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Haplogroup L-M20

April 15, 2023

This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA).

Haplogroup L-M20 is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, which is defined by SNPs M11, M20, M61 and M185. As a secondary descendant of haplogroup K and a primary branch of haplogroup LT, haplogroup L currently has the alternative phylogenetic name of K1a, and is a sibling of haplogroup T (a.k.a. K1b).

Haplogroup L-M20
Possible time of origin30,000[1] - 43,000 years BP[2]
Possible place of originMiddle East, West Asia, South Asia or Pamir Mountains
AncestorLT
Defining mutationsM11, M20, M61, M185, L656, L863, L878, L879[web 1]
Highest frequenciesSyria Raqqa, Balochistan, Northern Afghanistan, Karnataka, Kerala, Tarkhan, Jats, Kalash, Nuristanis, Burusho, Pashtuns, Lazs, Afshar village, Fascia, Veneto, Southern Tyrol

The presence of L-M20 has been observed at varying levels throughout South Asia, peaking in populations native to Balochistan (28%),[3][4] and Southern India (19%), where as its peak level up to 68% is observed in Korova Tribes or Koraga people of coastal Karnataka and north Kerala.[5] The clade also occurs in Afghanistan,Tajikistan and Anatolia, as well as at lower frequencies in Iran. It has also been present for millennia at very low levels in the Caucasus, Europe and Central Asia. The subclade L2 (L-L595) has been found in Europe and Western Asia, but is extremely rare.

Phylogenetic tree

There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup L-M20. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas.[web 1] The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.

This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's Draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup L-M20:[web 1]

  • L-M20 M11, M20, M61, M185, L656, L863, L878, L879
    • L-M22 (L1) M22, M295, PAGES00121
      • L-M317 (L1b) M317, L655
        • L-M349 (L1b1) M349
        • L-M274 M274
        • L-L1310 L1310
      • L-L1304 L1304
        • L-M27 (L1a1) M27, M76, P329.1, L1318, L1319, L1320, L1321
        • L-M357 (L1a2) M357, L1307
          • L-PK3 PK3
          • L-L1305 L1305, L1306, L1307
    • L-L595 (L2) L595
      • L-L864 L864, L865, L866, L867, L868, L869, L870, L877

Origins

L-M20 is a descendant of Haplogroup LT,[6][7] which is a descendant of haplogroup K-M9.[8][7] According to Dr. Spencer Wells, L-M20 was hypothesized to have originated in India ca. 30,000 years ago.[9] Other studies have proposed a West Asian origin for L-M20 and associated its expansion with the Indus Valley civilisation and neolithic farmers.[10][11][12][13][14][15] McElreavy and Quintana-Murci, writing on the Indus Valley civilisation, state that

One Y-chromosome haplogroup (L-M20) has a high mean frequency of 14% in Pakistan and so differs from all other haplogroups in its frequency distribution. L-M20 is also observed, although at lower frequencies, in neighbouring countries, such as India, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Russia. Both the frequency distribution and estimated expansion time (~7,000 YBP) of this lineage suggest that its spread in the Indus Valley may be associated with the expansion of local farming groups during the Neolithic period.[16]

Sengupta et al. (2006) observed three subbranches of haplogroup L: L1-M76 (L1a1), L2-M317 (L1b) and L3-M357 (L1a2), with distinctive geographic affiliations.[17] Almost all Indian members of haplogroup L are L1 derived, with L3-M357 occurring only sporadically (0.4%).[18][19] Conversely in Pakistan, L3-M357 subclade account for 86% of L-M20 chromosomes and reaches an intermediate frequency of 6.8%, overall.[20] L1-M76 occurs at a frequency of 7.5% in India and 5.1% in Pakistan, exhibiting peak variance distribution in the Maharashtra region in coastal western India.[21]

A 2022 paper by Tariq et al., concluded that haplogroup L originated in South Asian among indigenous hunter-gatherers somewhere in Northwest India. These hunter-gatherers contributed to the formation of the Indus Valley civilisation, next to Iranian-related farmers, which arrived in Northwest India ~10ky ago, and that haplogroup L later spread westwards into Iran and other regions of the Middle East.[22]

Geographical distribution

In India, L-M20 has a higher frequency among Dravidian castes, but is somewhat rarer in Indo-Aryan castes.[17] In Pakistan, it has highest frequency in Balochistan.[23]

It has also been found at low frequencies among populations of Central Asia and South West Asia (including Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Egypt, and Yemen) as well as in Southern Europe (especially areas adjoining the Mediterranean Sea).[citation needed]

Preliminary evidence gleaned from non-scientific sources, such as individuals who have had their Y-chromosomes tested by commercial labs,[web 2] suggests that most European examples of Haplogroup L-M20 might belong to the subclade L2-M317, which is, among South Asian populations, generally the rarest of the subclades of Haplogroup L.[web 2]

South Asia

India

It has higher frequency among Dravidian castes (ca. 17-19%) but is somewhat rarer in Indo-Aryan castes (ca. 5-6%).[17] It reaches up to 68% in Korova Tribes or Koraga people and coastal Karnataka and north Kerala,[24] 38% in some castes in Gujarat,[24] and an overall frequency of 12% in Punjab.[17][24][25] The presence of haplogroup L-M20 is rare among tribal groups (ca. 5,6-7%) (Cordaux 2004, Sengupta 2006, and Thamseem 2006).

L-M20 was found 68% in the Korova Tribes or Koraga people from Karnataka, 38% in the Bharwad caste from Junagarh district in Gujarat, 21% in Charan caste from Junagarh district in Gujarat and 17% in the Kare Vokkal tribe from Uttara Kannada in Karnataka.(Shah 2011) Also found at low frequency in other populations from Junagarh district and Uttara Kannada. L-M20 is the single largest male lineage (36.8%) among the Jat people of Northern India and is found at 16.33% among the Gujar's of Jammu and Kashmir.[26][27] It also occurs at 18.6% among the Konkanastha Brahmins of the Konkan region[25] and at 15% among the Maratha's of Maharashtra.[28] L-M20 is also found at 32.35% in the Vokkaligas and at 17.82% in the Lingayats of Karnataka.[29] L-M20 is also found at 20.7% among the Ambalakarar, 16.7% among the Iyengar and 17.2% among the Iyer castes of Tamil Nadu.[28] L-M11 is found in frequencies of 8-16% among Indian Jews.[30] 2% of Siddis have also been reported with L-M11.(Shah 2011) Haplogroup L-M20 is currently present in the Indian population at an overall frequency of ca. 7-15%.[Footnote 1]

Pakistan

The greatest concentration of Haplogroup L-M20 is along the Indus River in Pakistan where the Indus Valley civilization flourished during 3300–1300 BC with its mature period between 2600–1900 BCE. L-M357's highest frequency and diversity is found in the Balochistan province at 28%[23] with a moderate distribution among the general Pakistani population at 11.6% (Firasat et al. 2007)). It is also found in Afghanistan ethnic counterparts as well, such as with the Pashtuns and Balochis. L-M357 is found frequently among Burusho (approx. 12% (Firasat et al. 2007)) and Pashtuns (approx. 7% (Firasat et al. 2007)),

L1a and L1c-M357 are found at 24% among Balochis, L1a and L1c are found at 8% among the Dravidian-speaking Brahui, L1c is found at 25% among Kalash, L1c is found at 15% among Burusho, L1a-M76 and L1b-M317 are found at 2% among the Makranis and L1c is found at 3.6% of Sindhis according to Julie di Cristofaro et al. 2013.[31] L-M20 is found at 17.78% among the Parsis.[32] L3a is found at 23% among the Nuristanis in both Pakistan and Afghanistan.[33]

L-PK3 is found in approximately 23% of Kalash in northwest Pakistan(Firasat et al. 2007).

Middle East and Anatolia

L-M20 was found in 51% of Syrians from Raqqa, a northern Syrian city whose previous inhabitants were wiped out by Mongol genocides and repopulated in recent times by local Bedouin populations and Chechen war refugees from Russia (El-Sibai 2009). In a small sample of Israeli Druze haplogroup L-M20 was found in 7 out of 20 (35%). However, studies done on bigger samples showed that L-M20 averages 5% in Israeli Druze,[Footnote 2] 8% in Lebanese Druze,[Footnote 3] and it was not found in a sample of 59 Syrian Druze. Haplogroup L-M20 has been found in 2.0% (1/50) (Wells 2001) to 5.25% (48/914) of Lebanese (Zalloua 2008).

Populations Distribution Source
Turkey 57% in Afshar village, 12% (10/83) in Black Sea Region, 6.6% (7/106) of Turks in Turkey, 4.2% (1/523 L-M349 and 21/523 L-M11(xM27, M349)) Cinnioğlu 2004, Gokcumen 2008 and Karafet 2016
Iran 54.9% (42/71) L in Priest Zoroastrian Parsis
22.2% L1b and L1c in South Iran (2/9)
8% to 16% L2-L595, L1a, L1b and L1c of Kurds in Kordestan (2-4/25)
9.1% L-M20 (7/77) of Persians in Eastern Iran
3.4% L-M76 (4/117) and 2.6% L-M317 (3/117)
for a total of 6.0% (7/117) haplogroup L-M20 in Southern Iran
3.0% (1/33) L-M357 in Northern Iran
4.2% L1c-M357 of Azeris in East Azeris (1/21)
4.8% L1a and L1b of Persians in Esfahan (2/42)		 Regueiro 2006, Cristofaro 2013, Malyarchuk 2013 and Lopez 2017
Syria 51.0% (33/65) of Syrians in Raqqa, 31.0% of Eastern Syrians El-Sibai 2009
Laz 41.7% (15/36) L1b-M317 O. Balanovsky 2017
Saudi Arabians 15.6% ( 4/32 of L-M76 and 1/32 of L-317 ) 1.91% (2/157=1.27% L-M76 and 1/157=0.64% L-M357) Karafet 2016 and AbuAmero 2009
Kurds 3.2% of Kurds in Southeast Turkey Flores 2005
Iraq 3.1% (2/64) L-M22 Sanchez 2005
Armenians 1.63% (12/734) to 4.3% (2/47) Weale 2001 and Wells 2001
Omanis 1% L-M11 Luis 2004
Qataris 2.8% (2/72 L-M76) Cadenas 2008
UAE Arabs 3.0% (4/164 L-M76 and 1/164 L-M357) Cadenas 2008

