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Brahmanda Purana

April 15, 2023

The Brahmanda Purana (Sanskrit: ब्रह्माण्ड पुराण, Brahmanda Purana) is a Sanskrit text and one of the eighteen major Puranas, a genre of Hindu texts.[1] It is listed as the eighteenth Maha-Purana in almost all the anthologies.[2] The text is also referred in medieval Indian literature as the Vayaviya Purana or Vayaviya Brahmanda, and it may have been same as the Vayu Purana before these texts developed into two overlapping compositions.[1][3]

Adhyatma Ramayana Verses 1.1 – 1.14 In A Brahmanda Purana Manuscript (Sanskrit, Devanagari)

The text is named after one of the cosmological theories of Hinduism, namely the "Cosmic Egg" (Brahma-Anda).[4] It is among the oldest Puranas, the earliest core of text maybe from 4 century CE, continuously edited thereafter over time and it exist in numerous versions.[5] The Brahmanda Purana manuscripts are encyclopedic in their coverage, covering topics such as Cosmogony, Sanskara (Rite Of Passage), Genealogy, Chapters On Ethics And Duties (Dharma), Yoga, Geography, Rivers, Good Government, Administration, Diplomacy, Trade, Festivals, A Travel Guide To Places Such As Kashmir, Cuttack, And Kanchipuram, And Other Topics.[1][5][6]

The Brahmanda Purana is notable for including the Lalita Sahasranamam (A Stotra Praising The Goddess Lalita As The Supreme Being In The Universe), and being one of the early Hindu texts found in Bali, Indonesia, also called the Javanese-Brahmanda.[7][8] The text is also notable for the Adhyatma Ramayana, the most important embedded set of chapters in the text, which philosophically attempts to reconcile Rama-Bhakti with Advaita Vedanta over 65 chapters and 4,500 verses.[9][a][10]

History

The Brahmanda Purana is one of the oldest Puranas, but estimates for the composition of its earliest core vary widely.[11] The early 20th-century Indian scholar V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar dated this Purana to 4th-century BCE.[11] Most later scholarship places this text to be from centuries later, in the 4th- to 6th-century CE.[11][12] The text is generally assumed, states Ludo Rocher, to have achieved its current structure about 1000 CE.[11]

The text underwent continuous revisions after the 10th century, and new sections probably replaced older ones. The 13th-century Yadava dynasty scholar Hemadri quoted large parts of the then existing Brahmanda Purana, but these parts are not found in currently surviving versions of the same text, suggesting that the 13th-century version of this Purana was different in many respects than extant manuscripts.[13]

The Adhyatma-Ramayana, the most important embedded set of chapters in the extant versions of the Purana, is considered to have been composed centuries later, possibly in the 15th century, and is attributed to Ramananda – the Advaita scholar and the founder of the Ramanandi Sampradaya, the largest monastic group in Hinduism and in Asia in modern times.[14][15][16][17] The Adhyatma-Ramayana thus was added to this Purana later, and it is an important document to the Rama-related tradition within Hinduism.[15][16]

A Javanese Brahmanda palm-leaf manuscript was discovered in Indonesia in the mid-19th century by colonial-era Dutch scholars, along with other Puranas.[7] The Sanskrit originals of these are either lost or yet to be discovered.[7][8] The Javanese Brahmanda was translated by the Dutch Sanskrit scholar Jan Gonda and compared to Sanskrit texts found in India.[18]

Structure

The original, complete version of the Brahmanda Purana has been lost, and 19th-century scholars could only generally locate and procure independent sub-parts or collection of chapters that claimed to have been part of this Purana.[19][10] Many of these chapters turned out to be fraudulent, sold by imposters in the 19th century.[19] Later, Wilson states, rare compilations claiming to be the entire Purana emerged.[19]

