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Irminones

January 11, 2024

See also: Elbe Germanic peoples

The Irminones, also referred to as Herminones or Hermiones (Ancient Greek: Ἑρμίονες), were a large group of early Germanic tribes settling in the Elbe watershed and by the first century AD expanding into Bavaria, Swabia, and Bohemia. Notably this included the large sub-group of the Suevi, that itself contained many different tribal groups, but the Irminones also included for example the Chatti.

The approximate positions of some Germanic peoples reported by Graeco-Roman authors, Suevian peoples in red, and other Irminones in purple

The term Irminonic therefore is also used as a term for Elbe Germanic, which is one of the proposed (but unattested) dialect groups ancestral to the West Germanic language family, especially the High German languages, which include modern Standard German.[1]

History of use edit

Classical edit

The name Irminones or Hermiones comes from Tacitus's Germania (AD 98), where he categorized them as one of the tribes that some people say were descended from Mannus, and noted that they lived in the interior of Germania. Other Germanic groups of tribes were the Ingvaeones, living on the coast, and Istvaeones, who accounted for the rest.[2] Tacitus also mentioned the Suebi as a large grouping who included the Semnones, the Quadi, and the Marcomanni, but he did not say precisely to which (if any) of the three nations they belonged.

Pomponius Mela, in his Description of the World (III.3.31) described the Hermiones as the farthest people of Germania, beyond both the Cimbri and Teutones who lived on the Codanus sinus, which is understood today to have been his name for the Baltic sea and Kattegat, although it was described by him as a very large bay filled with islands, east of the Elbe river. Still farther east Mela describes the Sarmatians whom he places west of the Vistula, and then the Scythians whom he places east of the Vistula.[3]

Pliny's Natural History (4.100) claimed that the Irminones included the Suebi, Hermunduri, Chatti, and Cherusci.

Medieval edit

In the so-called Frankish Table of Nations (c. 520), probably a Byzantine creation, the son of Mannus, who was the ancestor of the Irminones, is named Erminus (or Armen, Ermenius, Ermenus, Armenon, Ermeno, as it appears in various manuscripts). He is said to have fathered the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Vandals, Gepids, and Saxons. In a variation on the table that appears in the Historia Brittonum, the Vandals and Saxons have been replaced by the Burgundians and Langobards.[4]

They may have differentiated into the tribes Alamanni, Hermunduri, Marcomanni, Quadi, and Suebi by the first century AD. By that time the Suebi, Marcomanni, and Quadi had moved southwest into the area of modern-day Bavaria and Swabia. In 8 BC, the Marcomanni and Quadi drove the Boii out of Bohemia.

The term Suebi is usually applied to all the groups who moved into this area, although later in history (around 200 AD) the term Alamanni (meaning "all-men") became more commonly applied to the group.

Jǫrmunr, the Viking Age Norse form of the name Irmin, can be found in a number of places in the Poetic Edda as a by-name for Odin. Some aspects of the Irminones culture and beliefs may be inferred from their relationships with the Roman Empire, from Widukind's confusion over whether Irmin was comparable to Mars or Hermes, and from Snorri Sturluson's allusions, at the beginning of the Prose Edda, to Odin's cult having appeared first in Germany before spreading up into the Ingvaeonic North.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Friedrich Maurer (1942), Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Strasbourg: Hünenburg.
  2. ^ Alfred John Church; William Jackson Brodribb (eds.). "Cornelius Tacitus, Germany and its Tribes, chapter 2". perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  3. ^ Pomponius Mela, Pomponius Mela's description of the world, translated by Romer, F.E., pp. 109–117, hdl:2027/mdp.39015042048507. Comments: Christensen 2002, p. 256. Latin text: https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/pomponius3.html
  4. ^ Walter Goffart (1983), "The Supposedly 'Frankish' Table of Nations: An Edition and Study", Frühmittelalterliche Studien, 17 (1): 98–130, doi:10.1515/9783110242164.98, S2CID 201734002.

