The Treaty of London (1913) was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912–1913. It dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War.[1] The London Conference had ended on 23 January 1913, when the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état took place and OttomanGrand VizierKâmil Pasha was forced to resign.[2] Coup leader Enver Pasha withdrew the Ottoman Empire from the Conference, and the Treaty of London was signed without the presence of the Ottoman delegation.[2]
Treaty of London
Borders of the Balkan states after the Treaty of London and the Treaty of Bucharest
Hostilities had officially ceased on 2 December 1912, except for Greece that had not participated in the first truce. Three principal points were in dispute:
the status of the territory of present-day Albania, the vast majority of which had been conquered especially by Serbia, but also small regions by Montenegro, and Greece
Austria-Hungary and Italy strongly supported the creation of an independent Albania. In part, this was consistent with Austria-Hungary's previous policy of resisting Serb expansion to the Adriatic; Italy had designs on the territory, manifested in 1939. Russia supported Serbia and Montenegro. Germany and Britain remained neutral. The balance of power struck between the members of the Balkan League had been on the assumption that no Albanian polity would be formed and the later Albanian territory would be split between them.
All European territory of the Ottoman Empire west of the line between Enos on the Aegean Sea and Midia on the Black Sea was ceded to the Balkan League, except Albania.
His Majesty the Emperor of the Ottomans declares that he cedes to their Majesties the Allied Sovereigns the island of Crete and that he renounces in their favour all rights of sovereignty and all other rights which he possessed in that island.
The borders of Albania and all other questions concerning Albania were to be settled by the Great Powers.
However, the division of the territories ceded to the Balkan League was not addressed in the Treaty, and Serbia refused to carry out the division agreed with Bulgaria in their treaty of March 1912. As a result of Bulgarian dissatisfaction with the de facto military division of Macedonia, the Second Balkan War broke out between the combatants on 16 June 1913.[5] The Bulgarians were defeated, and the Ottomans made some gains west of the Enos-Midia line. A final peace was agreed at the Treaty of Bucharest on 12 August 1913. A separate treaty, the Treaty of Constantinople, was concluded between the Bulgarians and Turks, largely defining the modern-day borders between the two countries.
Perceptionsedit
The delineation of the exact boundaries of the Albanian state under the Protocol of Florence (17 December 1913) was highly unpopular among the Greek population of southern Albania, who after their revolt managed to declare the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, was internationally recognised as an autonomous region inside Albania under the terms of the Protocol of Corfu.[6][7]
Albanians have tended to regard the Treaty as an injustice imposed by the Great Powers, as roughly half of the predominantly Albanian territories and 40% of the population were left outside the new country's borders.[8][9]
^Anderson, Frank Maloy; Hershey, Amos Shartle (1918). "The Treaty of London, 1913". Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914. Washington, DC: National Board for Historical Service, Government Printing Office.
^Richard C. Hall, ed., War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia (2014) pp 172–173.
^ ab"(HIS,P) Treaty of Peace between Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia on the one part and Turkey on the other part. (London) 17/30 May 1913". Zum.de. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
^Mitrojorgji, Lejnar (20 October 2020). After empire. Routledge Handbooks Online. p. 164–165. doi:10.4324/9780429464799-23. ISBN978-1-138-61308-9. This decision, however, created resentment among the local Greek minority that wanted instead to join Greece... he insurgents quickly formed a government and negotiated with the Wied regime the Protocol of Corfu in May that awarded ARNE wide ranging autonomy.
^Pentzopoulos, Dimitri (22 March 2021). The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and Its Impact Upon Greece. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 28. ISBN978-3-11-241586-3. Northern Epirus is the southern part of Albania, comprising rouphly the present-day prefectures of Koritza (Korce) and Argyrokastro (Gjirokaster). By the December 17, 1913... The Christian Greeks revolted and formed a provisional and autonomous government.
^Janusz Bugajski (2002). Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era. M.E. Sharpe. p. 675. ISBN978-1-56324-676-0. Retrieved 29 May 2012. "Roughly half of the predominantly Albanian territories and 40% of the population were left outside the new country's borders"
^Elsie, Robert (2010), "Independent Albania (1912—1944)", Historical dictionary of Albania, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, p. lix, ISBN978-0-8108-7380-3, OCLC 454375231, retrieved 4 February 2012, ...about 30 percent of the Albanian population were excluded from the new state/about 40%... found themselves excluded from this new country p.243
Further readingedit
Anderson, M.S. The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations (1966) online
"Treaty of Peace Between Turkey and the Balkan Allies, Signed at London, May 30, 1913 (Translation)". The American Journal of International Law. VIII (1, Supplement, Official Documents): 12–13. January 1914. doi:10.2307/2212402. JSTOR 2212402.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Text of the Treaty of London
External linksedit
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Chronology of the 1913 London Peace Conference
February 16, 2024