The published manuscript of the Brahmanda Purana has three Bhaga (Parts).[11] The first part is subdivided into two Pada (Sub-Parts), while the other two have just one Pada each.[11] The first Bhaga has 38 Adhyaya (Chapters), the second is structured into 74 chapters, while the third and last Bhaga has 44 chapters. These published text has a cumulative total of 156 chapters.[11]

Other unpublished versions of the manuscripts exist, states Rocher, preserved in various libraries.[20] These vary in their structure. The Nasiketopakhyana text, which is embedded inside this Purana, for example exists in 18 chapters in one version and 19 chapters in another, in a form that Moriz Winternitz termed as a corrupted "Insipid, Amplified Version" of the "Beautiful Old Legend" of Nachiketa found in the ancient Katha Upanishad.[20][21]

The tradition and other Puranas assert that the Brahmanda Purana had 12,000 verses, but the published Venkateshwar Press version of manuscript contains 14,286 verses.[22] The Indonesian version of Brahmanda Purana is much shorter, lacks superfluous adjectives but contains all essential information, and does not contain the prophecy-related chapters found in the published extant Indian version. This suggests that older versions of the Indian text may have been smaller, in a different style, and without prophecy-related sections, although tradition informs the opposite (an even larger source).[23]

Content

Violence Or Non-Violence?

Ahimsa (Non-Violence),
Is The Gateway To Dharma.

Avoid Retaliating,
It Is The Way To Moksha.

[When Faced With War Or Violence]
If By Killing One,
Many Can Lead A Happy Life,
There Is No Sin, Major Or Minor,
In Killing Him.

—Brahmanda Purana
Chapters 1.2.30-1.2.36[24][25][b]

The text is encyclopedic.[1][5] It is non-sectarian and reveres all gods and goddesses, including Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Ganesha, Surya and Shakti.[26] [27] The text's philosophy is a blend of the Vedanta, Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hindu Philosophy, woven in with Bhakti and some tantra themes.[28]

The second part, which comprises chapters 5–44 of the third section, the Uttarabhaga is the Lalitopakhyana (Narrative Of Lalita). It describes the Goddess Lalita (An manifestation Of Adi Parashakti) and her worship as well a discussion of Tantra.[2] This part is written as a dialogue between Hayagriva and sage Agastya on the Goddess Lalita's emergence out of fire after which the king of gods Indra worshipped Devi (The Goddess Representing The Supreme Reality). It includes her war with the Asura Bhanda and her final triumph.[5]

The sections of this Purana include:

  • Detailed description of creation of cosmos, discussion about the time as a dimension and details of Kalpa and Yuga.
  • Description of certain dynasties like the houses of Bharata, Prithu, Deva, Rishi, and Agni; as well as the Vedanga and the Adi Kalpa.
  • Aspects of religious geography, and in this context description of Jambudvipa and Bharata-varsha, and certain other locations identified as islands and landmasses like Anudvipa, Ketumaala-varsha.
  • About 20% of the chapters are related to Lalitopakhyana, that is highlighting the goddess theology and her central importance
  • Over 35% of the chapters in the text is Adhyatma Ramayana, an Advaita Vedanta treatise of over 65 chapters and 4,500 verses.[9][a][10]
  • Another 30% of the chapters approximately, or 47 chapters, are geographical Mahatmyas to various locations across India, such as those in modern Kashmir, Odisha and Tamil Nadu.[29] Geography-related Mahatmyas are travel guides for pilgrimage, describing rivers, temples and scenes to visit.[30]

The Adhyatma Ramayana, a text consisting about 4,500 verses in 65 chapters and divided into seven Kandas. The Nasiketopkhyana, a text in 18 chapters, the Pinakinimahatmya, a text in 12 chapters, the Virajakshetramahatmya and the Kanchimahatmya, a text in 32 chapters are embedded in this Purana.[5]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Quote: "Among The Texts Considered To Be Connected With The Brahmanda, The Adhyatma-Ramayana Is Undoubtedly The Most Important One".[9]
  2. ^ Note: The Verse Numbering Is Different In This Manuscript Version; See Verses In Chapter 2.2

