Although a few groups are primarily terrestrial, rhacophorids are predominantly arboreal treefrogs. Mating frogs, while in amplexus, hold on to a branch, and beat their legs to form a foam. The eggs are laid in the foam and covered with seminal fluid before the foam hardens into a protective casing. In some species, this is done in a large group. The foam is laid above a water source so the tadpoles fall into the water once they hatch.[1]
The species within this family vary in size from 1.5 to 12 cm (0.59 to 4.72 in).[1] Like other arboreal frogs, they have toe discs, and those of the genus Chiromantis have two opposable fingers on each hand. This family also contains the Old World flying frogs, including Wallace's flying frog (Rhacophorus nigropalmatus). These frogs have extensive webbing between their fore and hind limbs, allowing them to glide through the air.[2]
The Rhacophoridae are the sister group to the Mantellidae, a family of frogs restricted to Madagascar. Both families are thought to have diverged during the Paleocene, although previous studies estimated a Cretaceous divergence. Two different hypotheses for this divergence have been proposed: one that the Mantellidae and Rhacophoridae diverged when Insular India broke from Madagascar, with the Rhacophoridae colonizing the rest of Asia following the collision of India with Asia, and the other proposing that the common ancestors of both families inhabited Asia, with the ancestral Mantellidae colonizing Madagascar from India via long-distance dispersal, using India as a stepping stone.[3][4]
Amboli bush frog (Pseudophilautus amboli), a member of the Rhacophoridae, with enlarged vocal sac for mating calls
As many frogs, rhacophorids harbour monogeneans worms in their urinary bladders. The parasite species specialized to this family of frogs belong to the genusIndopolystoma, described in 2019.[7]
References
^ abZweifel, Richard G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN0-12-178560-2.
^Sunny Shah & Rachna Tiwari (2001-11-29). "Rhacophorus nigropalmatus, Wallace's Flying Frog". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2007-06-22. Edited by Tate Tunstall (2003-04-12)
^Li, Jia-Tang; Li, Yang; Klaus, Sebastian; Rao, Ding-Qi; Hillis, David M.; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2013-02-26). "Diversification of rhacophorid frogs provides evidence for accelerated faunal exchange between India and Eurasia during the Oligocene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (9): 3441–3446. doi:10.1073/pnas.1300881110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC3587228. PMID 23401521.
^Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (2017-07-18). "Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (29). doi:10.1073/pnas.1704632114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC5530686. PMID 28673970.
^Robin Kurian Abraham; R. Alexander Pyron; Ansil B. R.; Arun Zachariah; Anil Zachariah (2013). "Two novel genera and one new species of treefrog (Anura: Rhacophoridae) highlight cryptic diversity in the Western Ghats of India". Zootaxa. 3640 (2): 177–189. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3640.2.3. PMID 26000411.
^Yu Guohua, Rao Dingqi, Zhang Mingwang, Yang Junxing. Re-examination of the phylogeny of Rhacophoridae (Anura) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 50 (2009) 571–579. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.11.023
^Chaabane, Amira; Verneau, Olivier; Du Preez, Louis (2019). "Indopolystoma n. gen. (Monogenea, Polystomatidae) with the description of three new species and reassignment of eight known Polystoma species from Asian frogs (Anura, Rhacophoridae)". Parasite. 26: 67. doi:10.1051/parasite/2019067. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC6865761. PMID 31746733.
Cogger, H.G.; R.G. Zweifel; D. Kirschner (2004). Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians Second Edition. Fog City Press. ISBN1-877019-69-0.
External links
Data related to Rhacophoridae at Wikispecies
Media related to Rhacophoridae at Wikimedia Commons
March 03, 2023
rhacophoridae, family, frogs, that, occur, tropical, saharan, africa, south, india, lanka, japan, northeastern, india, eastern, china, taiwan, south, through, philippines, greater, sundas, sulawesi, they, commonly, known, shrub, frogs, more, ambiguously, moss,. The Rhacophoridae are a family of frogs that occur in tropical sub Saharan Africa South India and Sri Lanka Japan northeastern India to eastern China and Taiwan south through the Philippines and Greater Sundas and Sulawesi They are commonly known as shrub frogs or more ambiguously as moss frogs or bush frogs Some Rhacophoridae are called tree frogs Among the most spectacular members of this family are numerous flying frogs RhacophoridaeRhacophoridae diversityScientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AmphibiaOrder AnuraClade RanoideaFamily RhacophoridaeHoffman 1932 1858 SubfamiliesBuergeriinaeRhacophorinaeAlthough a few groups are primarily terrestrial rhacophorids are predominantly arboreal treefrogs Mating frogs while in amplexus hold on to a branch and beat their legs to form a foam The eggs are laid in the foam and covered with seminal fluid before the foam hardens into a protective casing In some species this is done in a large group The foam is laid above