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Kraken

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see Kraken (disambiguation).

The kraken (/ˈkrɑːkən/)[7] is a legendary sea monster of enormous size, etymologically akin to a squid or octopus, said to appear in the sea between Norway and Iceland. It is believed the legend of the Kraken may have originated from sightings of giant squid, which may grow to 12–15 m (40–50 feet) in length.

Kraken vs. ship
Kraken, an unconfirmed cephalopod.[a] Engraving by W. H. Lizars, in Hamilton, Robert (1839). Naturalist's Library. Adapted "from Denys Montford" [sic.][3]
A "colossal octopus" that attacked a ship. Drawing by Pierre Denys-Montfort, engraved by Étienne Claude Voysard [fr], 1801[4]
Colorized facsimile[5] – hand-colored woodcut[6] or pen and wash[citation needed]

Kraken, as a subject of sailors' superstitions and mythos, was first described in the modern era in a travelogue by Francesco Negri in 1700. This description was followed in 1734 by an account from Dano-Norwegian missionary and explorer Hans Egede, who described the kraken in detail and equated it with the hafgufa of medieval lore. However, the first description of the creature is usually credited to the Danish bishop Pontoppidan (1753). Pontoppidan was the first to describe the kraken as an octopus (polypus) of tremendous size,[b] and wrote that it had a reputation for pulling down ships. The French malacologist Denys-Montfort, of the 19th century, is also known for his pioneering inquiries into the existence of gigantic octopuses (Octupi).

The great man-killing octopus entered French fiction when novelist Victor Hugo (1866) introduced the pieuvre octopus of Guernsey lore, which he identified with the kraken of legend. This led to Jules Verne's depiction of the kraken, although Verne did not distinguish between squid and octopus.

Linnaeus may have indirectly written about the kraken. Linnaeus wrote about the Microcosmus genus (an animal with various other organisms or growths attached to it, comprising a colony). Subsequent authors have referred to Linnaeus's writing, and the writings of Bartholin's cetus called hafgufa, and Paullini's monstrum marinum as "krakens".[c] That said, the claim that Linnaeus used the word "kraken" in the margin of a later edition of Systema Naturae has not been confirmed.

Etymology edit

The English word kraken (in the sense of sea monster) derives from Norwegian kraken or krakjen, which are the definite forms of krake ("the krake").[7]

According to a Norwegian dictionary, the root meaning of krake is "malformed or overgrown, crooked tree".[8] It originates from Old Norse kraki, which is etymologically related to Old Norse krókr, lit. 'hook', cognate with "crook". This is backed up by the Swedish dictionary SAOB, published by the Swedish Academy, which gives essentially the exact same description for the word in Swedish and confirming the lead krak as a diminutive form of krok, Norwegian and Swedish for 'hook/crook' (krake thus roughly translate to "crookie").[9] With time, "krake" have come to mean any severed tree stem or trunk with crooked outgrowths, in turn giving name to objects and tools based on such, notably for the subject matter, primitive anchors and drags (grapnel anchors) made from severed spruce tops or branchy bush trunks outfitted with a stone sinker,[8][9] known as krake, but also krabbe in Norwegian or krabba in Swedish (lit. 'crab').[d] Old Norse kraki mostly corresponds to these uses in modern Icelandic, meaning, among other things, "twig" and "drag", but also "pole, stake used in pole blockages [sv]" and "boat hook".[13] Swedish SAOB gives the translations of Icelandic kraki as "thin rod with hook on it", "wooden drag with stone sinker" and "dry spruce trunk with the crooked, stripped branches still attached".[9]

 
Old style Scandinavian drag (grapnel anchor) made from the top of a tree, historically known as krake or krabbe in the Scandinavian languages, probably the root for the naming of the mythological monster.

It is thought that krake in the sense of a "multi-armed sea monster" or "octopus" is derived from the meaning "crooked tree", as trunks with crooked branches or outgrowths, as well as drags, wooden or not, readily conjure up the image of a cephalopod, making it a descriptive name initially.[14][15][9][8] This idea seems to first have been notably remarked by Icelandic philologist Finnur Jónsson in 1920.[16] A synonym for kraken has also been krabbe (see below), which further indicates a name-theme referencing drags.

Synonyms edit

Besides kraken, the monster went under a variety of names early on, the second to kraken being horven ("the horv").[17] Icelandic philologist Finnur Jónsson explained this name in 1920 as an alternative form of harv (lit. 'harrow') and conjectured that this name was suggested by the inkfish's action of seeming to plow the sea.[16]

Some of the synonyms of krake given by Erik Pontoppidan were, in Danish:[e]

Related words edit

Since the 19th century, the word krake have, beyond the monster, given name to the cephalopod order Octopoda in Swedish (krakar)[h] and German (Kraken), resulting in many species of octopuses partly named such, such as the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris), which is named jättekrake ("giant kraken") in Swedish and Gewöhnlicher Krake ("common kraken") in German. The family Octopodidae is also known as Echte Kraken ("true krakens") in German. In Icelandic, octopoda is instead named kolkrabbar ("coal crabs") after the crab nickname, the common octopus simply named kolkrabbi.

The Swedish diminutive form kräkel, a word for a branchy/spiny piece of wood,[29] have given name to a variety of sea dwelling plants in Swedish, most notably furcellaria lumbricalis, a species of red algae.[30][i] There is also the morphological derivation kräkla (dialectal Norwegian: krekle), meaning crooked piece of wood, which has given name to primitive forms of whisks and beaters (cooking), made from the tops of trees by keeping a row of twigs as the beating element, resembling the appearance of a cephalopod, but also crosiers and shepherd's crooks.[33]

Shetlandic krekin for "whale", a taboo word, is listed as etymologically related.[14][34]

General description and myth edit

In Norwegian sailor folklore, kraken ("the krake" or "the crookie"), also known as horven (among others), is a legendary sea monster said to appear in the sea between Norway and Iceland.

It is said that when fishermen row out a few miles (Scandinavian miles) from the coast on a hot summer's day in a calm, and according to normal calculations should find a depth of 80–100 fathoms (140–180 metres (460–590 ft) deep), it sometimes happens that the plummet bottoms at 20–30 fathoms (35–50 metres (115–164 ft) deep). But in this water stand the most abundant shoals of cod and lings. Then you can assume that the kraken lurks down there; as it is he who forms the artificial elevation of the bottom and by his secretions attracts fish there. But if those fishing notices that the kraken is rising, it is necessary to row away for all the boat can take. After a few minutes, the beast can then be seen lifting the upper part of its body above the surface of the water, which for a quarter of a mile (ca 1.5 mi.) in circumference appears as a collection of skerries, covered with swaying, seaweed-like growths. Finally, a few shining tentacles rise up in the air, increasingly thicker at the bottom, which can even appear as high as ship's masts. After a while, the kraken gives in to sinking again, and you then have to be careful not to run into the suction vortex that is formed.[17]

First descriptions edit

 
Two monsters, the ferocious toothed "swine whale", and the horned, flashy-eyed "bearded whale" on Olaus's map, given specific names by Gesner.[35][36] The "bearded" is possibly a kraken.[37][j] Olaus Magnus, Carta marina (1539)

The first description of the krake as "sciu-crak" was given by Italian writer Negri in Viaggio settentrionale (Padua, 1700), a travelogue about Scandinavia.[39][40] The book describes the sciu-crak as a massive "fish" which was many-horned or many-armed. The author also distinguished this from a sea-serpent.[41]

The kraken was described as a many-headed and clawed creature by Egede (1741)[1729], who stated it was equivalent to the Icelanders' hafgufa,[42] but the latter is commonly treated as a fabulous whale.[43] Erik Pontoppidan (1753), who popularized the kraken to the world, noted that it was multiple-armed according to lore, and conjectured it to be a giant sea-crab, starfish or a polypus (octopus).[44] Still, the bishop is considered to have been instrumental in sparking interest for the kraken in the English-speaking world,[45] as well as becoming regarded as the authority on sea-serpents and krakens.[46]

Although it has been stated that the kraken (Norwegian: krake) was "described for the first time by that name" in the writings of Erik Pontoppidan, bishop of Bergen, in his Det første Forsøg paa Norges naturlige Historie "The First Attempt at [a] Natural History of Norway" (1752–53),[47] a German source qualified Pontoppidan to be the first source on kraken available to be read in the German language.[48] A description of the kraken had been anticipated by Hans Egede.[49]

Denys-Montfort (1801) published on two giants, the "colossal octopus" with the enduring image of it attacking a ship, and the "kraken octopod", deemed to be the largest organism in zoology. Denys-Montfort matched his "colossal" with Pliny's tale of the giant polypus that attacked ships-wrecked people, while making correspondence between his kraken and Pliny's monster called the arbor marina.[k] Finnur Jónsson (1920) also favored identifying the kraken as an inkfish (squid/octopus) on etymological grounds.

Egede edit

The krake (English: kraken) was described by Hans Egede in his Det gamle Grønlands nye perlustration (1729; Ger. t. 1730; tr. Description of Greenland, 1745),[50] drawing from the fables of his native region, the Nordlandene len [no] of Norway, then under Danish rule.[52][53]

According to his Norwegian informants, the kraken's body measured many miles in length, and when it surfaced it seemed to cover the whole sea, and "having many heads and a number of claws". With its claws it captured its prey, which included ships, men, fish, and animals, carrying its victims back into the depths.[53] Egede conjectured that the krake was equatable to the monster that the Icelanders call hafgufa, but as he had not obtained anything related to him through an informant, he had difficulty describing the latter.[42][l]

According to the lore of Norwegian fishermen, they could mount upon the fish-attracting kraken as if it were a sand-bank (Fiske-Grund 'fishing shoal'), but if they ever had the misfortune to capture the kraken, getting it entangled on their hooks, the only way to avoid destruction was to pronounce its name to make it go back to its depths.[55][56] Egede also wrote that the krake fell under the general category of "sea spectre" (Danish: søe-trold og [søe]-spøgelse),[58] adding that "the Draw" (Danish: Drauen, definite form) was another being within that sea spectre classification.[24][56][m]

Hafgufa edit

Main article: hafgufa

Egede also made the aforementioned identification of krake as being the same as the hafgufa of the Icelanders,[20][42] though he seemed to have obtained the information indirectly from medieval Norwegian work, the Speculum Regale (or King's Mirror, c. 1250).[n][61][62][49][20]

Later, David Crantz [de] in Historie von Grönland (History of Greenland, 1765) also reported kraken and the hafgufa to be synonymous.[63][64]

An English translator of the King's Mirror in 1917 opted to translate hafgufa as kraken.[65]

The hafgufa (described as the largest of the sea monsters, inhabiting the Greenland Sea) from the King's Mirror[66][67][o] continues to be identified with the kraken in some scholarly writings,[69][20] and if this equivalence were allowed, the kraken-hafgufa's range would extend, at least legendarily, to waters approaching Helluland (Baffin Island, Canada), as described in Örvar-Odds saga.[70][p]

Contrary opinion edit

The description of the hafgufa in the King's Mirror suggests a garbled eyewitness account of what was actually a whale, at least to Grönlands historiske Mindesmaerker.[71] Halldór Hermannsson [sv] also reads the work as describing the hafgufa as a type of whale.[43]

Finnur Jónsson (1920) having arrived at the opinion that the kraken probably represented an inkfish (squid/octopus), as discussed earlier, expressed his skepticism towards the standing notion that the kraken originated from the hafgufa.[16]

Pontoppidan edit

Erik Pontoppidan's Det første Forsøg paa Norges naturlige Historie (1752, actually volume 2, 1753)[72] made several claims regarding kraken, including the notion that the creature was sometimes mistaken for a group of small islands with fish swimming in-between,[73] Norwegian fishermen often took the risk of trying to fish over kraken, since the catch was so plentiful[74] (hence the saying "You must have fished on Kraken"[75]).

However, there was also the danger to seamen of being engulfed by the whirlpool when it submerged,[76][12] and this whirlpool was compared to Norway's famed Moskstraumen often known as "the Maelstrom".[77][78]

Pontoppidan also described the destructive potential of the giant beast: "it is said that if [the creature's arms] were to lay hold of the largest man-of-war, they would pull it down to the bottom".[79][76][12][80]

Kraken purportedly exclusively fed for several months, then spent the following few months emptying its excrement, and the thickened clouded water attracted fish.[81] Later Henry Lee commented that the supposed excreta may have been the discharge of ink by a cephalopod.[82]

Taxonomic identifications edit

Pontoppidan wrote of a possible specimen of the krake, "perhaps a young and careless one", which washed ashore and died at Alstahaug, Norway, in 1680.[80][78][22] He observed that it had long "arms", and guessed that it must have been crawling like a snail/slug with the use of these "arms", but got lodged in the landscape during the process.[83][84] 20th century malacologist Paul Bartsch conjectured this to have been a giant squid,[85] as did literary scholar Finnur Jónsson.[86]

However, what Pontoppidan actually stated regarding what creatures he regarded as candidates for the kraken is quite complicated.

Pontoppidan did tentatively identify the kraken to be a sort of giant crab, stating that the alias krabben best describes its characteristics.[21][87][78][q]

Medusa's head, or kraken's young according to fishermen's lore
 
Gorgonocephalus caputmedusae  [nl] (old name Astrophyton Linckii[90]), possibly Linnaeus's "Medusa's head"? according to Lyman;[91] native to the North Sea.[92]
 
Gorgonocephalus eucnemis.[93] "Shetland Argus", according to Bell; possibly Linnaeus's caput medusa[e] also;[94][95] this a more far-ranging species.[95]

However, further down in his writing, compares the creature to some creature(s) from Pliny, Book IX, Ch. 4: the sea-monster called arbor, with tree-branch like multiple arms,[r] complicated by the fact that Pontoppidan adds another of Pliny's creature called rota with eight arms, and conflates them into one organism.[96][97] Pontoppidan is suggesting this is an ancient example of kraken, as a modern commentator analyzes.[98]

Pontoppidan then declared the kraken to be a type of polypus (=octopus)[101] or "starfish", particularly the kind Gesner called Stella Arborescens, later identifiable as one of the northerly ophiurids[102] or possibly more specifically as one of the Gorgonocephalids or even the genus Gorgonocephalus (though no longer regarded as family/genus under order Ophiurida, but under Phrynophiurida in current taxonomy).[106][109]

This ancient arbor (admixed rota and thus made eight-armed) seems like an octopus at first blush[110] but with additional data, the ophiurid starfish now appears bishop's preferential choice.[111]

The ophiurid starfish seems further fortified when he notes that "starfish" called "Medusa's heads" (caput medusæ; pl. capita medusæ) are considered to be "the young of the great sea-krake" by local lore. Pontoppidan ventured the 'young krakens' may rather be the eggs (ova) of the starfish.[112] Pontopiddan was satisfied that "Medusa's heads" was the same as the foregoing starfish (Stella arborensis of old),[113] but "Medusa's heads" were something found ashore aplenty across Norway according to von Bergen, who thought it absurd these could be young "Kraken" since that would mean the seas would be full of (the adults).[114][115] The "Medusa's heads" appear to be a Gorgonocephalid, with Gorgonocephalus spp. being tentatively suggested.[116][s]

[120]

[122]

In the end though, Pontoppidan again appears ambivalent, stating "Polype, or Star-fish [belongs to] the whole genus of Kors-Trold ['cross troll'], ... some that are much larger, .. even the very largest ... of the ocean", and concluding that "this Krake must be of the Polypus kind".[123] By "this Krake" here, he apparently meant in particular the giant polypus octopus of Carteia from Pliny, Book IX, Ch. 30 (though he only used the general nickname "ozaena" 'stinkard' for the octopus kind).[97][124][t]

Denys-Montfort edit

In 1802, the French malacologist Pierre Denys-Montfort recognized the existence of two "species" of giant octopuses in Histoire Naturelle Générale et Particulière des Mollusques, an encyclopedic description of mollusks.[4]

The "colossal giant" was supposedly the same as Pliny's "monstrous polypus",[125][126] which was a man-killer which ripped apart (Latin: distrahit) shipwrecked people and divers.[129][130] Montfort accompanied his publication with an engraving representing the giant octopus poised to destroy a three-masted ship.[4][131]

Whereas the "kraken octopus", was the most gigantic animal on the planet in the writer's estimation, dwarfing Pliny's "colossal octopus"/"monstrous polypus",[132][133] and identified here as the aforementioned Pliny's monster, called the arbor marinus.[134]

Montfort also listed additional wondrous fauna as identifiable with the kraken.[135] [136] There was Paullini's monstrum marinum glossed as a sea crab (German: Seekrabbe),[137] which a later biologist has suggested to be one of the Hyas spp.[138] It was also described as resembling Gesner's Cancer heracleoticus crab alleged to appear off the Finnish coast.[137][133] von Bergen's "bellua marina omnium vastissima" (meaning 'vastest-of-all sea-beast'), namely the trolwal ('ogre whale', 'troll whale') of Northern Europe, and the Teufelwal ('devil whale') of the Germans follow in the list.[139][136]

Angola octopus, pictured in St. Malo edit

It is in his chapter on the "colossal octopus" that Montfort provides the contemporary eyewitness example of a group of sailors who encounter the giant off the coast of Angola, who afterwards deposited a pictorial commemoration of the event as a votive offering at St. Thomas's chapel in Saint-Malo, France.[140] Based on that picture, Montfort drew a "colossal octopus" attacking a ship, and included the engraving in his book.[5][6] However, an English author recapitulating Montfort's account of it attaches an illustration of it, which was captioned: "The Kraken supposed a sepia or cuttlefish", while attributing Montfort.[141]

Hamilton's book was not alone in recontextualizing Montfort's ship-assaulting colossal octopus as a kraken; for instance, the piece on the "kraken" by American zoologist Packard.[142]

The Frenchman Montfort used the obsolete scientific name Sepia octopodia but called it a poulpe,[143] which means "octopus" to this day; meanwhile the English-speaking naturalists had developed the convention of calling the octopus "eight-armed cuttle-fish", as did Packard[2] and Hamilton,[3] even though modern-day speakers are probably unfamiliar with that name.