Central Asia

A study on the Pashtun male lineages in Afghanistan, found that Haplogroup L-M20, with an overall frequency of 9.5%, is the second most abundant male lineage among them.[34] It exhibits substantial disparity in its distribution on either side of the Hindu Kush range, with 25% of the northern Afghan Pashtuns belonging to this lineage, compared with only 4.8% of males from the south.[34] Specifically, paragroup L3*-M357 accounts for the majority of the L-M20 chromosomes among Afghan Pashtuns in both the north (20.5%) and south (4.1%).[34] An earlier study involving a lesser number of samples had reported that L1c comprises 12.24% of the Afghan Pashtun male lineages.[35][36] L1c is also found at 7.69% among the Balochs of Afghanistan.[35] However L1a-M76 occurs in a much more higher frequency among the Balochs (20[36] to 61.54%),[36] and is found at lower levels in Kyrgyz, Tajik, Uzbek and Turkmen populations.[36]

Populations Distribution Source
Tajiks 22.5% (9/40), 11.1% (6/54) L1a and L1c in Balkh Province, 9.0% (7/78), 6.3% (1/16) L1c in Samangan Province, 5.4% (2/37) L1c in Badakhshan Province Malyarchuk 2013Wells 2001
Uzbeks 20% (1/5) L1c in Balkh Province, 14.3% (4/28) L1a and L1c in Sar-e Pol Province, 7.5% (7/94)L1a, L1b and L1c in Jawzjan Province, 3.0% (11/366) to 3.7% (2/54) Wells 2001, Karafet et al. 2001 and Cristofaro 2013
Uyghurs 16.7% (1/6) L1c-M357 in Kyrgyzstan Cristofaro 2013
Pamiris 16% (7/44) of Shugnanis, 12% 3/25 of Ishkashimis, 0/30 Bartangis Wells 2001
Hazaras 12.5% (1/8) L1a in Balkh Province, 1.9% (2/69) L1a in Bamiyan Province Cristofaro 2013
Yagnobis 9.7% (3/31) Wells 2001
Bukharan Arabs 9.5% (4/42) Wells 2001
Pashtuns 9.4% (5/53) L1a and L1b in Kunduz Province, 2.9% (1/34) L1c in Baghlan Province Cristofaro 2013
Dungans 8.3% (1/12) L1c in Kyrgyzstan Cristofaro 2013
Uyghurs (Lopliks) 7.8% (5/64) L-M357 in Qarchugha Village, Lopnur County, Xinjiang[37] Liu 2018
Karakalpaks 4.5% (2/44) Wells 2001
Uyghurs 4.4% (3/68) Karafet et al. 2001 and Hammer 2005[Footnote 4]
Turkmens 4.1% (3/74) L1a in Jawzjan Province Cristofaro 2013
Chelkans 4.0% (1/25) Dulik 2012 and Dulik 2012
Kyrgyzes 2.7% (1/37) L1c in Northwest Kyrgyzstan and 2.5% (1/40) L1a in Central Kyrgyzstan Cristofaro 2013
Kazan Tatars 2.6% (1/38) Wells 2001
Hui 1.9% (1/54) Karafet et al. 2001
Bashkirs 0.64% (3/471) Lobov 2009

East Asia

Researchers studying samples of Y-DNA from populations of East Asia have rarely tested their samples for any of the mutations that define Haplogroup L. However, mutations for Haplogroup L have been tested and detected in samples of Balinese (13/641 = 2.0% L-M20), Han Chinese (1/57 = 1.8%),[38] Dolgans from Sakha and Taymyr (1/67 = 1.5% L-M20) and Koreans (3/506 = 0.6% L-M20).[39][40][41]

Europe

An article by O. Semino et al. published in the journal Science (Volume 290, 10 November 2000) reported the detection of the M11-G mutation, which is one of the mutations that defines Haplogroup L, in approximately 1% to 3% of samples from Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Calabria (Italy), and Andalusia (Spain). The sizes of the samples analyzed in this study were generally quite small, so it is possible that the actual frequency of Haplogroup L-M20 among Mediterranean European populations may be slightly lower or higher than that reported by Semino et al., but there seems to be no study to date that has described more precisely the distribution of Haplogroup L-M20 in Southwest Asia and Europe.

Populations Distribution Source
Fascia, Italy 19.2% of Fascians L-M20 Valentina Coia 2013
Nonstal. Italy 10% of Nonesi L-M20 F. di Giacomo 2003
Samnium, Italy 10% of Aquilanis L-M20 Alessio Boattini 2013
Vicenza, Italy 10% of Venetians L-M20 Alessio Boattini 2013
South Tyrol, Italy 8.9% of Ladin speakers from Val Badia, 8.3% of Val Badia, 2.9% of Puster Valley, 2.2% of German speakers from Val Badia, 2% of German speakers from Upper Vinschgau, 1.9% of German speakers from Lower Vinschgau and 1.7% of Italian speakers from Bolzano Pichler 2006 and Thomas 2007.
Georgians 20% (2/10) of Georgians in Gali, 14.3% (2/14) of Georgians in Chokhatauri, 12.5% (2/16) of Georgians in Martvili, 11.8% (2/17) of Georgians in Abasha, 11.1% (2/18) of Georgians in Baghdati, 10% (1/10) of Georgians in Gardabani, 9.1% (1/11) of Georgians in Adigeni, 6.9% (2/29) of Georgians in Omalo, 5.9% (1/17) of Georgians in Gurjaani, 5.9% (1/17) of Georgians in Lentekhi and 1.5% (1/66) L-M357(xPK3) to 1.6% (1/63) L-M11 Battaglia 2008, Semino 2000 and Tarkhnishvili 2014
Daghestan, Russia 10% of Chechens in Daghestan, 9.5% (4/42) of Avars, 8.3% (2/24) of Tats, 3.7% (1/27) of Chamalins Yunusbaev 2006, Caciagli 2009 and Karafet 2016
Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia 5.9% of Russians L1c-M357 Hongyang Xu 2014
Estonia L2-L595 and L1-M22 are found in 5.3%, 3.5%, 1.4% and 0.8% of Estonians Scozzari 2001 and Lappalainen 2007
Balkarians, Russia 5.3% (2/38) L-M317 Battaglia 2008
Portugal 5.0% of Coimbra Beleza 2006
Bulgaria 3.9% of Bulgarians Karafet 2016
Flanders L1a*: 3.17% of Mechelen 2.4% of Turnhout and 1.3% of Kempen. L1b*: 0.74% of West Flanders and East Flanders Larmuseau 2010 and Larmuseau 2011
Antsiferovo, Novgorod 2.3% of Russians Balanovska 2017
East Tyrol, Austria L-M20 is found in 1.9% of Tyroleans in Region B (Isel, Lower Drau, Defereggen, Virgen, and Kals valley) H.Niederstätter 2012
Gipuzkoa, Basque Country L1b is found in 1.7% of Gipuzkoans Young 2011
North Tyrol, Austria L-M20 is found in 0.8% of Tyroleans in Reutte D.Erhart 2012

Subclade distribution

L1 (M295)

L-M295 is found from Western Europe to South Asia.[Footnote 5]

The L1 subclade is also found at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands.[42]

L1a1 (M27)

L-M27 is found in 14.5% of Indians and 15% of Sri Lankans, with a moderate distribution in other populations of Pakistan, southern Iran and Europe, but slightly higher Middle East Arab populations[citation needed] (Karafet 2016). There is a very minor presence among Siddi's (2%),[43] as well.

L1a2 (M357)

L-M357 is found frequently among Burushos, Kalashas, Jats, and Pashtuns, with a moderate distribution among other populations in Pakistan, Georgia,[44] Chechens,[45] Ingushes,[45] northern Iran, India, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia.[citation needed]

A Chinese study published in 2018 found L-M357/L1307 in 7.8% (5/64) of a sample of Loplik Uyghurs from Qarchugha Village, Lopnur County, Xinjiang.[37]

L-PK3

L-PK3, which is downstream of L-M357,[46] is found frequently among Kalash.[citation needed]

L1b (M317)

L-M317 is found at low frequency in Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and Europe.[citation needed]

In Europe, L-M317 has been found in Northeast Italians (3/67 = 4.5%)[44] and Greeks (1/92 = 1.1%).[44]

In Caucasia, L-M317 has been found in Mountain Jews (2/10 = 20%[47]), Avars (4/42 = 9.5%,[47] 3%[45]), Balkarians (2/38 = 5.3%),[44] Abkhaz (8/162 = 4.9%,[47] 2/58 = 3.4%[45]), Chamalals (1/27 = 3.7%[47]), Abazins (2/88 = 2.3%[47]), Adyghes (3/154 = 1.9%[47]), Chechens (3/165 = 1.8%[47]), Armenians (1/57 = 1.8%[47]), Lezgins (1/81 = 1.2%[45]), and Ossetes (1/132 = 0.76% North Ossetians,[47] 2/230 = 0.9% Iron[45]).

L-M317 has been found in Makranis (2/20 = 10%) in Pakistan, Iranians (3/186 = 1.6%), Pashtuns in Afghanistan (1/87 = 1.1%), and Uzbeks in Afghanistan (1/127 = 0.79%).[48]

L1b1 (M349)

L-M349 is found in some Crimean Karaites who are Levites.[49] Some of L-M349's branches are found in West Asia, including L-Y31183 in Lebanon, L-Y31184 in Armenia, and L-Y130640 in Iraq. Others are found in Europe, such as L-PAGE116 in Italy, L-FT304386 in Slovenia, and L-FGC36841 in Moldova.[50]

L2 (L595)

L2-L595 is extremely rare, and has been identified by private testing in individuals from Europe and Western Asia.