a water source so the tadpoles fall into the water once they hatch 1 The species within this family vary in size from 1 5 to 12 cm 0 59 to 4 72 in 1 Like other arboreal frogs they have toe discs and those of the genus Chiromantis have two opposable fingers on each hand This family also contains the Old World flying frogs including Wallace s flying frog Rhacophorus nigropalmatus These frogs have extensive webbing between their fore and hind limbs allowing them to glide through the air 2 Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Evolution 1 2 Genera 1 3 Phylogeny 2 Parasites 3 References 4 External linksTaxonomy EditEvolution EditThe Rhacophoridae are the sister group to the Mantellidae a family of frogs restricted to Madagascar Both families are thought to have diverged during the Paleocene although previous studies estimated a Cretaceous divergence Two different hypotheses for this divergence have been proposed one that the Mantellidae and Rhacophoridae diverged when Insular India broke from Madagascar with the Rhacophoridae colonizing the rest of Asia following the collision of India with Asia and the other proposing that the common ancestors of both families inhabited Asia with the ancestral Mantellidae colonizing Madagascar from India via long distance dispersal using India as a stepping stone 3 4 Amboli bush frog Pseudophilautus amboli a member of the Rhacophoridae with enlarged vocal sac for mating calls Genera Edit Subfamily Buergeriinae Channing 1989 Buergeria Tschudi 1838 Subfamily Rhacophorinae Hoffman 1932 1858 Beddomixalus Abraham Pyron Ansil Zachariah and Zachariah 2013 Chirixalus Boulenger 1893 Chiromantis Peters 1854 Feihyla Frost Grant Faivovich Bain Haas Haddad de Sa Channing Wilkinson Donnellan Raxworthy Campbell Blotto Moler Drewes Nussbaum Lynch Green and Wheeler 2006 Ghatixalus Biju Roelants and Bossuyt 2008 Gracixalus Delorme Dubois Grosjean and Ohler 2005 Kurixalus Ye Fei and Dubois 1999 Leptomantis Peters 1867 Mercurana Abraham et al 2013 5 Nasutixalus Jiang Yan Wang and Che 2016 Nyctixalus Boulenger 1882 Philautus Gistel 1848 Polypedates Tschudi 1838 Pseudophilautus Laurent 1943 Raorchestes Biju Shouche Dubois Dutta and Bossuyt 2010 Rhacophorus Kuhl and Van Hasselt 1822 Rohanixalus Biju Garg Gokulakrishnan Chandrakasan Thammachoti Ren Gopika Bisht Hamidy and Shouche 2020 Romerus Dubois Ohler and Pyron 2021 Taruga Meegaskumbura Meegaskumbura Bowatte Manamendra Arachchi Pethiyagoda Hanken and Schneider 2010 Theloderma Tschudi 1838 Vampyrius Dubois Ohler and Pyron 2021 Zhangixalus Li Jiang Ren and Jiang 2019Phylogeny Edit This phylogeny of the Rhacophoridae is from Yu et al 2008 6 Rhacophoridae Buergeriinae BuergeriaRhacophorinae LiuixalusNyctixalusThelodermaPhilautus KurixalusGracixalusChiromantisFeihylaPolypedatesRhacophorusParasites EditAs many frogs rhacophorids harbour monogeneans worms in their urinary bladders The parasite species specialized to this family of frogs belong to the genus Indopolystoma described in 2019 7 References Edit a b Zweifel Richard G 1998 Cogger H G Zweifel R G eds Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians San Diego Academic Press pp 99 100 ISBN 0 12 178560 2 Sunny Shah amp Rachna Tiwari 2001 11 29 Rhacophorus nigropalmatus Wallace s Flying Frog AmphibiaWeb Retrieved 2007 06 22 Edited by Tate Tunstall 2003 04 12 Li Jia Tang Li Yang Klaus Sebastian Rao Ding Qi Hillis David M Zhang Ya Ping 2013 02 26 Diversification of rhacophorid frogs provides evidence for accelerated faunal exchange between India and Eurasia during the Oligocene Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 9 3441 3446 doi 10 1073 pnas 1300881110 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 3587228 PMID 23401521 Feng Yan Jie Blackburn David C Liang Dan Hillis David M Wake David B Cannatella David C Zhang Peng 2017 07 18 Phylogenomics reveals rapid simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous Paleogene boundary Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 29 doi 10 1073 pnas 1704632114 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 5530686 PMID 28673970 Robin Kurian Abraham R Alexander Pyron Ansil B R Arun Zachariah Anil Zachariah 2013 Two novel genera and one new species of treefrog Anura Rhacophoridae highlight cryptic diversity in the Western Ghats of India Zootaxa 3640 2 177 189 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3640 2 3 PMID 26000411 Yu Guohua Rao Dingqi Zhang Mingwang Yang Junxing Re examination of the phylogeny of Rhacophoridae Anura based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 50 2009 571 579 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2008 11 023 Chaabane Amira Verneau Olivier Du Preez Louis 2019 Indopolystoma n gen Monogenea Polystomatidae with the description of three new species and reassignment of eight known Polystoma species from Asian frogs Anura Rhacophoridae Parasite 26 67 doi 10 1051 parasite 2019067 ISSN 1776 1042 PMC 6865761 PMID 31746733 Cogger H G R G Zweifel D Kirschner 2004 Encyclopedia of Reptiles amp Amphibians Second Edition Fog City Press ISBN 1 877019 69 0 External links Edit Data related to Rhacophoridae at Wikispecies Media related to Rhacophoridae at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rhacophoridae amp oldid 1128608567, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