Warship Ville de Paris edit

 
The Niagara sighting. 60-metre (200 ft) creature allegedly seen afloat in 1813, depicted as octopus by a naturalist

Having accepted as fact that a colossal octopus was capable of dragging a ship down, Montfort made a more daring hypothesis. He attempted to blame colossal octopuses for the loss of ten warships under British control in 1782, including six captured French men-of-war. The disaster began with the distress signal fired by the captured ship of the line Ville de Paris which was then swallowed up by parting waves, and the other ships coming to aid shared the same fate. He proposed, by process of elimination, that such an event could only be accounted for as the work of many octopuses.[144][145][146] But it has been pointed out the sinkings have simply been explained by the presence of a storm,[131] and Montfort's involving octopuses as complicit has been characterized as "reckless falsity".[146]

It has also been noted that Montfort once quipped to a friend, DeFrance: "If my entangled ship is accepted, I will make my 'colossal poulpe' overthrow a whole fleet".[147][148][2]

Niagara edit

The ship Niagara on course from Lisbon to New York in 1813 logged a sighting of a marine animal spotted afloat at sea. It was claimed to be 60 m (200 feet) in length, covered in shells, and had many birds alighted upon it.[citation needed]

Samuel Latham Mitchill reported this, and referencing Montfort's kraken, reproduced an illustration of it as an octopus.[149]

Linnaeus's microcosmus edit

 
Sea-grapes, or cephalopod eggs

The famous Swedish 18th century naturalist Carl Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae (1735) described a fabulous genus Microcosmus a "body covered with various heterogeneous [other bits]" (Latin: Corpus variis heterogeneis tectum).[138][150][151][u]

Linnaeus cited four sources under Microcosmus, namely:[v][138][153] Thomas Bartholin's cetus (≈whale) type hafgufa;[155] Paullin's monstrum marinum aforementioned;[137] and Francesco Redi's giant tunicate (Ascidia[138]) in Italian and Latin.[156][157]

According to the Swedish zoologist Lovén, the common name kraken was added to the 6th edition of Systema Naturae (1748),[138] which was a Latin version augmented with Swedish names[158] (in blackletter), but such Swedish text is wanting on this particular entry, e.g. in the copy held by NCSU.[152] It is true that the 7th edition of 1748, which adds German vernacular names,[158] identifies the Microcosmus as "sea-grape" (German: Meertrauben), referring to a cluster of cephalopod eggs.[159][160][w][x]

Also, the Frenchman Louis Figuier in 1860 misstated that Linnaeus included in his classification a cephalopod called "Sepia microcosmus"[y] in his first edition of Systema Naturae (1735).[164] Figuier's mistake has been pointed out, and Linnaeus never represented the kraken as such a cephalopod.[165] Nevertheless, the error has been perpetuated by even modern-day writers.[167]

Linnaeus in English edit

Thomas Pennant, an Englishman, had written of Sepia octopodia as "eight-armed cuttlefish" (we call it octopus today), and documented reported cases in the Indian isles where specimen grow to 2 fathoms [3.7 m; 12 ft] wide, "and each arms 9 fathoms [16 m; 54 ft] long".[2][1] This was added as a species Sepia octopusa [sic.] by William Turton in his English version of Linnaeus's System of Nature, together with the account of the 9-fathom-long (16 m; 54 ft) armed octopuses.[2][168]

The trail stemming from Linnaeus, eventually leading to such pieces on the kraken written in English by the naturalist James Wilson for the Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine in 1818 sparked an awareness of the kraken among 19th century English, hence Tennyson's poem, "The Kraken".[69]

Iconography edit

 
"Kraken of the imagination". John Gibson, 1887.[169]

As to the iconography, Denys-Montfort's engraving of the "colossal octopus" is often shown, though this differs from the kraken according to the French malacologist,[5] and commentators are found characterizing the ship attack representing the "kraken octopod".[2][170]

And after Denys-Monfort's illustration, various publishers produced similar illustrations depicting the kraken attacking a ship.[3][169]

Whereas the kraken was described by Egede as having "many Heads and a Number of Claws", the creature is also depicted to have spikes or horns, at least in illustrations of creatures which commentators have conjectured to be krakens. The "bearded whale" shown on an early map (pictured above) is conjectured to be a kraken perhaps (cf. §Olaus Magnus below). Also, there was an alleged two-headed and horned monster that beached ashore in Dingle, County Kerry, Ireland, thought to be a giant cephalopod, of which there was a picture/painting made by the discoverer.[171] He made a travelling show of his work on canvas, as introduced in a book on the kraken.[172]

Olaus Magnus edit

While Swedish writer Olaus Magnus did not use the term kraken, various sea-monsters were illustrated on his famous map, the Carta marina (1539). Modern writers have since tried to interpret various sea creatures illustrated as a portrayal of the kraken.

Olaus gives description of a whale with two elongated teeth ("like a boar's or elephant's tusk") to protect its huge eyes, which "sprouts horns", and although these are as hard as horn, they can be made supple also.[173][38] But the tusked form was named "swine-whale" (German: Schweinwal), and the horned form "bearded whale" (German: Bart-wal) by Swiss naturalist Gesner, who observed it possessed a "starry beard" around the upper and lower jaws.[174][36] At least one writer has suggested this might represent the kraken of Norwegian lore.[37]

Another work commented less discerningly that Olaus's map is "replete with imagery of krakens and other monsters".[20]

Ashton's Curious Creatures (1890) drew significantly from Olaus's work[175] and even quoted the Swede's description of the horned whale.[176] But he identified the kraken as a cephalopod and devoted much space on Pliny's and Olaus's descriptions of the giant "polypus",[177] noting that Olaus had represented the kraken-polypus as a crayfish or lobster in his illustrations, [178] and reproducing the images from both Olaus's book[179][173][38] and his map.[180][181] In Olaus book, the giant lobster illustration is uncaptioned, but appears right above the words "De Polypis (on the octopus)", which is the chapter heading.[173] Hery Lee was also of the opinion that the multi-legged lobster was a misrepresentation of a reported cephalopod attack on a ship.[182]

The legend in Olaus's map fails to clarify on the lobster-like monster "M",[z] depicted off the island of Iona.[aa][184] However, the associated writing called the Auslegung adds that this section of the map extends from Ireland to the "Insula Fortunata".[185] This "Fortunate Island" was a destination on St. Brendan's Voyage, one of whose adventures was the landing of the crew on an island-sized monstrous, as depicted in a 17th century engraving (cf. figure right);[188] and this monstrous fish, according to Bartholin was the aforementioned hafgufa,[155] which has already been discussed above as one of the creatures of lore equated with kraken.

  •  
    Kraken represented as a Crayfish or Lobster.[189] Monster "M". Carta marina (1539), detail.
  •  
    Giant lobster attacking ship. Lee, Henry (1884), p. 58, after Olaus Magnus (1555), Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus.
  •  
    Giant fish encountered by St. Brendan. "Insula Fortunata" marked near it.[186]

Giant squid edit

 
Modern artistic depiction of a giant squid attacking two fisherman.

The piece of squid recovered by the French ship Alecton in 1861, discussed by Henry Lee in his chapter on the "Kraken",[190] would later be identified as a giant squid, Architeuthis by A. E. Verrill.[191]

After a specimen of the giant squid, Architeuthis, was discovered by Rev. Moses Harvey and published in science by Professor A. E. Verrill, commentators have remarked on this cephalopod as possibly explaining the legendary kraken.[192][193][194]

Paleo-cephalopod edit

Main article: Mark McMenamin § Triassic kraken

Paleontologist Mark McMenamin and his spouse Dianna Schulte McMenamin claimed that an ancient, giant cephalopod resembling the legendary kraken caused the deaths of ichthyosaurs during the Triassic Period.[195][196][197][198] However, this theory has been met with criticisms by multiple researchers.[199][200][201][202]

Literary influences edit

 
An illustration from the original 1870 edition of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne

The French novelist Victor Hugo's Les Travailleurs de la mer (1866, "Toilers of the Sea") discusses the man-eating octopus, the kraken of legend, called pieuvre by the locals of the Channel Islands (in the Guernsey dialect, etc.).[203][204][ab] Hugo's octopus later influenced Jules Verne's depiction of the kraken in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea,[206] though Verne also drew on the real-life encounter the French ship Alecton had with what was probably a giant squid.[207] It has been noted that Verne indiscriminately interchanged kraken with calmar (squid) and poulpe (octopus).[208]

In the English-speaking world, examples in fine literature are Alfred Tennyson's 1830 irregular sonnet The Kraken,[209] references in Herman Melville's 1851 novel Moby-Dick (Chapter 59 "Squid"),[210]

Modern use edit

Main article: Kraken in popular culture

Although fictional and the subject of myth, the legend of the Kraken continues to the present day, with numerous references in film, literature, television, and other popular culture topics.[211]

Examples include: John Wyndham's novel The Kraken Wakes (1953), the Kraken of Marvel Comics, the 1981 film Clash of the Titans and its 2010 remake of the same name, and the Seattle Kraken professional ice hockey team. Krakens also appear in video games such as Sea of Thieves, God of War II, Return of the Obra Dinn and Dredge. The kraken was also featured in two of the Pirates of the Caribbean movies, as the pet of the fearsome Davy Jones in the 2006 film, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and appears in the film's sequel, At World's End. In George R.R. Martin's fantasy novel series, A Song of Ice and Fire and its HBO series adaptations, Game of Thrones and House of the Dragon, the mythical kraken is the sigil of House Greyjoy of the Iron Islands.

Two features on the surfaces of other celestial objects have been named after the Kraken. Kraken Mare, a major sea of liquid ethane and methane, is the largest known body of liquid on Saturn's moon Titan.[212] Kraken Catena is a pit chain and possible tectonic fault on Neptune's moon Triton.[213]

See also edit

Explanatory notes edit

  1. ^ Caption: "The Kraken, supposed a sepia or cuttlefish from Denys Montford" [sic.]". Sepia was formerly the genus that octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish (cephalopods) were all assigned to. Thus "eight-armed cuttle-fish" became the standardized name for "octopus".[1][2]
  2. ^ He vacillated between polypus and "star fish" however.
  3. ^ Denys-Montfort's footnote identified his kraken with Paullini's monstrum marinum also, leading Samuel Latham Mitchill to comment that "Linnaeus considered the Kraken as a real existence", publishing it under Microcosmus.
  4. ^ Norwegian: Krabbe, Swedish: krabba (lit. 'crab') as a word for drag (grapnel anchor) is assumed to be figuratively derived from the animal of the same name, as both shares the nature of crawling on the sea bed. The word stems from Old Norse: krabbi, etymologically root cognate with Middle Low German: krabbe, Old English: crabba, 'to crawl'.[10][11][12]
  5. ^ Pontoppidan of course wrote in Danish, the standard literary language for Norwegians at the time, though words like krake were presumably taken down from the mouths of the native Norwegian populace.
  6. ^ With definite article suffixed forms such as Kraxen or Krabben[20] appearing in the English translation.[21]
  7. ^ Pontopoppidan's "Soe-draulen, Soe-trolden, Sea-mischief" has been frequently requoted,[22][23] but these terms can be deferred to Egede's explanation (discussed further, below) that employs søe-trold as a general classification, under which krake and the søe-drau fall.[24] The word drau as a variant of draug was recognized by Pontoppidan as meaning 'spøgelse ghost, spectre',[25] and the latter form draug is defined more specifically as a being associated with sea or water in modern Norwegian dictionaries.[26] The "Sea-mischief" appears in the English translation[27] but is absent in the original.[28]
  8. ^ Although "eight-armed cephalopods", Swedish: åttaarmade bläckfiskar, is a more common synonym.
  9. ^ Kräkel has also been used to describe Potamogeton Vaill (pondweed)[31] and Zostera Lin (marine eelgrass),[32] etc.
  10. ^ The two are changing forms of just one beast, which has both tusks and protrusible horns to protect its large eyes, according to Olaus's book.[38]
  11. ^ And other fabulous-seeming creatures, such as monstrum marinum, bellua marina omnium vastissima, etc.
  12. ^ Machan quoted Egede's text proper regarding some sort of "Bæst"[20] or "forfærdelige Hav-Dyr [terrible sea-animal]" witnessed in the Colonies (Greenland),[24] but ignored the footnote which tells much on the krake. Ruickbie quoted Egede's footnote, but decided to place it under his entry for "Hafgufa".[54]
  13. ^ Reference to the sea spectre ("phantom") was added in the English margin header: "A Norway Tale of Kraken, a pretended phantom",[59] but that reference is wanting in the Danish original. It was already noted that the original wording localizes the legend specifically to Nordlandene len [no], not Norway altogether.
  14. ^ Speculum Regale Islandicum after Thormodus Torfæus, as elocuted by Egede. The Speculum contains a detailed digression about whales and seals in the seas around Iceland and Greenland,[60] where one finds description of the hafgufa.
  15. ^ Bushnell speaks of Icelandic literature (in the 13th century) also, but strictly speaking, Örvar-Odds saga contains the mention of hafgufa and lyngbakr[68] only in the later recension, dated to the late 14th century.
  16. ^ Mouritsen & Styrbæk (2018) (book on inkfish) distinguishes the whale lyngbakr with the monster hafgufa.
  17. ^ Cf. kraken aka "the crab-fish" (Swedish: Krabbfisken) described by Swedish magnate Jacob Wallenberg [sv] in Min son på galejan ("My son on the galley", 1781):

    Kraken, also called the crab-fish, which is not that huge, for heads and tails counted, he is reckoned not to overtake the length of our Öland off Kalmar [i.e., 85 mi or 137 kilometres] ... He stays at the sea floor, constantly surrounded by innumerable small fishes, who serve as his food and are fed by him in return: for his meal, (if I remember correctly what E. Pontoppidan writes,) lasts no longer than three months, and another three are then needed to digest it. His excrements nurture in the following an army of lesser fish, and for this reason, fishermen plumb after his resting place ... Gradually, Kraken ascends to the surface, and when he is at ten to twelve fathoms [18 to 22 m; 60 to 72 ft] below, the boats had better move out of his vicinity, as he will shortly thereafter burst up, like a floating island, gushing out currnts like at Trollhättan [Trollhätteströmmar], his dreadful nostrils and making an ever-expanding ring of whirlpool, reaching many miles around. Could one doubt that this is the Leviathan of Job?[88][89]
  18. ^ This is called arbor marinus by Denys-Montfort, and equated with his kraken octopus, as discussed below.
  19. ^ Actually there is even the species "Gorgon's head" Astrocladus euryale, whose old name was Asterias euryale,[117] which Blumenbach claimed was one of the species that Scandinavian naturalists considered kraken's children.[118] But A. euryale inhabits South African waters. Blumenbach also named Euryale verrucosum, old name of Astrocladus exiguus[119] which occur in the Pacific.
  20. ^ The ozaena nickname as literally 'stinkard' for the octopus on account of its reek is given in the side-by-sidy translation by Gerhardt. The polypus of Carteia tract, is thus given, but the Latin quoted by Pontoppidan "Namque et afflatu terribli canes agebat..." is blanked Gerhardt and only given in modern English, "were pitted against something uncanny, for by its awful breath it tormented the dogs, which it now scourged with the ends of its tentacles".. because it represents an interpolation by Pliny.
  21. ^ Lovén gave the text as tegmen ex heterogeneis compilatis,[138] but this reading occurs in the Latin-Swedish 6th edition of 1748.[152] Whereas the 2nd edition has "testa" instead of "tegmen".[153]
  22. ^ Lóven indicates that these sources appeared in print in the second edition of SN, but as a piece of marginalia, he notes these sources were also given in Linnaeus's 1733 lectures.[138] The lecture was preserved in the Notes taken by Mennander, held by the Royal Library, Stockholm.[154]
  23. ^ "Meer=Trauben" already appeared in the 1740 Latin-German edition.[151] The 9th edition of 1956, which is said to be the same as the 6th edition,[158] also leaves a blanc instead of adding the French vernacular name.[161]
  24. ^ An illustration of sea-grapes (French: raisins de mer) appears on Moquin-Tandon (1865), p. 309.
  25. ^ As noted previously, Sepia genus represents cuttlefish in modern taxonomy, Linnaeus's genus Sepia was essentially "cephalopods", and his Sepia octopodia was the common octopus.[162][163]
  26. ^ However, elsewhere on the map, the giant lobster is called a lobster (Medieval Latin: gambarus > Latin: cammarus > Ancient Greek: κάμμαρος) in the legend; this is the one shown struggling with a one-horned beast.[183]
  27. ^ Iona is of course associated with the Irish saints, Columcille and St. Brendan.
  28. ^ Hugo also produced an ink and wash sketch of the octopus.[205]

