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High German languages

January 13, 2023

This article is about the family of regional language varieties. For the Standard High German language, see Standard German.

The High German dialects (German: hochdeutsche Mundarten), or simply High German (Hochdeutsch); not to be confused with Standard High German which is commonly also called High German, comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses in central and southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and eastern Belgium, as well as in neighbouring portions of France (Alsace and northern Lorraine), Italy (South Tyrol), the Czech Republic (Bohemia), and Poland (Upper Silesia). They are also spoken in diaspora in Romania, Russia, the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Chile, and Namibia.

High German is marked by the High German consonant shift, separating it from Low German (Low Saxon) and Low Franconian (including Dutch) within the continental West Germanic dialect continuum.

Classification

 
German dialect area, defined as all West Germanic varieties using Standard German as their literary language. [1][2][3][4]):
  Low Franconian
  Frisian
  Low Saxon or Low German
  Middle German
  Upper German

As a technical term, the "high" in High German is a geographical reference to the group of dialects that forms "High German" (i.e. "Highland" German), out of which developed Standard German, Yiddish and Luxembourgish. It refers to the Central Uplands (Mittelgebirge) and Alpine areas of central and southern Germany; it also includes Luxembourg, Austria, Liechtenstein, and most of Switzerland. This is opposed to Low German, which is spoken in the lowlands and along the flat sea coasts of the North German Plain.[5]

High German in this broader sense can be subdivided into Upper German (Oberdeutsch), Central German (Mitteldeutsch, this includes Luxembourgish, which itself is now a standard language), and High Franconian German, which is a transitional dialect between the two.[6]

High German is distinguished from other West Germanic varieties in that it took part in the High German consonant shift (c. AD 500). To see this, compare the following:[7]

English Low German Standard High German Consonant shift
pan Pann Pfanne [p] to [p͡f]
two twee zwei [t] to [t͡s]
make maken machen [k] to [x]

In the southernmost High Alemannic dialects, there is a further shift; Sack (like English/Low German "sack/Sack") is pronounced [z̥ak͡x] ([k] to [k͡x]).

History

See also: Theodiscus

Old High German evolved from about 500 AD. Around 1200 the Swabian and East Franconian varieties of Middle High German became dominant as a court and poetry language (Minnesang) under the rule of the House of Hohenstaufen.

The term "High German" as spoken in central and southern Germany (Upper Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria) and Austria was first documented in the 15th century. Gradually driving back Low German variants since the Early modern period, the Early New High German varieties, especially the East Central German of the Luther Bible, formed an important basis for the development of Standard German.[8]

Family

Divisions between subfamilies within Germanic are rarely precisely defined, because most form continuous clines, with adjacent dialects being mutually intelligible and more separated ones not. In particular, there has never been an original "Proto-High German". For this and other reasons, the idea of representing the relationships between West Germanic language forms in a tree diagram at all is controversial among linguists. What follows should be used with care in the light of this caveat.


See also

References

  1. ^ W. Heeringa: Measuring Dialect Pronunciation Differences using Levenshtein Distance. University of Groningen, 2009, pp. 232–234.
  2. ^ Peter Wiesinger: Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte. In: Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand (Hrsg.): Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung, 2. Halbband. de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1983, ISBN 3-11-009571-8, pp. 807–900.
  3. ^ Werner König: dtv-Atlas Deutsche Sprache. 19. Auflage. dtv, München 2019, ISBN 978-3-423-03025-0, pp. 230.
  4. ^ C. Giesbers: Dialecten op de grens van twee talen. Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 2008, pp. 233.
  5. ^ Compare the definition of "high" in the Oxford English Dictionary (Concise Edition): "... situated far above ground, sealevel, etc; upper, inland, as ... High German".
  6. ^ Russ, Charles. The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey. Routledge, 1989
  7. ^ Robinson, Orrin. Old English and its Closest Relatives. Routledge, 1994.
  8. ^ Russ, Charles. The German Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction. Routledge, 1994.

Further reading

  • Friedrich Maurer (1942), Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Strasbourg: Hünenburg, [designation of High German languages as Irminonic].