Two confirmed L2-L595 individuals from Iran were reported in a 2020 study supplementary.[51] Possible but unconfirmed cases of L2 include 4% (1/25) L-M11(xM76, M27, M317, M357) in a sample of Iranians in Kordestan[48] and 2% (2/100) L-M20(xM27, M317, M357) in a sample of Shapsugs,[45] among other rare reported cases of L which don't fall into the common branches.

L2 in modern populations
Region Population n/Sample size Percentage Source
West Asia Azerbaijan 2/204 1 [52]
Central Europe Germany 1/8641 0.0000115 [53]
Southern Europe Greece 1/753 0.1 [54]
West Asia Iran 2/800 0.25 [55]
Southern Europe Italy 3/913 0.3 [56]

Ancient DNA

  • Three individuals from Maykop culture c. 3200 BCE were found to belong to haplogroup L2-L595.[57]
  • Three individuals who lived in the Chalcolithic era (c. 5700–6250 years BP), found in the Areni-1 ("Bird's Eye") cave in the South Caucasus mountains (present-day Vayots Dzor Province, Armenia), were also identified as belonging to haplogroup L1a. One individual's genome indicated that he had red hair and blue eyes.
  • Haplogroup L1a-M27 in the remains from a 5th century burial site in Pannonia, Hungary, attributed to an elite member of the Huns.[58]
  • Narasimhan et al. (2018) analyzed skeletons from the BMAC sites in Uzbekistan and identified 2 individuals as belonging to haplogroup L1a. One of these specimens was found in Bustan and the other in Sappali Tepe; both ascertained to be Bronze Age sites.[59]
  • Skourtanioti et al. (2020) analyzed skeletons from the Alalakh sites in Syria and identified one individual (ALA084) c. 2006-1777 BC as belonging to haplogroup L-L595.[60]
  • An ancient Viking individual that lived in Öland, Sweden circa 847 ± 65 CE was determined to belong to L-L595.[61]

Elite Hun grave

Remains found in grave in Pannonia (attributed to an elite member of the Huns)
ID
Y DNA L-M20
Population Huns
Language unknown; possibly Hunnic
Culture
Date (YBP) 1540–1500 ybp
Burial / Location Hungary
Members / Sample Size 1/1
Percentage
mtDNA D4j12
Isotope Sr
Eye color (HIrisPlex System)
Hair color (HIrisPlex System)
Skin pigmentation
ABO Blood Group
Diet (d13C%0 / d15N%0)
FADS activity
Lactase Persistence
Oase-1 Shared DNA
Ostuni1 Shared DNA
Neanderthal Vi33.26 Shared DNA
Neanderthal Vi33.25 Shared DNA
Neanderthal Vi33.16 Shared DNA
Ancestral Component (AC)
puntDNAL K12 Ancient
Dodecad [dv3]
Eurogenes [K=36]
Dodecad [Globe13]
Genetic Distance
Parental Consanguinity
Age at Death
Death Position
SNPs
Read Pairs
Sample
Source Laboratory of population genetics of Kazakhstan
Notes

Chalcolithic South Caucasus

Areni-1 Cave
Property Areni-I Areni-II Areni-III
ID AR1/44 I1634 AR1/46 I1632 ARE12 I1407
Y DNA L1a L1a1-M27 L1a
Population Chalcolithic (Horizon III) Chalcolithic (Horizon III) Chalcolithic (Horizon II)
Language
Culture Late Chalcolithic Late Chalcolithic Late Chalcolithic
Date (YBP) 6161 ± 89 6086 ± 72 6025 ± 325
Burial / Location Burial 2 / Areni-1 Cave Burial 3 / Areni-1 Cave Trench 2A, Unit 7, Square S33/T33, Locus 9, Spit 23 / Areni-1 Cave
Members / Sample Size 1/3 1/3 1/3
Percentage 33.3% 33.3% 33.3%
mtDNA H2a1 K1a8 H*
Isotope Sr
Eye color (HIrisPlex System) Likely Blue
Hair color (HIrisPlex System) Likely Red
Skin pigmentation Likely light
ABO Blood Group Likely O or B
Diet (d13C%0 / d15N%0)
FADS activity
Lactase Persistence Likely lactose-intolerant
Oase-1 Shared DNA
Ostuni1 Shared DNA
Neanderthal Vi33.26 Shared DNA
Neanderthal Vi33.25 Shared DNA
Neanderthal Vi33.16 Shared DNA
Ancestral Component (AC)
puntDNAL K12 Ancient
Dodecad [dv3]
Eurogenes [K=36]
Dodecad [Globe13]
Genetic Distance
Parental Consanguinity
Age at Death 11 ± 2.5 15 ± 2.5
Death Position
SNPs
Read Pairs
Sample
Source [62]
Notes World’s earliest evidence of footwear and wine making

Nomenclature

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
L-M20 28 VIII 1U 27 Eu17 H5 F L* L L L - - - - - - -
L-M27 28 VIII 1U 27 Eu17 H5 F L1 L1 L1 L1 - - - - - - -
The Y-Chromosome Consortium tree

This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008 (Karafet 2008). Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is a revision of the 2010 update.[63]

Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ see Basu 2003, Cordaux 2004, Sengupta 2006, and Thamseem 2006.
  2. ^ 12/222 Shlush et al. 2008
  3. ^ 1/25 Shlush et al. 2008
  4. ^ In Hammer 2005, see the Supplementary Material.
  5. ^ FTDNA lab results, May 2011

References

  1. ^ Genebase Tutorials
  2. ^ Yfull Tree L Haplogroup YTree v8.09.00 (08 October 2020)
  3. ^ Mahal, David G.; Matsoukas, Ianis G. (23 January 2018). "The Geographic Origins of Ethnic Groups in the Indian Subcontinent: Exploring Ancient Footprints with Y-DNA Haplogroups". Frontiers in Genetics. 9: 4. doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00004. ISSN 1664-8021. PMC 5787057. PMID 29410676.
  4. ^ Lacau, Harlette; Gayden, Tenzin; Regueiro, Maria; Chennakrishnaiah, Shilpa; Bukhari, Areej; Underhill, Peter A; Garcia-Bertrand, Ralph L; Herrera, Rene J (18 April 2012). "Afghanistan from a Y-chromosome perspective". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (10): 1063–1070. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.59. ISSN 1018-4813. PMC 3449065. PMID 22510847.
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Web-sources

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  2. ^ a b Henson, G.; Hrechdakian, P.; FTDNA (2013). "L – The Y-Haplogroup L Project". Retrieved 2013-01-01.

Sources for conversion tables

÷
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  • Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6, PMID 10904265
  • Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597. PMID 11313742. S2CID 21432405.
  • Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. doi:10.1086/323299. PMC 1235490. PMID 11481588.
  • Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008), "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", Genome Research, 18 (5): 830–8, doi:10.1101/gr.7172008, PMC 2336805, PMID 18385274
  • Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. doi:10.1086/302680. PMC 1288383. PMID 10577926.
  • Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480. S2CID 12893406.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup L of Y-DNA.
  • ISOGG, [1]
  • Genebase (2006). . Archived from the original on 2012-10-23.
  • , from National Geographic
  • The India Genealogical Project
  • Y HAPLOGROUP L