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b Pennant, Thomas (1777). "Sepia". British ZoologyIV: Crustacea. Mollusca. Testacea. Benjamin White. pp. 44–45.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Packard, A. S. (March 1872). "Kraken". The Connecticut School Journal. 2 (3): 78–79. JSTOR 44648937.
  3. ^ a b c Hamilton (1839). Plate XXX, p. 326a.
  4. ^ a b c Denys-Montfort (1801), p. 256, Pl. XXVI.
  5. ^ a b c Lee (1875), pp. 100–103.
  6. ^ a b Nigg (2014), p. 147: "The hand-colored woodcut is a reproduction of art in the Church of St. Malo in France".
  7. ^ a b "kraken". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. V (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. 1933. p. 754. Norw. kraken, krakjen, the -n, being the suffixed definite article = A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (1901), V: 754
  8. ^ a b c d "kraken". Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka.
  9. ^ a b c d e "krake sbst.4". saob.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  10. ^ "krake sbst.1". saob.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  11. ^ "krake sbst.2". saob.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  12. ^ a b c [Anonymous] (1849). (Review) New Books: An Essay on the credibility of the Kraken. The Nautical Magazine 18(5): 272–276.
  13. ^ Cleasby & Vigfusson (1874), An Icelandic-English Dictionary, s.v. "https://books.google.com/books?id=ne9fAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA354&q=kraki+kraki" '[Dan. krage], a pole, stake'
  14. ^ a b "krake sbst.2". saob.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  15. ^ "krake sbst.3". saob.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  16. ^ a b c d e Finnur Jónsson (1920), pp. 113–114.
  17. ^ a b c "Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 8. Kaffrer - Kristdala /". runeberg.org. 1884. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  18. ^ a b c Pontoppidan (1753a), p. xvi(?)
  19. ^ a b c Pontoppidan (1753a), p. 340.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Machan, Tim William (2020). "Ch. 5. Narrative, Memory, Meaning /§Kraken". Northern memories and the English Middle Ages. David Matthews, Anke Bernau, James Paz. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-5261-4537-6.
  21. ^ a b Pontoppidan (1755), p. 210.
  22. ^ a b Metropolitana (1845), p. 256.
  23. ^ W[ilson] (1818), p. 647.
  24. ^ a b c Egede (1741), p. 49.
  25. ^ Knudsen, Knud (1862). Er Norsk det samme som Dansk?. Christiania: Steenske Bogtrykkeri. p. 41).
  26. ^ "draug". Bokmålsordboka | Nynorskordboka.
  27. ^ Pontoppidan (1755), p. 214.
  28. ^ Pontoppidan (1753a), pp. 346–347: Danish: .. krake, hvilken nongle Søe-fokl ogsaa kalde Søe-Draulen, det er Søe-Trolden
  29. ^ "kräkel sbst.1". saob.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  30. ^ "Kräkel". havet.nu. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  31. ^ "kräkel sbst.3". saob.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  32. ^ "kräkel sbst.4". saob.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  33. ^ "kräkla sbst.2". saob.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  34. ^ Jakobsen, Jakob (1921), "krekin, krechin", Etymologisk ordbog over det norrøne sprog på Shetland, Prior, p. 431; Cited in Collingwood, W. G. (1910). Review, Antiquary 46: 157
  35. ^ Olaus Magnus (1887) [1539], Brenner, Oscar [in German] (ed.), "Die ächte Karte des Olaus Magnus vom Jahre 1539 nach dem Exemplar de Münchener Staatsbibliothek", Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-selskabet i Christiania, Trykt hos Brøgger & Christie, p. 7, monstra duo marina maxima vnum dentibus truculentum, alterum cornibus et visu flammeo horrendum / Cuius oculi circumferentia XVI vel XX pedum mensuram continet
  36. ^ a b Gesner, Conrad (1670). Fisch-Buch. Gesnerus redivivus auctus & emendatus, oder: Allgemeines Thier-Buch 4. Frankfurt-am-Main: Wilhelm Serlin. pp. 124–125.
  37. ^ a b Nigg, Joseph (2014). "The Kraken". Sea Monsters: A Voyage around the World's Most Beguiling Map. David Matthews, Anke Bernau, James Paz. University of Chicago Press. pp. 145–146. ISBN 978-0-226-92518-9.
  38. ^ a b c Olaus Magnus (1998). Foote, Peter (ed.). Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus: Romæ 1555 [Description of the Northern Peoples : Rome 1555]. Fisher, Peter;, Higgens, Humphrey (trr.). Hakluyt Society. p. 1092. ISBN 0-904180-43-3.
  39. ^ Eberhart, George M. (2002). "Kraken". Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology. ABC-CLIO. p. 282ff. ISBN 1-57607-283-5.
  40. ^ Beck, Thor Jensen (1934), Northern Antiquities in French Learning and Literature (1755-1855): A Study in Preromantic Ideas, vol. 2, Columbia university, p. 199, ISBN 5-02-002481-3, Before Pontoppidan, the same " Krake " had been taken very seriously by the Italian traveler, Francesco Negri
  41. ^ Negri, Francesco (1701) [1700], Viaggio settentrionale (in Italian), Forli, pp. 184–185, Sciu-crak è chiamato un pesce di smisurata grandezza, di figura piana, rotonda, con molte corna o braccia alle sue estremità
  42. ^ a b c Egede (1741). p. 48: "Det 3die Monstrum, kaldet Havgufa som det allerforunderligte, veed Autor ikke ret at beskrive" p. 49: " af dennem kaldes Kraken, og er uden Tvil den self jamm; som Islænderne kalde Havgufa"; Egede (1745). p. 86: "The third monster, named Hafgufa.. the Author does not well know ow to describe.. he never had any relation of it." p. 87: "Kracken.. no doubt the same that the Islanders call Hafgufa"
  43. ^ a b Halldór Hermannsson (1938), p. 11: Speculum regiae of the 13th century describes a monstrous whale which it calls hafgufa... The whale as an island was, of course, known from the Saga of St. Brandan, but there it was called Jaskonius".
  44. ^ Pontoppidan (1753a) (Danish); Pontoppidan (1755) (English); vid. infra.
  45. ^ Bushnell (2019), p. 56: "Nineteenth-century English interest in the Kraken stems from Linnaeus's discussion of the creature in the first edition of Systema Naturae (1735) and most famously from Natural History of Norway (1752-3) by the Bishop.. Pontoppidan (translated into English soon after)".
  46. ^ Oudemans (1892), p. 414.
  47. ^ Anderson, Rasmus B. (1896). Kra'ken. Vol. 5 (new ed.). D. Appletons. p. 26. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  48. ^ Müller (1802), p. 594: "Der norwegische Bischoff Pontoppidan ist der erster, welcher uns einer umständliche und deutsche Nachricht von diesem Seethier gegeben hat".
  49. ^ a b Kongelige nordiske oldskrift-selskab, ed. (1845). Grönlands historiske Mindesmaerker. Vol. 3. Brünnich. p. 371, note 52).
  50. ^ Pilling, James Constantine (1885). Proof-sheets of a Bibliography of the Languages of the North American Indians. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of Ethnology: Miscellaneous publications 2. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 226–227.
  51. ^ Egede (1741), p. 49 (footnote).
  52. ^ The marginal header in the original is "Fabel om Kraken i Nordlandene"[51] which refers specifically to the len of Nordland under Danish rule; this is not just modern Norway's Nordland county, but includes the counties that lies farther north. Egede was born in Harstad, in Nordland (len) during his life. The town is now part of Troms Finnmark, Norway.
  53. ^ a b Egede (1741), pp. 48–49 (footnote); Egede (1745), pp. 86–87 (footnote) (English); Egede (1763), pp. 111–113(footnote) (German)
  54. ^ Ruickbie, Leo (2016). "Hafgufa". The Impossible Zoo: An encyclopedia of fabulous beasts and mythical monsters. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1-4721-3645-9.
  55. ^ Nyrop, Kristoffer [in Danish] (1887), "Navnets mag: en folkepsykologisk studie", Opuscula Philologica: Mindre Afhandlinger, Copenhagen: Filologisk-historiske Samfund: 182
  56. ^ a b Egede (1745), p. 88 (footnote).
  57. ^ Kvam, Lorentz Normann [in Norwegian] (1936), "krekin, krechin", Trollene grynter i haugen (in Norwegian), Nasjonalforlaget, p. 131, Den sier at med ekte troll forståes : a ) jutuler og riser, b ) gjengangere og spøkelser, - c ) nisser og dverger, d ) bergtroll
  58. ^ The Norwegian trold (troll) can signify not just a giant, but spøkelser as well.[57]
  59. ^ Egede (1745), p. 87 (footnote).
  60. ^ Guðbrandur Vigfússon, ed. (1878). Sturlunga Saga: Including the Islendinga Saga. Vol. 1. Clarenden Press. p. 139.
  61. ^ Egede (1741), p. 47.
  62. ^ Egede (1741), p. 85.
  63. ^ Crantz, David [in German] (1820). The History of Greenland: Including an Account of the Mission Carried on by the United Brethren in that Country. From the German of David Crantz. Vol. 1. p. 122.; Cf. Note X, pp. 323–338
  64. ^ W[ilson] (1818), p. 649.
  65. ^ "XXII. The Marvels of the Icelandic Seas: whales; the kraken", The King's Mirror: (Speculum Regalae - Konungs Skuggsjá), Library of Scandinavian literature 15, translated by Larson, Laurence Marcellus, Twayne Publishers, 1917, p. 125, ISBN 978-0-89067-008-8
  66. ^ Keyser, Rudolf; Munch, Peter Andreas; Unger, Carl Richard, eds. (1848), "Chapter 12", Speculum Regale. Konungs-Skuggsjá, Oslo: Carl C. Werner & Co., p. 32
  67. ^ Somerville, Angus A.; McDonald, R. Andrew, eds. (2020) [2019], "Wonders of the Iceland sea", The Viking Age: A Reader, translated by Somerville, Angus A. (3 ed.), University of Toronto Press, p. 308, ISBN 978-1-4875-7047-7
  68. ^ Halldór Hermannsson (1938); Halldór Hermannsson [in Icelandic] (1924), "Jón Guðmundsson and his natural history of Iceland", Islandica, 15: 36, endnote to p. 8
  69. ^ a b Bushnell (2019), p. 56.
  70. ^ Mouritsen, Ole G. [in Danish]; Styrbæk, Klavs (2018). Blæksprutterne kommer. Spis dem!. Gyldendal A/S. ISBN 978-87-02-25953-7.
  71. ^ Kongelige nordiske oldskrift-selskab (1845), p. 372.
  72. ^ Pontoppidan (1753a); Pontoppidan (1753b) (German); Pontoppidan (1755) (English)
  73. ^ Hamilton (1839), pp. 329–330.
  74. ^ Metropolitana (1845), pp. 255–256.
  75. ^ Bringsværd, T.A. (1970). The Kraken: A slimy giant at the bottom of the sea. In: Phantoms and Fairies: From Norwegian Folklore. Johan Grundt Tanum Forlag, Oslo. pp. 67–71.
  76. ^ a b Hamilton (1839), pp. 328–329.
  77. ^ Pontoppidan (1753b), p. 343: "Male-Strømmen ved Moskøe"; tr. Pontoppidan (1755), p. 212: "the current of the river Male".
  78. ^ a b c "Kraken". Encyclopædia Perthensis; or Universal Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, Literature, &c.. 12 (2nd ed.). John Brown, Edinburgh. 1816. pp. 541–542.
  79. ^ Pontoppidan (1753b), p. 342: Danish: Orlogs-skib; Pontoppidan (1755), p. 212: "largest man of war".
  80. ^ a b Sjögren, Bengt (1980). Berömda vidunder. Settern. ISBN 91-7586-023-6 (in Swedish)
  81. ^ Pontoppidan (1755), p. 212.
  82. ^ Lee (1884), p. 332.
  83. ^ Pontoppidan (1753a), pp. 344: "bruge paa Sneglenes Maade, med at strekke dem hid og did"; Pontoppidan (1755), p. 213: "use [long arms, or antennae] like the Snail, in turning about".
  84. ^ Müller (1802), p. 595: "... mit denen es sowohl sich bewegt".
  85. ^ Bartsch, Paul (1917). Pirates of the Deep―Stories of the Squid and Octopu. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. pp. 364–368. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  86. ^ Finnur Jónsson (1920), p. 114. Norwegian: "kjempebleksprut"; cf. da:Kæmpeblæksprutte.
  87. ^ Machan (2020): "In other words, Pontoppidan imagines the kraken as a kind of giant crab, although he, too, allows that the animal is largely unwitnessed and unknown.
  88. ^ Wallenberg, Jacob [in Swedish] (1836), "kapitele (ch. 17): Om en rar fisk", Min son på galejan, eller en ostindisk resa innehållande allehanda bläckhornskram, samlade på skeppet Finland, som afseglade ifrån Götheborg i Dec. 1769, och återkom dersammastädes i Junii 1771 (in Swedish), Stockholm: A. G. Hellsten, p. 163, Det ar kraken, eller den så kallade krabbfisken,.. lär han ej vara längre än vårt Öland utanför Calmar... The last paragraph that the remnants of the Swedish Pomeranian army may be able to haul a specimen if one could be obtained is curtailed in the Stockholm: A. G. Hellsten, 1836 edition Kap. XVII, pp. 44–45
  89. ^ Cf. Wallenberg, Jacob [in Swedish] (1994), My Son on the Galley, Peter J. Graves (tr.), Chester Springs, PA: Dufour Editions, pp. 56–58, ISBN 1-870041-23-2, It is the kraken, the so - called crabfish, which is said to visit these waters occasionally . It is not large since, even including the head and the tail, it is not reckoned to be any longer than our island of Öland off Kalmar..
  90. ^ a b c Stöhr, S.; O'Hara, T.; Thuy, B., eds. (2021). "Astrophyton linckii Müller & Troschel, 1842". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  91. ^ a b Lyman (1865), p. 190.
  92. ^ Palomares ML, Pauly D, eds. (2022). "Gorgonocephalus caputmedusae" in SeaLifeBase. January 2022 version.
  93. ^ Stöhr, S.; O'Hara, T.; Thuy, B., eds. (2022). "Gorgonocephalus eucnemis (Müller & Troschel, 1842)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  94. ^ a b Bell, F. Jeffrey (November 1891), "XLIV. Some Notes on British Ophiurids", Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Sixth Series (47): 342–344
  95. ^ a b Palomares ML, Pauly D, eds. (2022). "Gorgonocephalus eucnemis" in SeaLifeBase. January 2022 version.
  96. ^ Pontoppidan (1753a), pp. 349–350; Pontoppidan (1755), p. 215–216
  97. ^ a b Heuvelmans (2015), p. 124.
  98. ^ Heuvelmans (2015), p. 124: "..it cannot pass through the Pillars of Hercules; he sees in it an obscure allusion" to the kraken.
  99. ^ Buckland, Francis Trevelyan (1876). Log-book of a Fisherman and Zoologist. Chapman & Hall. p. 209.
  100. ^ Gesner, Conrad (1575). Fischbuch, das ist ein kurtze ... Beschreybung aller Fischen. Zürich: Christoffel Froschower. p. cx and illustr. opposite.
  101. ^ Linnaeus's polypus is 'octopus' and glossed thus by Heuvelmans, but since Pontoppidan resorts to variant spellings such as polype, this could lead to confusion. Gesner's polypus was an octopus as well.[99][100]
  102. ^ Heuvelmans (2015), p. 124 actually only vaguely distinguishes it as "ophiurid" (order Ophiurida).
  103. ^ a b Lyman (1865), p. 14.
  104. ^ Hurley, Desmond Eugene (1957). Some Amphipoda, Isopoda and Tanaidacea from Cook Strait. Zoology Publications from Victoria University of Wellington, 21. Victoria University of Wellington. pp. 2, 40.
  105. ^ WoRMS database for A. linckii,[90] etc.
  106. ^ Stella Arborescens was later classed in the old-Astrophyton genus containing several species,[103][104] but it would now be obsolete to say Stella Arborescens belongs to the Astrophyton genus which now admits only a single New World species. One genus that would be applicable would be Gorgonocephalus because the 3 species A. linckii, A. eucnemis, A. lamarcki which occur in northern Europe according to Lyman,[103] all of which are given modern accepted assignments as Gorgonocephalus spp.[105]
  107. ^ Pontoppidan (1755), p. 216.
  108. ^ The London Magazine, or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer, Vol. 24 (Appendix, 1755). pp. 622–624.
  109. ^ The original passage in the English translation reads:

