Independent Institute

Not to be confused with the Independence Institute, a libertarian think-tank based in Colorado.

The Independent Institute is an American libertarian think tank based in Oakland, California.^[3][4] Founded in 1986 by David J. Theroux, the institute focuses on political, social, economic, legal, environmental, and foreign policy issues. It has more than 140 research fellows. The institute was originally established in San Francisco, was re-located in 1989 to Oakland, and since 2006 has had an office in Washington, D.C. The institute is organized into seven centers addressing a range of issues. According to the 2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report (Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania), the institute is ranked number 42 (of 110) in the "Top Think Tanks in the United States".^[4]

Independent Institute

Logo of the Independent Institute since 2015
Motto	The Power of Independent Thinking
Founder(s)	David J. Theroux
Established	1986; 38 years ago (1986)
Focus	Public policy
President	Graham Walker^[1]
Faculty	10
Adjunct faculty	249
Staff	21
Budget	Revenue: $4,179,442 Expenses: $3,903,889 (FYE June 2019)^[2]
Address	100 Swan Way, Oakland, CA 94621-1428
Website	Independent.org

Publications and programs

Since 1996, the institute has published the quarterly scholarly journal The Independent Review,^[5] whose founding editor and editor at large is the economist and historian Robert Higgs,^[6][7] and co-editors are Christopher Coyne, Michael Munger, and Robert Whaples.

The institute conducts various conference programs. The institute's Independent Policy Forum has included seminars by individuals including James M. Buchanan and Gore Vidal.

Its program in criminal justice sponsored a series of televised debates on PBS-TV, Stopping Violent Crime: New Directions for Reduction and Prevention, moderated by Harvard law professor Arthur R. Miller, former U.S. Attorney General Richard Thornburgh, federal judge David Sentelle, civil libertarian writer Wendy Kaminer, and others.^[8]

In 2006, the institute opened an office in Washington and expanded its media program, including a weekly column by Senior Fellow Álvaro Vargas Llosa in the Washington Post.^[9] In 2006 the institute released an Open Letter on Immigration.^[10]

Policy areas

The institute's stated mission is "to boldly advance peaceful, prosperous, and free societies, grounded in a commitment to human worth and dignity."^[11]

The institute maintains MyGovCost.org, which focuses on the critical analysis of fiscal policy and government waste. It includes a calculator described as enabling Americans to estimate their lifetime federal tax liability and the hypothetical alternative investment return.^[12]

Independent Institute scholars have criticized the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on economic,^[13][14] legal,^[15] ethical,^[16] and privacy grounds.^[17]

Independent Institute scholars have leveled several criticisms of Medicare. Senior Fellow John R. Graham has lamented the widespread indifference to the Medicare Trustees report's warnings of Medicare's mounting fiscal problems.^[18] He has, however, defended Medicare Advantage for giving seniors more choices than traditional Medicare. John C. Goodman has argued that healthcare inflation in the United States began with the creation of Medicare.^[19] To help curb Medicare spending, Graham has proposed incentivizing enrollees to seek less expensive medical treatment abroad.^[20] Craig Eyermann has also proposed giving Medicare enrollees a direct economic stake in lowering the costs.^[21] Goodman has called for the privatization of Medicare.^[22]

The Independent Institute has criticized the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, for what it sees as over-regulation as a result of political and bureaucratic incentives. Independent's website FDAReview.org cites numerous scholarly studies by academic economists that question the agency's safety, effectiveness, and incentives.^[23] Senior Fellow Robert Higgs has argued that the FDA's regulation of healthcare products is “hazardous to our health”.^[24]

Senior Fellow Alexander Tabarrok has questioned the need for the FDA's pre-approval requirements for pharmaceuticals on the grounds that doctors successfully prescribe many drugs for off-label usage.^[25]

Civil liberties and human rights

Independent Institute fellows have written on a variety of topics related to civil liberties and human rights. Historian Jonathan Bean anthologized and annotated numerous historical speeches, letters, and articles that show individualist perspectives that animated the American civil-rights era in his book Race and Liberty in America: The Essential Reader.^[26] Since 2012, Bean has served on the Illinois State Advisory Committee, a federally appointed panel that advises the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, and his experience led him to claim that the mainstream civil rights community was out of touch with the public's civil rights concerns.