April 15, 2023
haplogroup, this, article, about, human, haplogroup, human, mtdna, haplogroup, macro, haplogroup, mtdna, human, haplogroup, which, defined, snps, m185, secondary, descendant, haplogroup, primary, branch, haplogroup, haplogroup, currently, alternative, phylogen. This article is about the human Y DNA haplogroup For the human mtDNA haplogroup see Macro haplogroup L mtDNA Haplogroup L M20 is a human Y DNA haplogroup which is defined by SNPs M11 M20 M61 and M185 As a secondary descendant of haplogroup K and a primary branch of haplogroup LT haplogroup L currently has the alternative phylogenetic name of K1a and is a sibling of haplogroup T a k a K1b Haplogroup L M20Possible time of origin30 000 1 43 000 years BP 2 Possible place of originMiddle East West Asia South Asia or Pamir MountainsAncestorLTDefining mutationsM11 M20 M61 M185 L656 L863 L878 L879 web 1 Highest frequenciesSyria Raqqa Balochistan Northern Afghanistan Karnataka Kerala Tarkhan Jats Kalash Nuristanis Burusho Pashtuns Lazs Afshar village Fascia Veneto Southern TyrolThe presence of L M20 has been observed at varying levels throughout South Asia peaking in populations native to Balochistan 28 3 4 and Southern India 19 where as its peak level up to 68 is observed in Korova Tribes or Koraga people of coastal Karnataka and north Kerala 5 The clade also occurs in Afghanistan Tajikistan and Anatolia as well as at lower frequencies in Iran It has also been present for millennia at very low levels in the Caucasus Europe and Central Asia The subclade L2 L L595 has been found in Europe and Western Asia but is extremely rare Contents 1 Phylogenetic tree 2 Origins 3 Geographical distribution 3 1 South Asia 3 1 1 India 3 1 2 Pakistan 3 2 Middle East and Anatolia 3 3 Central Asia 3 4 East Asia 3 5 Europe 4 Subclade distribution 4 1 L1 M295 4 2 L1a1 M27 4 3 L1a2 M357 4 4 L1b M317 4 5 L1b1 M349 4 6 L2 L595 5 Ancient DNA 5 1 Elite Hun grave 5 2 Chalcolithic South Caucasus 6 Nomenclature 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 Sources 10 1 Journals 10 2 Web sources 10 3 Sources for conversion tables 11 External linksPhylogenetic tree EditThere are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup L M20 The scientifically accepted one is the Y Chromosome Consortium YCC one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston Texas web 1 The International Society of Genetic Genealogy ISOGG also provides an amateur tree This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2013 This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center s Draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup L M20 web 1 L M20 M11 M20 M61 M185 L656 L863 L878 L879 L M22 L1 M22 M295 PAGES00121 L M317 L1b M317 L655 L M349 L1b1 M349 L M274 M274 L L1310 L1310 L L1304 L1304 L M27 L1a1 M27 M76 P329 1 L1318 L1319 L1320 L1321 L M357 L1a2 M357 L1307 L PK3 PK3 L L1305 L1305 L1306 L1307 L L595 L2 L595 L L864 L864 L865 L866 L867 L868 L869 L870 L877Origins EditL M20 is a descendant of Haplogroup LT 6 7 which is a descendant of haplogroup K M9 8 7 According to Dr Spencer Wells L M20 was hypothesized to have originated in India ca 30 000 years ago 9 Other studies have proposed a West Asian origin for L M20 and associated its expansion with the Indus Valley civilisation and neolithic farmers 10 11 12 13 14 15 McElreavy and Quintana Murci writing on the Indus Valley civilisation state that One Y chromosome haplogroup L M20 has a high mean frequency of 14 in Pakistan and so differs from all other haplogroups in its frequency distribution L M20 is also observed although at lower frequencies in neighbouring countries such as India Tajikistan Uzbekistan and Russia Both the frequency distribution and estimated expansion time 7 000 YBP of this lineage suggest that its spread in the Indus Valley may be associated with the expansion of local farming groups during the Neolithic period 16 Sengupta et al 2006 observed three subbranches of haplogroup L L1 M76 L1a1 L2 M317 L1b and L3 M357 L1a2 with distinctive geographic affiliations 17 Almost all Indian members of haplogroup L are L1 derived with L3 M357 occurring only sporadically 0 4 18 19 Conversely in Pakistan L3 M357 subclade account for 86 of L M20 chromosomes and reaches an intermediate frequency of 6 8 overall 20 L1 M76 occurs at a frequency of 7 5 in India and 5 1 in Pakistan exhibiting peak variance distribution in the Maharashtra region in coastal western India 21 A 2022 paper by Tariq et al concluded that haplogroup L originated in South Asian among indigenous hunter gatherers somewhere in Northwest India These hunter gatherers contributed to the formation of the Indus Valley civilisation next to Iranian related farmers which arrived in Northwest India 10ky ago and that haplogroup L later spread westwards into Iran and other regions of the Middle East 22 Geographical distribution EditIn India L M20 has a higher frequency among Dravidian castes but is somewhat rarer in Indo Aryan castes 17 In Pakistan it has highest frequency in Balochistan 23 It has also been found at low frequencies among populations of Central Asia and South West Asia including Arabia Iraq Syria Turkey Lebanon Egypt and Yemen as well as in Southern Europe especially areas adjoining the Mediterranean Sea citation needed Preliminary evidence gleaned from non scientific sources such as individuals who have had their Y chromosomes tested by commercial labs web 2 suggests that most European examples of Haplogroup L M20 might belong to the subclade L2 M317 which is among South Asian populations generally the rarest of the subclades of Haplogroup L web 2 South Asia Edit India Edit It has higher frequency among Dravidian castes ca 17 19 but is somewhat rarer in Indo Aryan castes ca 5 6 17 It reaches up to 68 in Korova Tribes or Koraga people and coastal Karnataka and north Kerala 24 38 in some castes in Gujarat 24 and an overall frequency of 12 in Punjab 17 24 25 The presence of haplogroup L M20 is rare among tribal groups ca 5 6 7 Cordaux 2004harvnb error no target CITEREFCordaux2004 help Sengupta 2006 and Thamseem 2006 L M20 was found 68 in the Korova Tribes or Koraga people from Karnataka 38 in the Bharwad caste from Junagarh district in Gujarat 21 in Charan caste from Junagarh district in Gujarat and 17 in the Kare Vokkal tribe from Uttara Kannada in Karnataka Shah 2011 Also found at low frequency in other populations from Junagarh district and Uttara Kannada L M20 is the single largest male lineage 36 8 among the Jat people of Northern India and is found at 16 33 among the Gujar s of Jammu and Kashmir 26 27 It also occurs at 18 6 among the Konkanastha Brahmins of the Konkan region 25 and at 15 among the Maratha s of Maharashtra 28 L M20 is also found at 32 35 in the Vokkaligas and at 17 82 in the Lingayats of Karnataka 29 L M20 is also found at 20 7 among the Ambalakarar 16 7 among the Iyengar and 17 2 among the Iyer castes of Tamil Nadu 28 L M11 is found in frequencies of 8 16 among Indian Jews 30 2 of Siddis have also been reported with L M11 Shah 2011 Haplogroup L M20 is currently present in the Indian population at an overall frequency of ca 7 15 Footnote 1 Pakistan Edit The greatest concentration of Haplogroup L M20 is along the Indus River in Pakistan where the Indus Valley civilization flourished during 3300 1300 BC with its mature period between 2600 1900 BCE L M357 s highest frequency and diversity is found in the Balochistan province at 28 23 with a moderate distribution among the general Pakistani population at 11 6 Firasat et al 2007 It is also found in Afghanistan ethnic counterparts as well such as with the Pashtuns and Balochis L M357 is found frequently among Burusho approx 12 Firasat et al 2007 and Pashtuns approx 7 Firasat et al 2007 L1a and L1c M357 are found at 24 among Balochis L1a and L1c are found at 8 among the Dravidian speaking Brahui L1c is found at 25 among Kalash L1c is found at 15 among Burusho L1a M76 and L1b M317 are found at 2 among the Makranis and L1c is found at 3 6 of Sindhis according to Julie di Cristofaro et al 2013 31 L M20 is found at 17 78 among the Parsis 32 L3a is found at 23 among the Nuristanis in both Pakistan and Afghanistan 33 L PK3 is found in approximately 23 of Kalash in northwest Pakistan Firasat et al 2007 Middle East and Anatolia Edit L M20 was found in 51 of Syrians from Raqqa a northern Syrian city whose previous inhabitants were wiped out by Mongol genocides and repopulated in recent times by local Bedouin populations and Chechen war refugees from Russia El Sibai 2009 In a small sample of Israeli Druze haplogroup L M20 was found in 7 out of 20 35 However studies done on bigger samples showed that L M20 averages 5 in Israeli Druze Footnote 2 8 in Lebanese Druze Footnote 3 and it was not found in a sample of 59 Syrian Druze Haplogroup L M20 has been found in 2 0 1 50 Wells 2001 to 5 25 48 914 of Lebanese Zalloua 2008 Populations Distribution SourceTurkey 57 in Afshar village 12 10 83 in Black Sea Region 6 6 7 106 of Turks in Turkey 4 2 1 523 L M349 and 21 523 L M11 xM27 M349 Cinnioglu 2004 Gokcumen 2008harvnb error no target CITEREFGokcumen2008 help and Karafet 2016harvnb error no target CITEREFKarafet2016 help Iran 54 9 42 71 L in Priest Zoroastrian Parsis22 2 L1b and L1c in South Iran 2 9 8 to 16 L2 L595 L1a L1b and L1c of Kurds in Kordestan 2 4 25 9 1 L M20 7 77 of Persians in Eastern Iran 3 4 L M76 4 117 and 2 6 L M317 3 117 for a total of 6 0 7 117 haplogroup L M20 in Southern Iran 3 0 1 33 L M357 in Northern Iran 4 2 L1c M357 of Azeris in East Azeris 1 21 4 8 L1a and L1b of Persians in Esfahan 2 42 Regueiro 2006 Cristofaro 