    the Kraken ... with his many large horns or branches, as it were springing up from its body, which is round ... Both these descriptions [arbor and kraken] confirm my former suppositions, namely, that this Sea-animal belongs to the Polype or Star-fish species ... It seems to be of that Polypus kind which is called by the Dutch Zee-sonne, by Rondeletius and Gesner Stella Arborescens.[107][108]
  110. ^ Heuvelmans (2015), p. 78.
  111. ^ Heuvelmans (2015), p. 124: "From the vague description given by the fishermen, it was just as legitimate to see in the kraken a giant ophiurid as a giant cephalopod".
  112. ^ Pontoppidan (1753a), p. 350; Pontoppidan (1755), p. 216
  113. ^ Pontoppidan noted that Medusa's head (Lat. pl. capita Medusæ) is identified as Stella Arborescens by the naturalist Griffith Hughes.
  114. ^ Bergen (1761), pp. 147–149.
  115. ^ a b Heuvelmans (2015), p. 126.
  116. ^ Heuvelmans refers to "Gorgon's head",[115] which conservatively speaking refers to family Gorgonocephalidae, but there is also the Gorgonocephalus genus, of which G. caputmedusae  [nl] is the modern accepted name of Astrophyton linckii[90] which Lyman hesitantly guesses may be Linnaeus's "Medusa's head"[?],[91] and G. eucnemis was F. J. Bell's prime candidate for the proper name of "Shetland Argus", which he thought may be unreliably referred to by Linnaeus and Pontoppidan by the name of Asterias caput-medusæ.[94]
  117. ^ Stöhr, S.; O'Hara, T.; Thuy, B., eds. (2021). "Asterias euryale Retzius, 1783". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  118. ^ Metropolitana (1845), p. 258: German physician Blumenbach summarized on what the "Northern Naturalist consider.. the young of the Kraken", and added Asterias euryale and "Euryale Verrucosum of Lamarack" to the list.
  119. ^ a b Stöhr, S.; O'Hara, T.; Thuy, B., eds. (2022). "Euryale verrucosum Lamarck, 1816". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  120. ^ Blumenbach apud Metropolitana (1845), p. 258 loc. cit.
  121. ^ Palomares ML, Pauly D, eds. (2022). "Astrocladu exiguus" in SeaLifeBase. January 2022 version.
  122. ^ Euryale verrucosum Lamarck is matched to accepted name Astrocladus exiguus,[119] which occurs in the Pacific.[121]
  123. ^ Pontoppidan (1753a), pp. 351–352; Pontoppidan (1755), p. 217
  124. ^ Gerhardt, Mia I. (1966). "Knowledge in decline: Ancient and medieval information on "ink-fishes" and their habits". Vivarium. 4: 151, 152. doi:10.1163/156853466X00079. JSTOR 41963484.
  125. ^ Denys-Montfort (1801), pp. 256, 258–259.
  126. ^ Naturalis Historiae lib. ix. cap. 30 apud Lee (1875), pp. 99, 100–103 and Montfort, ibid.
  127. ^ Nigg (2014), p. 148.
  128. ^ Gerhardt (1966), p. 152.
  129. ^ Natural History, Book IX, Loeb edition. According to Pliny's source, Trebius Niger: "..for it struggles with him by coiling round him and it swallows him with sucker-cups and drags him asunder by its multiple suction, when it attacks men that have been shipwrecked or are diving".[127][128]
  130. ^ cf. Ashton (1890), pp. 264–265
  131. ^ a b Wilson, Andrew (FRSE) (February 1887a). "Science and Crime, and other essay". The Humboldt Library of Science (88): 23.
  132. ^ Denys-Montfort (1801), p. 386.
  133. ^ a b Lee (1875), p. 100.
  134. ^ Denys-Montfort (1801), p. 386, note (1) Arbor marinus.
  135. ^ Denys-Montfort (1801), p. 386, note (1)
  136. ^ a b Mitchill (1813), p. 405.
  137. ^ a b c Paullinus, Christianus Franciscus (1678). Obs . LI: De Singulari monstro marino. Vol. Ann. VIII. Vratislaviae et Bregae. p. 79. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  138. ^ a b c d e f g Lovén, Sven (1887). On the Species of Echinoidea Described by Linnaeus in His Museum Ludovicae Ulricae. Stockholm: Kungliga Boktryckeriet P. A. Norstedt & Söner. pp. 20–21, note 2.
  139. ^ Heuvelmans (2015), p. 91.
  140. ^ Denys-Montfort (1801), p. 270–278: "nouveau testament attribué a Saint-Thomas" (p. 276)
  141. ^ Hamilton (1839), pp. 331–332 and Plate XXX, p. 326a
  142. ^ Packard: "Denys Montfort took the cue, and.. represented a "kraken octopod" in the act of scuttling a three-master.."[2]
  143. ^ Denys-Montfort (1801), p. 331.
  144. ^ Denys-Montfort (1801), pp. 358ff, 367–368
  145. ^ Metropolitana (1845), p. 258.
  146. ^ a b Lee (1875), pp. 103–105 and note
  147. ^ d' Orbigny, Alcide (1848). "Poulpe colossal / Sepia gigas". Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des Céphalopodes acétabulifères vivants et fossiles: Texte. Vol. 1. J. B. Baillière. p. 143.: "Si nous Poulpe Colossal est admis, à la seconde édition je lui ferai renverser une escadre".
  148. ^ Lee (1875), p. 103.
  149. ^ Mitchill (1813), pp. 396–397. Captioned Sepia octopus. Mitchill (1813), p. 401: Linnaeus's Sepia octopus is explained to be the eight-armed animal called poulpe commun by the French, and which was neither the cuttlefish which have scales, nor squid which have plated.
  150. ^ Linnaeus, Carolus (1735). Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ (1 ed.). Leyden: Theodorus Haak.
  151. ^ a b Linnaeus, Carolus (1740). Langen, Johann Joachim (tr.) (ed.). Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ [Natur=Systema, oder, Drey Reiche der Natur] (1 ed.). Halle: Gebauer. p. 68. Corpus variis heterogeneis tectum. Microcosmus marinus. Der Leib ist mit verschiedenen fremden Theilchen bedeckt. Die meer=Traube
  152. ^ a b Linnaeus, Carolus (1748). Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ (6 ed.). Stockholm: Gottfr. Kiesewetter. p. 78. (in Latin) (in Swedish)
  153. ^ a b Linnaeus, Carolus (1740). Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ (2 ed.). Stockholm: Gottfr. Kiesewetter. p. 64.
  154. ^ Lovén (1887), p. 14, note 2.
  155. ^ a b Bartholin, Thomas (1657). "Historia XXIV. Cetorum genera". Thomae Bartholini historiarum anatomicarum rariorum centuria [III et ]IV (in Latin). typis Petri Hakii, acad. typogr. p. 283.
  156. ^ Redi, Francesco (1684). Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi. Christoph Günther. pp. 61, 217–218. and Tab. 21
  157. ^ Redi, Francesco (1686). Observationes Franisci Redi circa animalia viventia, quae reperiuntur in animalibus viventibus. Florentiae apud P. Batini 1684 in 4to. Christoph Günther. p. 84. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  158. ^ a b c "Linné (Carl von)". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Smithsonian Institution. 1874. pp. 31–32.
  159. ^ Linnaeus, Carolus (1748). Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ (7 ed.). Leipzig: Gottfr. Kiesewetter. p. 75. (in Latin) (in German)
  160. ^ Heuvelmans, Bernard (2015) [2006]. Kraken & The Colossal Octopus. Routledge. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-1-317-84701-4.
  161. ^ Linnaeus, Carolus (1756). Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ (9 ed.). Leyden: Theodorus Haak. p. 82. (in Latin) (in French)
  162. ^ Heuvelmans (2015), p. 147?.
  163. ^ Mitchill (1813), pp. 402–203: "[Mr. Montfort's].. gigantic Sepia.. [which he] calls Colossal". Also Mitchill, passim. gives Sepia octopus (recté octopodia).
  164. ^ Figuier, Louis [in French] (1866). La vie et les moeurs des animaux zoophytes et mollusques par Louis Figuier. Paris: L. Hachette et C.ie. p. 463.
  165. ^ Heuvelmans (2015), p. 118, note 2: "..incorrectly claimed, following Louis Figuier (1860) and later Alfred Moquin-Tandon (1865) that Linnaeus had classified the kraken as the cephalopod Sepia microcosmus. This is completely false.
  166. ^ Ellis, Richard (2006). Singing Whales and Flying Squid: The Discovery Of Marine Life. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 143. ISBN 1-4617-4896-8.
  167. ^ The notion that Linnaeus mentioned the kraken in 1735 has been taken to be fact by Bushnell (2019), p. 56, and Richard Ellis in 2006 also assumed the Sepia microcosmus was present in the first edition, concluding therefore it was removed by the time a later edition appeared.[166]
  168. ^ Linnaeus, Carolus (1806), "47. Sepia", A general system of nature, translated by Turton, William, London: Printed for Lackington, Allen, and Co, p. 118
  169. ^ a b Gibson, John (1887). . Monsters of the Sea, Legendary and Authentic. London: T. Nelson. pp. 79–86 (plate, p. 83). Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022 – via Biodiversity.
  170. ^ Moquin-Tandon (1865), p. 311 also remarks on the pictorial representation of the kraken to "the giant Cephalopods embracing a tall ship in his huge arms, aiming to swallow it", though the work cited is Sonnini de Manoncourt, Suites à Buffon.
  171. ^ More, A. G. (July 1875), "Notice of a gigantic Cephalopod (Dinoteuthis proboscideus) which was stranded at Dingle, in Kerry, two hundred years ago", Zoologist: A Monthly Journal of Natural History, Second series, 10: 4526–4532
  172. ^ Heuvelmans (2015), pp. 141–142.
  173. ^ a b c Olaus Magnus (1555). "Liber XXI. De Polypis: Cap. XXXIIII". Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus. Rome: Giovanni M. Viotto. p. 763.
  174. ^ Laist, David W. (2017). North Atlantic Right Whales: From Hunted Leviathan to Conservation Icon. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4214-2098-1.
  175. ^ "American-Scandinavian Biography for 1969 Scandinavian Studies 42 (3), . Brief notice of Ashton (1968) [1890], Detroit: Singing Tree Press.
  176. ^ Ashton (1890), pp. 221–222.
  177. ^ Ashton (1890), pp. 261–265.
  178. ^ Ashton (1890), p. 244.
  179. ^ Ashton (1890), p. 262.
  180. ^ Ashton (1890), p. 263.
  181. ^ See fig. above, detail of Carta marina.
  182. ^ Lee (1884), "Chapter: The Great Sea Serpent", p. 58: "From the crude image of a lobster having eight minor claws.. the transition is not great; and I believe that this also is a pictorial misrepresentation of a casualty by the attack of a calamary above described, .."
  183. ^ Olaus Magnus (1887) [1539], p. 427
  184. ^ Olaus Magnus (1887) [1539], p. 12: "G: Totius tabulae indicem partemque regnorum Anglie Scotie et Hollandie demonstrat" is the entire text. There is no description here of the lobster-like monster labeled "M" in the map, unlike other beasts which are described.
  185. ^ Olaus Magnus (1887) [1539], p. 12, note 5: "..Die geogr. Länge beginnt bald bei Irland, bald bei den Inseln "Fortunate"
  186. ^ a b Plautius, Caspar (aka Honorius Philoponus) (1621), Nova Typis Transacta Navigatio: Novi Orbis Indiae Occidentalis, pp. 10a–11
  187. ^ Feest, Christian F. (1986), "Zemes Idolum Diabolicum: Surprise and success in Ethnographic Kunstkammer Research", Archiv für Völkerkunde, 40: 181; snippet via Google.
  188. ^ The "Insula Fortunate" is situated next to St. Brendan's in the engraving in Caspar Plautius's book (1621),[186] engraved by Wolfgang Kilian[187]
  189. ^ Ashton (1890). Curious Creatures p. 244. Ashton also reproduces Olaus's illustrations in pp. 262–263.
  190. ^ Lee (1884), pp. 364–366.
  191. ^ Verrill (1882), pp. 262–267.
  192. ^ Verrill (1882), pp. 213, 410.
  193. ^ Rogers, Julia Ellen (1920). "The Giant Squids: Genus Architeuthis, Steenstrup". The Shell Book: a popular guide to a knowledge of the families of living mollusks. The Nature Library 15. Garden City: Doubleday, Page & Company. pp. 456–458.
  194. ^ Wilson, Andrew (FRSE) (1887b). "V. The Past and Present of the Cuttlefishes". Studies in Life and Sense. Chatto & Windus. pp. 108–109.
  195. ^ Perkins, Sid (2011). "Kraken versus ichthyosaur: let battle commence". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.586. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  196. ^ McMenamin, Mark A. S.; McMenamin, Dianna Schulte (October 2011). . Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 43 (5): 310. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  197. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S.; McMenamin, Dianna Schulte (2013). "The Kraken's back: New evidence regarding possible cephalopod arrangement of ichthyosaur skeletons". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 43 (5): 87.
  198. ^ McMenamin, Mark A. S. (2023). "A Late Triassic Nuculanoid Clam (Bivalvia: Nuculanoidea) and Associated Mollusks: Implications for Luning Formation (Nevada, USA) Paleobathymetry". Geosciences. 13 (3): 80. doi:10.3390/geosciences13030080. ISSN 2076-3263.
  199. ^ "The Meniscus: The Kraken Sleepeth". 16 October 2011.
  200. ^ Simpson, Sarah (11 October 2011). "Smokin' Kraken?". Discovery News. Discovery Channel. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  201. ^ "Mythical Kraken-Like Sea Monster Might be Real: Researcher". International Business Times. The International Business Times Inc. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  202. ^ Than, Ker (11 October 2011). . National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  203. ^ Cahill, James Leo (2019). Zoological Surrealism: The Nonhuman Cinema of Jean Painlevé. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-5922-1.
  204. ^ Hugo, Victor (1866). Les travailleurs de la mer. Lacroix. p. 88.
  205. ^ Weiss, Allen S. (2002). "4 The Epic of the Cephalopod". Feast and Folly: Cuisine, Intoxication, and the Poetics of the Sublime. SUNY Press. pp. 73–75. ISBN 0-7914-5518-1.: repr. from Weiss (Winter 2002) in: Discourse 24 (1: Mortals to Death ), Wayne State University Press, pp. 150–159, JSTOR 41389633
  206. ^ Bhattacharjee, Shuhita (1657). "The Colonial Idol, the Animalistic, and the New Woman in the Imperial Gothic of Richard Marsh". In Heholt, Ruth; Edmundson, Melissa (eds.). Gothic Animals: Uncanny Otherness and the Animal With-Out. Springer Nature. p. 259. ISBN 978-3-030-34540-2.
  207. ^ Nigg (2014), p. 147.
  208. ^ Verne, Jules (1993). Miller, Walter James; Walter, Frederick Paul (tr.) (eds.). Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea: The Definitive Unabridged Edition Based on the Original French Texts. Naval Institute Press. p. note 13. ISBN 1-55750-877-1.
  209. ^ "The Kraken (1830)". Victorianweb.org. 11 January 2005. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  210. ^ Melville, Herman (2001) [1851]. Moby Dick; Or, The Whale. Project Gutenberg.
  211. ^ Stowell, Barbara A. (2009). . cgdclass.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  212. ^ "Kraken Mare: The Largest Methane Sea Known To Humankind". WorldAtlas. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  213. ^ Stern, A. S.; McKinnon, W. B. (March 1999). Triton's Surface Age and Impactor Population Revisited (Evidence for an Internal Ocean) (PDF). 30th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Houston, TX. Bibcode:1999LPI....30.1766S. 1766.

