The Mhallami, Mahallami, or Mardelli (Arabic: محلّمي, romanized: Mḥallame; Kurdish: Mehelmî; Syriac: ܡܚܠ̈ܡܝܐ, romanized: Mḥallmāye; Turkish: Mıhellemi) is an Arabic-speaking tribal ethnic group traditionally living in and around the city of Mardin, Turkey.[4] Due to migration since 1920 they have a large presence in Lebanon as well. As a result of the Lebanese Civil War, large numbers fled to Europe, particularly Germany. They typically identify themselves as Arabs, but are sometimes associated with other ethnic groups such as Kurds, Assyrians/Arameans.[5] though their historical roots are not definitively established.[4][6][7][8] They are Sunni-Muslims and primarily speakers of an Arabic dialect that has Turkish, Kurdish, and Aramaic influences.[4]
Multiple claims regarding the origins of the group have been presented, that the group descends from the Assyrian/Aramean[9][10] population of the Mardin region that converted to Islam and Arabized linguistically or that the group originates from the Arab Peninsula.
The date of their appearance in Anatolia is unknown, but likely sometime in the 5th century. There are no known written records by their ancestors of this period. Among the Mhallami there is a view that they are descended from Banu Hilal tribes, but historical sources and research indicate that this is somewhat unlikely. Arab ancestry is more probably from Rabi'ah tribes, possibly Banu Shayban, though this does not preclude Kurdish and/or Aramean roots. Some sources view the group as ethnically or denominationally Assyrian.[4]
English traveller Mark Sykes wrote in 1907: This tribe has a peculiar history. They claim that they were Christians 350 years ago [...] They speak mixed Arabic and the women wear red clothes and are not veiled. Ibrahim Pasha says they are now a mixed race of Arabs and Kurds. Some families are said to still descent from the Aramean Christians.[11]
This theory is also confirmed by orientalist Ishaq Armala and by the Syriac Orthodox patriarch Ignatius Aphrem I who indicated that the Arameans who converted to Islam under pressure started calling themselves Mhalmoye at the end of the 17th century.[9]
Demographics
Mhallami of Turkey
In 2015, the founding chairman Mehmet Ali Aslan became the first Mhallami to be elected a member of the Turkish Parliament from the Kurdish HDP party.[12] The migration of the Mhallami from Turkey to Lebanon began in the 1920s. In the 1940s, tens of thousands more came to Lebanon, mostly in the cities of Beirut and Tripoli.[13] The last leader of the Mhallami in Turkey is lawyer Şeyhmus Miroğlu, member of beytil emir.[14][15]
Mhallami of Lebanon
The Mhallami had traditionally settled in large numbers in Lebanese regions such as Tripoli, the Beqaa Valley and Beirut where they have become an integral part of the country's Sunni community after migrating from the Mardin Province in Turkey. Lebanon had a population between 70,000 and 100,000 Mhallami prior to Lebanese Civil War.[16] Their origin and legal status became a particular concern when they started to seek asylum in Western European countries en masse in the early 1980s.[17]
Mhallami of Europe
The Mhallami were among the Lebanese Civil War refugees from Lebanon who came to Germany and other European countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden during the Lebanese civil war since 1976 [18] and have since been partially tolerated or live as asylum seekers.[19] With around 8,000 people, Berlin has the largest Mhallami diaspora community in Europe (as of June 2003).[20]
^Ralph Ghadban: Die Mhallamiyya. In: derselbe: Die Libanon-Flüchtlinge in Berlin. Zur Integration ethnischer Minderheiten. Berlin 2000, S. 86–95. at the Wayback Machine (archived 2007-08-07)
^(PDF), Die Libanon-Flüchtlinge in Berlin. Zur Integration ethnischer Minderheiten (in German), Berlin, 2020, p. 86-65, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-07, retrieved 2020-11-22
^ abcdBozkurt, Abdülbaki (30 April 2020). "The Historical Roots of the Mhallami Arabs in Turkey as a Subject of Debate". Journal of International Social Research. 13 (70): 192–202. doi:10.17719/jisr.2020.4086.
^Himmelseher, Volker (22 July 2020). Blut ist dicker als Wasser: Im Familienclan ins bessere Leben - Roman über die arabische Clanwelt. ISBN9783751991650.
^"Mhallamiye-Kurden - "Ihre Verachtung für uns ist grenzenlos"".