References

  1. ^ a b c d Dalal 2014, p. 88.
  2. ^ a b Hazra 1962, p. 255.
  3. ^ Rocher 1986, pp. 33, 156–157, with footnotes
  4. ^ Dalal 2014, p. 83.
  5. ^ a b c d e Rocher 1986, pp. 156–160.
  6. ^ Dikshitar 1951, pp. xx–xxiii.
  7. ^ a b c Rocher 1986, pp. 78–79, with footnote 61
  8. ^ a b Hinzler 1993, p. 442.
  9. ^ a b c Rocher 1986, pp. 158–159, with footnotes
  10. ^ a b c Winternitz 1927, pp. 578–579.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Rocher 1986, p. 157, with footnotes
  12. ^ Collins 1988, p. 36.
  13. ^ Hazra 1987, pp. 18–19.
  14. ^ Rocher 1986, p. 159, with footnotes
  15. ^ a b Dalal 2014, p. 4, see entry for Adhyatma Ramayana
  16. ^ a b Dalal 2014, pp. 333–334.
  17. ^ Lochtefeld 2002, pp. 553–554.
  18. ^ Gietz 1992, p. 468, 473, with notes 2602, 2622
  19. ^ a b c Wilson 1864, pp. LXXXV–LXXXVI.
  20. ^ a b Rocher 1986, pp. 157–159.
  21. ^ Winternitz 1927, p. 579.
  22. ^ Tagare 1983, p. xviii.
  23. ^ Tagare 1983, pp. xviii, xxvi–xxx.
  24. ^ Tagare 1983, p. lxvi.
  25. ^ sanskritdocuments.org n.d., pp. 337–388, chapter 2.2.
  26. ^ Tagare 1983, pp. xliv–lvii.
  27. ^ Tagare 1983, p. lvii.
  28. ^ Tagare 1983, pp. lxiii–lxv.
  29. ^ Rocher 1986, pp. 158–160.
  30. ^ Glucklich 2008, pp. 145–162.

Bibliography

  • Bailey, Gregory (2003). Sharma, Arvind (ed.). The Study of Hinduism. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-449-7.
  • Collins, Charles Dillard (1988). The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-773-0.
  • Dalal, Rosen (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin. ISBN 978-8184752779.
  • Dikshitar, V.R. Ramachandra (1951). The Purana Index: A-N. Madras University Historical Series, No. 19. Vol. 1. University of Madras. ISBN 978-81-209-1274-8.
  • Dimmitt, Cornelia; Van Buitenen, J.A.B. (2012) [1978]. Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Purāṇas. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-4399-0464-0.
  • Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1993). Purāṇa Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-1382-9.
  • Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43878-0.
  • Gietz, K.P.; et al. (1992). Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annotated and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03028-1.
  • Glucklich, Ariel (2008). The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-971825-2.
  • Hazra, Rajendra Chandra (1962). "The Puranas". In Radhakrishnan, S. (ed.). The Cultural Heritage of India. Vol. 2. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. ISBN 81-85843-03-1.
  • Hazra, Rajendra Chandra (1987) [1940]. Studies in the Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0422-7.
  • Hinzler, H.I.R. (1993). . Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia. 149 (3): 438–473. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003116. Archived from the original on 2015-10-01.
  • Lochtefeld, James G (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931804.
  • Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Purāṇas. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3-447-02522-0.
  • Brahmanda Purana. Vol. 1. Translated by Tagare, GV. Motilal Banarsidass. 1983.
  • Wilson, Horace Hayman (1864). The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition. Vol. 1. Read Country Books. ISBN 1-84664-664-2.
  • Winternitz, M. (1927). A History of Indian Literature. Vol. 1. Translated by Ketkar, S. University of Calcutta.
  • (PDF). sanskritdocuments.org (in Sanskrit). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2016.