January 13, 2023
high, german, languages, this, article, about, family, regional, language, varieties, standard, high, german, language, standard, german, high, german, dialects, german, hochdeutsche, mundarten, simply, high, german, hochdeutsch, confused, with, standard, high. This article is about the family of regional language varieties For the Standard High German language see Standard German The High German dialects German hochdeutsche Mundarten or simply High German Hochdeutsch not to be confused with Standard High German which is commonly also called High German comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses in central and southern Germany Austria Liechtenstein Switzerland Luxembourg and eastern Belgium as well as in neighbouring portions of France Alsace and northern Lorraine Italy South Tyrol the Czech Republic Bohemia and Poland Upper Silesia They are also spoken in diaspora in Romania Russia the United States Brazil Argentina Mexico Chile and Namibia High German dialectsEthnicityAshkenazi JewsAustriansGermansHutteritesLiechtensteinersLuxembourgersPennsylvania DutchSilesiansVilamoviansGeographicdistributionGerman speaking Europe United States Canada Brazil Argentina Paraguay Colonia Tovar Central and southern Germany Austria and South Tyrol Liechtenstein Luxembourg Switzerland Belgium Alsace and LorraineLinguistic classificationIndo EuropeanGermanicWest GermanicHigh German dialectsSubdivisionsYiddish Central German Upper GermanGlottologhigh1289High German is marked by the High German consonant shift separating it from Low German Low Saxon and Low Franconian including Dutch within the continental West Germanic dialect continuum Contents 1 Classification 2 History 3 Family 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingClassification Edit German dialect area defined as all West Germanic varieties using Standard German as their literary language 1 2 3 4 Low Franconian Frisian Low Saxon or Low German Middle German Upper German As a technical term the high in High German is a geographical reference to the group of dialects that forms High German i e Highland German out of which developed Standard German Yiddish and Luxembourgish It refers to the Central Uplands Mittelgebirge and Alpine areas of central and southern Germany it also includes Luxembourg Austria Liechtenstein and most of Switzerland This is opposed to Low German which is spoken in the lowlands and along the flat sea coasts of the North German Plain 5 High German in this broader sense can be subdivided into Upper German Oberdeutsch Central German Mitteldeutsch this includes Luxembourgish which itself is now a standard language and High Franconian German which is a transitional dialect between the two 6 High German is distinguished from other West Germanic varieties in that it took part in the High German consonant shift c AD 500 To see this compare the following 7 English Low German Standard High German Consonant shiftpan Pann Pfanne p to p f two twee zwei t to t s make maken machen k to x In the southernmost High Alemannic dialects there is a further shift Sack like English Low German sack Sack is pronounced z ak x k to k x History EditSee also Theodiscus Old High German evolved from about 500 AD Around 1200 the Swabian and East Franconian varieties of Middle High German became dominant as a court and poetry language Minnesang under the rule of the House of Hohenstaufen The term High German as spoken in central and southern Germany Upper Saxony Franconia Swabia Bavaria and Austria was first documented in the 15th century Gradually driving back Low German variants since the Early modern period the Early New High German varieties especially the East Central German of the Luther Bible formed an important basis for the development of Standard German 8 Family EditDivisions between subfamilies within Germanic are rarely precisely defined because most form continuous clines with adjacent dialects being mutually intelligible and more separated ones not In particular there has never been an original Proto High German For this and other reasons the idea of representing the relationships between West Germanic language forms in a tree diagram at all is controversial among linguists What follows should be used with care in the light of this caveat Central German German Mitteldeutsch East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon including Erzgebirgisch South Marchian Lusatian Silesian now mostly spoken by the German minority in Upper Silesia High Prussian nearly extinct West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Moselle Franconian dialects including Luxembourgish Hunsrik language from the Hunsruckisch dialect Rhine Franconian Palatine including Lorraine Franconian France Pennsylvania Dutch in the United States and Canada Hessian High Franconian in the transitional area between Central and Upper German East Franconian South Franconian Upper German German Oberdeutsch Alemannic in the broad sense or West Upper German German Westoberdeutsch including Swiss German dialects Swabian Alemannic in the strict sense Low Alemannic including Alsatian and Basel German High Alemannic Highest Alemannic Bavarian or East Upper German German Ostoberdeutsch including Austrian German dialects Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian including Viennese Southern Bavarian including Mocheno in Trentino Italy Gottscheerish Cimbrian nearly extinct Hutterite German in Canada and the United States Lombardic extinct Yiddish evolved from Middle High GermanSee also Edit Germany portalHigh GermanyReferences Edit W Heeringa Measuring Dialect Pronunciation Differences using Levenshtein Distance University of Groningen 2009 pp 232 234 Peter Wiesinger Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte In Werner Besch Ulrich Knoop Wolfgang Putschke Herbert Ernst Wiegand Hrsg Dialektologie Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung 2 Halbband de Gruyter Berlin New York 1983 ISBN 3 11 009571 8 pp 807 900 Werner Konig dtv Atlas Deutsche Sprache 19 Auflage dtv Munchen 2019 ISBN 978 3 423 03025 0 pp 230 C Giesbers Dialecten op de grens van twee talen Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen 2008 pp 233 Compare the definition of high in the Oxford English Dictionary Concise Edition situated far above ground sealevel etc upper inland as High German Russ Charles The Dialects of Modern German A Linguistic Survey Routledge 1989 Robinson Orrin Old English and its Closest Relatives Routledge 1994 Russ Charles The German Language Today A Linguistic Introduction Routledge 1994 Further reading EditFriedrich Maurer 1942 Nordgermanen und Alemannen Studien zur germanischen und fruhdeutschen Sprachgeschichte Stammes und Volkskunde Strasbourg Hunenburg designation of High German languages as Irminonic Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title High German languages amp oldid 1127807825, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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