Bibliography edit

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  • Bergen, Karl August von (1761), "Observatio XXVIII: Microcosmo, bellua marina omnium", Nova acta physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae naturae curiosorum exhibentia ephemerides, vol. 2, impensis Wolfgangi Schwarzkopfii, pp. 143–150
  • Bushnell, Kelly (2019). "Ch. 2 Tennyson's Kraken under the Microscope and in the Aquarium". In Abberley, Will (ed.). Underwater Worlds: Submerged Visions in Science and Culture. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 52–72. ISBN 978-1-5275-2553-5.
  • Denys-Montfort, Pierre (1801). "La poulpe colossal – La poulpe kraken". Des mollusques. Histoire naturelle : générale et particulière 102 (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie de F. Dufart. pp. 256–412.; alt text (Vol. 102) via Biodiversity Heritage Library
  • Egede, Hans (1741) [1729]. "Kap. VI. Hvad Slags Diur, Fiske og Fugle den Grønlandske Søe giver af sig etc. / § Andre Søe-Diur". Det gamle Grønlands nye perlustration,. (in Danish). Copenhagen: Groth. pp. 48–49 (footnote). digital copy@National Library Norway. modern typeset reprint (1926) A.W. Brøggers boktrykkeris forlag.
  • —— (1745). "Ch. 6. Of the Greenland Sea Animals, and Sea Fowl and Fishes / § Of other Sea Animals". A description of Greenland : Shewing the natural history, situation, boundaries and face of the country, the nature of the soil;. London: Printed for C. Hitch in Pater-noster Row; S. Austen in Newgate-Street; and J. Jackson near St. James's Gate. pp. 86–87. digital copy@National Library Norway
  • —— (1763) [1730]. "Das 6te Capitel: von denen Thieren, Fischen, Vögeln, u.s.f. welche sich in denem Grönländischen Meeren finden". Herrn Hans Egede, Mißionärs und Bischofes in Grönland, Beschreibung und Natur-Geschichte von Grönland (in German). Berlin: Mylius. pp. 111–113 (footnote).
  • Finnur Jónsson, ed. (1920). "12". Konungs skuggsjá: Speculum regale. Vol. 2. Reykjavík: I kommission i den Gyldendalske boghandel, Nordisk forlag.
  • Halldór Hermannsson [in Icelandic] (1938), "Icelandic Physiologus", Islandica, 27: 4–17
  • Hamilton, Robert, M.D., FRSE (1839), "The Kraken", in Jardine, William, Sir (ed.), Amphibious carnivora, including the Walrus and Seals, also of the Herbivorous Cetacea, &c., The Naturalist's Library 25 (Mammalia 11), Lizars, W. H. 1788–1859, engraver, Edinburgh: W. H. Lizars, pp. 327–336{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link). Plate XXX (The Kraken): "The Kraken supposed a sepia or cuttle fish (from Denys Montfort)", p. 326a via Biodiversity.
  • Lee, Henry (1875), The Octopus: Or, The "devil-fish" of Fiction and of Fact, London: Chapman and Hall
  • —— (1884), "The Kraken", Sea Monsters Unmasked, The Fisheries Exhibition Literature 3, Chapman and Hall, pp. 325–327
  • Lyman, Theodore (1865). Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College: Ophiuridæ and Astrophytidæ. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, No. 1. Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University Press.
  • McMenamin, M.A.S. (2016). Deep Bones. In: M.A.S. McMenamin Dynamic Paleontology: Using Quantification and Other Tools to Decipher the History of Life. Springer, Cham. pp. 131–158. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22777-1_9 ISBN 978-3-319-22776-4.
  • "Kraken", Encyclopædia Metropolitana; or, Universal Dictionary of Knowledge, London: B. Fellowes, 1875, pp. 255–258
  • Mitchill, Samuel Latham (1813). Natural History. new series. Vol. 1. New York: John Forbes. pp. 396–497. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
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  • —— (1755). "Ch. 8. Sect. 11. Kraken, or Korven [sic.], the largest creature in the world /Sect. 12. Description". The Natural History of Norway...: Translated from the Danish Original. Vol. 2. London: A. Linde. pp. 210–213.
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External links edit