External links

April 15, 2023
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The Brahmanda Purana Sanskrit ब रह म ण ड प र ण Brahmanda Purana is a Sanskrit text and one of the eighteen major Puranas a genre of Hindu texts 1 It is listed as the eighteenth Maha Purana in almost all the anthologies 2 The text is also referred in medieval Indian literature as the Vayaviya Purana or Vayaviya Brahmanda and it may have been same as the Vayu Purana before these texts developed into two overlapping compositions 1 3 Adhyatma Ramayana Verses 1 1 1 14 In A Brahmanda Purana Manuscript Sanskrit Devanagari The text is named after one of the cosmological theories of Hinduism namely the Cosmic Egg Brahma Anda 4 It is among the oldest Puranas the earliest core of text maybe from 4 century CE continuously edited thereafter over time and it exist in numerous versions 5 The Brahmanda Purana manuscripts are encyclopedic in their coverage covering topics such as Cosmogony Sanskara Rite Of Passage Genealogy Chapters On Ethics And Duties Dharma Yoga Geography Rivers Good Government Administration Diplomacy Trade Festivals A Travel Guide To Places Such As Kashmir Cuttack And Kanchipuram And Other Topics 1 5 6 The Brahmanda Purana is notable for including the Lalita Sahasranamam A Stotra Praising The Goddess Lalita As The Supreme Being In The Universe and being one of the early Hindu texts found in Bali Indonesia also called the Javanese Brahmanda 7 8 The text is also notable for the Adhyatma Ramayana the most important embedded set of chapters in the text which philosophically attempts to reconcile Rama Bhakti with Advaita Vedanta over 65 chapters and 4 500 verses 9 a 10 Contents 1 History 2 Structure 3 Content 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksHistory EditThe Brahmanda Purana is one of the oldest Puranas but estimates for the composition of its earliest core vary widely 11 The early 20th century Indian scholar V R Ramachandra Dikshitar dated this Purana to 4th century BCE 11 Most later scholarship places this text to be from centuries later in the 4th to 6th century CE 11 12 The text is generally assumed states Ludo Rocher to have achieved its current structure about 1000 CE 11 The text underwent continuous revisions after the 10th century and new sections probably replaced older ones The 13th century Yadava dynasty scholar Hemadri quoted large parts of the then existing Brahmanda Purana but these parts are not found in currently surviving versions of the same text suggesting that the 13th century version of this Purana was different in many respects than extant manuscripts 13 The Adhyatma Ramayana the most important embedded set of chapters in the extant versions of the Purana is considered to have been composed centuries later possibly in the 15th century and is attributed to Ramananda the Advaita scholar and the founder of the Ramanandi Sampradaya the largest monastic group in Hinduism and in Asia in modern times 14 15 16 17 The Adhyatma Ramayana thus was added to this Purana later and it is an important document to the Rama related tradition within Hinduism 15 16 A Javanese Brahmanda palm leaf manuscript was discovered in Indonesia in the mid 19th century by colonial era Dutch scholars along with other Puranas 7 The Sanskrit originals of these are either lost or yet to be discovered 7 8 The Javanese Brahmanda was translated by the Dutch Sanskrit scholar Jan Gonda and compared to Sanskrit texts found in India 18 Structure EditThe original complete version of the Brahmanda Purana has been lost and 19th century scholars could only generally locate and procure independent sub parts or collection of chapters that claimed to have been part of this Purana 19 10 Many of these chapters turned out to be fraudulent sold by imposters in the 19th century 19 Later Wilson states rare compilations claiming to be the entire Purana emerged 19 The published manuscript of the Brahmanda Purana has three