Second Amendment legal scholar Stephen Halbrook, who has won three firearms cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, has argued in several Independent Institute books and articles that civil liberties are more secure when individuals have legal access to firearms.^[27][28] His 2003 book, The Founders’ Second Amendment, traced the U.S. Constitution's guarantees of “the right of the people to keep and bear Arms” back to the American colonists’ fears of British oppression.^[29] His 2013 book, Gun Control in the Third Reich, examined firearm registration and restrictions in pre-World War II Germany.^[30]

Economists Christopher Coyne and Abigail Hall have argued that interventionist militarism can lead to a “boomerang effect,” setting in motion political, institutional and ideological forces that contribute to the suppression of civil liberties in the aggressive country.^[31]

Independent has also criticized major aspects of the criminal justice system as antagonistic toward civil liberties. Senior Fellow Bruce L. Benson argued in The Enterprise of Law that before the British crown took over the courts, the legal system focused on restitution for victims, rather than punishment, corrections, and deterrence.^[32]

In The Power of Habeas Corpus in America, winner of a 2013 PROSE Award in the category of Law and Legal Studies,^[33] Research Fellow Anthony Gregory put forth a revisionist view of the writ of habeas corpus, arguing that rather than always promoting the cause of civil liberties, the legal idea has served “both as an engine and a curb on state power.”^[34]

Criticism of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan

In the aftermath of September 11 attacks, the Independent Institute was an early advocate of using privateers, (rather than a military invasion of Afghanistan) to bring the co-conspirators of the terrorist attacks to justice under international law,^[35] as authorized in Article I, Section 8, clause 11 of the United States Constitution.

Opposition to the Iraq War

The Independent Institute promotes a U.S. foreign policy of free trade and non-interventionism, and this perspective was apparent in a host of publications and events it sponsored during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2001.

Even before the United States led the 2003 airstrikes on Iraq, the Independent Institute's fellows and speakers voiced opposition to a U.S.-Iraq War.^[36] That opposition continued for the duration of the conflict. In a Reason magazine symposium marking the 10th anniversary of war's inception, Research Fellow Anthony Gregory called the Iraq war “the worst U.S. government project in my lifetime,” and Senior Fellow Robert Higgs said the sizable political and material benefits that accrued to the war's architects demonstrate that “Crime pays.”^[37]

Senior Fellow Ivan Eland, who directs Independent's Center on Peace and Liberty, wrote extensively on the Iraq war and told an audience at the 2013 CPAC conference that the war helped illustrate why the America's Founders warned against foreign entanglements and were suspicious of standing armies.^[38][39] He has also argued that conservatives who seek a more limited government should celebrate Calvin Coolidge instead of the more interventionist Ronald Reagan.^[40]

Eland has argued that the best strategy for minimizing sectarian strife in post-Saddam Iraq is for Iraqis to peacefully partition their country along ethnic and religious lines, a view once also supported by then-Senator Joe Biden^[41] and former Ambassador Peter Galbraith.^[42]

Climate change

The Independent Institute has published works by atmospheric physicist and professor emeritus of environmental science Fred Singer, who is an advocate of climate change attribution denial and impact denial.^[43] The works include Hot Talk, Cold Science: Climate Change's Unfinished Debate in 1999. It was co-authored with Frederick Seitz, another research fellow of the institute.^[44] The book included Singer's 2004 essay, "The Scientific Case against the Global Climate Treaty".^[45] The institute also published a 2003 policy report, "New Perspectives in Climate Change: What the EPA Isn't Telling Us", also by Singer.^[46] That report criticized the EPA's 2001 Climate Action Report.

Funding

For the fiscal year ending June 30, 2014, the institute had total revenue of $2,775,869.^[2] From 2007 to 2011 the institute took in $12,249,065 from gifts, grants, contributions, and membership fees; and $536,747 in gross income from interest, dividends, payments received on securities loans, rents, royalties, and income from similar sources.^[47]

Microsoft funding controversy

On June 2, 1999, the institute sponsored a full-page advertisement titled Open Letter on Antitrust Protectionism in the Washington Post and the New York Times. The ads were signed by 240 economists and claimed "headline-grabbing cases against Microsoft, Intel, Cisco Systems, Visa and MasterCard, along with a flurry of merger investigations now underway, would appear to demonstrate the need for a vigorously enforced antitrust policy that will create checks and balances to eliminate consumer harm. However, consumers did not ask for these antitrust actions—rival business firms did."^[48]