treaty, london, 1913, signed, following, london, conference, 1912, 1913, dealt, with, territorial, adjustments, arising, conclusion, first, balkan, london, conference, ended, january, 1913, when, 1913, ottoman, coup, état, took, place, ottoman, grand, vizier, . The Treaty of London 1913 was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912 1913 It dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War 1 The London Conference had ended on 23 January 1913 when the 1913 Ottoman coup d etat took place and Ottoman Grand Vizier Kamil Pasha was forced to resign 2 Coup leader Enver Pasha withdrew the Ottoman Empire from the Conference and the Treaty of London was signed without the presence of the Ottoman delegation 2 Treaty of LondonBorders of the Balkan states after the Treaty of London and the Treaty of BucharestSigned30 May 1913LocationLondon United KingdomSignatories Bulgaria Serbia Greece Montenegro Italy Germany Russia Austria Hungary Contents 1 Combatants 2 History 3 Terms 4 Perceptions 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksCombatants editThe combatants were the victorious Balkan League Serbia Greece Bulgaria and Montenegro and the defeated Ottoman Empire Representing the Great Powers were the United Kingdom Germany Russia Austria Hungary and Italy 3 History editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Treaty of London 1913 news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Hostilities had officially ceased on 2 December 1912 except for Greece that had not participated in the first truce Three principal points were in dispute the status of the territory of present day Albania the vast majority of which had been conquered especially by Serbia but also small regions by Montenegro and Greece the status of the Sanjak of Novi Pazar formally under the protection of Austria Hungary since the Treaty of Berlin in 1878 the status of the other territories taken by the Allies Kosovo vilayet Macedonia and ThraceThe Treaty 4 was negotiated in London at an international conference which had opened there in December 1912 following the declaration of independence by Albania on 28 November 1912 Austria Hungary and Italy strongly supported the creation of an independent Albania In part this was consistent with Austria Hungary s previous policy of resisting Serb expansion to the Adriatic Italy had designs on the territory manifested in 1939 Russia supported Serbia and Montenegro Germany and Britain remained neutral The balance of power struck between the members of the Balkan League had been on the assumption that no Albanian polity would be formed and the later Albanian territory would be split between them Terms edit nbsp Signing of the Peace Treaty on 30 May 1913The terms enforced by the Great Powers were 4 All European territory of the Ottoman Empire west of the line between Enos on the Aegean Sea and Midia on the Black Sea was ceded to the Balkan League except Albania His Majesty the Emperor of the Ottomans declares that he cedes to their Majesties the Allied Sovereigns the island of Crete and that he renounces in their favour all rights of sovereignty and all other rights which he possessed in that island The borders of Albania and all other questions concerning Albania were to be settled by the Great Powers However the division of the territories ceded to the Balkan League was not addressed in the Treaty and Serbia refused to carry out the division agreed with Bulgaria in their treaty of March 1912 As a result of Bulgarian dissatisfaction with the de facto military division of Macedonia the Second Balkan War broke out between the combatants on 16 June 1913 5 The Bulgarians were defeated and the Ottomans made some gains west of the Enos Midia line A final peace was agreed at the Treaty of Bucharest on 12 August 1913 A separate treaty the Treaty of Constantinople was concluded between the Bulgarians and Turks largely defining the modern day borders between the two countries Perceptions editThe delineation of the exact boundaries of the Albanian state under the Protocol of Florence 17 December 1913 was highly unpopular among the Greek population of southern Albania who after their revolt managed to declare the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus was internationally recognised as an autonomous region inside Albania under the terms of the Protocol of Corfu 6 7 Albanians have tended to regard the Treaty as an injustice imposed by the Great Powers as roughly half of the predominantly Albanian territories and 40 of the population were left outside the new country s borders 8 9 See also editTreaties of LondonReferences edit Anderson Frank Maloy Hershey Amos Shartle 1918 The Treaty of London 1913 Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe Asia and Africa 1870 1914 Washington DC National Board for Historical Service Government Printing Office a b The Treaty of London 1913 Richard C Hall ed War in the Balkans An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia 2014 pp 172 173 a b HIS P Treaty of Peace between Greece Bulgaria Montenegro Serbia on the one part and Turkey on the other part London 17 30 May 1913 Zum de Retrieved 30 May 2013 Richard C Hall The Balkan Wars 1912 1913 Mitrojorgji Lejnar 20 October 2020 After empire Routledge Handbooks Online p 164 165 doi 10 4324 9780429464799 23 ISBN 978 1 138 61308 9 This decision however created resentment among the local Greek minority that wanted instead to join Greece he insurgents quickly formed a government and negotiated with the Wied regime the Protocol of Corfu in May that awarded ARNE wide ranging autonomy Pentzopoulos Dimitri 22 March 2021 The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and Its Impact Upon Greece Walter de Gruyter GmbH amp Co KG p 28 ISBN 978 3 11 241586 3 Northern Epirus is the southern part of Albania comprising rouphly the present day prefectures of Koritza Korce and Argyrokastro Gjirokaster By the December 17 1913 The Christian Greeks revolted and formed a provisional and autonomous government Janusz Bugajski 2002 Political Parties of Eastern Europe A Guide to Politics in the Post Communist Era M E Sharpe p 675 ISBN 978 1 56324 676 0 Retrieved 29 May 2012 Roughly half of the predominantly Albanian territories and 40 of the population were left outside the new country s borders Elsie Robert 2010 Independent Albania 1912 1944 Historical dictionary of Albania Lanham Scarecrow Press p lix ISBN 978 0 8108 7380 3 OCLC 454375231 retrieved 4 February 2012 about 30 percent of the Albanian population were excluded from the new state about 40 found themselves excluded from this new country p 243Further reading editAnderson M S The Eastern Question 1774 1923 A Study in International Relations 1966 online Cirkovic Sima 2004 The Serbs Malden Blackwell Publishing ISBN 9781405142915 Jelavich Barbara 1983 History of the Balkans Twentieth Century Vol 2 Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521274593 Treaty of Peace Between Turkey and the Balkan Allies Signed at London May 30 1913 Translation The American Journal of International Law VIII 1 Supplement Official Documents 12 13 January 1914 doi 10 2307 2212402 JSTOR 2212402 nbsp Wikisource has original text related to this article Text of the Treaty of LondonExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of London 1913 Chronology of the 1913 London Peace Conference Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Treaty of London 1913 amp oldid 1181563823, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