Bhaga Parts 11 The first part is subdivided into two Pada Sub Parts while the other two have just one Pada each 11 The first Bhaga has 38 Adhyaya Chapters the second is structured into 74 chapters while the third and last Bhaga has 44 chapters These published text has a cumulative total of 156 chapters 11 Other unpublished versions of the manuscripts exist states Rocher preserved in various libraries 20 These vary in their structure The Nasiketopakhyana text which is embedded inside this Purana for example exists in 18 chapters in one version and 19 chapters in another in a form that Moriz Winternitz termed as a corrupted Insipid Amplified Version of the Beautiful Old Legend of Nachiketa found in the ancient Katha Upanishad 20 21 The tradition and other Puranas assert that the Brahmanda Purana had 12 000 verses but the published Venkateshwar Press version of manuscript contains 14 286 verses 22 The Indonesian version of Brahmanda Purana is much shorter lacks superfluous adjectives but contains all essential information and does not contain the prophecy related chapters found in the published extant Indian version This suggests that older versions of the Indian text may have been smaller in a different style and without prophecy related sections although tradition informs the opposite an even larger source 23 Content EditViolence Or Non Violence Ahimsa Non Violence Is The Gateway To Dharma Avoid Retaliating It Is The Way To Moksha When Faced With War Or Violence If By Killing One Many Can Lead A Happy Life There Is No Sin Major Or Minor In Killing Him Brahmanda PuranaChapters 1 2 30 1 2 36 24 25 b The text is encyclopedic 1 5 It is non sectarian and reveres all gods and goddesses including Brahma Vishnu Shiva Ganesha Surya and Shakti 26 27 The text s philosophy is a blend of the Vedanta Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hindu Philosophy woven in with Bhakti and some tantra themes 28 The second part which comprises chapters 5 44 of the third section the Uttarabhaga is the Lalitopakhyana Narrative Of Lalita It describes the Goddess Lalita An manifestation Of Adi Parashakti and her worship as well a discussion of Tantra 2 This part is written as a dialogue between Hayagriva and sage Agastya on the Goddess Lalita s emergence out of fire after which the king of gods Indra worshipped Devi The Goddess Representing The Supreme Reality It includes her war with the Asura Bhanda and her final triumph 5 The sections of this Purana include Detailed description of creation of cosmos discussion about the time as a dimension and details of Kalpa and Yuga Description of certain dynasties like the houses of Bharata Prithu Deva Rishi and Agni as well as the Vedanga and the Adi Kalpa Aspects of religious geography and in this context description of Jambudvipa and Bharata varsha and certain other locations identified as islands and landmasses like Anudvipa Ketumaala varsha About 20 of the chapters are related to Lalitopakhyana that is highlighting the goddess theology and her central importance Over 35 of the chapters in the text is Adhyatma Ramayana an Advaita Vedanta treatise of over 65 chapters and 4 500 verses 9 a 10 Another 30 of the chapters approximately or 47 chapters are geographical Mahatmyas to various locations across India such as those in modern Kashmir Odisha and Tamil Nadu 29 Geography related Mahatmyas are travel guides for pilgrimage describing rivers temples and scenes to visit 30 The Adhyatma Ramayana a text consisting about 4 500 verses in 65 chapters and divided into seven Kandas The Nasiketopkhyana a text in 18 chapters the Pinakinimahatmya a text in 12 chapters the Virajakshetramahatmya and the Kanchimahatmya a text in 32 chapters are embedded in this Purana 5 See also EditList Of Hindu Texts Hindu CosmologyNotes Edit a b Quote Among The Texts Considered To Be Connected With The Brahmanda The Adhyatma Ramayana Is Undoubtedly The Most Important One 9 Note The Verse Numbering