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFCristofaro2013 help Malyarchuk 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFMalyarchuk2013 help and Lopez 2017harvnb error no target CITEREFLopez2017 help Syria 51 0 33 65 of Syrians in Raqqa 31 0 of Eastern Syrians El Sibai 2009Laz 41 7 15 36 L1b M317 O Balanovsky 2017harvnb error no target CITEREFO Balanovsky2017 help Saudi Arabians 15 6 4 32 of L M76 and 1 32 of L 317 1 91 2 157 1 27 L M76 and 1 157 0 64 L M357 Karafet 2016harvnb error no target CITEREFKarafet2016 help and AbuAmero 2009harvnb error no target CITEREFAbuAmero2009 help Kurds 3 2 of Kurds in Southeast Turkey Flores 2005harvnb error no target CITEREFFlores2005 help Iraq 3 1 2 64 L M22 Sanchez 2005Armenians 1 63 12 734 to 4 3 2 47 Weale 2001 and Wells 2001Omanis 1 L M11 Luis 2004Qataris 2 8 2 72 L M76 Cadenas 2008harvnb error no target CITEREFCadenas2008 help UAE Arabs 3 0 4 164 L M76 and 1 164 L M357 Cadenas 2008harvnb error no target CITEREFCadenas2008 help Central Asia Edit A study on the Pashtun male lineages in Afghanistan found that Haplogroup L M20 with an overall frequency of 9 5 is the second most abundant male lineage among them 34 It exhibits substantial disparity in its distribution on either side of the Hindu Kush range with 25 of the northern Afghan Pashtuns belonging to this lineage compared with only 4 8 of males from the south 34 Specifically paragroup L3 M357 accounts for the majority of the L M20 chromosomes among Afghan Pashtuns in both the north 20 5 and south 4 1 34 An earlier study involving a lesser number of samples had reported that L1c comprises 12 24 of the Afghan Pashtun male lineages 35 36 L1c is also found at 7 69 among the Balochs of Afghanistan 35 However L1a M76 occurs in a much more higher frequency among the Balochs 20 36 to 61 54 36 and is found at lower levels in Kyrgyz Tajik Uzbek and Turkmen populations 36 Populations Distribution SourceTajiks 22 5 9 40 11 1 6 54 L1a and L1c in Balkh Province 9 0 7 78 6 3 1 16 L1c in Samangan Province 5 4 2 37 L1c in Badakhshan Province Malyarchuk 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFMalyarchuk2013 help Wells 2001Uzbeks 20 1 5 L1c in Balkh Province 14 3 4 28 L1a and L1c in Sar e Pol Province 7 5 7 94 L1a L1b and L1c in Jawzjan Province 3 0 11 366 to 3 7 2 54 Wells 2001 Karafet et al 2001 and Cristofaro 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFCristofaro2013 help Uyghurs 16 7 1 6 L1c M357 in Kyrgyzstan Cristofaro 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFCristofaro2013 help Pamiris 16 7 44 of Shugnanis 12 3 25 of Ishkashimis 0 30 Bartangis Wells 2001Hazaras 12 5 1 8 L1a in Balkh Province 1 9 2 69 L1a in Bamiyan Province Cristofaro 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFCristofaro2013 help Yagnobis 9 7 3 31 Wells 2001Bukharan Arabs 9 5 4 42 Wells 2001Pashtuns 9 4 5 53 L1a and L1b in Kunduz Province 2 9 1 34 L1c in Baghlan Province Cristofaro 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFCristofaro2013 help Dungans 8 3 1 12 L1c in Kyrgyzstan Cristofaro 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFCristofaro2013 help Uyghurs Lopliks 7 8 5 64 L M357 in Qarchugha Village Lopnur County Xinjiang 37 Liu 2018harvnb error no target CITEREFLiu2018 help Karakalpaks 4 5 2 44 Wells 2001Uyghurs 4 4 3 68 Karafet et al 2001 and Hammer 2005harvnb error no target CITEREFHammer2005 help Footnote 4 Turkmens 4 1 3 74 L1a in Jawzjan Province Cristofaro 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFCristofaro2013 help Chelkans 4 0 1 25 Dulik 2012harvnb error no target CITEREFDulik2012 help and Dulik 2012harvnb error no target CITEREFDulik2012 help Kyrgyzes 2 7 1 37 L1c in Northwest Kyrgyzstan and 2 5 1 40 L1a in Central Kyrgyzstan Cristofaro 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFCristofaro2013 help Kazan Tatars 2 6 1 38 Wells 2001Hui 1 9 1 54 Karafet et al 2001Bashkirs 0 64 3 471 Lobov 2009harvnb error no target CITEREFLobov2009 help East Asia Edit Researchers studying samples of Y DNA from populations of East Asia have rarely tested their samples for any of the mutations that define Haplogroup L However mutations for Haplogroup L have been tested and detected in samples of Balinese 13 641 2 0 L M20 Han Chinese 1 57 1 8 38 Dolgans from Sakha and Taymyr 1 67 1 5 L M20 and Koreans 3 506 0 6 L M20 39 40 41 Europe Edit An article by O Semino et al published in the journal Science Volume 290 10 November 2000 reported the detection of the M11 G mutation which is one of the mutations that defines Haplogroup L in approximately 1 to 3 of samples from Georgia Greece Hungary Calabria Italy and Andalusia Spain The sizes of the samples analyzed in this study were generally quite small so it is possible that the actual frequency of Haplogroup L M20 among Mediterranean European populations may be slightly lower or higher than that reported by Semino et al but there seems to be no study to date that has described more precisely the distribution of Haplogroup L M20 in Southwest Asia and Europe Populations Distribution SourceFascia Italy 19 2 of Fascians L M20 Valentina Coia 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFValentina Coia2013 help Nonstal Italy 10 of Nonesi L M20 F di Giacomo 2003harvnb error no target CITEREFF di Giacomo2003 help Samnium Italy 10 of Aquilanis L M20 Alessio Boattini 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFAlessio Boattini2013 help Vicenza Italy 10 of Venetians L M20 Alessio Boattini 2013harvnb error no target CITEREFAlessio Boattini2013 help South Tyrol Italy 8 9 of Ladin speakers from Val Badia 8 3 of Val Badia 2 9 of Puster Valley 2 2 of German speakers from Val Badia 2 of German speakers from Upper Vinschgau 1 9 of German speakers from Lower Vinschgau and 1 7 of Italian speakers from Bolzano Pichler 2006 and Thomas 2007harvnb error no target CITEREFThomas2007 help Georgians 20 2 10 of Georgians in Gali 14 3 2 14 of Georgians in Chokhatauri 12 5 2 16 of Georgians in Martvili 11 8 2 17 of Georgians in Abasha 11 1 2 18 of Georgians in Baghdati 10 1 10 of Georgians in Gardabani 9 1 1 11 of Georgians in Adigeni 6 9 2 29 of Georgians in Omalo 5 9 1 17 of Georgians in Gurjaani 5 9 1 17 of Georgians in Lentekhi and 1 5 1 66 L M357 xPK3 to 1 6 1 63 L M11 Battaglia 2008 Semino 2000 and Tarkhnishvili 2014harvnb error no target CITEREFTarkhnishvili2014 help Daghestan Russia 10 of Chechens in Daghestan 9 5 4 42 of Avars 8 3 2 24 of Tats 3 7 1 27 of Chamalins Yunusbaev 2006harvnb error no target CITEREFYunusbaev2006 help Caciagli 2009 and Karafet 2016harvnb error no target CITEREFKarafet2016 help Arkhangelsk Oblast Russia 5 9 of Russians L1c M357 Hongyang Xu 2014harvnb error no target CITEREFHongyang Xu2014 help Estonia L2 L595 and L1 M22 are found in 5 3 3 5 1 4 and 0 8 of Estonians Scozzari 2001 and Lappalainen 2007harvnb error no target CITEREFLappalainen2007 help Balkarians Russia 5 3 2 38 L M317 Battaglia 2008Portugal 5 0 of Coimbra Beleza 2006Bulgaria 3 9 of Bulgarians Karafet 2016harvnb error no target CITEREFKarafet2016 help Flanders L1a 3 17 of Mechelen 2 4 of Turnhout and 1 3 of Kempen L1b 0 74 of West Flanders and East Flanders Larmuseau 2010 and Larmuseau 2011Antsiferovo Novgorod 2 3 of Russians Balanovska 2017harvnb error no target CITEREFBalanovska2017 help East Tyrol Austria L M20 is found in 1 9 of Tyroleans in Region B Isel Lower Drau Defereggen Virgen and Kals valley H Niederstatter 2012harvnb error no target CITEREFH Niederstatter2012 help Gipuzkoa Basque Country L1b is found in 1 7 of Gipuzkoans Young 2011North Tyrol Austria L M20 is found in 0 8 of Tyroleans in Reutte D Erhart 2012harvnb error no target CITEREFD Erhart2012 help Subclade distribution EditL1 M295 Edit L M295 is found from Western Europe to South Asia Footnote 5 The L1 subclade is also found at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands 42 L1a1 M27 Edit L M27 is found in 14 5 of Indians and 15 of Sri Lankans with a moderate distribution in other populations of Pakistan southern Iran and Europe but slightly higher Middle East Arab populations citation needed Karafet 2016harvnb error no target CITEREFKarafet2016 help There is a very minor presence among Siddi s 2 43 as well L1a2 M357 Edit L M357 is found frequently among Burushos Kalashas Jats and Pashtuns with a moderate distribution among other populations in Pakistan Georgia 44 Chechens 45 Ingushes 45 northern Iran India the UAE and Saudi Arabia citation needed A Chinese study published in 2018 found L M357 L1307 in 7 8 5 64 of a sample of Loplik Uyghurs from Qarchugha Village Lopnur County Xinjiang 37 L PK3L PK3 which is downstream of L M357 46 is found frequently among Kalash citation needed L1b M317 Edit L M317 is found at low frequency in Central Asia Southwest Asia and Europe citation needed In Europe L M317 has been found in Northeast Italians 3 67 4 5 44 and Greeks 1 92 1 1 44 In Caucasia L M317 has been found in Mountain Jews 2 10 20 47 Avars 4 42 9 5 47 3 45 Balkarians 2 38 5 3 44 Abkhaz 8 162 4 9 47 2 58 3 4 45 Chamalals 1 27 3 7 47 Abazins 2 88 2 3 47 Adyghes 3 154 1 9 47 Chechens 3 165 1 8 47 Armenians 1 57 1 8 47 Lezgins 1 81 1 2 45 and Ossetes 1 132 0 76 North Ossetians 47 2 230 0 9 Iron 45 L M317 has been found in Makranis 2 20 10 in Pakistan Iranians 3 186 1 6 Pashtuns in Afghanistan 1 87 1 1 and Uzbeks in Afghanistan 1 127 0 79 48 L1b1 M349 Edit L M349 is found in some Crimean Karaites who are Levites 49 Some of L M349 s branches are found in West Asia including L Y31183 in Lebanon L Y31184 in Armenia and L Y130640 in Iraq Others are found in Europe such as L PAGE116 in Italy L FT304386 in Slovenia and L FGC36841 in Moldova 50 L2 L595 Edit L2 L595 is