 
Look up Kraken in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Kraken

    January 01, 1970
    kraken, other, uses, disambiguation, kraken, ɑː, legendary, monster, enormous, size, etymologically, akin, squid, octopus, said, appear, between, norway, iceland, believed, legend, have, originated, from, sightings, giant, squid, which, grow, feet, length, shi. For other uses see Kraken disambiguation The kraken ˈ k r ɑː k en 7 is a legendary sea monster of enormous size etymologically akin to a squid or octopus said to appear in the sea between Norway and Iceland It is believed the legend of the Kraken may have originated from sightings of giant squid which may grow to 12 15 m 40 50 feet in length Kraken vs shipKraken an unconfirmed cephalopod a Engraving by W H Lizars in Hamilton Robert 1839 Naturalist s Library Adapted from Denys Montford sic 3 A colossal octopus that attacked a ship Drawing by Pierre Denys Montfort engraved by Etienne Claude Voysard fr 1801 4 Colorized facsimile 5 hand colored woodcut 6 or pen and wash citation needed Kraken as a subject of sailors superstitions and mythos was first described in the modern era in a travelogue by Francesco Negri in 1700 This description was followed in 1734 by an account from Dano Norwegian missionary and explorer Hans Egede who described the kraken in detail and equated it with the hafgufa of medieval lore However the first description of the creature is usually credited to the Danish bishop Pontoppidan 1753 Pontoppidan was the first to describe the kraken as an octopus polypus of tremendous size b and wrote that it had a reputation for pulling down ships The French malacologist Denys Montfort of the 19th century is also known for his pioneering inquiries into the existence of gigantic octopuses Octupi The great man killing octopus entered French fiction when novelist Victor Hugo 1866 introduced the pieuvre octopus of Guernsey lore which he identified with the kraken of legend This led to Jules Verne s depiction of the kraken although Verne did not distinguish between squid and octopus Linnaeus may have indirectly written about the kraken Linnaeus wrote about the Microcosmus genus an animal with various other organisms or growths attached to it comprising a colony Subsequent authors have referred to Linnaeus s writing and the writings of Bartholin s cetus called hafgufa and Paullini s monstrum marinum as krakens c That said the claim that Linnaeus used the word kraken in the margin of a later edition of Systema Naturae has not been confirmed Contents 1 Etymology 1 1 Synonyms 1 2 Related words 2 General description and myth 3 First descriptions 4 Egede 5 Hafgufa 5 1 Contrary opinion 6 Pontoppidan 6 1 Taxonomic identifications 7 Denys Montfort 7 1 Angola octopus pictured in St Malo 7 2 Warship Ville de Paris 7 3 Niagara 8 Linnaeus s microcosmus 8 1 Linnaeus in English 9 Iconography 9 1 Olaus Magnus 10 Giant squid 10 1 Paleo cephalopod 11 Literary influences 12 Modern use 13 See also 14 Explanatory notes 15 References 15 1 Citations 15 2 Bibliography 16 External linksEtymology editThe English word kraken in the sense of sea monster derives from Norwegian kraken or krakjen which are the definite forms of krake the krake 7 According to a Norwegian dictionary the root meaning of krake is malformed or overgrown crooked tree 8 It originates from Old Norse kraki which is etymologically related to Old Norse krokr lit hook cognate with crook This is backed up by the Swedish dictionary SAOB published by the Swedish Academy which gives essentially the exact same description for the word in Swedish and confirming the lead krak as a diminutive form of krok Norwegian and Swedish for hook crook krake thus roughly translate to crookie 9 With time krake have come to mean any severed tree stem or trunk with crooked outgrowths in turn giving name to objects and tools based on such notably for the subject matter primitive anchors and drags grapnel anchors made from severed spruce tops or branchy bush trunks outfitted with a stone sinker 8 9 known as krake but also krabbe in Norwegian or krabba in Swedish lit crab d Old Norse kraki mostly corresponds to these uses in modern Icelandic meaning among other things twig and drag but also pole stake used in pole blockages sv and boat hook 13 Swedish SAOB gives the translations of Icelandic kraki as thin rod with hook on it wooden drag with stone sinker and dry spruce trunk with the crooked stripped branches still attached 9 nbsp Old style Scandinavian drag grapnel anchor made from the top of a tree historically known as krake or krabbe in the Scandinavian languages probably the root for the naming of the mythological monster It is thought that krake in the sense of a multi armed sea monster or octopus is derived from the meaning crooked tree as trunks with crooked branches or outgrowths as well as drags wooden or not readily conjure up the image of a cephalopod making it a descriptive name initially 14 15 9 8 This idea seems to first have been notably remarked by Icelandic philologist Finnur Jonsson in 1920 16 A synonym for kraken has also been krabbe see below which further indicates a name theme referencing drags Synonyms edit Besides kraken the monster went under a variety of names early on the second to kraken being horven the horv 17 Icelandic philologist Finnur Jonsson explained this name in 1920 as an alternative form of harv lit harrow and conjectured that this name was suggested by the inkfish s action of seeming to plow the sea 16 Some of the synonyms of krake given by Erik Pontoppidan were in Danish e horv horven harrow 16 18 17 soe horv soe horven sea harrow 16 19 soe krake soe kraken sea krake 18 kraxe kraxen alternate spelling of krakse 18 f krabbe krabben named after the drag grapnel anchor crab see above 19 8 9 anker trold anchor troll 19 g Related words edit Since the 19th century the word krake have beyond the monster given name to the cephalopod order Octopoda in Swedish krakar h and German Kraken resulting in many species of octopuses partly named such such as the common octopus Octopus vulgaris which is named jattekrake giant kraken in Swedish and Gewohnlicher Krake common kraken in German The family Octopodidae is also known as Echte Kraken true krakens in German In Icelandic octopoda is instead named kolkrabbar coal crabs after the crab nickname the common octopus simply named kolkrabbi The Swedish diminutive form krakel a word for a branchy spiny piece of wood 29 have given name to a variety of sea dwelling plants in Swedish most notably furcellaria lumbricalis a species of red algae 30 i There is also the morphological derivation krakla dialectal Norwegian krekle meaning crooked piece of wood which has given name to primitive forms of whisks and beaters cooking made from the tops of trees by keeping a row of twigs as the beating element resembling the appearance of a cephalopod but also crosiers and shepherd s crooks 33 Shetlandic krekin for whale a taboo word is listed as etymologically related 14 34 General description and myth editIn Norwegian sailor folklore kraken the krake or the crookie also known as horven among others is a legendary sea monster said to appear in the sea between Norway and Iceland It is said that when fishermen row out a few miles Scandinavian miles from the coast on a hot summer s day in a calm and according to normal calculations should find a depth of 80 100 fathoms 140 180 metres 460 590 ft deep it sometimes happens that the plummet bottoms at 20 30 fathoms 35 50 metres 115 164 ft deep But in this water stand the most abundant shoals of cod and lings Then you can assume that the kraken lurks down there as it is he who forms the artificial elevation of the bottom and by his secretions attracts fish there But if those fishing notices that the kraken is rising it is necessary to row away for all the boat can take After a few minutes the beast can then be seen lifting the upper part of its body above the surface of the water which for a quarter of a mile ca 1 5 mi in circumference appears as a collection of skerries covered with swaying seaweed like growths Finally a few shining tentacles rise up in the air increasingly thicker at the bottom which can even appear as high as ship s masts After a while the kraken gives in to sinking again and you then have to be careful not to run into the suction vortex that is formed 17 First descriptions edit nbsp Two monsters the ferocious toothed swine whale and the horned flashy eyed bearded whale on Olaus s map given specific names by Gesner 35 36 The bearded is possibly a kraken 37 j Olaus Magnus Carta marina 1539 The first description of the krake as sciu crak was given by Italian writer Negri in Viaggio settentrionale Padua 1700 a travelogue about Scandinavia 39 40 The book describes the sciu crak as a massive fish which was many horned or many armed The author also distinguished this from a sea serpent 41 The kraken was described as a many headed and clawed creature by Egede 1741 1729 who stated it was equivalent to the Icelanders hafgufa 42 but the latter is commonly treated as a fabulous whale 43 Erik Pontoppidan 1753 who popularized the kraken to the world noted that it was multiple armed according to lore and conjectured it to be a giant sea crab starfish or a polypus octopus 44 Still the bishop is considered to have been instrumental in sparking interest for the kraken in the English speaking world 45 as well as becoming regarded as the authority on sea serpents and krakens 46 Although it has been stated that the kraken Norwegian krake was described for the first time by that name in the writings of Erik Pontoppidan bishop of Bergen in his Det forste Forsog paa Norges naturlige Historie The First Attempt at a Natural History of Norway 1752 53 47 a German source qualified Pontoppidan to be the first source on kraken available to be read in the German language 48 A description of the kraken had been anticipated by Hans Egede 49 Denys Montfort 1801 published on two giants the colossal octopus with the enduring image of it attacking a ship and the kraken octopod deemed to be the largest organism in zoology Denys Montfort matched his colossal with Pliny s tale of the giant polypus that attacked ships wrecked people while making correspondence between his kraken and Pliny s monster called the arbor marina k Finnur Jonsson 1920 also favored identifying the kraken as an inkfish squid octopus on etymological grounds Egede editThe krake English kraken was described by Hans Egede in his Det gamle Gronlands nye perlustration 1729 Ger t 1730 tr Description of Greenland 1745 50 drawing from the fables of his native region the Nordlandene len no of Norway then under Danish rule 52 53 According to his Norwegian informants the kraken s body measured many miles in length and when it surfaced it seemed to cover the whole sea and having many heads and a number of claws With its claws it captured its prey which included ships men fish and animals carrying its victims back into the depths 53 Egede conjectured that the krake was equatable to the monster that the Icelanders call hafgufa but as he had not obtained anything related to him through an informant he had difficulty describing the latter 42 l According to the lore of Norwegian fishermen they could mount upon the fish attracting kraken as if it were a sand bank Fiske Grund fishing shoal but if they ever had the misfortune to capture the kraken getting it entangled on their hooks the only way to avoid destruction was to pronounce its name to make it go back to its depths 55 56 Egede also wrote that the krake fell under the general category of sea spectre Danish soe trold og soe spogelse 58 adding that the Draw Danish Drauen definite form was another being within that sea spectre classification 24 56 m Hafgufa editMain article hafgufa Egede also made the aforementioned identification of krake as being the same as the hafgufa of the Icelanders 20 42 though he seemed to have obtained the information indirectly from medieval Norwegian work the Speculum Regale or King s Mirror c 1250 n 61 62 49 20 Later David Crantz de in Historie von Gronland History of Greenland 1765 also reported kraken and the hafgufa to be synonymous 63 64 An English translator of the King s Mirror in 1917 opted to translate hafgufa as kraken 65 The hafgufa described as the largest of the sea monsters inhabiting the Greenland Sea from the King s Mirror 66 67 o continues to be identified with the kraken in some scholarly writings 69 20 and if this equivalence were allowed the kraken hafgufa s range would extend at least legendarily to waters approaching Helluland Baffin Island Canada as described in Orvar Odds saga 70 p Contrary opinion edit The description of the hafgufa in the King s Mirror suggests a garbled eyewitness account of what was actually a whale at least to Gronlands historiske Mindesmaerker 71 Halldor Hermannsson sv also reads the work as describing the hafgufa as a type of whale 43 Finnur Jonsson 1920 having arrived at the opinion that the kraken probably represented an inkfish squid octopus as discussed earlier expressed his skepticism towards the standing notion that the kraken originated from the hafgufa 16 Pontoppidan editErik Pontoppidan s Det forste Forsog paa Norges naturlige Historie 1752 actually volume 2 1753 72 made several claims regarding kraken including the notion that the creature was sometimes mistaken for a group of small islands with fish swimming in between 73 Norwegian fishermen often took the risk of trying to fish over kraken since the catch was so plentiful 74 hence the saying You must have fished on Kraken 75 However there was also the danger to seamen of being engulfed by the whirlpool when it submerged 76 12 and this whirlpool was compared to Norway s famed Moskstraumen often known as the Maelstrom 77 78 Pontoppidan also described the destructive potential of the giant beast it is said that if the creature s arms were to lay hold of the largest man of war they would pull it down to the bottom 79 76 12 80 Kraken purportedly exclusively fed for several months then spent the following few months emptying its excrement and the thickened clouded water attracted fish 81 Later Henry Lee commented that the supposed excreta may have been the discharge of ink by a cephalopod 82 Taxonomic identifications edit Pontoppidan wrote of a possible specimen of the krake perhaps a young and careless one which washed ashore and died at Alstahaug Norway in 1680 80 78 22 He observed that it had long arms and guessed that it must have been crawling like a snail slug with the use of these arms but got lodged in the landscape during the process 83 84 20th century malacologist Paul Bartsch conjectured this to have been a giant squid 85 as did literary scholar Finnur Jonsson 86 However what Pontoppidan actually stated regarding what creatures he regarded as candidates for the kraken is quite complicated Pontoppidan did tentatively identify the kraken to be a sort of giant crab stating that the alias krabben best describes its characteristics 21 87 78 q Medusa s head or kraken s young according to fishermen s lore nbsp Gorgonocephalus caputmedusae nl old name Astrophyton Linckii 90 possibly Linnaeus s Medusa s head according to Lyman 91 native to the North Sea 92 nbsp Gorgonocephalus eucnemis 93 Shetland Argus according to Bell possibly Linnaeus s caput medusa e also 94 95 this a more far ranging species 95 However further down in his writing compares the creature to some creature s from Pliny Book IX Ch 4 the sea monster called arbor with tree branch like multiple arms r complicated by the fact that Pontoppidan adds another of Pliny s creature called rota with eight arms and conflates them into one organism 96 97 Pontoppidan is suggesting this is an ancient example of kraken as a modern commentator analyzes 98 Pontoppidan then declared the kraken to be a type of polypus octopus 101 or starfish particularly the kind Gesner called Stella Arborescens later identifiable as one of the northerly ophiurids 102 or possibly more specifically as one of the Gorgonocephalids or even the genus Gorgonocephalus though no longer regarded as family genus under order Ophiurida but under Phrynophiurida in current taxonomy 106 109 This ancient arbor admixed rota and thus made eight armed seems like an octopus at first blush 110 but with additional data the ophiurid starfish now appears bishop s preferential choice 111 The ophiurid starfish seems further fortified when he notes that starfish called Medusa s heads caput medusae pl capita medusae are considered to be the young of the great sea krake by local lore Pontoppidan ventured the young krakens may rather be the eggs ova of the starfish 112 Pontopiddan was satisfied that Medusa s heads was the same as the foregoing starfish Stella arborensis of old 113 but Medusa s heads were something found ashore aplenty across Norway according to von Bergen who thought it absurd these could be young Kraken since that would mean the seas would be full of the adults 114 115 The Medusa s heads appear to be a Gorgonocephalid with Gorgonocephalus spp being tentatively suggested 116 s 120 Constructs such as ibid loc cit and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia s style guide for footnotes as they are easily broken Please improve this article by replacing them with named references quick guide or an abbreviated title July 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message 122 In the end though Pontoppidan again appears ambivalent stating Polype or Star fish belongs to the whole genus of Kors Trold cross troll some that are much larger even the very largest of the ocean and concluding that this Krake must be of the Polypus kind 123 By this Krake here he apparently meant in particular the giant polypus octopus of Carteia from Pliny Book IX Ch 30 though he only used the general nickname ozaena stinkard for the octopus kind 97 124 t Denys Montfort editIn 1802 the French malacologist Pierre Denys Montfort recognized the existence of two species of giant octopuses in Histoire Naturelle Generale et Particuliere des Mollusques an encyclopedic description of mollusks 4 The colossal giant was supposedly the same as Pliny s monstrous polypus 125 126 which was a man killer which ripped apart Latin distrahit shipwrecked people and divers 129 130 Montfort accompanied his publication with an engraving representing the giant octopus poised to destroy a three masted ship 4 131 Whereas the kraken octopus was the most gigantic animal on the planet in the writer s estimation dwarfing Pliny s colossal octopus monstrous polypus 132 133 and identified here as the aforementioned Pliny s monster called the arbor marinus 134 Montfort also listed additional wondrous fauna as identifiable with the kraken 135 136 There was Paullini s monstrum marinum glossed as a sea crab German Seekrabbe 137 which a later biologist has suggested to be one of the Hyas spp 138 It was also described as resembling Gesner s Cancer heracleoticus crab alleged to appear off the Finnish coast 137 133 von Bergen s belluamarinaomniumvastissima meaning vastest of all sea beast namely the trolwal ogre whale troll whale of Northern Europe and the Teufelwal devil whale of the Germans follow in the list 139 136 Angola octopus pictured in St Malo edit It is in his chapter on the colossal octopus that Montfort provides the contemporary eyewitness example of a group of sailors who encounter the giant off the coast of Angola who afterwards deposited a pictorial commemoration of the event as a votive offering at St Thomas s chapel in Saint Malo France 140 Based on that picture Montfort drew a colossal octopus attacking a ship and included the engraving in his book 5 6 However an English author recapitulating Montfort s account of it attaches an illustration of it which was captioned The Kraken supposed a sepia or cuttlefish while attributing Montfort 141 Hamilton s book was not alone in recontextualizing Montfort s ship assaulting colossal octopus as a kraken for instance the piece on the kraken by American zoologist Packard 142 The Frenchman Montfort used the obsolete scientific name Sepia octopodia but called it a poulpe 143 which means octopus to this day meanwhile the English speaking naturalists had developed the convention of calling the octopus eight armed cuttle fish as did Packard 2 and Hamilton 3 even though modern day speakers are probably unfamiliar with that name Warship Ville de Paris edit nbsp The Niagara sighting 60 metre 200 ft creature allegedly seen afloat in 1813 depicted as octopus by a naturalist Having accepted as fact that a colossal octopus was capable of dragging a ship down Montfort made a more daring hypothesis He attempted to blame colossal octopuses for the loss of ten warships under British control in 1782 including six captured French men of war The disaster began with the distress signal fired by the captured ship of the line Ville de Paris which was then swallowed up by parting waves and the other ships coming to aid shared the same fate He proposed by process of elimination that such an event could only be accounted for as the work of many octopuses 144 145 146 But it has been pointed out the sinkings have simply been explained by the presence of a storm 131 and Montfort s involving octopuses as complicit has been characterized as reckless falsity 146 It has also been noted that Montfort once quipped to a friend DeFrance If my entangled ship is accepted I will make my colossal poulpe overthrow a whole fleet 147 148 2 Niagara edit The ship Niagara on course from Lisbon to New York in 1813 logged a sighting of a marine animal spotted afloat at sea It was claimed to be 60 m 200 feet in length covered in shells and had many birds alighted upon it citation needed Samuel Latham Mitchill reported this and referencing Montfort s kraken reproduced an illustration of it as an octopus 149 Linnaeus s microcosmus edit nbsp Sea grapes or cephalopod eggs The famous Swedish 18th century naturalist Carl Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae 1735 described a fabulous genus Microcosmus a body covered with various heterogeneous other bits Latin Corpusvariisheterogeneistectum 138 150 151 u Linnaeus cited four sources under Microcosmus namely v 138 153 Thomas Bartholin s cetus whale type hafgufa 155 Paullin s monstrum marinum aforementioned 137 and Francesco Redi s giant tunicate Ascidia 138 in Italian and Latin 156 157 According to the Swedish zoologist Loven the common name kraken was added to the 6th