Palestinians and Jordanians Haber et al 2011 Quote Syria is contained within the range of variation of the Lebanese samples West Syrian samples lie closest to LN Sunnis and not far from LN LB and LM Maronites Badro et al 2013 Quote The haplogroups geographical distribution shows affinity between the Northern Levant modern day Lebanon and Syria and Europe with clear distinctions between the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula with regards to Africa Fig 1 Table 1 The main mtDNA haplogroups for both Europe and the Northern Levant are H and R Badro et al 2013 Quote Yemenis and Saudis both associate strongly with Egyptians whereas the Jordanian Lebanese Palestinian and Syrian populations clustered together Marshall et al 2016 Quote Druze and Syrians possess a significantly larger amount of the Northern European component X 7 when compared with their neighbouring populations such as Palestinians X 5 and Lebanese and Bedouins X 2 Hajjej et al 2018 Quote On the contrary key differences were noted between Levant Arabs Lebanese Palestinians Syrians and other Arab populations highlighted by high frequencies of A 24 B 35 DRB1 11 01 DQB1 03 01 and DRB1 11 01 DQB1 03 01 haplotype in Levantine Arabs compared to other Arab populations Hajjej et al 2018 Quote Syrians are genetically close to Eastern Mediterranean as Cretans 0 0001 and Lebanese Armenians 0 0050 Hammer et al 2000 Quote This Jewish cluster was interspersed with the Palestinian and Syrian populations whereas the other Middle Eastern non Jewish populations Saudi Arabians Lebanese and Druze closely surrounded it Hajjej et al 2018 Quote 1 The extent of gene Arab exchange with these autochthonous groups is undetermined but is thought to be lower than religious cultural influence 2 On the other hand Levant Arabs are distant from Saudis Kuwaitis and Yeminis an indication that the contribution of the Arabian Peninsula populations to Levantine gene pool is low probably due to the absence of the demographic aspect of 7th century invasion Haber et al 2013 Quote 1 We show that religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines In particular conversion of the region s populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians Moroccans and Yemenis Conversely other populations like Christians and Druze became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners 2 The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen 3 Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians Palestinians and Jordanians which are close to Saudis and Bedouins The World Factbook Cia gov Retrieved 2019 04 07 Kamil Manṣur Leila Tarazi Fawaz 2009 Transformed Landscapes Essays on Palestine and the Middle East in Honor of Walid Khalidi p 2 ISBN 9789774162473 George N Atiyeh Ibrahim M Oweiss 1988 07 08 Arab Civilization Challenges and Responses Studies in Honor of Dr Constantine Zurayk p 299 ISBN 9780887066993 Syria State gov 19 September 2008 Retrieved 2013 12 29 Guide Syria s diverse minorities BBC News 2011 12 09 Derhally Massoud A 7 February 2011 Jews in Damascus Restore Synagogues as Syria Tries to Foster Secular Image Bloomberg Retrieved 8 May 2011 The project which began in December will be completed this month as part of a plan to restore 10 synagogues with the backing of Syrian President Bashar al Assad and funding from Syrian Jews Isaac 2017 pp 156 157 IEEE RAS Distinguished Service Award IEEE Robotics and Automation Society www ieee ras org Retrieved 19 September 2017 Challis Debbie 2013 03 14 The Archaeology of Race The Eugenic Ideas of Francis Galton and Flinders Petrie A amp C Black ISBN 978 1 4725 0219 3 Elliott Simon 2020 12 19 Pertinax The Son of a Slave Who Became Roman Emperor Greenhill Books ISBN 978 1 78438 526 2 Vasilʹev Aleksandr Aleksandrovich 1964 History of the Byzantine Empire 324 1453 Univ of Wisconsin Press ISBN 978 0 299 80925 6 Stevenson Seth William 1889 A Dictionary of Roman Coins Republican and Imperial G Bell and Sons Nicholson Oliver 2018 04 19 The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 256246 3 No ordinary librarian international ucla edu Retrieved 2021 03 27 Robinson John 1815 A theological biblical and ecclesiastical dictionary Platts John 1827 A new self interpreting Testament containing thousands of various readings and parallel passages with intr arguments amp c by J Platts Steve Jobs Magic Kingdom BusinessWeek 2006 01 06 Archived from the original on February 3 2006 Retrieved 2006 09 20 Burrows Peter 2004 11 04 Steve Jobs He Thinks Different BusinessWeek Archived from the original on October 31 2004 Retrieved 2006 09 20 Jacques Saade amp family Forbes Retrieved 2021 03 13 Rodolphe Saade amp family Forbes Retrieved 2021 03 13 Bridge to success six tips for Syrian entrepreneurs from Jusoor Wamda Retrieved 2021 03 27 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2020 09 19 Retrieved 2021 03 27 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Bob Marley The Father of Music epubli صحيفة تشرين عازف الناي السوري محمد فتيان يتألق في تظاهرة بارعون شبان بتونس 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Pitchappan Ramasamy Quintana Murci Lluis Renfrew Colin Lacerda Daniela R Santos Fabricio R Schurr Theodore G Soodyall Himla Swamikrishnan Pandikumar John Kavitha Valampuri Santhakumari Arun Varatharajan Vieira Pedro Paulo Ziegle Janet S 1 March 2011 Influences of History Geography and Religion on Genetic Structure the Maronites in Lebanon European Journal of Human Genetics 19 3 334 340 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2010 177 PMC 3062011 PMID 21119711 El Sibai Mirvat Platt Daniel E Haber Marc Xue Yali Youhanna Sonia C Wells R Spencer zaabel Hassan Sanyoura May F Harmanani Haidar Bonab Maziar Ashrafian Behbehani Jaafar Hashwa Fuad Tyler Smith Chris Zalloua Pierre A 16 August 2009 Geographical Structure of the Y chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant A coastal inland contrast Annals of Human Genetics 73 6 568 581 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1809 2009 00538 x PMC 3312577 PMID 19686289 Semino O Passarino G Oefner PJ Lin AA Arbuzova S Beckman LE De Benedictis G Francalacci P Kouvatsi A Limborska S Marcikiae M Mika A Mika B Primorac D Santachiara Benerecetti A S Cavalli Sforza L L Underhill P A 2000 The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans A Y Chromosome Perspective Science 290 5494 1155 9 Bibcode 2000Sci 290 1155S doi 10 1126 science 290 5494 1155 PMID 11073453 External links Edit Media related to People of Syria at Wikimedia Commons Syrian people Every Culture Photos and images of Syrian people Syrian History Online Collections of images of Eastern Mediterranean people including Syrian people Mideast Image Syrian people Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Syrians amp oldid 1134135000, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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