^Burger, Reiner. "Kurden in Deutschland: Parallele Welten". Faz.net.
^"Clanstrukturen kamen mit Flüchtlingswelle in den Achtzigerjahren".
^ abGhadban, Ralph (12 October 2018). Arabische Clans: Die unterschätzte Gefahr. ISBN9783843717977.
^Edwards, Maxim (2014-10-10). "Ethnic dimension of Iraqi Assyrians often ignored". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
^"A more colourful parliament". Agos. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
^Die arabischen Dialekte des Vilayets Mardin (Südosttürkei), ZDMG Suppl 1 XVII Dt. Orientalistentag. Vorträge Teil II, Sektion 6, Wiesbaden 1969, S. 684
^Life, Mardin. "Görkemli düğünde dolarlar havada uçuştu". Mardin Life (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-09-10.
^Life, Mardin. "Orhan Miroğlu'dan ağabeyine ziyaret". Mardin Life (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-09-10.
^Die Libanon-Flüchtlinge in Berlin Ralph Ghadban (in German) August 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^Ralph Ghadban, Die Libanon-Flüchtlinge in Berlin. Berlin 2000. ISBN 3-86093-293-4, Nachdruck 2008, S. 71, 87, 89, 238
^Heinrich Freckmann, Jürgen Kalmbach: at the Wayback Machine (archived 2011-07-19) (PDF; 43 kB), Hannover, Hildesheim, 2001; S. 3–4
^Es muss dringend etwas passieren; die tageszeitung, 6. Juni 2003.
February 18, 2023
mhallami, mahallami, mardelli, arabic, محل, مي, romanized, mḥallame, kurdish, mehelmî, syriac, ܡܚܠ, ܡܝܐ, romanized, mḥallmāye, turkish, mıhellemi, arabic, speaking, tribal, ethnic, group, traditionally, living, around, city, mardin, turkey, migration, since, 1. The Mhallami Mahallami or Mardelli Arabic محل مي romanized Mḥallame Kurdish Mehelmi Syriac ܡܚܠ ܡܝܐ romanized Mḥallmaye Turkish Mihellemi is an Arabic speaking tribal ethnic group traditionally living in and around the city of Mardin Turkey 4 Due to migration since 1920 they have a large presence in Lebanon as well As a result of the Lebanese Civil War large numbers fled to Europe particularly Germany They typically identify themselves as Arabs but are sometimes associated with other ethnic groups such as Kurds Assyrians Arameans 5 though their historical roots are not definitively established 4 6 7 8 They are Sunni Muslims and primarily speakers of an Arabic dialect that has Turkish Kurdish and Aramaic influences 4 MhallamiTotal population150 000 500 000 1 2 or 800 000 3 Regions with significant populationsTurkey Lebanon Germany Sweden Denmark Netherlands BelgiumLanguagesNorth Mesopotamian ArabicReligionSunni IslamRelated ethnic groupsKurds Arabs Assyrians Arameans Contents 1 Origin 2 Demographics 2 1 Mhallami of Turkey 2 2 Mhallami of Lebanon 2 3 Mhallami of Europe 3 See also 4 ReferencesOrigin EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed September 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Multiple claims regarding the origins of the group have been presented that the group descends from the Assyrian Aramean 9 10 population of the Mardin region that converted to Islam and Arabized linguistically or that the group originates from the Arab Peninsula The date of their appearance in Anatolia is unknown but likely sometime in the 5th century There are no known written records by their ancestors of this period Among the Mhallami there is a view that they are descended from Banu Hilal tribes but historical sources and research indicate that this is somewhat unlikely Arab ancestry is more probably from Rabi ah tribes possibly Banu Shayban though this does not preclude Kurdish and or Aramean roots Some sources view the group as ethnically or denominationally Assyrian 4 English traveller Mark Sykes wrote in 1907 This tribe has a peculiar history They claim that they were Christians 350 years ago They speak mixed Arabic and the women wear red clothes and are not veiled Ibrahim Pasha says they are now a mixed race of Arabs and Kurds Some families are said to still descent from the Aramean Christians 11 This theory is also confirmed by orientalist Ishaq Armala and by the Syriac Orthodox patriarch Ignatius Aphrem I who indicated