edition of Systema Naturae 1748 138 which was a Latin version augmented with Swedish names 158 in blackletter but such Swedish text is wanting on this particular entry e g in the copy held by NCSU 152 It is true that the 7th edition of 1748 which adds German vernacular names 158 identifies the Microcosmus as sea grape German Meertrauben referring to a cluster of cephalopod eggs 159 160 w x Also the Frenchman Louis Figuier in 1860 misstated that Linnaeus included in his classification a cephalopod called Sepia microcosmus y in his first edition of Systema Naturae 1735 164 Figuier s mistake has been pointed out and Linnaeus never represented the kraken as such a cephalopod 165 Nevertheless the error has been perpetuated by even modern day writers 167 Linnaeus in English edit Thomas Pennant an Englishman had written of Sepia octopodia as eight armed cuttlefish we call it octopus today and documented reported cases in the Indian isles where specimen grow to 2 fathoms 3 7 m 12 ft wide and each arms 9 fathoms 16 m 54 ft long 2 1 This was added as a species Sepia octopusa sic by William Turton in his English version of Linnaeus s System of Nature together with the account of the 9 fathom long 16 m 54 ft armed octopuses 2 168 The trail stemming from Linnaeus eventually leading to such pieces on the kraken written in English by the naturalist James Wilson for the Blackwood s Edinburgh Magazine in 1818 sparked an awareness of the kraken among 19th century English hence Tennyson s poem The Kraken 69 Iconography edit nbsp Kraken of the imagination John Gibson 1887 169 As to the iconography Denys Montfort s engraving of the colossal octopus is often shown though this differs from the kraken according to the French malacologist 5 and commentators are found characterizing the ship attack representing the kraken octopod 2 170 And after Denys Monfort s illustration various publishers produced similar illustrations depicting the kraken attacking a ship 3 169 Whereas the kraken was described by Egede as having many Heads and a Number of Claws the creature is also depicted to have spikes or horns at least in illustrations of creatures which commentators have conjectured to be krakens The bearded whale shown on an early map pictured above is conjectured to be a kraken perhaps cf Olaus Magnus below Also there was an alleged two headed and horned monster that beached ashore in Dingle County Kerry Ireland thought to be a giant cephalopod of which there was a picture painting made by the discoverer 171 He made a travelling show of his work on canvas as introduced in a book on the kraken 172 Olaus Magnus edit While Swedish writer Olaus Magnus did not use the term kraken various sea monsters were illustrated on his famous map the Carta marina 1539 Modern writers have since tried to interpret various sea creatures illustrated as a portrayal of the kraken Olaus gives description of a whale with two elongated teeth like a boar s or elephant s tusk to protect its huge eyes which sprouts horns and although these are as hard as horn they can be made supple also 173 38 But the tusked form was named swine whale German Schweinwal and the horned form bearded whale German Bart wal by Swiss naturalist Gesner who observed it possessed a starry beard around the upper and lower jaws 174 36 At least one writer has suggested this might represent the kraken of Norwegian lore 37 Another work commented less discerningly that Olaus s map is replete with imagery of krakens and other monsters 20 Ashton s Curious Creatures 1890 drew significantly from Olaus s work 175 and even quoted the Swede s description of the horned whale 176 But he identified the kraken as a cephalopod and devoted much space on Pliny s and Olaus s descriptions of the giant polypus 177 noting that Olaus had represented the kraken polypus as a crayfish or lobster in his illustrations 178 and reproducing the images from both Olaus s book 179 173 38 and his map 180 181 In Olaus book the giant lobster illustration is uncaptioned but appears right above the words De Polypis on the octopus which is the chapter heading 173 Hery Lee was also of the opinion that the multi legged lobster was a misrepresentation of a reported cephalopod attack on a ship 182 The legend in Olaus s map fails to clarify on the lobster like monster M z depicted off the island of Iona aa 184 However the associated writing called the Auslegung adds that this section of the map extends from Ireland to the Insula Fortunata 185 This Fortunate Island was a destination on St Brendan s Voyage one of whose adventures was the landing of the crew on an island sized monstrous as depicted in a 17th century engraving cf figure right 188 and this monstrous fish according to Bartholin was the aforementioned hafgufa 155 which has already been discussed above as one of the creatures of lore equated with kraken nbsp Kraken represented as a Crayfish or Lobster 189 Monster M Carta marina 1539 detail nbsp Giant lobster attacking ship Lee Henry 1884 p 58 after Olaus Magnus 1555 Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus nbsp Giant fish encountered by St Brendan Insula Fortunata marked near it 186 Giant squid edit nbsp Modern artistic depiction of a giant squid attacking two fisherman The piece of squid recovered by the French ship Alecton in 1861 discussed by Henry Lee in his chapter on the Kraken 190 would later be identified as a giant squid Architeuthis by A E Verrill 191 After a specimen of the giant squid Architeuthis was discovered by Rev Moses Harvey and published in science by Professor A E Verrill commentators have remarked on this cephalopod as possibly explaining the legendary kraken 192 193 194 Paleo cephalopod edit Main article Mark McMenamin Triassic kraken Paleontologist Mark McMenamin and his spouse Dianna Schulte McMenamin claimed that an ancient giant cephalopod resembling the legendary kraken caused the deaths of ichthyosaurs during the Triassic Period 195 196 197 198 However this theory has been met with criticisms by multiple researchers 199 200 201 202 Literary influences edit nbsp An illustration from the original 1870 edition of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne The French novelist Victor Hugo s Les Travailleurs de la mer 1866 Toilers of the Sea discusses the man eating octopus the kraken of legend called pieuvre by the locals of the Channel Islands in the Guernsey dialect etc 203 204 ab Hugo s octopus later influenced Jules Verne s depiction of the kraken in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea 206 though Verne also drew on the real life encounter the French ship Alecton had with what was probably a giant squid 207 It has been noted that Verne indiscriminately interchanged kraken with calmar squid and poulpe octopus 208 In the English speaking world examples in fine literature are Alfred Tennyson s 1830 irregular sonnet The Kraken 209 references in Herman Melville s 1851 novel Moby Dick Chapter 59 Squid 210 Modern use editMain article Kraken in popular culture Although fictional and the subject of myth the legend of the Kraken continues to the present day with numerous references in film literature television and other popular culture topics 211 Examples include John Wyndham s novel The Kraken Wakes 1953 the Kraken of Marvel Comics the 1981 film Clash of the Titans and its 2010 remake of the same name and the Seattle Kraken professional ice hockey team Krakens also appear in video games such as Sea of Thieves God of War II Return of the Obra Dinn and Dredge The kraken was also featured in two of the Pirates of the Caribbean movies as the pet of the fearsome Davy Jones in the 2006 film Pirates of the Caribbean Dead Man s Chest and appears in the film s sequel At World s End In George R R Martin s fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire and its HBO series adaptations Game of Thrones and House of the Dragon the mythical kraken is the sigil of House Greyjoy of the Iron Islands Two features on the surfaces of other celestial objects have been named after the Kraken Kraken Mare a major sea of liquid ethane and methane is the largest known body of liquid on Saturn s moon Titan 212 Kraken Catena is a pit chain and possible tectonic fault on Neptune s moon Triton 213 See also editAkkorokamui Cetus Cthulhu Leviathan GlobsterExplanatory notes edit Caption The Kraken supposed a sepia or cuttlefish from Denys Montford sic Sepia was formerly the genus that octopuses squid and cuttlefish cephalopods were all assigned to Thus eight armed cuttle fish became the standardized name for octopus 1 2 He vacillated between polypus and star fish however Denys Montfort s footnote identified his kraken with Paullini s monstrum marinum also leading Samuel Latham Mitchill to comment that Linnaeus considered the Kraken as a real existence publishing it under Microcosmus Norwegian Krabbe Swedish krabba lit crab as a word for drag grapnel anchor is assumed to be figuratively derived from the animal of the same name as both shares the nature of crawling on the sea bed The word stems from Old Norse krabbi etymologically root cognate with Middle Low German krabbe Old English crabba to crawl 10 11 12 Pontoppidan of course wrote in Danish the standard literary language for Norwegians at the time though words like krake were presumably taken down from the mouths of the native Norwegian populace With definite article suffixed forms such as Kraxen or Krabben 20 appearing in the English translation 21 Pontopoppidan s Soe draulen Soe trolden Sea mischief has been frequently requoted 22 23 but these terms can be deferred to Egede s explanation discussed further below that employs soe trold as a general classification under which krake and the soe drau fall 24 The word drau as a variant of draug was recognized by Pontoppidan as meaning spogelse ghost spectre 25 and the latter form draug is defined more specifically as a being associated with sea or water in modern Norwegian dictionaries 26 The Sea mischief appears in the English translation 27 but is absent in the original 28 Although eight armed cephalopods Swedish attaarmade blackfiskar is a more common synonym Krakel has also been used to describe Potamogeton Vaill pondweed 31 and Zostera Lin marine eelgrass 32 etc The two are changing forms of just one beast which has both tusks and protrusible horns to protect its large eyes according to Olaus s book 38 And other fabulous seeming creatures such as monstrum marinum bellua marina omnium vastissima etc Machan quoted Egede s text proper regarding some sort of Baest 20 or forfaerdelige Hav Dyr terrible sea animal witnessed in the Colonies Greenland 24 but ignored the footnote which tells much on the krake Ruickbie quoted Egede s footnote but decided to place it under his entry for Hafgufa 54 Reference to the sea spectre phantom was added in the English margin header A Norway Tale of Kraken a pretended phantom 59 but that reference is wanting in the Danish original It was already noted that the original wording localizes the legend specifically to Nordlandene len no not Norway altogether Speculum Regale Islandicum after Thormodus Torfaeus as elocuted by Egede The Speculum contains a detailed digression about whales and seals in the seas around Iceland and Greenland 60 where one finds description of the hafgufa Bushnell speaks of Icelandic literature in the 13th century also but strictly speaking Orvar Odds saga contains the mention of hafgufa and lyngbakr 68 only in the later recension dated to the late 14th century Mouritsen amp Styrbaek 2018 book on inkfish distinguishes the whale lyngbakr with the monster hafgufa Cf kraken aka the crab fish Swedish Krabbfisken described by Swedish magnate Jacob Wallenberg sv in Min son pa galejan My son on the galley 1781 Kraken also called the crab fish which is not that huge for heads and tails counted he is reckoned not to overtake the length of our Oland off Kalmar i e 85 mi or 137 kilometres He stays at the sea floor constantly surrounded by innumerable small fishes who serve as his food and are fed by him in return for his meal if I remember correctly what E Pontoppidan writes lasts no longer than three months and another three are then needed to digest it His excrements nurture in the following an army of lesser fish and for this reason fishermen plumb after his resting place Gradually Kraken ascends to the surface and when he is at ten to twelve fathoms 18 to 22 m 60 to 72 ft below the boats had better move out of his vicinity as he will shortly thereafter burst up like a floating island gushing out currnts like at Trollhattan Trollhattestrommar his dreadful nostrils and making an ever expanding ring of whirlpool reaching many miles around Could one doubt that this is the Leviathan of Job 88 89 This is called arbor marinus by Denys Montfort and equated with his kraken octopus as discussed below Actually there is even the species Gorgon s head Astrocladus euryale whose old name was Asterias euryale 117 which Blumenbach claimed was one of the species that Scandinavian naturalists considered kraken s children 118 But A euryale inhabits South African waters Blumenbach also named Euryale verrucosum old name of Astrocladus exiguus 119 which occur in the Pacific The ozaena nickname as literally stinkard for the octopus on account of its reek is given in the side by sidy translation by Gerhardt The polypus of Carteia tract is thus given but the Latin quoted by Pontoppidan Namque et afflatu terribli canes agebat is blanked Gerhardt and only given in modern English were pitted against something uncanny for by its awful breath it tormented the dogs which it now scourged with the ends of its tentacles because it represents an interpolation by Pliny Loven gave the text as tegmenexheterogeneiscompilatis 138 but this reading occurs in the Latin Swedish 6th edition of 1748 152 Whereas the 2nd edition has testa instead of tegmen 153 Loven indicates that these sources appeared in print in the second edition of SN but as a piece of marginalia he notes these sources were also given in Linnaeus s 1733 lectures 138 The lecture was preserved in the Notes taken by Mennander held by the Royal Library Stockholm 154 Meer Trauben already appeared in the 1740 Latin German edition 151 The 9th edition of 1956 which is said to be the same as the 6th edition 158 also leaves a blanc instead of adding the French vernacular name 161 An illustration of sea grapes French raisins de mer appears on Moquin Tandon 1865 p 309 As noted previously Sepia genus represents cuttlefish in modern taxonomy Linnaeus s genus Sepia was essentially cephalopods and his Sepia octopodia was the common octopus 162 163 However elsewhere on the map the giant lobster is called a lobster Medieval Latin gambarus gt Latin cammarus gt Ancient Greek kammaros in the legend this is the one shown struggling with a one horned beast 183 Iona is of course associated with the Irish saints Columcille and St Brendan Hugo also produced an ink and wash sketch of the octopus 205 References editCitations edit a b Pennant Thomas 1777 Sepia British ZoologyIV Crustacea Mollusca Testacea Benjamin White pp 44 45 a b c d e f g Packard A S March 1872 Kraken The Connecticut School Journal 2 3 78 79 JSTOR 44648937 a b c Hamilton 1839 Plate XXX p 326a a b c Denys Montfort 1801 p 256 Pl XXVI a b c Lee 1875 pp 100 103 a b Nigg 2014 p 147 The hand colored woodcut is a reproduction of art in the Church of St Malo in France a b kraken Oxford English Dictionary Vol V 1 ed Oxford University Press 1933 p 754 Norw kraken krakjen the n being the suffixed definite article A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles 1901 V 754 a b c d kraken Bokmalsordboka Nynorskordboka a b c d e krake sbst 4 saob se in Swedish Retrieved 12 July 2023 krake sbst 1 saob se in Swedish Retrieved 31 August 2023 krake sbst 2 saob se in Swedish Retrieved 31 August 2023 a b c Anonymous 1849 Review New Books An Essay on the credibility of the Kraken The Nautical Magazine 18 5 272 276 Cleasby amp Vigfusson 1874 An Icelandic English Dictionary s v https books google com books id ne9fAAAAcAAJ amp pg PA354 amp q kraki kraki Dan krage a pole stake a b krake sbst 2 saob se in Swedish Retrieved 12 July 2023 krake sbst 3 saob se in Swedish Retrieved 12 July 2023 a b c d e Finnur Jonsson 1920 pp 113 114 a b c Nordisk familjebok 1800 talsutgavan 8 Kaffrer Kristdala runeberg org 1884 Retrieved 12 July 2023 a b c Pontoppidan 1753a p xvi a b c Pontoppidan 1753a p 340 a b c d e f Machan Tim William 2020 Ch 5 Narrative Memory Meaning Kraken Northern memories and the English Middle Ages David Matthews Anke Bernau James Paz Manchester University Press ISBN 978 1 5261 4537 6 a b Pontoppidan 1755 p 210 a b Metropolitana 1845 p 256 W ilson 1818 p 647 a b c Egede 1741 p 49 Knudsen Knud 1862 Er Norsk det samme som Dansk Christiania Steenske Bogtrykkeri p 41 draug Bokmalsordboka Nynorskordboka Pontoppidan 1755 p 214 Pontoppidan 1753a pp 346 347 Danish krake hvilken nongle Soe fokl ogsaa kalde Soe Draulen det er Soe Trolden krakel sbst 1 saob se in Swedish Retrieved 12 July 2023 Krakel havet nu Retrieved 20 June 2023 krakel sbst 3 saob se in Swedish Retrieved 20 June 2023 krakel sbst 4 saob se in Swedish Retrieved 20 June 2023 krakla sbst 2 saob se in Swedish Retrieved 20 June 2023 Jakobsen Jakob 1921 krekin krechin Etymologisk ordbog over det norrone sprog pa Shetland Prior p 431 Cited in Collingwood W G 1910 Review Antiquary 46 157 Olaus Magnus 1887 1539 Brenner Oscar in German ed Die achte Karte des Olaus Magnus vom Jahre 1539 nach dem Exemplar de Munchener Staatsbibliothek Forhandlinger i Videnskabs selskabet i Christiania Trykt hos Brogger amp Christie p 7 monstra duo marina maxima vnum dentibus truculentum alterum cornibus et visu flammeo horrendum Cuius oculi circumferentia XVI vel XX pedum mensuram continet a b Gesner Conrad 1670 Fisch Buch Gesnerus redivivus auctus amp emendatus oder Allgemeines Thier Buch 4 Frankfurt am Main Wilhelm Serlin pp 124 125 a b Nigg Joseph 2014 The Kraken Sea Monsters A Voyage around the World s Most Beguiling Map David Matthews Anke Bernau James Paz University of Chicago Press pp 145 146 ISBN 978 0 226 92518 9 a b c Olaus Magnus 1998 Foote Peter ed Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus Romae 1555 Description of the Northern Peoples Rome 1555 Fisher Peter Higgens Humphrey trr Hakluyt Society p 1092 ISBN 0 904180 43 3 Eberhart George M 2002 Kraken Mysterious Creatures A Guide to Cryptozoology ABC CLIO p 282ff ISBN 1 57607 283 5 Beck Thor Jensen 1934 Northern Antiquities in French Learning and Literature 1755 1855 A Study in Preromantic Ideas vol 2 Columbia university p 199 ISBN 5 02 002481 3 Before Pontoppidan the same Krake had been taken very seriously by the Italian traveler Francesco Negri Negri Francesco 1701 1700 Viaggio settentrionale in Italian Forli pp 184 185 Sciu crak e chiamato un pesce di smisurata grandezza di figura piana rotonda con molte corna o braccia alle sue estremita a b c Egede 1741 p 48 Det 3die Monstrum kaldet Havgufa som det allerforunderligte veed Autor ikke ret at beskrive p 49 af dennem kaldes Kraken og er uden Tvil den self jamm som Islaenderne kalde Havgufa Egede 1745 p 86 The third monster named Hafgufa the Author does not well know ow to describe he never had any relation of it p 87 Kracken no doubt the same that the Islanders call Hafgufa a b Halldor Hermannsson 1938 p 11 Speculum regiae of the 13th century describes a monstrous whale which it calls hafgufa The whale as an island was of course known from the Saga of St Brandan but there it was called Jaskonius Pontoppidan 1753a Danish Pontoppidan 1755 English vid infra Bushnell 2019 p 56 Nineteenth century English interest in the Kraken stems from Linnaeus s discussion of the creature in the first edition of Systema Naturae 1735 and most famously from Natural History of Norway 1752 3 by the Bishop Pontoppidan translated into English soon after Oudemans 1892 p 414 Anderson Rasmus B 1896 Kra ken Vol 5 new ed D Appletons p 26 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Muller 1802 p 594 Der norwegische Bischoff Pontoppidan ist der erster welcher uns einer umstandliche und deutsche Nachricht von diesem Seethier gegeben hat a b Kongelige nordiske oldskrift selskab ed 1845 Gronlands historiske Mindesmaerker Vol 3 Brunnich p 371 note 52 Pilling James Constantine 1885 Proof sheets of a Bibliography of the Languages of the North American Indians Smithsonian Institution Bureau of Ethnology Miscellaneous publications 2 U S Government Printing Office pp 226 227 Egede 1741 p 49 footnote The marginal header in the original is Fabel om Kraken i Nordlandene 51 which refers specifically to the len of Nordland under Danish rule this is not just modern Norway s Nordland county but includes the counties that lies farther north Egede was born in Harstad in Nordland len during his life The town is now part of Troms Finnmark Norway a b Egede 1741 pp 48 49 footnote Egede 1745 pp 86 87 footnote English Egede 1763 pp 111 113 footnote German Ruickbie Leo 2016 Hafgufa The Impossible Zoo An encyclopedia of fabulous beasts and mythical monsters Little Brown Book Group ISBN 978 1 4721 3645 9 Nyrop Kristoffer in Danish 1887 Navnets mag en folkepsykologisk studie Opuscula Philologica Mindre Afhandlinger Copenhagen Filologisk historiske Samfund 182 a b Egede 1745 p 88 footnote Kvam Lorentz Normann in Norwegian 1936 krekin krechin Trollene grynter i haugen in Norwegian Nasjonalforlaget p 131 Den sier at med ekte troll forstaes a jutuler og riser b gjengangere og spokelser c nisser og dverger d bergtroll The Norwegian trold troll can signify not just a giant but spokelser as well 57 Egede 1745 p 87 footnote Gudbrandur Vigfusson ed 1878 Sturlunga Saga Including the Islendinga Saga Vol 1 Clarenden Press p 139 Egede 1741 p 47 Egede 1741 p 85 Crantz David in German 1820 The History of Greenland Including an Account of the Mission Carried on by the United Brethren in that Country From the German of David Crantz Vol 1 p 122 Cf Note X pp 323 338 W ilson 1818 p 649 XXII The Marvels of the Icelandic Seas whales the kraken The King s Mirror Speculum Regalae Konungs Skuggsja Library of Scandinavian literature 15 translated by Larson Laurence Marcellus Twayne Publishers 1917 p 125 ISBN 978 0 89067 008 8 Keyser Rudolf Munch Peter Andreas Unger Carl Richard eds 1848 Chapter 12 Speculum Regale Konungs Skuggsja Oslo Carl C Werner amp Co p 32 Somerville Angus A McDonald R Andrew eds 2020 2019 Wonders of the Iceland sea The Viking Age A Reader translated by Somerville Angus A 3 ed University