In September 1999, a controversy arose when New York Times reporter Joel Brinkley stated that the advertisements had been paid for by Microsoft. Based on internal Independent Institute documents "provided to the New York Times by a Microsoft adversary associated with the computer industry who refused to be further identified", Brinkley wrote that Microsoft "has secretly served as the institute's largest outside financial benefactor in the last year." Independent Institute internal documents showed that Microsoft had contributed $203,217 in 1999, making it the single largest contributor. Brinkley calculated that Microsoft's contribution amounted to approximately 20% of the funds in 1999 from external sources, excluding $304,725 contributed by Theroux.^[49]

The day after Brinkley's article appeared, Theroux stated that "our final year-end records do not agree with the numbers he had been provided by his source" and claimed that at the media conference he had stated that the Microsoft funding amounted to 7%. "It now appears the final figure is about 8%, a statistically insignificant difference, and far less than the 20% figure Mr. Brinkley claimed in his article," said Theroux.^[50]

In June 2000, Wall Street Journal staff reporters Glenn Simpson and Ted Bridis revealed that Oracle had hired Investigative Group International, as well as Chlopak, Leonard, Schechter & Associates, a Washington, D.C., public-relations agency, to distribute damaging information about Microsoft's allies to media outlets. Oracle admitted that this was the "Microsoft adversary associated with the computer industry who refused to be further identified," which was the sole source for Brinkley's article.^[51]