Is Different In This Manuscript Version See Verses In Chapter 2 2References Edit a b c d Dalal 2014 p 88 a b Hazra 1962 p 255 Rocher 1986 pp 33 156 157 with footnotes Dalal 2014 p 83 a b c d e Rocher 1986 pp 156 160 Dikshitar 1951 pp xx xxiii a b c Rocher 1986 pp 78 79 with footnote 61 a b Hinzler 1993 p 442 a b c Rocher 1986 pp 158 159 with footnotes a b c Winternitz 1927 pp 578 579 a b c d e f g Rocher 1986 p 157 with footnotes Collins 1988 p 36 Hazra 1987 pp 18 19 Rocher 1986 p 159 with footnotes a b Dalal 2014 p 4 see entry for Adhyatma Ramayana a b Dalal 2014 pp 333 334 Lochtefeld 2002 pp 553 554 Gietz 1992 p 468 473 with notes 2602 2622 a b c Wilson 1864 pp LXXXV LXXXVI a b Rocher 1986 pp 157 159 Winternitz 1927 p 579 Tagare 1983 p xviii Tagare 1983 pp xviii xxvi xxx Tagare 1983 p lxvi sanskritdocuments org n d pp 337 388 chapter 2 2 Tagare 1983 pp xliv lvii Tagare 1983 p lvii Tagare 1983 pp lxiii lxv Rocher 1986 pp 158 160 Glucklich 2008 pp 145 162 Bibliography EditBailey Gregory 2003 Sharma Arvind ed The Study of Hinduism University of South Carolina Press ISBN 978 1 57003 449 7 Collins Charles Dillard 1988 The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta On Life Illumination and Being SUNY Press ISBN 978 0 88706 773 0 Dalal Rosen 2014 Hinduism An Alphabetical Guide Penguin ISBN 978 8184752779 Dikshitar V R Ramachandra 1951 The Purana Index A N Madras University Historical Series No 19 Vol 1 University of Madras ISBN 978 81 209 1274 8 Dimmitt Cornelia Van Buitenen J A B 2012 1978 Classical Hindu Mythology A Reader in the Sanskrit Puraṇas Philadelphia Temple University Press ISBN 978 1 4399 0464 0 Doniger Wendy ed 1993 Puraṇa Perennis Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts Albany New York State University of New York Press ISBN 0 7914 1382 9 Flood Gavin 1996 An Introduction to Hinduism Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 43878 0 Gietz K P et al 1992 Epic and Puranic Bibliography Up to 1985 Annotated and with Indexes Part I A R Part II S Z Indexes Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3 447 03028 1 Glucklich Ariel 2008 The Strides of Vishnu Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 971825 2 Hazra Rajendra Chandra 1962 The Puranas In Radhakrishnan S ed The Cultural Heritage of India Vol 2 Calcutta The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture ISBN 81 85843 03 1 Hazra Rajendra Chandra 1987 1940 Studies in the Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0422 7 Hinzler H I R 1993 Balinese palm leaf manuscripts Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 149 3 438 473 doi 10 1163 22134379 90003116 Archived from the original on 2015 10 01 Lochtefeld James G 2002 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism N Z Rosen Publishing ISBN 978 0823931804 Rocher Ludo 1986 The Puraṇas Wiesbaden Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 3 447 02522 0 Brahmanda Purana Vol 1 Translated by Tagare GV Motilal Banarsidass 1983 Wilson Horace Hayman 1864 The Vishnu Purana A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition Vol 1 Read Country Books ISBN 1 84664 664 2 Winternitz M 1927 A History of Indian Literature Vol 1 Translated by Ketkar S University of Calcutta Brahmanda Purana PDF sanskritdocuments org in Sanskrit Archived from the original PDF on 11 March 2016 External links EditThe Brahmanda Purana English Translation By G V Tagare ProofRead Includes Glossary Read Brahmand Puran Online In Hindi Brahmanda Purana English Translation By G V Tagare Part 1 Brahmanda Purana English Translation By G V Tagare Part 2 Brahmanda Purana English Translation By G V Tagare Part 3 Brahmanda Purana English Translation By G V Tagare Part 4 Brahmanda Purana English Translation By G V Tagare Part 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brahmanda Purana amp oldid 1145873219, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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