extremely rare and has been identified by private testing in individuals from Europe and Western Asia Two confirmed L2 L595 individuals from Iran were reported in a 2020 study supplementary 51 Possible but unconfirmed cases of L2 include 4 1 25 L M11 xM76 M27 M317 M357 in a sample of Iranians in Kordestan 48 and 2 2 100 L M20 xM27 M317 M357 in a sample of Shapsugs 45 among other rare reported cases of L which don t fall into the common branches L2 in modern populations Region Population n Sample size Percentage SourceWest Asia Azerbaijan 2 204 1 52 Central Europe Germany 1 8641 0 0000115 53 Southern Europe Greece 1 753 0 1 54 West Asia Iran 2 800 0 25 55 Southern Europe Italy 3 913 0 3 56 Ancient DNA EditThree individuals from Maykop culture c 3200 BCE were found to belong to haplogroup L2 L595 57 Three individuals who lived in the Chalcolithic era c 5700 6250 years BP found in the Areni 1 Bird s Eye cave in the South Caucasus mountains present day Vayots Dzor Province Armenia were also identified as belonging to haplogroup L1a One individual s genome indicated that he had red hair and blue eyes Haplogroup L1a M27 in the remains from a 5th century burial site in Pannonia Hungary attributed to an elite member of the Huns 58 Narasimhan et al 2018 analyzed skeletons from the BMAC sites in Uzbekistan and identified 2 individuals as belonging to haplogroup L1a One of these specimens was found in Bustan and the other in Sappali Tepe both ascertained to be Bronze Age sites 59 Skourtanioti et al 2020 analyzed skeletons from the Alalakh sites in Syria and identified one individual ALA084 c 2006 1777 BC as belonging to haplogroup L L595 60 An ancient Viking individual that lived in Oland Sweden circa 847 65 CE was determined to belong to L L595 61 Elite Hun grave Edit Remains found in grave in Pannonia attributed to an elite member of the Huns IDY DNA L M20Population HunsLanguage unknown possibly HunnicCultureDate YBP 1540 1500 ybpBurial Location HungaryMembers Sample Size 1 1PercentagemtDNA D4j12Isotope SrEye color HIrisPlex System Hair color HIrisPlex System Skin pigmentationABO Blood GroupDiet d13C 0 d15N 0 FADS activityLactase PersistenceOase 1 Shared DNAOstuni1 Shared DNANeanderthal Vi33 26 Shared DNANeanderthal Vi33 25 Shared DNANeanderthal Vi33 16 Shared DNAAncestral Component AC puntDNAL K12 AncientDodecad dv3 Eurogenes K 36 Dodecad Globe13 Genetic DistanceParental ConsanguinityAge at DeathDeath PositionSNPsRead PairsSampleSource Laboratory of population genetics of KazakhstanNotesChalcolithic South Caucasus Edit Areni 1 Cave Property Areni I Areni II Areni IIIID AR1 44 I1634 AR1 46 I1632 ARE12 I1407Y DNA L1a L1a1 M27 L1aPopulation Chalcolithic Horizon III Chalcolithic Horizon III Chalcolithic Horizon II LanguageCulture Late Chalcolithic Late Chalcolithic Late ChalcolithicDate YBP 6161 89 6086 72 6025 325Burial Location Burial 2 Areni 1 Cave Burial 3 Areni 1 Cave Trench 2A Unit 7 Square S33 T33 Locus 9 Spit 23 Areni 1 CaveMembers Sample Size 1 3 1 3 1 3Percentage 33 3 33 3 33 3 mtDNA H2a1 K1a8 H Isotope SrEye color HIrisPlex System Likely BlueHair color HIrisPlex System Likely RedSkin pigmentation Likely lightABO Blood Group Likely O or BDiet d13C 0 d15N 0 FADS activityLactase Persistence Likely lactose intolerantOase 1 Shared DNAOstuni1 Shared DNANeanderthal Vi33 26 Shared DNANeanderthal Vi33 25 Shared DNANeanderthal Vi33 16 Shared DNAAncestral Component AC puntDNAL K12 AncientDodecad dv3 Eurogenes K 36 Dodecad Globe13 Genetic DistanceParental ConsanguinityAge at Death 11 2 5 15 2 5Death PositionSNPsRead PairsSampleSource 62 Notes World s earliest evidence of footwear and wine makingNomenclature EditMain article Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups Prior to 2002 there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y Chromosome Phylogenetic tree This led to considerable confusion In 2002 the major research groups came together and formed the Y Chromosome Consortium YCC They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use Later a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures YCC 2002 2008 Shorthand a b g d e z h YCC 2002 Longhand YCC 2005 Longhand YCC 2008 Longhand YCC 2010r Longhand ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012L M20 28 VIII 1U 27 Eu17 H5 F L L L L L M27 28 VIII 1U 27 Eu17 H5 F L1 L1 L1 L1 The Y Chromosome Consortium treeThis is the official scientific tree produced by the Y Chromosome Consortium YCC The last major update was in 2008 Karafet 2008 Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual The current version is a revision of the 2010 update 63 This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2013 Original research publicationsThe following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree a Jobling and Tyler Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001 b Underhill 2000 g Hammer 2001 d Karafet et al 2001 e Semino 2000 z Su 1999 h Capelli 2001See also EditGenetic genealogy Haplogroup Haplotype Human Y chromosome DNA haplogroup Molecular phylogeny Paragroup Subclade Y chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world Y DNA haplogroups by ethnic group Y DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast AsiaFootnotes Edit see Basu 2003 Cordaux 2004harvnb error no target CITEREFCordaux2004 help Sengupta 2006 and Thamseem 2006 12 222 Shlush et al 2008 1 25 Shlush et al 2008 In Hammer 2005 see the Supplementary Material FTDNA lab results May 2011References Edit Learn about Y chromosome Haplogroup L Genebase Tutorials Yfull Tree L Haplogroup YTree v8 09 00 08 October 2020 Mahal David G Matsoukas Ianis G 23 January 2018 The Geographic Origins of Ethnic Groups in the Indian Subcontinent Exploring Ancient Footprints with Y DNA Haplogroups Frontiers in Genetics 9 4 doi 10 3389 fgene 2018 00004 ISSN 1664 8021 PMC 5787057 PMID 29410676 Lacau Harlette Gayden Tenzin Regueiro Maria Chennakrishnaiah Shilpa Bukhari Areej Underhill Peter A Garcia Bertrand Ralph L Herrera Rene J 18 April 2012 Afghanistan from a Y chromosome perspective European Journal of Human Genetics 20 10 1063 1070 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2012 59 ISSN 1018 4813 PMC 3449065 PMID 22510847 Sengupta Sanghamitra Zhivotovsky Lev A King Roy Mehdi S Q Edmonds Christopher A Chow Cheryl Emiliane T Lin Alice A Mitra Mitashree Sil Samir K Ramesh A Usha Rani M V Thakur Chitra M Cavalli Sforza L Luca Majumder Partha P Underhill Peter A 2006 Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists American Journal of Human Genetics 78 2 202 221 doi 10 1086 499411 ISSN 0002 9297 PMC 1380230 PMID 16400607 International Society of Genetic Genealogy 2015 Y DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015 30 May 2015 a b Chiaroni J Underhill P A Cavalli Sforza L L December 2009 Y chromosome diversity human expansion drift and cultural evolution Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 48 20174 49 Bibcode 2009PNAS 10620174C doi 10 1073 pnas 0910803106 JSTOR 25593348 PMC 2787129 PMID 19920170 International Society of Genetic Genealogy 2015 Y DNA Haplogroup K and its Subclades 2015 5 April 2015 Wells Spencer 2007 Deep ancestry inside the Genographic project Washington D C National Geographic p 103 ISBN 978 1426201189 Qamar Raheel Ayub Qasim Mohyuddin Aisha Helgason Agnar Mazhar Kehkashan Mansoor Atika Zerjal Tatiana Tyler Smith Chris Mehdi S Qasim 2002 Y Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan American Journal of Human Genetics 70 5 1107 1124 doi 10 1086 339929 ISSN 0002 9297 PMC 447589 PMID 11898125 Zhao Zhongming Khan Faisal Borkar Minal Herrera Rene Agrawal Suraksha 2009 Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians A study of 560 Y chromosomes Annals of Human Biology 36 1 46 59 doi 10 1080 03014460802558522 ISSN 0301 4460 PMC 2755252 PMID 19058044 Thanseem Ismail Thangaraj Kumarasamy Chaubey Gyaneshwer Singh Vijay Kumar Bhaskar Lakkakula VKS Reddy B Mohan Reddy Alla G Singh Lalji 7 August 2006 Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA BMC Genetics 7 42 doi 10 1186 1471 2156 7 42 ISSN 1471 2156 PMC 1569435 PMID 16893451 Cordaux Richard Aunger Robert Bentley Gillian Nasidze Ivane Sirajuddin S M Stoneking Mark 3 February 2004 Independent origins of Indian caste and tribal paternal lineages Current Biology 14 3 231 235 doi 10 1016 j cub 2004 01 024 ISSN 0960 9822 PMID 14761656 S2CID 5721248 McElreavey K Quintana Murci L 2005 A population genetics perspective of the Indus Valley through uniparentally inherited markers Annals of Human Biology 32 2 154 162 doi 10 1080 03014460500076223 ISSN 0301 4460 PMID 16096211 S2CID 109014 Thangaraj Kumarasamy Naidu B Prathap Crivellaro Federica Tamang Rakesh Upadhyay Shashank Sharma Varun Kumar Reddy Alla G Walimbe S R Chaubey Gyaneshwer Kivisild Toomas Singh Lalji 20 December 2010 The Influence of Natural Barriers in Shaping the Genetic Structure of Maharashtra Populations PLOS ONE 5 12 e15283 Bibcode 2010PLoSO 515283T doi 10 1371 journal pone 0015283 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3004917 PMID 21187967 K McElreavy and L Quintana Murci 2005 A population genetics perspective of the Indus Valley through uniparentally inherited markers Archived 2017 01 16 at the Wayback Machine a b c d Sengupta 2006 Sengupta 2006 p 218 Kivisild T Rootsi S Metspalu M Mastana S Kaldma K Parik J Metspalu E Adojaan M Tolk H V Stepanov V Golge M Usanga E Papiha S S Cinnioglu C King R Cavalli Sforza L Underhill P A Villems R 2003 The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations American Journal of Human Genetics 72 2 313 332 doi 10 1086 346068 ISSN 0002 9297 PMC 379225 PMID 12536373 Sengupta 2006 p 