References

1. "Graham H. Walker", Independent.org. May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
2. "Form 990" (PDF). Independent Institute. 30 June 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
3. Johnston, David Cay (1997-04-03). "Anti-Tobacco Groups Push for Higher Cigarette Taxes". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
4. James G. McGann (Director) (January 1, 2021). "2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report". Retrieved February 14, 2021.
5. ISSN 1086-1653; OCLC 33958358; JSTOR
6. Theroux, David J. (Fall 2013). "Robert Higgs: A Personal and Professional Appreciation". The Independent Review. 18 (2): 279–285. ISSN 1086-1653. JSTOR 24563311. OCLC 7787702932. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
7. Tabarrok, Alex (February 4, 2013). "New Editors at The Independent Review". Retrieved March 31, 2021.
8. Miller, Arthur R. (2003). Stopping violent crime new directions for reduction & prevention. Oakland, CA: Independent Institute. p. 35. ISBN 978-094-599-994-2. Televised Debate on "Stopping Violent Crime: New Directions for Reduction and Prevention" sponsored by the Independent Institute, the Koch Crime Commission, and Washburn University (one of twelve invited participants).
9. Vargas Llosa, Alvaro (May 11, 2011). "Hasta La Vista | RealClearPolitics". www.realclearpolitics.com. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
10. Shearon Roberts; July (May 19, 2006). . The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 6 February 2013. ...some 150 economists from the left and the right have electronically signed a letter to President Bush and Congress stating that immigration is a net gain for America and that only a small percentage of native-born Americans in low-skilled jobs may be harmed by it. The letter, bouncing around the Internet, was written by Alex Tabarrok, research director at The Independent Institute...
11. "About The Independent Institute". its website's "About Us" page, 2nd paragraph. The Independent Institute.
12. Korbe, Tina (30 September 2010). "For a frugal Gal, I have got a lot of debt". Washington Examiner. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
13. Graham, John (24 June 2015). "King v. Burwell: Fix Obamacare's Job Killing Tax Credits". Forbes. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
14. Graham, John (28 January 2015). "The Congressional Budget Office's Rose-Colored, Short-Sighted View of Obamacare Spending". Forbes. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
15. Hoff, John S. (Summer 2013). "Obamacare: Chief Justice Roberts's Political Dodge". The Independent Review. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
16. Gregory, Anthony (2 April 2012). "Ubiquitous Hypocrisy on Health Care and the Individual Mandate". Huffington Post. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
17. Theroux, Mary (22 July 2013). "Obamacare: All Your Intimate Information Available to (Almost) Anyone". Retrieved 20 January 2016.
18. Graham, John R. (7 August 2015). "Medicare Devours the Federal Government". Real Clear Policy. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
19. Goodman, John C. (28 July 2015). "What Paul Krugman Doesn't Understand About Medicare". Forbes. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
20. Graham, John R. (6 February 2015). "How domestic medical tourism could save us all money". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
21. Eyermann, Craig (30 November 2012). "The Medicare Spending Program". The Independent Institute. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
22. Goodman, John C. (23 August 2014). "Let's Privatize Medicare". Townhall.com. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
23. "FDAReview.org". Independent Institute. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
24. Higgs, Robert (Winter 1997). "Hazardous To Our Health? FDA Regulation of Health Care Products". Hacienda Publishing. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
25. Tabarrok, Alex (Summer 2000). "Assessing the FDA via the Anomaly of Off-Label Drug Prescribing". The Independent Review. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
26. Root, Damon (8 July 2009). "Classical Liberalism and the Fight for Equal Rights". Reason. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
27. Halbrook, Stephen (25 November 2013). "The Nazis' Gun Ban Facilitated Kristallnacht". History News Network. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
28. Halbrook, Stephen. "Securing Civil Rights: Freedmen, Fourteenth Amendment and Right to Bear Arms". Right Side News. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
29. Kessler, Raymond G. "The Founders' Second Amendment: Origins of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms". Law and Politics Book Review. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
30. MacGillis, Alec (10 November 2013). "The Mother of All Nazi Analogies, Now Available at Amazon". New Republic. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
31. Richman, Sheldon (26 September 2014). "TGIF: The "Boomerang Effect": How Foreign Policy Changes Domestic Policy". Future of Freedom Foundation. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
32. Richman, Sheldon (8 December 2013). "Crime and Punishment in a Free Society". Reason.com. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
33. "2013 Winners". PROSE Awards. 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
34. Hafetz, Jonathan (18 June 2013). "The Paradox of Habeas Corpus". Reason.com. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
35. "Let Privateers Troll for Bin Laden". Independent. 30 September 2001. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
36. Ainsworth, Diane (30 October 2002). "Ellsberg says Bush is 'lying us' into war with Iraq". Berkeleyan. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
37. Feeney, Matthew (19 March 2013). "The Iraq War: 10 Years Later". Reason.com. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
38. King Jr., Neil (14 March 2013). "Conservatives Ponder: Are We Fighting Too Many Wars?". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
39. Griffith, Joel (14 March 2013). "Conservatives Ponder: Are We Fighting Too Many Wars?". Red Alert Politics. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
40. Bloom, J. Arthur (14 March 2013). "CPAC 2013: The War Party". The American Conservative. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
41. Miller, Zeke (23 June 2014). "White House Doesn't Rule Out Iraq Partition". Time Magazine. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
42. Galbraith, Peter (5 November 2006). "The Case For Dividing Iraq". Time Magazine. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
43. James Hoggan; Richard Littlemore (2009). Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming. Greystone Books Ltd. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-55365-485-8.
44. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology (2007). Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight (2007). Shaping the message, distorting the science: media strategies to influence science policy: hearing before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, March 28, 2007. U.S. G.P.O. p. 32. ISBN 9780160796753.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
45. Laura E. Huggins; Hanna Skandera (2004). Population puzzle: boom or bust?. Hoover Institution Press. p. 401. ISBN 978-0-8179-4532-9.
46. S. Fred Singer (July 2003). "New Perspectives in Climate Change: What the EPA Isn't Telling Us" (PDF). Independent.org. The Independent Institute. p. 2. Together, these studies increasingly integrate the notion that climate change will be modest and easily adapted by free and vibrant economies.
47. "Independent Institute Finances". Retrieved 2 July 2013.
48. "An Open Letter to President Clinton from 240 Economists on Antitrust Protectionism" (PDF). 2 June 1999. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
49. Joel Brinkley (September 18, 1999). "'Unbiased' Ads for Microsoft Came at a Price". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
50. Theroux, David J. (September 19, 1999). "Winners, Losers & Microsoft Strikes a Sensitive Nerve". The Independent Institute. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
51. Glenn R. Simpson and Ted Bridis, Oracle Admits It Hired Agency To Investigate Allies of Microsoft, Wall Street Journal, Updated June 28, 2000.

External links

• Official website

37°43′55″N 122°12′18″W / 37.7319°N 122.2050°W / 37.7319; -122.2050