Self-governance
Self-governance, self-government, or self-rule is the ability of a person or group to exercise all necessary functions of regulation without intervention from an external authority.[2][3][4] It may refer to personal conduct or to any form of institution, such as family units, social groups, affinity groups, legal bodies, industry bodies, religions, and political entities of various degree.[4][5][6] Self-governance is closely related to various philosophical and socio-political concepts such as autonomy, independence, self-control, self-discipline, and sovereignty.[7]
In the context of nation states, self-governance is called national sovereignty which is an important concept in international law. In the context of administrative division, a self-governing territory is called an autonomous region.[8] Self-governance is also associated with political contexts in which a population or demographic becomes independent from colonial rule, absolute government, absolute monarchy or any government which they perceive does not adequately represent them.[9] It is therefore a fundamental tenet of many democracies, republics and nationalist governments.[10] Mohandas Gandhi's term "swaraj" is a branch of this self-rule ideology. Henry David Thoreau was a major proponent of self-rule in lieu of immoral governments.
Background
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In ancient Greek philosophy, Plato posits the concept of self-mastery as the ability to be one's own master; he states that individuals or groups cannot achieve freedom unless they govern their own pleasures and desires, and instead will be in a state of enslavement.[11][12] Accordingly, this principle is not only a fundamental moral freedom but also as a necessary condition of political freedom and by extension the freedom and autonomy of any political structure.[11]
John Locke furthers this principle in that genuine freedom requires cognitive self-discipline and self-government, and that man's capacity for this is the source of all freedom. In this sense, freedom is not a possession but an action.[13] Locke proposes that rationality is the key to true agency and autonomy, and that political governance is enabled by the governing of one's own judgement.[14] His political philosophy was a prominent influence on Immanuel Kant, and was later taken up in part by the Founding Fathers of the United States.
The nature of self-governance, that freedom relies upon self-regulation, has further been explored by contemporary academics Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Judith Butler, William E. Connolly, and others.[15]
Means of self-governance
The means of self-governance usually comprises some or all of the following:
- A code of conduct that outlines acceptable behavior within the unit or group.[16] This may include a legal or ethical code (e.g. the Hippocratic Oath of doctors, or established codes of professional ethics).
- A means of ensuring external authority does not become involved unless and until certain criteria are satisfied.
- A means of facilitating the intended functions of the unit or group.
- A means of registering and resolving grievances (e.g. medical malpractice, union procedures, and for achieving closure regarding them).[citation needed]
- A means of disciplinary procedure within the unit or group,[17] ranging from fines and censure up to and including penalty of death.
- A means of suppressing parties, factions, tendencies, or other sub-groups that seek to secede from the unit or group.
See also
References
- ^ Greenland in Figures 2012 (PDF). Greenland in Figures. stat.gl. ISBN 978-87-986787-6-2. ISSN 1602-5709. (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ Rasmussen 2011, p. x–xi.
- ^ Sørensen & Triantafillou 2009, pp. 1–3.
- ^ a b Esmark & Triantafillou 2009, pp. 29–30.
- ^ Sørensen & Triantafillou 2009, p. 2.
- ^ Sørensen & Torfing 2009, p. 43.
- ^ Rasmussen 2011, p. x.
- ^ Ghai & Woodman 2013, pp. 3–6.
- ^ Berlin 1997, pp. 228–229.
- ^ Rasmussen 2011.
- ^ a b Young 2018.
- ^ Laks 2007.
- ^ Casson 2011, pp. 159–160.
- ^ Casson 2011, pp. 160–161, 167.
- ^ Rasmussen 2011, p. xiii.
- ^ Esmark & Triantafillou 2009, p. 31.
- ^ Esmark & Triantafillou 2009, p. 32.
External links
- Bird, Colin (2000). "The Possibility of Self-Government". The American Political Science Review. American Political Science Association. 94 (3): 563–577. doi:10.2307/2585831. JSTOR 2585831. S2CID 147278871.
- Sørensen, Eva; Triantafillou, Peter (2009). "The Politics of Self-Governance: An Introduction". The Politics of Self-Governance. ISBN 978-0-7546-7164-0.
- Esmark, Anders; Triantafillou, Peter (2009). "A Macro Level Perspective on Governance of the Self and Others". The Politics of Self-Governance. ISBN 978-0-7546-7164-0.
- Sørensen, Eva; Torfing, Jacob (2009). "The Politics of Self-Governance in Meso Level Theories". The Politics of Self-Governance. ISBN 978-0-7546-7164-0.
- Weller, Marc; Wolff, Stefan (2005). Autonomy, Self-governance and Conflict Resolution: Innovative approaches to institutional design in divided societies. ISBN 0-415-33986-3.
- Ghai, Yash; Woodman, Sophia (2013). Practicing Self-Government: A Comparative Study of Autonomous Regions. ISBN 978-1-107-01858-7.
- Young, Carl (2018). "Plato's Concept of Liberty in the Laws". History of Political Thought. Imprint Academic. 39 (3). ISSN 0143-781X.
- Laks, André (2007). "Freedom Liberty and Liberality in Plato's Laws". Social Philosophy and Policy. 24 (2): 130–152. doi:10.1017/S0265052507070197. S2CID 144268937.
- Berlin, Isaiah (1997). Hardy, Henry; Hausheer, Rodger (eds.). The Proper Study of Mankind. Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0374527174.
- Casson, Douglas John (2011). "Freedom, Happiness, and the Reasonable Self". Liberating Judgment: Fanatics, Skeptics, and John Locke's Politics of Probability. ISBN 978-0691144740.
- Rasmussen, Claire Elaine (2011). The Autonomous Animal: Self-governance and the Modern Subject. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816669561.