219 Sengupta 2006 p 220 Tariq Muhammad Ahmad Habib Hemphill Brian E Farooq Umar Schurr Theodore G 2022 01 19 Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Scientific Reports 12 1 1027 Bibcode 2022NatSR 12 1027T doi 10 1038 s41598 022 05076 3 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 8770644 PMID 35046511 a b Qamar 2002 a b c Shah 2011 a b Kivisild T Rootsi S Metspalu M et al February 2003 The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations Am J Hum Genet 72 2 313 32 doi 10 1086 346068 PMC 379225 PMID 12536373 Mahal David G Matsoukas Ianis G 20 September 2017 Y STR Haplogroup Diversity in the Jat Population Reveals Several Different Ancient Origins Frontiers in Genetics 8 121 doi 10 3389 fgene 2017 00121 ISSN 1664 8021 PMC 5611447 PMID 28979290 Sharma S Rai E Sharma P et al January 2009 The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1 substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system Journal of Human Genetics 54 1 47 55 doi 10 1038 jhg 2008 2 PMID 19158816 a b Sengupta S Zhivotovsky LA King R et al February 2006 Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists Am J Hum Genet 78 2 202 21 doi 10 1086 499411 PMC 1380230 PMID 16400607 Analysis of Y chromosome Diversity in Lingayat and Vokkaliga Populations of Southern India 2011 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 425 9132 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Chaubey Gyaneshwer 2016 Genetic affinities of the Jewish populations of India Scientific Reports 6 19166 Bibcode 2016NatSR 619166C doi 10 1038 srep19166 PMC 4725824 PMID 26759184 Di Cristofaro Julie Pennarun Erwan Mazieres Stephane Myres Natalie M Lin Alice A Temori Shah Aga Metspalu Mait Metspalu Ene Witzel Michael King Roy J Underhill Peter A Villems Richard Chiaroni Jacques 2013 Afghan Hindu Kush Where Eurasian Sub Continent Gene Flows Converge PLOS ONE 8 10 e76748 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 876748D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0076748 PMC 3799995 PMID 24204668 Qamar R Ayub Q Mohyuddin A et al May 2002 Y Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan Am J Hum Genet 70 5 1107 24 doi 10 1086 339929 PMC 447589 PMID 11898125 Firasat et al 2007 a b c Lacau H Gayden T Regueiro M Chennakrishnaiah S Bukhari A Underhill PA Garcia Bertrand RL Herrera RJ Oct 2012 Afghanistan from a Y chromosome perspective European Journal of Human Genetics 20 10 1063 70 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2012 59 PMC 3449065 PMID 22510847 a b Haber M Platt DE Ashrafian Bonab M et al 2012 Afghanistan s Ethnic Groups Share a Y Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events PLOS ONE 7 3 e34288 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 734288H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0034288 PMC 3314501 PMID 22470552 a b c d Di Cristofaro J Pennarun E Mazieres S Myres NM Lin AA Temori SA Metspalu M Metspalu E Witzel M King RJ Underhill PA Villems R Chiaroni J 2013 Afghan Hindu Kush Where Eurasian Sub Continent Gene Flows Converge PLOS ONE 8 10 e76748 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 876748D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0076748 PMC 3799995 PMID 24204668 a b Liu SH N Yilihamu R Bake et al 2018 A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y SNP Acta Anthropologica Sinica 2018 37 1 146 156 Zhong 2010 sfn error no target CITEREFZhong2010 help Fedorova 2013 Karafet et al 2010 Kim 2011 Msaidie Said et al 2011 Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean PDF European Journal of Human Genetics 19 1 89 94 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2010 128 PMC 3039498 PMID 20700146 Shah AM Tamang R Moorjani P Rani DS Govindaraj P Kulkarni G Bhattacharya T Mustak MS Bhaskar LV Reddy AG Gadhvi D Gai PB Chaubey G Patterson N Reich D Tyler Smith C Singh L Thangaraj K 2011 Indian Siddis African Descendants with Indian Admixture Am J Hum Genet 89 1 154 61 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2011 05 030 PMC 3135801 PMID 21741027 a b c d Vincenza Battaglia Simona Fornarino Nadia Al Zahery et al 2009 Y chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe European Journal of Human Genetics 2009 17 820 830 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2008 249 published online 24 December 2008 a b c d e f g Balanovsky Oleg Dibirova Khadizhat Dybo Anna et al October 2011 Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region Molecular Biology and Evolution 28 10 2905 2920 doi 10 1093 molbev msr126 PMC 3355373 PMID 21571925 ISOGG 2016 a b c d e f g h i Yunusbayev Bayazit Metspalu Mait Jarve Mari et al 2012 The Caucasus as an Asymmetric Semipermeable Barrier to Ancient Human Migrations Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 1 359 365 doi 10 1093 molbev msr221 PMID 21917723 a b Di Cristofaro J Pennarun E Mazieres S Myres NM Lin AA et al 2013 Afghan Hindu Kush Where Eurasian Sub Continent Gene Flows Converge PLOS ONE 8 10 e76748 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 876748D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0076748 PMC 3799995 PMID 24204668 Brook Kevin A Summer 2014 The Genetics of Crimean Karaites PDF Karadeniz Arastirmalari Journal of Black Sea Studies 11 42 69 84 on page 76 doi 10 12787 KARAM859 L M349 YTree Platt D E Artinian H Mouzaya F 2020 Autosomal genetics and Y chromosome haplogroup L1b M317 reveal Mount Lebanon Maronites as a persistently non emigrating population Eur J Hum Genet 29 4 581 592 doi 10 1038 s41431 020 00765 x PMC 8182888 PMID 33273712 Azerbaijan DNA FamilyTreeDNA Gene by Gene Ltd Germany YDNA FamilyTreeDNA Gene by Gene Ltd Greek DNA Project FamilyTreeDNA Gene by Gene Ltd Platt D E Artinian H Mouzaya F 2020 Autosomal genetics and Y chromosome haplogroup L1b M317 reveal Mount Lebanon Maronites as a persistently non emigrating population Eur J Hum Genet 29 4 581 592 doi 10 1038 s41431 020 00765 x PMC 8182888 PMID 33273712 L Y Haplogroup L FamilyTreeDNA Gene by Gene Ltd Chuan Chao Wang Sabine Reinhold Alexey Kalmykov Antje Wissgott Guido Brandt Choongwon Jeong Olivia Cheronet Matthew Ferry Eadaoin Harney Denise Keating Swapan Mallick Nadin Rohland Kristin Stewardson Anatoly R Kantorovich Vladimir E Maslov Vladimira G Petrenko Vladimir R Erlikh Biaslan Ch Atabiev Rabadan G Magomedov Philipp L Kohl Kurt W Alt Sandra L Pichler Claudia Gerling Harald Meller Benik Vardanyan Larisa Yeganyan Alexey D Rezepkin Dirk Mariaschk Natalia Berezina Julia Gresky Katharina Fuchs Corina Knipper Stephan Schiffels Elena Balanovska Oleg Balanovsky Iain Mathieson Thomas Higham Yakov B Berezin Alexandra Buzhilova Viktor Trifonov Ron Pinhasi Andrej B Belinskiy David Reich Svend Hansen Johannes Krause Wolfgang Haak bioRxiv 322347 doi https doi org 10 1101 322347 Now published in Nature Communications doi 10 1038 s41467 018 08220 8 Uali Murat 25 November 2016 Kazahstanskij DNK proekt Kazakhstan DNA Project Np kz in Russian Archived from the original on 26 November 2016 Retrieved 10 January 2016 The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia bioRxiv 292581 31 March 2018 doi 10 1101 292581 Skourtanioti Eirini Erdal Yilmaz S Frangipane Marcella Balossi Restelli Francesca Yener K Aslihan Pinnock Frances Matthiae Paolo Ozbal Rana Schoop Ulf Dietrich Guliyev Farhad Akhundov Tufan Lyonnet Bertille Hammer Emily L Nugent Selin E Burri Marta Neumann Gunnar U Penske Sandra Ingman Tara Akar Murat Shafiq Rula Palumbi Giulio Eisenmann Stefanie d Andrea Marta Rohrlach Adam B Warinner Christina Jeong Choongwon Stockhammer Philipp W Haak Wolfgang Krause Johannes 2020 Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia Northern Levant and Southern Caucasus Cell 181 5 1158 1175 e28 doi 10 1016 j cell 2020 04 044 PMID 32470401 S2CID 219105572 Margaryan Ashot 2020 Population genomics of the Viking world Nature 585 7825 390 396 Bibcode 2020Natur 585 390M doi 10 1038 s41586 020 2688 8 hdl 10852 83989 PMID 32939067 S2CID 221769227 Lazaridis Iosif et al 25 July 2016 Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East Nature 536 7617 419 24 Bibcode 2016Natur 536 419L bioRxiv 10 1101 059311 doi 10 1038 nature19310 PMC 5003663 PMID 27459054 Y DNA Haplotree Family Tree DNA uses the Y Chromosome Consortium tree and posts it on their website Sources EditJournals Edit Abu Amero K K Hellani A Gonzalez A M Larruga J M Cabrera V M Underhill P A 2009 Saudi Arabian Y Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions BMC Genetics 10 59 doi 10 1186 1471 2156 10 59 PMC 2759955 PMID 19772609 Basu A Mukherjee N Roy S Sengupta S Banerjee S Chakraborty M Dey B Roy M Roy B Bhattacharyya N P Roychoudhury S Majumder P P 2003 Ethnic India A Genomic View with Special Reference to Peopling and Structure Genome Research 13 10 2277 90 doi 10 1101 gr 1413403 PMC 403703 PMID 14525929 Battaglia V Fornarino S Al Zahery N Olivieri A Pala M Myres N M King R J Rootsi S Marjanovic D Primorac D Hadziselimovic R Vidovic S Drobnic K Durmishi N Torroni A Santachiara Benerecetti A S Underhill P A Semino O 2008 Y chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe European Journal of Human Genetics 17 6 820 30 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2008 249 PMC 2947100 PMID 19107149 Beleza S Gusmao L Lopes A Alves C Gomes I Giouzeli M Calafell F Carracedo A Amorim A 2006 Micro Phylogeographic and Demographic History of Portuguese Male Lineages Annals of Human Genetics 70 2 181 94 doi 10 1111 j 1529 8817 2005 00221 x PMID 16626329 S2CID 4652154 Caciagli L Bulayeva K Bulayev O Bertoncini S Taglioli L Pagani L Paoli G Tofanelli S 2009 The key role of patrilineal inheritance in shaping the genetic variation