of Toronto Press p 308 ISBN 978 1 4875 7047 7 Halldor Hermannsson 1938 Halldor Hermannsson in Icelandic 1924 Jon Gudmundsson and his natural history of Iceland Islandica 15 36 endnote to p 8 a b Bushnell 2019 p 56 Mouritsen Ole G in Danish Styrbaek Klavs 2018 Blaeksprutterne kommer Spis dem Gyldendal A S ISBN 978 87 02 25953 7 Kongelige nordiske oldskrift selskab 1845 p 372 Pontoppidan 1753a Pontoppidan 1753b German Pontoppidan 1755 English Hamilton 1839 pp 329 330 Metropolitana 1845 pp 255 256 Bringsvaerd T A 1970 The Kraken A slimy giant at the bottom of the sea In Phantoms and Fairies From Norwegian Folklore Johan Grundt Tanum Forlag Oslo pp 67 71 a b Hamilton 1839 pp 328 329 Pontoppidan 1753b p 343 Male Strommen ved Moskoe tr Pontoppidan 1755 p 212 the current of the river Male a b c Kraken Encyclopaedia Perthensis or Universal Dictionary of the Arts Sciences Literature amp c 12 2nd ed John Brown Edinburgh 1816 pp 541 542 Pontoppidan 1753b p 342 Danish Orlogs skib Pontoppidan 1755 p 212 largest man of war a b Sjogren Bengt 1980 Beromda vidunder Settern ISBN 91 7586 023 6 in Swedish Pontoppidan 1755 p 212 Lee 1884 p 332 Pontoppidan 1753a pp 344 bruge paa Sneglenes Maade med at strekke dem hid og did Pontoppidan 1755 p 213 use long arms or antennae like the Snail in turning about Muller 1802 p 595 mit denen es sowohl sich bewegt Bartsch Paul 1917 Pirates of the Deep Stories of the Squid and Octopu Washington DC Government Printing Office pp 364 368 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Finnur Jonsson 1920 p 114 Norwegian kjempebleksprut cf da Kaempeblaeksprutte Machan 2020 In other words Pontoppidan imagines the kraken as a kind of giant crab although he too allows that the animal is largely unwitnessed and unknown Wallenberg Jacob in Swedish 1836 kapitele ch 17 Om en rar fisk Min son pa galejan eller en ostindisk resa innehallande allehanda blackhornskram samlade pa skeppet Finland som afseglade ifran Gotheborg i Dec 1769 och aterkom dersammastades i Junii 1771 in Swedish Stockholm A G Hellsten p 163 Det ar kraken eller den sa kallade krabbfisken lar han ej vara langre an vart Oland utanfor Calmar The last paragraph that the remnants of the Swedish Pomeranian army may be able to haul a specimen if one could be obtained is curtailed in the Stockholm A G Hellsten 1836 edition Kap XVII pp 44 45 Cf Wallenberg Jacob in Swedish 1994 My Son on the Galley Peter J Graves tr Chester Springs PA Dufour Editions pp 56 58 ISBN 1 870041 23 2 It is the kraken the so called crabfish which is said to visit these waters occasionally It is not large since even including the head and the tail it is not reckoned to be any longer than our island of Oland off Kalmar a b c Stohr S O Hara T Thuy B eds 2021 Astrophyton linckii Muller amp Troschel 1842 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Retrieved 28 January 2022 a b Lyman 1865 p 190 Palomares ML Pauly D eds 2022 Gorgonocephalus caputmedusae in SeaLifeBase January 2022 version Stohr S O Hara T Thuy B eds 2022 Gorgonocephalus eucnemis Muller amp Troschel 1842 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Retrieved 28 January 2022 a b Bell F Jeffrey November 1891 XLIV Some Notes on British Ophiurids Annals amp Magazine of Natural History Sixth Series 47 342 344 a b Palomares ML Pauly D eds 2022 Gorgonocephalus eucnemis in SeaLifeBase January 2022 version Pontoppidan 1753a pp 349 350 Pontoppidan 1755 p 215 216 a b Heuvelmans 2015 p 124 Heuvelmans 2015 p 124 it cannot pass through the Pillars of Hercules he sees in it an obscure allusion to the kraken Buckland Francis Trevelyan 1876 Log book of a Fisherman and Zoologist Chapman amp Hall p 209 Gesner Conrad 1575 Fischbuch das ist ein kurtze Beschreybung aller Fischen Zurich Christoffel Froschower p cx and illustr opposite Linnaeus s polypus is octopus and glossed thus by Heuvelmans but since Pontoppidan resorts to variant spellings such as polype this could lead to confusion Gesner s polypus was an octopus as well 99 100 Heuvelmans 2015 p 124 actually only vaguely distinguishes it as ophiurid order Ophiurida a b Lyman 1865 p 14 Hurley Desmond Eugene 1957 Some Amphipoda Isopoda and Tanaidacea from Cook Strait Zoology Publications from Victoria University of Wellington 21 Victoria University of Wellington pp 2 40 WoRMS database for A linckii 90 etc Stella Arborescens was later classed in the old Astrophyton genus containing several species 103 104 but it would now be obsolete to say Stella Arborescens belongs to the Astrophyton genus which now admits only a single New World species One genus that would be applicable would be Gorgonocephalus because the 3 species A linckii A eucnemis A lamarcki which occur in northern Europe according to Lyman 103 all of which are given modern accepted assignments as Gorgonocephalus spp 105 Pontoppidan 1755 p 216 The London Magazine or Gentleman s Monthly Intelligencer Vol 24 Appendix 1755 pp 622 624 The original passage in the English translation reads the Kraken with his many large horns or branches as it were springing up from its body which is round Both these descriptions arbor and kraken confirm my former suppositions namely that this Sea animal belongs to the Polype or Star fish species It seems to be of that Polypus kind which is called by the Dutch Zee sonne by Rondeletius and Gesner Stella Arborescens 107 108 Heuvelmans 2015 p 78 Heuvelmans 2015 p 124 From the vague description given by the fishermen it was just as legitimate to see in the kraken a giant ophiurid as a giant cephalopod Pontoppidan 1753a p 350 Pontoppidan 1755 p 216 Pontoppidan noted that Medusa s head Lat pl capita Medusae is identified as Stella Arborescens by the naturalist Griffith Hughes Bergen 1761 pp 147 149 a b Heuvelmans 2015 p 126 Heuvelmans refers to Gorgon s head 115 which conservatively speaking refers to family Gorgonocephalidae but there is also the Gorgonocephalus genus of which G caputmedusae nl is the modern accepted name of Astrophyton linckii 90 which Lyman hesitantly guesses may be Linnaeus s Medusa s head 91 and G eucnemis was F J Bell s prime candidate for the proper name of Shetland Argus which he thought may be unreliably referred to by Linnaeus and Pontoppidan by the name of Asterias caput medusae 94 Stohr S O Hara T Thuy B eds 2021 Asterias euryale Retzius 1783 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Retrieved 28 January 2022 Metropolitana 1845 p 258 German physician Blumenbach summarized on what the Northern Naturalist consider the young of the Kraken and added Asterias euryale and Euryale Verrucosum of Lamarack to the list a b Stohr S O Hara T Thuy B eds 2022 Euryale verrucosum Lamarck 1816 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Retrieved 28 January 2022 Blumenbach apud Metropolitana 1845 p 258 loc cit Palomares ML Pauly D eds 2022 Astrocladu exiguus in SeaLifeBase January 2022 version Euryale verrucosum Lamarck is matched to accepted name Astrocladus exiguus 119 which occurs in the Pacific 121 Pontoppidan 1753a pp 351 352 Pontoppidan 1755 p 217 Gerhardt Mia I 1966 Knowledge in decline Ancient and medieval information on ink fishes and their habits Vivarium 4 151 152 doi 10 1163 156853466X00079 JSTOR 41963484 Denys Montfort 1801 pp 256 258 259 Naturalis Historiae lib ix cap 30 apud Lee 1875 pp 99 100 103 and Montfort ibid Nigg 2014 p 148 Gerhardt 1966 p 152 Natural History Book IX Loeb edition According to Pliny s source Trebius Niger for it struggles with him by coiling round him and it swallows him with sucker cups and drags him asunder by its multiple suction when it attacks men that have been shipwrecked or are diving 127 128 cf Ashton 1890 pp 264 265 a b Wilson Andrew FRSE February 1887a Science and Crime and other essay The Humboldt Library of Science 88 23 Denys Montfort 1801 p 386 a b Lee 1875 p 100 Denys Montfort 1801 p 386 note 1 Arbor marinus Denys Montfort 1801 p 386 note 1 a b Mitchill 1813 p 405 a b c Paullinus Christianus Franciscus 1678 Obs LI De Singulari monstro marino Vol Ann VIII Vratislaviae et Bregae p 79 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help a b c d e f g Loven Sven 1887 On the Species of Echinoidea Described by Linnaeus in His Museum Ludovicae Ulricae Stockholm Kungliga Boktryckeriet P A Norstedt amp Soner pp 20 21 note 2 Heuvelmans 2015 p 91 Denys Montfort 1801 p 270 278 nouveau testament attribue a Saint Thomas p 276 Hamilton 1839 pp 331 332 and Plate XXX p 326a Packard Denys Montfort took the cue and represented a kraken octopod in the act of scuttling a three master 2 Denys Montfort 1801 p 331 Denys Montfort 1801 pp 358ff 367 368 Metropolitana 1845 p 258 a b Lee 1875 pp 103 105 and note d Orbigny Alcide 1848 Poulpe colossal Sepia gigas Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des Cephalopodes acetabuliferes vivants et fossiles Texte Vol 1 J B Bailliere p 143 Si nous Poulpe Colossal est admis a la seconde edition je lui ferai renverser une escadre Lee 1875 p 103 Mitchill 1813 pp 396 397 Captioned Sepia octopus Mitchill 1813 p 401 Linnaeus s Sepia octopus is explained to be the eight armed animal called poulpe commun by the French and which was neither the cuttlefish which have scales nor squid which have plated Linnaeus Carolus 1735 Caroli Linnaei Systema naturae 1 ed Leyden Theodorus Haak a b Linnaeus Carolus 1740 Langen Johann Joachim tr ed Caroli Linnaei Systema naturae Natur Systema oder Drey Reiche der Natur 1 ed Halle Gebauer p 68 Corpus variis heterogeneis tectum Microcosmus marinus Der Leib ist mit verschiedenen fremden Theilchen bedeckt Die meer Traube a b Linnaeus Carolus 1748 Caroli Linnaei Systema naturae 6 ed Stockholm Gottfr Kiesewetter p 78 in Latin in Swedish a b Linnaeus Carolus 1740 Caroli Linnaei Systema naturae 2 ed Stockholm Gottfr Kiesewetter p 64 Loven 1887 p 14 note 2 a b Bartholin Thomas 1657 Historia XXIV Cetorum genera Thomae Bartholini historiarum anatomicarum rariorum centuria III et IV in Latin typis Petri Hakii acad typogr p 283 Redi Francesco 1684 Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi Christoph Gunther pp 61 217 218 and Tab 21 Redi Francesco 1686 Observationes Franisci Redi circa animalia viventia quae reperiuntur in animalibus viventibus Florentiae apud P Batini 1684 in 4to Christoph Gunther p 84 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help a b c Linne Carl von Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections Smithsonian Institution 1874 pp 31 32 Linnaeus Carolus 1748 Caroli Linnaei Systema naturae 7 ed Leipzig Gottfr Kiesewetter p 75 in Latin in German Heuvelmans Bernard 2015 2006 Kraken amp The Colossal Octopus Routledge pp 117 118 ISBN 978 1 317 84701 4 Linnaeus Carolus 1756 Caroli Linnaei Systema naturae 9 ed Leyden Theodorus Haak p 82 in Latin in French Heuvelmans 2015 p 147 Mitchill 1813 pp 402 203 Mr Montfort s gigantic Sepia which he calls Colossal Also Mitchill passim gives Sepia octopus recte octopodia Figuier Louis in French 1866 La vie et les moeurs des animaux zoophytes et mollusques par Louis Figuier Paris L Hachette et C ie p 463 Heuvelmans 2015 p 118 note 2 incorrectly claimed following Louis Figuier 1860 and later Alfred Moquin Tandon 1865 that Linnaeus had classified the kraken as the cephalopod Sepia microcosmus This is completely false Ellis Richard 2006 Singing Whales and Flying Squid The Discovery Of Marine Life Rowman amp Littlefield p 143 ISBN 1 4617 4896 8 The notion that Linnaeus mentioned the kraken in 1735 has been taken to be fact by Bushnell 2019 p 56 and Richard Ellis in 2006 also assumed the Sepia microcosmus was present in the first edition concluding therefore it was removed by the time a later edition appeared 166 Linnaeus Carolus 1806 47 Sepia A general system of nature translated by Turton William London Printed for Lackington Allen and Co p 118 a b Gibson John 1887 Chapter VI The Legendary Kraken Monsters of the Sea Legendary and Authentic London T Nelson pp 79 86 plate p 83 Archived from the original on 19 January 2022 Retrieved 19 January 2022 via Biodiversity Moquin Tandon 1865 p 311 also remarks on the pictorial representation of the kraken to the giant Cephalopods embracing a tall ship in his huge arms aiming to swallow it though the work cited is Sonnini de Manoncourt Suites a Buffon More A G July 1875 Notice of a gigantic Cephalopod Dinoteuthis proboscideus which was stranded at Dingle in Kerry two hundred years ago Zoologist A Monthly Journal of Natural History Second series 10 4526 4532 Heuvelmans 2015 pp 141 142 a b c Olaus Magnus 1555 Liber XXI De Polypis Cap XXXIIII Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus Rome Giovanni M Viotto p 763 Laist David W 2017 North Atlantic Right Whales From Hunted Leviathan to Conservation Icon Johns Hopkins University Press p 24 ISBN 978 1 4214 2098 1 American Scandinavian Biography for 1969 Scandinavian Studies 42 3 Brief notice of Ashton 1968 1890 Detroit Singing Tree Press Ashton 1890 pp 221 222 Ashton 1890 pp 261 265 Ashton 1890 p 244 Ashton 1890 p 262 Ashton 1890 p 263 See fig above detail of Carta marina Lee 1884 Chapter The Great Sea Serpent p 58 From the crude image of a lobster having eight minor claws the transition is not great and I believe that this also is a pictorial misrepresentation of a casualty by the attack of a calamary above described Olaus Magnus 1887 1539 p 427 Olaus Magnus 1887 1539 p 12 G Totius tabulae indicem partemque regnorum Anglie Scotie et Hollandie demonstrat is the entire text There is no description here of the lobster like monster labeled M in the map unlike other beasts which are described Olaus Magnus 1887 1539 p 12 note 5 Die geogr Lange beginnt bald bei Irland bald bei den Inseln Fortunate a b Plautius Caspar aka Honorius Philoponus 1621 Nova Typis Transacta Navigatio Novi Orbis Indiae Occidentalis pp 10a 11 Feest Christian F 1986 Zemes Idolum Diabolicum Surprise and success in Ethnographic Kunstkammer Research Archiv fur Volkerkunde 40 181 snippet via Google The Insula Fortunate is situated next to St Brendan s in the engraving in Caspar Plautius s book 1621 186 engraved by Wolfgang Kilian 187 Ashton 1890 Curious Creatures p 244 Ashton also reproduces Olaus s illustrations in pp 262 263 Lee 1884 pp 364 366 Verrill 1882 pp 262 267 Verrill 1882 pp 213 410 Rogers Julia Ellen 1920 The Giant Squids Genus Architeuthis Steenstrup The Shell Book a popular guide to a knowledge of the families of living mollusks The Nature Library 15 Garden City Doubleday Page amp Company pp 456 458 Wilson Andrew FRSE 1887b V The Past and Present of the Cuttlefishes Studies in Life and Sense Chatto amp Windus pp 108 109 Perkins Sid 2011 Kraken versus ichthyosaur let battle commence Nature doi 10 1038 news 2011 586 Retrieved 2 December 2020 McMenamin Mark A S McMenamin Dianna Schulte October 2011 Triassic Kraken The Berlin Ichthyosaur Death Assemblage Interpreted as a Giant Cephalopod Midden Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 43 5 310 Archived from the original on 14 May 2019 Retrieved 18 May 2023 McMenamin M A S McMenamin Dianna Schulte 2013 The Kraken s back New evidence regarding possible cephalopod arrangement of ichthyosaur skeletons Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 43 5 87 McMenamin Mark A S 2023 A Late Triassic Nuculanoid Clam Bivalvia Nuculanoidea and Associated Mollusks Implications for Luning Formation Nevada USA Paleobathymetry Geosciences 13 3 80 doi 10 3390 geosciences13030080 ISSN 2076 3263 The Meniscus The Kraken Sleepeth 16 October 2011 Simpson Sarah 11 October 2011 Smokin Kraken Discovery News Discovery Channel Retrieved 11 October 2011 Mythical Kraken Like Sea Monster Might be Real Researcher International Business Times The International Business Times Inc 12 October 2011 Retrieved 12 October 2011 Than Ker 11 October 2011 Kraken Sea Monster Account Bizarre and Miraculous National Geographic News National Geographic Society Archived from the original on 12 October 2011 Retrieved 12 October 2011 Cahill James Leo 2019 Zoological Surrealism The Nonhuman Cinema of Jean Painleve U of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 1 4529 5922 1 Hugo Victor 1866 Les travailleurs de la mer Lacroix p 88 Weiss Allen S 2002 4 The Epic of the Cephalopod Feast and Folly Cuisine Intoxication and the Poetics of the Sublime SUNY Press pp 73 75 ISBN 0 7914 5518 1 repr from Weiss Winter 2002 in Discourse 24 1 Mortals to Death Wayne State University Press pp 150 159 JSTOR 41389633 Bhattacharjee Shuhita 1657 The Colonial Idol the Animalistic and the New Woman in the Imperial Gothic of Richard Marsh In Heholt Ruth Edmundson Melissa eds Gothic Animals Uncanny Otherness and the Animal With Out Springer Nature p 259 ISBN 978 3 030 34540 2 Nigg 2014 p 147 Verne Jules 1993 Miller Walter James Walter Frederick Paul tr eds Jules Verne s Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea The Definitive Unabridged Edition Based on the Original French Texts Naval Institute Press p note 13 ISBN 1 55750 877 1 The Kraken 1830 Victorianweb org 11 January 2005 Retrieved 21 November 2011 Melville Herman 2001 1851 Moby Dick Or The Whale Project Gutenberg Stowell Barbara A 2009 Under the Sea The Kraken in Culture cgdclass com Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 Retrieved 8 April 2019 Kraken Mare The Largest Methane Sea Known To Humankind WorldAtlas 25 April 2017 Retrieved 13 October 2023 Stern A S McKinnon W B March 1999 Triton s Surface Age and Impactor Population Revisited Evidence for an Internal Ocean PDF 30th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Houston TX Bibcode 1999LPI 30 1766S 1766 Bibliography edit Ashton John 1890 Curious Creatures in Zoology With 130 Illus Throughout the Text London John C Nimmo Bergen Karl August von 1761 Observatio XXVIII Microcosmo bellua marina omnium Nova acta physico medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino Carolinae naturae curiosorum exhibentia ephemerides vol 2 impensis Wolfgangi Schwarzkopfii pp 143 150 Bushnell Kelly 2019 Ch 2 Tennyson s Kraken under the Microscope and in the Aquarium In Abberley Will ed Underwater Worlds Submerged Visions in Science and Culture Cambridge Scholars Publishing pp 52 72 ISBN 978 1 5275 2553 5 Denys Montfort Pierre 1801 La poulpe colossal La poulpe kraken Des mollusques Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere 102 in French Vol 2 Paris L Imprimerie de F Dufart pp 256 412 alt text Vol 102 via Biodiversity Heritage Library Egede Hans 1741 1729 Kap VI Hvad Slags Diur Fiske og Fugle den Gronlandske Soe giver af sig etc Andre Soe Diur Det gamle Gronlands nye perlustration in Danish Copenhagen Groth pp 48 49 footnote digital copy National Library Norway modern typeset reprint 1926 A W Broggers boktrykkeris forlag 1745 Ch 6 Of the Greenland Sea Animals and Sea Fowl and Fishes Of other Sea Animals A description of Greenland Shewing the natural history situation boundaries and face of the country the nature of the soil London Printed for C Hitch in Pater noster Row S Austen in Newgate Street and J Jackson near St James s Gate pp 86 87 digital copy National Library Norway 1763 1730 Das 6te Capitel von denen Thieren Fischen Vogeln u s f welche sich in denem Gronlandischen Meeren finden Herrn Hans Egede Missionars und Bischofes in Gronland Beschreibung und Natur Geschichte von Gronland in German Berlin Mylius pp 111 113 footnote Finnur Jonsson ed 1920 12 Konungs skuggsja Speculum regale Vol 2 Reykjavik I kommission i den Gyldendalske boghandel Nordisk forlag Halldor Hermannsson in Icelandic 1938 Icelandic Physiologus Islandica 27 4 17 Hamilton Robert M D FRSE 1839 The Kraken in Jardine William Sir ed Amphibious carnivora including the Walrus and Seals also of the Herbivorous Cetacea amp c The Naturalist s Library 25 Mammalia 11 Lizars W H 1788 1859 engraver Edinburgh W H Lizars pp 327 336 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Plate XXX The Kraken The Kraken supposed a sepia or cuttle fish from Denys Montfort p 326a via Biodiversity Lee Henry 1875 The Octopus Or The devil fish of Fiction and of Fact London Chapman and Hall 1884 The Kraken Sea Monsters Unmasked The Fisheries Exhibition Literature 3 Chapman and Hall pp 325 327 Lyman Theodore 1865 Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College No 1 Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University Press McMenamin M A S 2016 Deep Bones In M A S McMenamin Dynamic Paleontology Using Quantification and Other Tools to Decipher the History of Life Springer Cham pp 131 158 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 22777 1 9 ISBN 978 3 319 22776 4 Kraken Encyclopaedia Metropolitana or Universal Dictionary of Knowledge London B Fellowes 1875 pp 255 258 Mitchill Samuel Latham 1813 Natural History new series Vol 1 New York John Forbes pp 396 497 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Moquin Tandon Alfred 1865 Le Monde de la mer in French Lackerbauer P ierre illustr Paris L Hachette Muller Prof Dr in Giessen 1802 Kraken Deutsche Encyclopadie oder Allgemeines Real Worterbuch aller Kunste und Wissenschaften Ko Kraz vol 22 Frankfurt a M Varrentrapp und Wenner pp 594 605 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Oudemans A C 1892 The Great Sea serpent An Historical and Critical Treatise Vol 1 Lackerbauer P ierre illustr Leiden E J Brill Pontoppidan Erich 1753a Kap 8 11 Kraken eller Horven det storste dyr i Verden 12Beskrivelse Det forste Forsog paa Norges naturlige Historie in Danish Vol 2 Copenhagen Berlingske Arvingers Bogtrykkerie pp xvi 340 345 digital copy National Library Norway 1753b Kap 8 11 Kraken oder Horven das grosste Thier in der Welt 12 Beschreibung dieses Thieres Versuch einer naturlichen Geschichte Norwegens in German Vol 2 Copenhagen Franz Christian Mumme pp 394 400 1755 Ch 8 Sect 11 Kraken or Korven sic the largest creature in the world Sect 12 Description The Natural History of Norway Translated from the Danish Original Vol 2 London A Linde pp 210 213 Verrill A E 1882 Report on the Cephalopods of the Northeastern Coast of America Report of the Commissioner vol 7 United States Fish Commission pp 211 436 W ilson James March 1818 Remarks on the histories of the kraken and great sea serpent Blackwood s Edinburgh Magazine 2 12 William Blackwood 645 654 External links edit nbsp Look up Kraken in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Wikisource has original text related to this article Kraken The King s Mirror See Chapter XII Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kraken amp oldid 1220960939, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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