that the Arameans who converted to Islam under pressure started calling themselves Mhalmoye at the end of the 17th century 9 Demographics EditMhallami of Turkey Edit In 2015 the founding chairman Mehmet Ali Aslan became the first Mhallami to be elected a member of the Turkish Parliament from the Kurdish HDP party 12 The migration of the Mhallami from Turkey to Lebanon began in the 1920s In the 1940s tens of thousands more came to Lebanon mostly in the cities of Beirut and Tripoli 13 The last leader of the Mhallami in Turkey is lawyer Seyhmus Miroglu member of beytil emir 14 15 Mhallami of Lebanon Edit The Mhallami had traditionally settled in large numbers in Lebanese regions such as Tripoli the Beqaa Valley and Beirut where they have become an integral part of the country s Sunni community after migrating from the Mardin Province in Turkey Lebanon had a population between 70 000 and 100 000 Mhallami prior to Lebanese Civil War 16 Their origin and legal status became a particular concern when they started to seek asylum in Western European countries en masse in the early 1980s 17 Mhallami of Europe Edit The Mhallami were among the Lebanese Civil War refugees from Lebanon who came to Germany and other European countries such as the Netherlands Denmark and Sweden during the Lebanese civil war since 1976 18 and have since been partially tolerated or live as asylum seekers 19 With around 8 000 people Berlin has the largest Mhallami diaspora community in Europe as of June 2003 20 See also EditLebanese people in Germany Miri Clan Al Zein clan Omerli MardinReferences Edit Ralph Ghadban Die Mhallamiyya In derselbe Die Libanon Fluchtlinge in Berlin Zur Integration ethnischer Minderheiten Berlin 2000 S 86 95 Kapitel als Buchauszug PDF at the Wayback Machine archived 2007 08 07 Die Mhallamiyya PDF Die Libanon Fluchtlinge in Berlin Zur Integration ethnischer Minderheiten in German Berlin 2020 p 86 65 archived from the original PDF on 2007 08 07 retrieved 2020 11 22 A more colourful parliament a b c d Bozkurt Abdulbaki 30 April 2020 The Historical Roots of the Mhallami Arabs in Turkey as a Subject of Debate Journal of International Social Research 13 70 192 202 doi 10 17719 jisr 2020 4086 Himmelseher Volker 22 July 2020 Blut ist dicker als Wasser Im Familienclan ins bessere Leben Roman uber die arabische Clanwelt ISBN 9783751991650 Mhallamiye Kurden Ihre Verachtung fur uns ist grenzenlos Burger Reiner Kurden in Deutschland Parallele Welten Faz net Clanstrukturen kamen mit Fluchtlingswelle in den Achtzigerjahren a b Ghadban Ralph 12 October 2018 Arabische Clans Die unterschatzte Gefahr ISBN 9783843717977 Edwards Maxim 2014 10 10 Ethnic dimension of Iraqi Assyrians often ignored Al Monitor Retrieved 2020 09 09 Caliph s Last Heritage London 1915 S 578 A more colourful parliament Agos 8 June 2015 Retrieved 3 November 2015 Die arabischen Dialekte des Vilayets Mardin Sudostturkei ZDMG Suppl 1 XVII Dt Orientalistentag Vortrage Teil II Sektion 6 Wiesbaden 1969 S 684 Life Mardin Gorkemli dugunde dolarlar havada ucustu Mardin Life in Turkish Retrieved 2022 09 10 Life Mardin Orhan Miroglu dan agabeyine ziyaret Mardin Life in Turkish Retrieved 2022 09 10 Die Libanon Fluchtlinge in Berlin Ralph Ghadban in German Archived August 7 2007 at the Wayback Machine Heinrich Freckmann Jurgen Kalmbach Staatenlose Kurden aus dem Libanon oder turkische Staatsangehorige Ergebnis einer Untersuchung vom 08 18 Marz 2001 in Beirut Mardin und Ankara Hannover Hildesheim 2001 S 3 4 in German Ralph Ghadban Die Libanon Fluchtlinge in Berlin Berlin 2000 ISBN 3 86093 293 4 Nachdruck 2008 S 71 87 89 238 Heinrich Freckmann Jurgen Kalmbach Staatenlose Kurden aus dem Libanon oder turkische Staatsangehorige Ergebnis einer Untersuchung vom 08 18 Marz 2001 in Beirut Mardin und Ankara at the Wayback Machine archived 2011 07 19 PDF 43 kB Hannover Hildesheim 2001 S 3 4 Es muss dringend etwas passieren die tageszeitung 6 Juni 2003 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mhallami amp oldid 1134224899, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