of Dagestan highlanders Journal of Human Genetics 54 12 689 94 doi 10 1038 jhg 2009 94 PMID 19911015 Cadenas A M Zhivotovsky L A Cavalli Sforza L L Underhill P A Herrera R J 2007 Y chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman European Journal of Human Genetics 16 3 374 86 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201934 PMID 17928816 Cinnioglu C King R Kivisild T Kalfoglu E Atasoy S Cavalleri G L Lillie A S Roseman C C Lin A A Prince K Oefner P J Shen P Semino O Cavalli Sforza L L Underhill P A 2004 Excavating Y chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia Human Genetics 114 2 127 48 doi 10 1007 s00439 003 1031 4 PMID 14586639 S2CID 10763736 Cordaux R Aunger R Bentley G Nasidze I Sirajuddin S M Stoneking M 2004 Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages Current Biology 14 3 231 35 doi 10 1016 j cub 2004 01 024 PMID 14761656 S2CID 5721248 El Sibai M Platt D E Haber M Xue Y Youhanna S C Wells R S Izaabel H Sanyoura M F Harmanani H Bonab M A Behbehani J Hashwa F Tyler Smith C Zalloua P A Genographic Consortium 2009 Geographical Structure of the Y chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant A coastal inland contrast Annals of Human Genetics 73 6 568 81 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1809 2009 00538 x PMC 3312577 PMID 19686289 Fedorova S A Reidla M Metspalu E Metspalu M Rootsi S Tambets K Trofimova N Zhadanov S I Kashani B H Olivieri A Voevoda M I Osipova L P Platonov F A Tomsky M I Khusnutdinova E K Torroni A Villems R 2013 Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha Yakutia implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 127 127 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 13 127 PMC 3695835 PMID 23782551 Firasat S Khaliq S Mohyuddin A Papaioannou M Tyler Smith C Underhill P A Ayub Q 2007 Y chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan European Journal of Human Genetics 15 1 121 26 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201726 PMC 2588664 PMID 17047675 Karafet T Xu L Du R Wang W Feng S Wells R S Redd A J Zegura S L Hammer M F 2001 Paternal Population History of East Asia Sources Patterns and Microevolutionary Processes The American Journal of Human Genetics 69 3 615 28 doi 10 1086 323299 PMC 1235490 PMID 11481588 Karafet T M Hallmark B Cox M P Sudoyo H Downey S Lansing J S Hammer M F 2010 Major East West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia Mol Biol Evol 27 8 1833 44 doi 10 1093 molbev msq063 PMID 20207712 Kim S H Kim K C Shin D J Jin H J Kwak K D Han M S Song J M Kim W Kim W 2011 High frequencies of Y chromosome haplogroup O2b SRY465 lineages in Korea a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea Investigative Genetics 2 1 10 doi 10 1186 2041 2223 2 10 PMC 3087676 PMID 21463511 Lappalainen T Laitinen V Salmela E Andersen P Huoponen K Savontaus M L Lahermo P 2008 Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region Annals of Human Genetics 72 3 337 48 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1809 2007 00429 x PMID 18294359 S2CID 32079904 Larmuseau M H D Vanderheyden N Jacobs M Coomans M Larno L Decorte R 2010 Micro geographic distribution of Y chromosomal variation in the central western European region Brabant Forensic Science International Genetics 5 2 95 99 doi 10 1016 j fsigen 2010 08 020 PMID 21036685 Larmuseau M H D Ottoni C Raeymaekers J A M Vanderheyden N Larmuseau H F M Decorte R 2011 Temporal differentiation across a West European Y chromosomal cline Genealogy as a tool in human population genetics European Journal of Human Genetics 20 4 434 40 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2011 218 PMC 3306861 PMID 22126748 Luis J R Rowold D J Regueiro M Caeiro B Cinnioglu C Roseman C Underhill P A Cavalli Sforza L L Herrera R J 2004 The Levant versus the Horn of Africa Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations The American Journal of Human Genetics 74 3 532 44 doi 10 1086 382286 PMC 1182266 PMID 14973781 Pichler I Mueller J C Stefanov S A De Grandi A Beu Volpato C Pinggera G K Mayr A Ogriseg M Ploner F Meitinger T Pramstaller P P 2006 Genetic Structure in Contemporary South Tyrolean Isolated Populations Revealed by Analysis of Y Chromosome mtDNA and Alu Polymorphisms Human Biology 81 5 6 875 98 doi 10 3378 027 081 0629 PMID 20504204 S2CID 46073270 Qamar R Ayub Q Mohyuddin A Helgason A Mazhar K Mansoor A Zerjal T Tyler Smith C Mehdi S Q 2002 Y Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan The American Journal of Human Genetics 70 5 1107 24 doi 10 1086 339929 PMC 447589 PMID 11898125 Regueiro M Cadenas A M Gayden T Underhill P A Herrera R J 2006 Iran Tricontinental Nexus for Y Chromosome Driven Migration Human Heredity 61 3 132 43 doi 10 1159 000093774 PMID 16770078 S2CID 7017701 Sahoo S Singh A Himabindu G Banerjee J Sitalaximi T Gaikwad S Trivedi R Endicott P Kivisild T Metspalu M Villems R Kashyap V K 2006 A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 4 843 8 Bibcode 2006PNAS 103 843S doi 10 1073 pnas 0507714103 PMC 1347984 PMID 16415161 Sanchez J J Hallenberg C Borsting C Hernandez A Gorlin R J 2005 High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1 DYS19 11 DYS392 12 in Somali males European Journal of Human Genetics 13 7 856 66 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5201390 PMID 15756297 Scozzari R Cruciani F Pangrazio A Santolamazza P Vona G Moral P Latini V Varesi L Memmi M M Romano V De Leo G Gennarelli M Jaruzelska J Villems R Parik J MacAulay V Torroni A 2001 Human Y chromosome variation in the Western Mediterranean area Implications for the peopling of the region Human Immunology 62 9 871 84 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 408 4857 doi 10 1016 S0198 8859 01 00286 5 PMID 11543889 Semino O Passarino G Oefner P J Lin A A Arbuzova S Beckman L E De Benedictis G Francalacci P Kouvatsi A Limborska S Marcikiae M Mika A Mika B Primorac D Santachiara Benerecetti A S Cavalli Sforza L L Underhill P A 2000 The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans A Y Chromosome Perspective Science 290 5494 1155 59 Bibcode 2000Sci 290 1155S doi 10 1126 science 290 5494 1155 PMID 11073453 Sengupta S Zhivotovsky L A King R Mehdi S Q Edmonds C A Chow C E T Lin A A Mitra M Sil S K Ramesh A Usha Rani M V Thakur C M Cavalli Sforza L L Majumder P P Underhill P A 2006 Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous 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2011 Paternal Genetic History of the Basque Population of Spain PDF Human Biology 83 4 455 75 doi 10 3378 027 083 0402 hdl 1808 16387 PMID 21846204 S2CID 3191418 Zalloua P A Xue Y Khalife J Makhoul N Debiane L Platt D E Royyuru A K Herrera R J Hernanz D F S Blue Smith J Wells R S Comas D Bertranpetit J Tyler Smith C Genographic Consortium 2008 Y Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon is Structured by Recent Historical Events The American Journal of Human Genetics 82 4 873 82 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2008 01 020 PMC 2427286 PMID 18374297 Web sources Edit a b c Krahn T FTDNA FTDNA Draft Y DNA Tree AKA YTree Family Tree DNA Archived from the original on 2015 08 15 Retrieved 2013 01 01 a b Henson G Hrechdakian P FTDNA 2013 L The Y Haplogroup L Project Retrieved 2013 01 01 Sources for conversion tables Edit Capelli Cristian Wilson James F Richards Martin Stumpf Michael P H et al February 2001 A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania The American Journal of Human Genetics 68 2 432 443 doi 10 1086 318205 PMC 1235276 PMID 11170891 Hammer Michael F Karafet Tatiana M Redd Alan J Jarjanazi Hamdi et al 1 July 2001 Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y Chromosome Diversity Molecular Biology and Evolution 18 7 1189 1203 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals molbev a003906 PMID 11420360 Jobling Mark A Tyler Smith Chris 2000 New uses for new haplotypes Trends in Genetics 16 8 356 62 doi 10 1016 S0168 9525 00 02057 6 PMID 10904265 Kaladjieva Luba Calafell Francesc Jobling Mark A Angelicheva Dora et al February 2001 Patterns of inter and intra group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages European Journal of Human Genetics 9 2 97 104 doi 10 1038 sj ejhg 5200597 PMID 11313742 S2CID 21432405 Karafet Tatiana Xu Liping Du Ruofu Wang William et al September 2001 Paternal Population History of East Asia Sources Patterns and Microevolutionary Processes The American Journal of Human Genetics 69 3 615 628 doi 10 1086 323299 PMC 1235490 PMID 11481588 Karafet T M Mendez F L Meilerman M B Underhill P A Zegura S L Hammer M F 2008 New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree Genome Research 18 5 830 8 doi 10 1101 gr 7172008 PMC 2336805 PMID 18385274 Su Bing Xiao Junhua Underhill Peter Deka Ranjan et al December 1999 Y Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age The American Journal of Human Genetics 65 6 1718 1724 doi 10 1086 302680 PMC 1288383 PMID 10577926 Underhill Peter A Shen Peidong Lin Alice A Jin Li et al November 2000 Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations Nature Genetics 26 3 358 361 doi 10 1038 81685 PMID 11062480 S2CID 12893406 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup L of Y DNA ISOGG 1 Genebase 2006 Genebase Tutorials Learn about Y chromosome Haplogroup L Archived from the original on 2012 10 23 Spread of Haplogroup L from National Geographic The India Genealogical Project Y HAPLOGROUP L Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Haplogroup L M20 amp oldid 1149093977, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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