References edit

  • Christensen, Arne Søby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths: Studies in a Migration Myth. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 9788772897103.
  • Grimm, Jacob (1835). Deutsche Mythologie (German Mythology); From English released version Grimm's Teutonic Mythology (1888); Available online by Northvegr © 2004-2007:-; . File retrieved 09-26-2007.
  • Friedrich Maurer (1942) Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Strasbourg: Hünenburg.
  • Tacitus, Germania (1st century AD). (in Latin)

January 11, 2024
irminones, also, elbe, germanic, peoples, also, referred, herminones, hermiones, ancient, greek, Ἑρμίονες, were, large, group, early, germanic, tribes, settling, elbe, watershed, first, century, expanding, into, bavaria, swabia, bohemia, notably, this, include. See also Elbe Germanic peoples The Irminones also referred to as Herminones or Hermiones Ancient Greek Ἑrmiones were a large group of early Germanic tribes settling in the Elbe watershed and by the first century AD expanding into Bavaria Swabia and Bohemia Notably this included the large sub group of the Suevi that itself contained many different tribal groups but the Irminones also included for example the Chatti The approximate positions of some Germanic peoples reported by Graeco Roman authors Suevian peoples in red and other Irminones in purpleThe term Irminonic therefore is also used as a term for Elbe Germanic which is one of the proposed but unattested dialect groups ancestral to the West Germanic language family especially the High German languages which include modern Standard German 1 Contents 1 History of use 1 1 Classical 1 2 Medieval 2 Notes 3 ReferencesHistory of use editClassical edit The name Irminones or Hermiones comes from Tacitus s Germania AD 98 where he categorized them as one of the tribes that some people say were descended from Mannus and noted that they lived in the interior of Germania Other Germanic groups of tribes were the Ingvaeones living on the coast and Istvaeones who accounted for the rest 2 Tacitus also mentioned the Suebi as a large grouping who included the Semnones the Quadi and the Marcomanni but he did not say precisely to which if any of the three nations they belonged Pomponius Mela in his Description of the World III 3 31 described the Hermiones as the farthest people of Germania beyond both the Cimbri and Teutones who lived on the Codanus sinus which is understood today to have been his name for the Baltic sea and Kattegat although it was described by him as a very large bay filled with islands east of the Elbe river Still farther east Mela describes the Sarmatians whom he places west of the Vistula and then the Scythians whom he places east of the Vistula 3 Pliny s Natural History 4 100 claimed that the Irminones included the Suebi Hermunduri Chatti and Cherusci Medieval edit In the so called Frankish Table of Nations c 520 probably a Byzantine creation the son of Mannus who was the ancestor of the Irminones is named Erminus or Armen Ermenius Ermenus Armenon Ermeno as it appears in various manuscripts He is said to have fathered the Ostrogoths Visigoths Vandals Gepids and Saxons In a variation on the table that appears in the Historia Brittonum the Vandals and Saxons have been replaced by the Burgundians and Langobards 4 They may have differentiated into the tribes Alamanni Hermunduri Marcomanni Quadi and Suebi by the first century AD By that time the Suebi Marcomanni and Quadi had moved southwest into the area of modern day Bavaria and Swabia In 8 BC the Marcomanni and Quadi drove the Boii out of Bohemia The term Suebi is usually applied to all the groups who moved into this area although later in history around 200 AD the term Alamanni meaning all men became more commonly applied to the group Jǫrmunr the Viking Age Norse form of the name Irmin can be found in a number of places in the Poetic Edda as a by name for Odin Some aspects of the Irminones culture and beliefs may be inferred from their relationships with the Roman Empire from Widukind s confusion over whether Irmin was comparable to Mars or Hermes and from Snorri Sturluson s allusions at the beginning of the Prose Edda to Odin s cult having appeared first in Germany before spreading up into the Ingvaeonic North Notes edit Friedrich Maurer 1942 Nordgermanen und Alemannen Studien zur Sprachgeschichte Stammes und Volkskunde Strasbourg Hunenburg Alfred John Church William Jackson Brodribb eds Cornelius Tacitus Germany and its Tribes chapter 2 perseus tufts edu Retrieved 16 April 2018 Pomponius Mela Pomponius Mela s description of the world translated by Romer F E pp 109 117 hdl 2027 mdp 39015042048507 Comments Christensen 2002 p 256 Latin text https www thelatinlibrary com pomponius3 html Walter Goffart 1983 The Supposedly Frankish Table of Nations An Edition and Study Fruhmittelalterliche Studien 17 1 98 130 doi 10 1515 9783110242164 98 S2CID 201734002 References editChristensen Arne Soby 2002 Cassiodorus Jordanes and the History of the Goths Studies in a Migration Myth Copenhagen Museum Tusculanum Press ISBN 9788772897103 Grimm Jacob 1835 Deutsche Mythologie German Mythology From English released version Grimm s Teutonic Mythology 1888 Available online by Northvegr c 2004 2007 Chapter 15 page 2 3 File retrieved 09 26 2007 Friedrich Maurer 1942 Nordgermanen und Alemannen Studien zur germanischen und fruhdeutschen Sprachgeschichte Stammes und Volkskunde Strasbourg Hunenburg Tacitus Germania 1st century AD in Latin Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Irminones amp oldid 1194844116, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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